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And Kalmyk Ágnes Linguistic Oirad Essays The present volume is the fi rst part of a series aimed to introduce the activity of the Hungarian-Mongolian Expedition researching dialects and traditional culture over the past two decades among Mongolian speaking ethnic groups. The starting volume celebrates the beginning of the Expedition twenty years earlier and is connected to the language and dialect researches based on the fi eldwork among the West Mongolian Oirads since 1991. OIRAD Researching Oirad materials is particularly important among Mongolic languages. The reason is that ESSAYS once living in a compact unity, the ethnic group has AND widely scattered but they still preserve their specifi c language and culture even surrounded by a different ÁGNES majority (Khalkha Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan and BIRTALAN Russian). Living separated from each other since LINGUISTIC the 17th century and some of their groups changing KALMYK territory several times, the Oirads have preserved archaisms in their dialects that could contribute KALMYK to the study of the development and alteration of other Mongolic languages. The examination of other AND LINGUISTIC modifi cations in majority environments, of the strategies of maintaining their language and culture might provide grounds for drawing linguistic and OIRAD cultural inferences of general validity. ESSAYS An international community of researchers demonstrates their achievement in various disciplines of Oirad and Kalmyk linguistic studies in the present volume. ÁGNES BIRTALAN Talentum_Birtalan_Oirad_borito_168x238 G11.indd 1 8/14/12 4:32:39 PM OIRAD AND KALMYK LINGUISTIC ESSAYS series Ernő Kulcsár Szabó editors Gábor Sonkoly TÁL E N T U M SOROZAT • 11. Oir ad and Ágn Es kalmy k Birtal an lingu isti c Essay s ELTE EÖTVÖS KIADÓ • 2012 TÁMOP 4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0003 “For Knowledge on a European Scale, ELTE—Dialogue between Cultures Subproject” The project has been supported by the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund. TÁMOP 4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0003 „Európai Léptékkel a Tudásért, ELTE – Kultúrák közötti párbeszéd alprojekt” A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. Edited by Ágnes Birtalan © Authors, 2012 ISBN 978 963 312 116 0 ISSN 2063-3718 www.eotvoskiado.hu E xecutive Publisher: The Dean of the Faculty of Humanities of Eötvös Loránd University Editor-in-Chief: Dániel Levente Pál Cover: Nóra Váraljai Layout: Gábor Péter Printed in Hungary by Prime Rate Kft. CONTENT ÁGNES BIRTalan Introduction to the Series 7 LIST OF abreviaTIONS / Special SYMBOLS used IN THE TranscripTION OF MOngOlian TEXTS 10 5 ÁGNES BIRTalan Fieldwork among the Oirads. Activity of the Hungarian- Mongolian Joint Expedition for the Research of Mongolian Dialects and Traditional Culture 11 ATTila RÁKOS Introduction to Oirad Dialectology 25 ÁGNES BIRTalan Oirad – The Prestige Language. Ethnolinguistic Approach to the Altai Oirad Language and its Dialects 59 Е. В. БЕмбеев О некоторых особенностях ойратских говоров монголии на материалах экспедиции в западную монголию в 2007 г. 75 D. BadaMDOR Ööld – Some Phonetic Peculiarities 84 ÁGNES BIRTalan Zakhchin – An Example of the Perlocutionary Speech Act. The Nügl/Nügel/Nügül/Nǖl 90 В. И. РассадИн О системе вокализма языка дербетов Калмыкии и монголии 106 с. м. ТрофИмова сравнительное исследование систем консонантизма языков дербетов Калмыкии и монголии 116 6 BÉla KEMpf Kalmyk – Semantical Categories of Turkic Elements in Kalmyk 134 Т. Г. Басангова О языке калмыцких благопожеланий 163 MÁTYás BALOGH Deed Mongol – a Practical Approach to the Dialect 177 Dávid SOMfai-Kara Sart-Kalmyk – Kalmyks of Ysyk-Köl (Karakol, Kirghizstan) 197 ÁGNes BIrtALAN1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES The IMPOrTancE OF Researching The Oirads Researching Oirad materials is particularly important among Mongolic lan- 7 guages. The reason is that once living in a compact unity, the ethnic group has widely scattered but they still preserve their specific language and culture even 7–10. surrounded by a different majority M( ongolia, China, Russia). Living separated from each other since the 17th century and some of their groups changing terri- by Edited ntum 11./ ntum tory several times, the Oirad groups have conserved archaisms in their dialects 2012, . Budapest, ále that could contribute to the study of the development and changes of other Mon- T golic languages. The examination of other changes in majority environments, of the strategies of preserving their language and culture might provide grounds for drawing linguistic and cultural inferences of general validity. Ágnes Birtalan Ágnes Eötvös Kiadó. / Kiadó. Eötvös E T EL Oirad and Kalmyk Lingustic Essays. PreliMinaries TO THE EXpedITION In: Allow me to start with a personal recollection, as a new generation of Mongol- ists has grown up since the launching of the Hungarian-Mongolian Joint Expe- dition for the Research of Mongolian Dialects and Traditional Culture some two decades ago. My interest in West Mongolian Oirads began during my studies when György Kara gave me a manuscript on three Buddhist monasteries of the Zakhchins (Khal. Jaxčin, axčin, Oir. Zaxčin, axčin).2 Since that time I have been 1 University ELTE, Department of Inner Asian Studies. 