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Mongolia: Gender-Responsive Sector and Local Development Policies

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Mongolia: Gender-Responsive Sector and Local Development Policies Project Number: 50093-001 TA Number: 9201 May 2019 Mongolia: Gender-Responsive Sector and Local Development Policies and Actions This report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and neither the ADB nor the Government shall be held liable for its contents. © 2019 Government of Mongolia National committee on Gender Equality Mongolia Gender Situational Analysis: Advances, Challenges and Lessons Learnt Since 2005 report is written by: The gender consulting team under the “gender-responsive sector and local development policies and actions” technical assistance: International consultant: Ms. Jaime Shabalina National consultants: Ms. Amgalan Terbish Ms. Oyuntsetseg Oidov Ms. Onon Byambasuren Ms. Enkhjargal Davaasuren Ms. Undrakh Tsagaankhuu Mr. Jargalsaikhan Jambalsanjid Ms. Tsetsgee Ser-Od Ms. Enebish Tulgaa Project coordinator: Ms. Altantsooj Bazarvaani Reviewed by: Ms. Sukhjargalmaa Dugersuren Gender Advisor to the Prime Minister of Mongolia Secretariat of the National Committee on Gender Equality: Ms. Enkhbayar Tumur-Ulzii, Secretary of the national committee on Gender Equality, Head of the Secretariat of the National Committee on Gender Equality Ms. Battsetseg Sukhbaatar, Senior specialist, policy planning and budgeting Ms. Buyanaa Ochirkhuu, Specialist, Inter-sectoral coordination and Human resource National Statistical Ofice: Mr. Amarbal Avirmed, Director, Population and Social Statistics Department (PSSD) Mr. Bilguun Enkhbayar, Statistician, PSSD Asian Development Bank: Declan F. Magee, Deputy Country Director and Senior Country Economist, Mongolia Resident Mission Tsolmon Begzsuren, Senior Social Development Oficer (Gender), Mongolia Resident Mission Veronica Mendizabal Joffre, Social Development Specialist (Gender and Development), East Asia Department Translated by: Ms. Sukhjargalmaa Dugersuren Mr. Burenbayar Chanrav NATIONAL COMMITEE ON GENDER EQUALITY FOREWORD Mongolia has made good progress in creating a more gender sensitive legal and policy environment as well as an effective national mechanism for promoting gender equality. The Law on Promoting Gender Equality was adopted in 2011 and the Government of Mongolia is pursuing a series of tangible measures towards implementing the law in a systematic way. It is of great signiicance that this situational analysis has examined and compiled the gender equality related developments in Mongolia for the last 14 years by focusing on the related changes, challenges, advances made and lessons learned – while stating the challenges that remain to be tackled. Development Horizons Foundation – a gender consulting team - provided profession- al support to the preparation and development of this report under the Government of Mongolia and Asian Development Bank joint “Gender-responsive Sector and Local Devel- opment Policies and Actions technical assistance inanced by the Government of Japan through the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction. Special thanks are extended to the nation- al gender experts, public and civil society organizations as well as scholars, researchers, and ADB staff who have actively participated in this process and all the best wishes for their future endeavors. THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON GENDER EQUALITY CONTENT FOREWORD 3 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES 6 ABBREVIATIONS 8 GLOSSARY 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE GENDER SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 14 CHAPTER- 1 ECONOMY AND GENDER 17 А. Property ownership 19 B. Employment 21 C. Entrepreneurship 30 D. Infrastructure development 32 Recommendations on promoting gender equality in the sphere of economy 34 CHAPTER- 2 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER 39 A. Households and families 40 B. Education 42 C. Health 48 D. Women’s leadership in politics and decision-making 54 E. Gender-based violence 57 Recommendations on promoting gender equality in the sphere of social development: 66 CHAPTER- 3 ENVIRONMENT AND GENDER 71 А. Environmental issues in the rural areas 73 B. Quality of life in urban setting 75 Recommendations on promoting gender equality in the sphere of the environment 77 CHAPTER- 4 NATIONAL MECHANISM FOR GENDER EQUALITY 79 А. National mechanism for gender equality: development, 80 achievements and lessons learnt B. Contributions made and issues to heed by duty bearers and other 85 stakeholders and partners Recommendations towards further improving the national mechanism 87 for promoting gender equality and effective partnerships: LIST OF REFERENCES 88 ANNEX 1. ULAANBAATAR DECLARATION 92 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES Boxes Box 27. Best practice: Budget allocation promoting gender equality Box 