YOUTH PERSPECTIVES on THEIR EMPOWERMENT in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: the CASE of KENYA a Dissertation Submitted to Kent State Univers
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YOUTH PERSPECTIVES ON THEIR EMPOWERMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE CASE OF KENYA A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Christine Mwongeli Mutuku August 2011 Dissertation written by Christine Mwongeli Mutuku BA., University of Nairobi, 1997 MA., Saginaw Valley State University, 2000 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2011 Approved by Steven R. Brown, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Julie Mazzei, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Andrew Barnes, Ph.D., Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Kenneth Cushner, Ph.D., Accepted by Steven W. Hook, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Political Science John R. D. Stalvey, Ph.D., Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. viii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Youth in Africa ............................................................................................................... 2 Context: Kenya ............................................................................................................... 8 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 15 Problem Significance ..................................................................................................... 18 Purpose/Aim of the Study .............................................................................................. 22 Research Question and Methodology Overview ............................................................ 24 Summary ... .................................................................................................................... 24 2. LITERATURE RIVIEW ................................................................................................ 26 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 26 Understanding Empowerment ........................................................................................ 30 What is Youth Empowerment ................................................................................. 33 Youth Empowerment Models .................................................................................. 34 Youth and Empowerment in Africa ............................................................................... 35 Community Empowerment and Development ......................................................... 35 Empowerment and Development Models: Visions for Africa ................................. 35 Youth Empowerment Strategies .............................................................................. 36 Summary ... .................................................................................................................... 43 3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 45 Research Question .......................................................................................................... 45 Q Methodology............................................................................................................... 45 The Concourse ......................................................................................................... 46 Focus Group Discussion .................................................................................... 47 Selecting Participants .................................................................................. 48 Data Collection Process .............................................................................. 49 Secondary Data ................................................................................................. 52 Creating a Q Sample ................................................................................................ 52 The Person (P) Sample ............................................................................................ 54 Administering the Q sort .......................................................................................... 55 Conditions of Instruction ................................................................................... 55 Post Q sort Interviews .............................................................................................. 57 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 58 Correlation ............................................................................................................... 60 iii Factor Analysis ........................................................................................................ 60 Factor Interpretation ................................................................................................ 63 4. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................... 64 Factor Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 64 Factor 1: Reformist ................................................................................................. 65 Factor 2: Qualification-Based Employment ............................................................ 69 Factor 3: Laborers .................................................................................................... 74 Factor 4: Protectors of Public Property .................................................................... 79 Factor 5: I Am Able ................................................................................................. 84 Factor 6: Build Cultural Centers .............................................................................. 88 Concluding Observations from Q sorts .................................................................... 92 Public Officials ............................................................................................................... 92 Government Official N35 ........................................................................................ 94 Government Official N36 ........................................................................................ 96 Narrative Interviews ....................................................................................................... 99 Summary ... .................................................................................................................... 109 5. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 111 Findings .... .................................................................................................................... 111 Divergent Perspectives among the Youth ................................................................ 112 Divergent Perspectives between the Youth and Government Officials ................... 114 Divergent Perspectives between Government Officials .......................................... 115 Significance ................................................................................................................... 116 Limitations of Interpretation .......................................................................................... 118 Implication for Future Research .................................................................................... 119 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 121 6. APPENDICES A. CONSENT FORM: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ............................................. 125 B. CONSENT FORM: AUDIO TAPING .................................................................... 127 C. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FORM: FGD ................................................. 129 D. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS: FGD ................................... 131 E. PARTICIPANT DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS: FGD ............................................. 134 F. CONCOURSE SOURCES ..................................................................................... 139 G. CONSENT FORM: Q SORTING PROCEDURE .................................................. 141 H. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FORM: THE P SAMPLE ............................ 143 I. PARTICIPANT DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS: P SAMPLE 151 ............................ 145 J. THE Q SAMPLE ..................................................................................................... 148 J1 Q SAMPLE: TABLE OF STATEMENTS ........................................................ 148 J2 Q SAMPLE: VALUES ....................................................................................... 152 K. CONDITIONS OF INSTRUCTION ...................................................................... 156 L. Q SORT RESPONSE GRID .................................................................................... 159 M. Q SORT SCALE/CONTINUUM ........................................................................... 161 N. POST Q SORT INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................... 163 iv O. FACTOR