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APPENDIX A: EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARTIES BY COUNTRY AND YEAR The effec've number of par'es equals the reciprocal of the sum of the squared propor'on of the vote received by each party with independent candidates each treated as separate par'es. Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Antigua and Barbuda 1994 2.05 Antigua and Barbuda 1999 2.09 Antigua and Barbuda 2004 2.07 Antigua and Barbuda 2009 2.07 Argentina 1991 3.98 Argentina 1993 3.57 Argentina 1995 3.61 Argentina 1997 3.65 Argentina 1999 3.28 Argentina 2001 6.08 Argentina 2003 5.39 Argentina 2005 6.38 Australia 1990 3.37 Australia 1993 2.90 Australia 1996 3.20 Australia 1998 3.46 Australia 2001 3.43 Australia 2004 3.18 Australia 2007 3.03 Australia 2010 3.83 Austria 1990 3.16 Austria 1994 3.87 Austria 1995 3.59 Austria 1999 3.82 Austria 2002 3.02 Austria 2006 3.71 Austria 2008 4.83 Bahamas 1992 1.98 Bahamas 1997 1.97 Bahamas 2002 2.28 Bahamas 2007 2.13 Barbados 1991 2.28 Barbados 1994 2.52 Barbados 1999 1.84 Barbados 2003 1.98 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Barbados 2008 2.00 Belgium 1991 9.81 Belgium 1995 9.46 Belgium 1999 10.27 Belgium 2003 8.84 Belgium 2007 9.04 Belgium 2010 10.04 Belize 1993 2.00 Belize 1998 1.96 Belize 2003 2.04 Belize 2008 2.03 Botswana 1994 2.34 Botswana 1999 2.44 Botswana 2004 2.74 Botswana 2009 2.71 Brazil 1990 9.80 Brazil 1994 8.52 Brazil 1998 8.14 Brazil 2002 9.28 Brazil 2006 10.62 Brazil 2010 11.21 Bulgaria 1991 4.18 Bulgaria 1994 3.85 Bulgaria 1997 3.00 Bulgaria 2001 3.94 Bulgaria 2005 5.80 Bulgaria 2009 4.40 Canada 1993 3.93 Canada 1997 4.09 Canada 2000 3.77 Canada 2004 3.78 Canada 2006 3.75 Canada 2008 3.87 Canada 2011 3.43 Cape Verde 1995 2.13 Cape Verde 2001 2.41 Cape Verde 2006 2.14 Cape Verde 2011 2.18 Chile 1993 6.76 Chile 1997 7.29 Chile 2001 6.56 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Chile 2005 6.58 Chile 2009 7.32 Costa Rica 1990 2.56 Costa Rica 1994 2.73 Costa Rica 1998 3.36 Costa Rica 2002 4.52 Costa Rica 2006 6.60 Costa Rica 2010 4.78 Cyprus 1991 3.67 Cyprus 1996 3.80 Cyprus 2001 3.78 Cyprus 2006 4.29 Cyprus 2011 3.86 Czech Republic 1990 3.50 Czech Republic 1992 7.31 Czech Republic 1996 5.33 Czech Republic 1998 4.72 Czech Republic 2002 4.82 Czech Republic 2006 3.91 Czech Republic 2010 6.75 Denmark 1990 4.65 Denmark 1994 4.76 Denmark 1998 4.73 Denmark 2001 4.69 Denmark 2005 5.19 Denmark 2007 5.41 Denmark 2011 5.71 Dominica 1990 2.69 Dominica 1995 2.99 Dominica 2000 2.58 Dominica 2005 2.16 Dominica 2009 2.00 Dominican Republic 1990 3.66 Dominican Republic 1994 3.06 Dominican Republic 1998 2.74 Dominican Republic 2002 3.33 Dominican Republic 2006 3.08 Dominican Republic 2010 3.06 El Salvador 1991 3.34 El Salvador 1994 3.48 El Salvador 1997 3.95 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties El Salvador 2000 3.68 El Salvador 2003 4.10 El Salvador 2006 3.06 El Salvador 2009 2.91 Estonia 1992 8.85 Estonia 1995 5.99 Estonia 1999 6.88 Estonia 2003 5.43 Estonia 2007 5.02 Estonia 2011 4.78 Finland 1991 5.91 Finland 1995 5.79 Finland 1999 5.93 Finland 2003 5.65 Finland 2007 5.88 Finland 2011 6.47 France 1993 6.89 France 1997 6.56 France 2002 5.22 France 2007 4.32 Germany 1990 3.75 Germany 1994 3.75 Germany 1998 3.78 Germany 2002 3.87 Germany 2005 4.46 Germany 2009 5.58 Ghana 1992 1.57 Ghana 1996 2.55 Ghana 2000 2.66 Ghana 2004 2.46 Ghana 2008 2.39 Greece 1990 2.63 Grenada 1990 3.85 Grenada 1995 3.65 Grenada 1999 2.14 Grenada 2003 2.29 Grenada 2008 2.03 Iceland 1991 4.23 Iceland 1995 4.29 Iceland 1999 3.55 Iceland 2003 3.94 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Iceland 2007 4.06 Iceland 2009 4.55 India 1991 5.12 India 1996 6.92 India 1998 6.91 India 1999 6.74 India 2004 7.56 India 2009 7.74 Ireland 1992 3.94 Ireland 1997 4.03 Ireland 2002 4.13 Ireland 2007 3.77 Ireland 2011 4.77 Israel 1992 4.92 Israel 1996 6.14 Israel 1999 10.04 Israel 2003 7.05 Israel 2006 8.98 Israel 2009 7.37 Italy 1992 6.63 Jamaica 1993 1.94 Jamaica 1997 2.13 Jamaica 2002 2.02 Jamaica 