Joint Crisis Committee From Bay to Pearl Harbor: Imperial ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: ! ! !

I. Introduction II. History of Japanese American Relations: 1830 III. Shogunate Japan and Commander Perry IV. Restoration V. Pre-World War II VI. Significant Historical Actors VII. Conclusion VIII. Joint Crisis Rules of Procedure

Stanley Treivus Chair, From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: Imperial Japan

Eric Schildroth Moderator, From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: Imperial Japan

Kyle Anderson Vice Director, From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor

Hrayr Tumasyan Senior Crisis Manager, From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor

! 1 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! INTRODUCTION

The history of Japanese-American relations is a fascinating one that has taken many twists and turns throughout history. Though Japan is one of America’s largest trading partners today, that relationship has not always been so cordial or peaceful. American-Japanese history begins in the Edo Bay period, during which Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japanese society to open itself to American trade. History moves through periods of peace and conflict, including the time of the Second World War where Japan is the aggressor, initiating conflict with the attack on Pearl Harbor. Prepare yourself, delegates, for war is coming.

HISTORY OF JAPANESE-AMERICAN RELATIONS: 1830

Japan began its relations with the United States only during the early-mid 19th century. Before American contact with the Island, Japan practiced a strict system of isolation under its Shogunate government. 1 Japan’s foreign relations and trade remained limited to several with various countries such as the or . At this time, however it did not have diplomatic or trade relations with the United States. In 1946 an American naval expedition attempted to establish a trade agreement, but to no avail. A second expedition in 1848 led to successful negotiations between American representatives and the Shogunate government. Even though the negotiations did not establish any agreements, it paved the path for future trade accords. It was not until the famous expedition of 1852 led by Commodore Matthew Perry that trade agreement was finally brought about, formally known as the Convention of Kanagawa.2 The Treaty established two trading ports, and an agreement that guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked sailors. Successive treaties followed the Convention of Kanagawa, which further strengthened relations between the United States and Japan.

! 2 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! Further missions to increase relations occurred in the later half of the 19th century. The Japanese sent envoys to establish embassies and negotiate existing treaties, which later led to the appointment of Japanese ambassadors. After relations were formalized, Japan suffered many internal conflicts. The Shogunate government weakened and Japan went through a period known as the , which brought forth rapid modernization and industrialization.3 The Meiji restoration incited an era of rapid economic growth and military advancement. 4 The United States, particularly Hawaii, saw a significant influx of Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, and Filipino immigrants, largely thanks to the economic boom in sugar and pineapple plantations.5 Hawaii did not become a state until 1959, previously being a sovereign state known as the Kingdom of Hawaii.6 Relations between the US and Japan were unsteady due to the issue of control over Hawaii. Control over the Philippines also strained relations. Despite Japanese reluctance, however, the United States annexed both territories without incident.

Japanese-American relations continued to grow stronger over the years, especially during the of China from 1899 to 1901, during which a large contingent of anti-Christian and anti-foreigners rebelled against imperialist factions in China. In response, a large Western force was sent to stabilize the situation – a force that included both Japanese and American forces.7 Following the Boxer rebellion and the Russo-Japan war, rivalry between US and Japan grew in terms of the division of trade in China. Both countries held a huge interest in China, especially after the acquisition of the Philippines by the US. In 1899 the United States issued an Open Door Notes, which asked for imperialist countries with interest in China to adhere to a policy of equal access. Japan was obligated to follow the concession, despite its reluctance to do so. During the early 20th century, relations between Japan and US became rancorous due to an overrepresentation of the Japanese population on the West coast of America.8 The anti-Japanese sentiment led to a demand for reduced Japanese immigration to the mainland. These anti-Japanese attitudes led to the Immigration Act of 1924, which created bureaucratic restrictions on any immigration originating from non-European states.9 Tensions between the US and Japan also grew during World War 1, as Japan occupied many German territories in China as it fought alongside the Entente. At the end of the war, Japan proposed the 21 Demands, which would extend Japanese control into Manchuria in China. In doing so, Japan destroyed their credibility and lost the good will of Britain and the United States.10

! 3 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! !

By the 1930’s, relations between Japan and USA began to deteriorate. During what became known as the Mukden Incident, or the Manchurian Incident, an explosion destroyed a section of Japanese-owned railway near the city of Mukden located in Manchuria. Blaming Chinese nationalists, Japan used this event as a pretext to invade Manchuria. It is important to note that many suspected that the Japanese had secretly caused the incident themselves, in order to establish control of a region they had historically coveted. 11 In response, State Secretary Stimson issued the Stimson Doctrine in 1932, stating that the American government would not recognize any agreement between Japan and China that violated American rights to the area. 12 Increasing controversy led to Japan’s withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933. Japan’s Pacific aggression grew through the start of World War II in Europe and they faced opposition by the United States. It led to the signing of the Export Control Act by F.D. Roosevelt, which reduced the amount of

! 4 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! oil, steel, and coal that Japan received.13 However after a Japanese occupation of Indochina, a full-on trade embargo was established led by the US, UK, and the Dutch. The embargo reduced over 90% of oil imports to Japan, which had none of its own.14 Japan saw the embargo as an American threat to Japanese sovereignty in the Pacific, but knew it would have to either withdraw from China or continue to expand if it were to receive oil. The Dutch East Indies appealed most to Japan since it was oil rich, but the US warned Japan that there would be retaliation if pacific neighbours continued to be attacked. As Japan felt threatened by the larger American Navy in the Pacific, it decided to attack its largest naval base in the ocean, in Hawaii. This was the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th of 1941, which began the War in the Pacific. This attack fully destroyed relations between the countries until the end of the war.

