Giappone, Una Nazione Tra Mutamento E Continuità

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Giappone, Una Nazione Tra Mutamento E Continuità Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Cattedra Relazioni Internazionali Giappone, una nazione tra mutamento e continuità Prof. Silvia Menegazzi Matr. Riccardo Negrini RELATORE CANDIDATO Anno Anno-Accademico 2019/2020 INDICE INTRODUZIONE ...................................................................................................................................... 3 CAPITOLO I – Fattori immateriali di potenza: le radici storiche della nazione giapponese ......................... 6 I.1 Le origini ......................................................................................................................................................6 I.1.1 Periodo Jōmon e Yayoi ...................................................................................................................................... 6 I.1.2 la corte Yamato .................................................................................................................................................. 8 I.1.3 l’inizio dei mutamenti: il periodo Asuka .......................................................................................................... 10 I.1.4 Riforme Taika ................................................................................................................................................... 11 I.1.4 Periodo Nara .................................................................................................................................................... 14 I.2 Lo spirito shintō ......................................................................................................................................... 16 I.3 Il periodo Heian .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Intermezzo: L'età feudale, il medioevo giapponese .................................................................................................... 22 I.4 I mutamenti dell’era Meiji e le sue conseguenze. ........................................................................................ 24 I.4.1 Una nuova potenza talassocratica ................................................................................................................... 26 CAPITOLO II – Giappone in continuo mutamento ................................................................................... 31 II.1 La Dottrina Yoshida ................................................................................................................................... 31 II.2 Le premesse per una nuova mutazione: Il cambiamento del contesto regionale .......................................... 39 II.2.1 L’impero del Centro ........................................................................................................................................ 40 II.2.2 Il Regno Eremita e la Repubblica di Corea ...................................................................................................... 46 II.2.3 La Federazione Russa ...................................................................................................................................... 49 II.3 Trasformazioni interne allo stato giapponese ............................................................................................. 50 II.3.1 Un nuovo quadro legislativo per le sicurezza del Giappone e per le Forze di Autodifesa ............................. 51 II.3.2 L’evoluzione delle Forze di Autodifesa per affrontare nuove sfide ................................................................ 57 II Conclusioni del secondo capitolo .................................................................................................................. 64 CAPITOLO III – Una strategia per un indo pacifico libero ed aperto: la piovra giapponese ....................... 66 III.1 L’origine del concetto Indopacifico e i suoi tre pilastri. ............................................................................... 68 III.2 Il Giappone nell’ASEAN ............................................................................................................................. 72 III.2.1 la coppia perfetta: Tōkyō-Hanoi .................................................................................................................... 80 III.3 Il Sole Levante nell’Oceano Indiano ........................................................................................................... 85 III.3.1 la dimensione infrastrutturale e la partita geopolitica degli aiuti economici ............................................... 91 III Conclusioni del terzo capitolo ...................................................................................................................... 95 CONCLUSIONE ....................................................................................................................................... 98 BIBLIOGRAFIA ...................................................................................................................................... 100 SUMMARY: Japan, a nation between continuity and transformation ................................................... 107 2 INTRODUZIONE Questa tesi si pone l’obbiettivo di analizzare il carattere geopolitico più rilevante del Giappone, ovvero il riuscire a cambiare velocemente mantenendo salda la propria identità. Tale nazione-arcipelago, nonostante la sua natura insulare e la sua posizione riparata, collocata all’estremità nord-orientale dell’Asia, ha vissuto nel corso della sua storia vari importanti mutamenti che hanno quasi sempre portato allo sconvolgimento del proprio assetto interno causando trasformazioni in ambito politico, culturale, financo linguistico. Tali mutamenti sono avvenuti principalmente in contemporanea a variazioni dell’assetto regionale dell’Asia- Pacifico, che si è sempre imposto come ‘vincolo esterno’ durante questi periodi molto dinamici. La reazione che il popolo giapponese e la sua classe dirigente hanno mantenuto nei confronti di tali cambiamenti è sempre stata un adattamento al nuovo contesto senza mai mettere in discussione la propria identità nazionale. La Geopolitica, essendo un campo di studi non scientifico, che non mira a modellizzare la realtà seguendo teorie rigorose, è particolarmente legata al concetto di identità collettiva. Scopo primario di questa branca di studi è, infatti, cartografare la realtà secondo gli occhi della collettività umana che si vuole prende ad oggetto di studio. Per tal motivo, ogni soggetto geopolitico si può definire tale solo se riesce ad elaborare e a difendere una propria visione della realtà, modellata secondo i propri canoni cultural-antropologici. Questa tesi si vuole, quindi, porre in tale ottica, analizzando gli aspetti più rilevanti dell’identità giapponese e gli effetti che questi scaturiscono nel contesto geopolitico attuale, dando, inoltre, importanza all’analisi storica quale componente fondamentale per comprendere la soggettività geopolitica di un attore. Come precedentemente accennato, questo lavoro si propone di argomentare come la caratteristica geopolitica più importante della nazione giapponese sia il saper mutare mantenendosi se stessi, senza perdere il proprio indirizzo strategico per affrontare minacce e sfide di nuova portata. Un importante carattere qualitativo della collettività nipponica è proprio l’abilità di saper modellare, secondo i propri canoni socioculturali, saperi e conoscenze provenienti dall’esterno, adottate sempre in modo pragmatico per affermare i propri interessi e le proprie prerogative, senza turbare la stabilità interna e l’unità delle popolazioni dell’Arcipelago. Carattere fondamentale della spiritualità Shintō è proprio il realismo (genjitsu shugi, 現実主義), che in Giappone non ha lo stesso carattere freddo che presenta in occidente, non è vissuto come rinuncia ad un pensiero più elevato, non è ombra o riflesso di qualcosa di più perfetto, ma viene vissuto considerando la realtà fondamentalmente buona, costituita da migliaia di kami (spiriti) che conducono verso una profonda sicurezza nel compiere le proprie scelte, sempre rapportate all’impatto che esse avranno sull’intera collettività. Nelle civiltà dell’Asia orientale, infatti, mantenere un approccio realista verso gli eventi che ci coinvolgono non comporta la sofferenza di rinunciare ad ideali o a principi superiori come capita in occidente, ma è considerata, al contrario, unica strada percorribile, così come insegnato dai canoni confuciani. Il Sol Levante si è sviluppato, fin dalle sue origini, su di una solida unità linguistica che gli ha permesso di sviluppare una propria coscienza collettiva basata su una compatta disciplina sociale e su un etica guerriera derivante da secoli di violente lotte intestine fra vari feudi, i quali ebbero sempre come fine ultimo di assumere 3 le redini dell’intero paese. Tale omogeneità della lingua parlata è uno dei caratteri antropologici che differenzia maggiormente il Giappone dalla Cina. L’impero cinese, infatti, ha avuto nel corso dei secoli molta difficoltà nell’edificare una propria unità linguistica stante le radicate differenze nella lingua parlata fra le varie province cinese, e, in alcuni casi, addirittura fra contee vicine. L’impero cinese ha cercato di superare le proprie differenze interne federando la popolazione attorno alla lotta contro un nemico comune, come le popolazioni turco-mongole o le potenze coloniali moderne (tra cui lo stesso Giappone). La Cina ha, inoltre, sviluppato un formidabile sistema di scrittura (poi ripreso dai
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