2007 2.00 Latvia 1993 6.21 Latvia 1995 9.61 Latvia 1998 6.94 Latvia 2002 6.79 Latvia 2006 7.49 Latvia 2010 4.43 Lesotho 1993 1.64 Lesotho 1998 2.29 Lesotho 2002 2.79 Liechtenstein 1993 2.43 Liechtenstein 1994 2.33 Liechtenstein 1997 2.45 Liechtenstein 2001 2.34 Liechtenstein 2005 2.50 Liechtenstein 2009 2.36 Luxembourg 1994 4.70 Luxembourg 1999 4.71 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Luxembourg 2004 4.26 Luxembourg 2009 4.25 Malta 1992 2.06 Malta 1996 2.06 Malta 1998 2.04 Malta 2003 2.02 Malta 2008 2.08 Mauritius 1991 2.20 Mauritius 1995 3.78 Mauritius 2000 2.56 Mauritius 2005 2.46 Mauritius 2010 2.40 Monaco 1998 1.93 Mongolia 1992 2.72 Mongolia 1996 2.56 Mongolia 2000 3.23 Mongolia 2004 2.27 Mongolia 2008 2.26 Namibia 1994 1.69 Namibia 1999 1.67 Namibia 2004 1.70 Namibia 2009 1.72 Netherlands 1994 5.72 Netherlands 1998 5.15 Netherlands 2002 6.03 Netherlands 2003 4.99 Netherlands 2006 5.80 Netherlands 2010 6.97 New Zealand 1990 2.78 New Zealand 1993 3.52 New Zealand 1996 4.39 New Zealand 1999 3.86 New Zealand 2002 4.16 New Zealand 2005 3.04 New Zealand 2008 3.07 New Zealand 2011 3.15 Norway 1993 4.73 Norway 1997 5.07 Norway 2001 6.18 Norway 2005 5.11 Norway 2009 4.55 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Peru 1990 5.03 Peru 1995 3.42 Peru 2000 4.00 Peru 2001 6.64 Peru 2006 7.25 Peru 2011 5.71 Poland 1991 13.79 Poland 1993 8.75 Poland 1997 4.59 Poland 2001 4.50 Poland 2005 5.86 Poland 2007 3.32 Poland 2011 3.74 Portugal 1991 2.74 Portugal 1995 2.97 Portugal 1999 3.06 Portugal 2002 3.02 Portugal 2005 3.13 Portugal 2009 3.83 Portugal 2011 3.98 Romania 1990 2.21 Romania 1992 6.95 Romania 1996 6.08 Romania 2000 5.23 Romania 2004 3.94 Romania 2008 3.93 Samoa 1991 3.88 Samoa 1996 3.90 Samoa 2001 3.73 Samoa 2006 3.56 Samoa 2011 2.76 St. Kitts and Nevis 1993 3.08 St. Kitts and Nevis 1995 2.64 St. Kitts and Nevis 2000 2.60 St. Kitts and Nevis 2004 2.70 St. Kitts and Nevis 2010 2.94 St. Lucia 1992 1.97 St. Lucia 1997 1.92 St. Lucia 2001 2.18 St. Lucia 2006 2.01 St. Lucia 2011 2.08 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 2.43 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1998 1.99 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2001 2.05 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2005 1.98 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 2.01 San Marino 1993 3.68 San Marino 1998 3.73 San Marino 2001 3.55 San Marino 2006 4.22 São Tomé and Príncipe 1991 2.14 São Tomé and Príncipe 1994 3.20 São Tomé and Príncipe 1998 2.76 São Tomé and Príncipe 2002 2.95 São Tomé and Príncipe 2006 3.59 São Tomé and Príncipe 2010 3.14 Slovakia 1990 5.80 Slovakia 1992 5.36 Slovakia 1994 5.81 Slovakia 1998 5.33 Slovakia 2002 8.85 Slovakia 2006 6.11 Slovakia 2010 5.53 Slovenia 1992 8.35 Slovenia 1996 6.32 Slovenia 2000 5.15 Slovenia 2004 5.97 Slovenia 2008 4.94 South Africa 1994 2.29 South Africa 1999 2.16 South Africa 2004 1.97 South Africa 2009 2.13 Spain 1993 3.47 Spain 1996 3.21 Spain 2000 3.02 Spain 2004 2.95 Spain 2008 2.76 Spain 2011 3.44 Suriname 1991 2.69 Suriname 1996 3.62 Suriname 2000 3.74 Suriname 2005 3.92 Effective Number Country Year of Electoral Parties Suriname 2010 3.49 Sweden 1991 4.57 Sweden 1994 3.65 Sweden 1998 4.54 Sweden 2002 4.51 Sweden 2006 4.66 Sweden 2010 4.90 Switzerland 1991 7.41 Switzerland 1995 6.86 Switzerland 1999 5.87 Switzerland 2003 5.46 Switzerland 2007 5.61 Switzerland 2011 6.35 United Kingdom 1992 3.06 United Kingdom 1997 3.22 United Kingdom 2001 3.33 United Kingdom 2005 3.59 United Kingdom 2010 3.72 USA 1990 2.14 USA 1992 2.20 USA 1994 2.14 USA 1996 2.11 USA 1998 2.13 USA 2000 2.16 USA 2002 2.12 USA 2004 2.10 USA 2006 2.09 USA 2008 2.16 USA 2010 2.14 APPENDIX B: EXCLUSION MAGNITUDE, THRESHOLD OF EXCLUSION, AND DETERMINANTS OF THE THRESHOLD Electoral systems are numbered according to the Lijphart (1994: 13-14) criteria with a new electoral system for a change in electoral formula, or a change of 20% or more in district magnitude, naonal legal threshold, or assembly size.
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