2 Birtalan, Ágnes 1985; since this article contains the only known version of the manuscript, the article Geschichte der heiligen Götterbilder der drei Klöster unseres aqačin Volks – or at least the facsimile included in it –, became a venerated object in the Tögrög Monastery in Mankhan of the Zakhchins. ÁGNES BIrtALAN interested in the language/dialects and culture of the Oirads also including the Zakhchins. During my first longer trip to Mongolia (university studies 1981–1982) I sought out . Colō, a researcher of Zakhchin origin and asked his help to inter- pret the manuscript and to visit the Oirads, not guessing at that time that we laid the foundations of a fruitful collaboration lasting to this day. My first estW Mongolian research trip took place in 1984 after considerable organization and the acquisition of a regimen of permits;3 at that time I had already been col- lecting Oirad linguistic and folklore materials systematically. The next step was to organise the Hungarian-Mongolian expedition initiated by Alice Sárközi and luckily supported by the officials of the Hungarian andM ongolian Academies of Sciences in charge of foreign relations. I refrain from enumerating the stations of the annual expeditions as they are detailed in the publications listed below (cf. chapter Fieldwork among the Oirads). I would rather speak of the Mongo- lian colleagues with whom we could work on the Oirad projects.4 C. Önörbayan, 8 . Colō, O. Sambūdorǰ, B. Katū were the scholars and teachers of Oirad origin who were involved in the project either as members of the Expedition fieldwork (Colō, Sambūdorǰ), or researchers participating in the elaboration of the materi- als (Colō, Sambūdorǰ, Önörbayan, Katū). Their contributions are included in the volumes of the Expedition and their valuable advice helped us better understand the world of the Oirads. Three of them were also lectors of the Department of Inner Asian Studies, in temporal order: Önörbayan, Colō, Katū, and took part in teaching Khalkha and also Oirad to the students. LinguisTIC COlleCTIOns OF The EXpedITION anD The COncePT OF The PreseNT VOluME This book is the first part of a series aimed to present the activity of the Hungarian- Mongolian Joint Expedition for the Research of Mongolian Dialects and Traditional Culture over the past two decades. The starting volume jubilates the beginning of the Expedition twenty years earlier and is connected to the language and dialect researches of the fieldwork since 1991. The complete history of the Expedition, with its exact itineraries and interrela- tions of group and individual research trips has not been written yet, although 3 I wish to express my gratitude here, too, to my teacher the late R. agwaral, who made preparations for this trip and arranged for the permits which was extremely hard to acquire at that time. 4 Researches among the Darkhats of Khöwsgöl will be discussed in a future volume. INtrodUCTION to THE SERIES the editor of this volume has outlined the main ranges of the work at Hungarian and international scholarly forums and a great part of her publications are con- cerned with the elaboration of the Expedition materials. It has long been a pressing need to publish a series in foreign languages in addition to the studies by Expedition members mostly in English or German. This book is the first part of this series. While the series in Hungarian focuses on shamanism and popular religion, folklore and customs, the first book of our series in foreign languages is devoted to the presentation of the linguistic and dialectal material. The most important principles of elaborating the fieldwork collections are the philologically accurate documentation and comparative contextual research, traditional methods at the Department of Inner Asian Studies founded by Lajos Ligeti. Many kinds of different approaches may be involved in contextual research. Since the research of Oirads and Kalmyks is an international endeavour and the Oirads belong to the few Mongolic groups whose members are represented in a 9 variety of social and linguistic situations in considerable numbers, representa- tives of the international scholarly community have been invited to present their own researches related to the main theme of the volume. Though all accepted the invitation, some studies could not be finished within the short deadline. We hope to be able to read them in subsequent volumes. Articles of this book represent the summary of a particular research period and will hopefully inspire further researches. Questions remained open in most papers and not all the material collected on the spot and related to the discussed topics could be included. Although the Expedition materials encompass all the Oirad dialects in Mon- golia and China, this volume does not include separate papers on all of them. This owes to the different character of field records and the degree of elaboration.
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