1. Good practice in supporting gender Box 28. Good practice: Civil society engagement equality in land ownership in the gender-responsive local Box 2. Issues of male employment at sub-national level Development policy planning processes Box 3. Seasonal works and migration Box 29. Best practice: International conference Box 4. Women’s employment in the building “Sustainable Development Goals: Gender construction sector and Development” and the Box 5. Gender issues in entrepreneurship Ulaanbaatar Declaration, 2018 at the local level Box 6. Challenges to rural entrepreneurship development as seen by women Box 7. Infrastructure and security of women Figures and children Box 8. Good practice: Gender impact of an energy Figure 1. Economic growth rates in eficiency project 2005-2018, (Annual%) Box 9. Safe potable water, sanitation and gender Figure 2. Average household income and Box 10. Education policy and gender parity expenditure, national total in a herder household Figure 3. Economic growth in 2005-2018, Box 11. Lifelong learning and stereotype thinking by key sectors (share of GDP) Box 12. Alcohol use and men Figure 4. Labour force participation 2005-2018, Box 13. The demand for men’s health services by gender Box 14. The second wave against domestic violence Figure 5. Total employed population aged 15 Box 15. A tragic case of a victim of domestic violence and above in 2005-2018, by gender Box 16. The issue of herder women survivors Figure 6. Number of employees engaged in of domestic violence 4 leading economic sectors in Box 17. Domestic violence and children 2006-2018, by gender Box 18. The protection for victims of sexual harassment Figure 7. Female and male unemployment rates in at workplace 2005-2018, by gender Box 19. Sexual harassment at work Figure 8. Unemployment rates in 2017, by age place and the NHRC group and gender Box 20. A provision under discussion towards including Figure 9. Labour force by age and gender in sexual harassment at workplace 2008 and 2018 issue in the newly revised Labour Code Figure 10. Number of the registered unemployed in Box 21. Environmental degradation and climate change 2008 and 2018, by gender Box 22. Climate Change Witness, Maruush’s Story Figure 11. Average time spent per working day Box 23. How are herder households spending on paid and unpaid work, by gender their earning from cashmere? and urban and rural settings in Box 24. Differentiated education needs of young herders 2007, 2011 and 2015 Box 25. Constitution of Mongolia (1992) and Figure 12. Percentage of women’s average salary gender equality against men’s average salary, Box 26. The Law on Promotion of 2005-2018 Gender Equality (LPGE), 2011 6 Figure 13. Gender-sensitive policy cycle of the and/or sexual violence, by age groups construction and and reference period, 2017 urban development sector Figure 28. Number of crimes related to involving Figure 14. Number of divorces per 1000 others in commercial sexual exploitation marriages in 2005-2018, by region and organization of forced prostitution Figure 15. Assessment by the participants in a registered by the police, 2000-2017 survey to determine the impact of 6-year- Figure 29. Cases of human traficking crimes old children’s enrolment resolved in 2000-2017 in schools on herder households Figure 30. Number of victims of traficking Figure 16. The ratio between females and males in persons that received services enrolled at colleges and universities, from the Mongolian Center for Gender based on the level of income in Mongolia Equality, 2003-2018 and other countries Figure 31. The state in which gender focal Figure 17. Students at higher educational points are performing their functions institutions, by gender and educational degree Tables Figure 18. Number of students at technical and vocational schools Tablein 1. 2008-2018,Marriages and divorces in 2005-2011, by gender by regions Figure 19. Maternal mortalityTable 2. rateNumber inof school 2005-2017,dropouts, age category by region and reason for dropout in the 2017-2018 Figure 20. Average life expectancy academic in year 1992-2018, by gender Table 3. Maternal health and reproductive Figure 21. Number of abortions healthin indicators 2005-2017, in Mongolia and by age groups other countries Figure 22. Share of women nominated and Table 4. The state of gender disparity in child elected to the State Great Khural, mortality in 2017 according to election years Table 5. Gender gap in life expectancy in Figure 23. Share of women in the 2005-2018, by aimags members of the aimag, soum, Capital city and аймаг, district Citizen’s Representative Khurals, during the 2016-2020 election years Figure 24. Heads and managerial oficers at the ministries, by gender, 2005-2017 Figure 25. Number of domestic violence-induced crimes, 2006-2018 Figure 26. Number of clients of the NCAV (basing on irst timers), 1995-2018 Figure 27. Percentage of ever-partnered woman who have experienced physical
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