SHOGUNATE JAPAN AND COMMODORE PERRY

Since the 17th century, Japan existed under a military government run by the Tokugawa Shogun. The Shogun were based in the capital of Edo, known today as Tokyo. The Shogun controlled the powerful Daimyo, the feudal lords of Japan.15 The Shogun existed alongside the Emperor, who on paper oversaw Shogun rule, but was under the thumb of the Shogun and only a figurehead. Japan existed in a feudal society that shunned all forms of foreign contact. It called this foreign policy (‘chained country’), which made Japan completely isolated from the entire world. The policy also prevented Japanese people from leaving the country. However Japan did have some direct trade with other countries, with certain ports dedicated to dealing with trade with Korea, China, Netherlands, and other smaller kingdoms.16 Despite these exceptions, countries that wished to trade with Japan were forced to send missions to Edo in order to attempt negotiations.

The United States was one such country, sending its first envoy in 1846. Commander attempted to establish a trade deal, but failed to do so. James Glynn was sent in 1848, and managed to negotiate with the Shogun despite Sakoku. Glynn recommended that force be used in future trade negotiations. Using his advice, a fleet under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Edo in 1853 with a letter from American President Fillmore that included demands to open up trade.17 The Shogun in Edo agreed to negotiate, and Perry left for China, intending to return with an agreement. Perry arrived back in Edo in 1854 with an even larger fleet, and the Shogun signed an agreement that opened up two ports for the United States. This agreement is famously known as the Convention of Kanagawa.18 The treaty was later followed by the “Harris Treaty” of 1848, which further updated the convention of Kanagawa, which reduced import tariffs to Japan and allowed for foreign concession. Soon after the treaty, resentment against the Shogun government grew exponentially, and is often contributed to the open trade policy that they established.

! 5 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! !

MEIJI RESTORATION

Japanese citizens and clans already resented the Shogun government in Edo before Commodore Perry arrived, and many supported the Emperor who was located in . However as the government in Edo began to agree to more trade policies, Japanese clans declined to support the Shogunate. Most Japanese citizens feared imperialist conquest, similar to what happened in China, and as a result, many clans rebelled against the Shogun. Japan went through a period known in Japanese history as , which refers to the end of the Shogun and in Japan between the 1850’s and 1870’s. During this period, Japan saw the weakening of the Shogunate in Edo after the opening of its borders.19 Anti-imperialist sentiment pushed for power to be restored to the Emperor. Eventually the Boshin War in 1869, fought between the Shogun and the supporters of the Empire, resulted in the resignation of the Shogun and the restoration of power to the recent Emperor Meiji. Meiji began a Western style reform of his government, where he introduced both a Western style military and industry.20 Feudalism was completely abolished, and all aspects of Japanese society were rapidly modernized and united. This was done not only to prevent Imperialist conquest of Japan, but also to set the stage for Japanese expansionism in China and the rest of the Pacific.

! 6 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! PRE-WORLD WAR II

Due to Japan’s rapid military and economic growth in the late 19th century, it was able to join the ranks of other European imperialist nations. In doing so, it attempted to hold a stake in China for economic interest. Japan targeted China after invading Korea in 1894 as a response to Chinese troop movement in the peninsula. Since the 1870’s, Japan established an economic base in the country, and prioritized its dominance over it, with goals of preventing it from being dominated by any other force.21 After sending troops to fight off the Chinese who moved in at the request of the Korean monarchy, conflict broke out between the two. Japan defeated China and took an extent of its territory, including Taiwan. Disputes with Russia in Korea and Manchuria led to the Russo-Japan War of 1904-1905 and led to Russia’s defeat. By 1910, Japan decided to annex an independent Korea, further increasing its territory. Japan now had a large sphere of influence stretching across Korea, Manchuria, to Southern China.22

During World War I, Japan allied itself against Germany with the Entente, and effectively took control of German bases and ports in China, including Shandong province. China itself was allied with the Entente, in exchange for receiving its territories that Germany, and now Japan, owned. Japan introduced its 21 Demands to the Chinese government in 1915, calling for the recognition of ownership of Shandon and other economic privileges. Despite the Japanese ultimatum and Chinese refusal, the US was able to make a deal with Japan dubbed the Nine Power Treaty. This expansionism triggered much of the deteriorating relations between USA and Japan, as Japan’s interest in China led it to constantly ignore the internationally agreed Open Door policy.23 Following an invasion of Manchuria in 1931, an invasion of China in 1937, and multiple incidents and massacres, relations became strained. It was not until the oil embargo of 1941 following the occupation of Indochina did Japan ruin relations via its attack on Pearl Harbor.

PEARL HARBOR

The attack on Pearl Harbor is widely regarded as the impetus for the United States’ entrance to the Second World War. The Japanese attacked in two waves, with the first occuring at 7:45 AM on December 7th of 1941. They began by destroying airfields; it was the following communiqués that alerted the mainland of the attack. Torpedo planes hit the USS Utah, USS Helena, and USS Raleigh from the west and the USS Nevada, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Nevada from the east.24 The Japanese dropped more bombs, one of which sank the USS Arizona. The Japanese used the code ‘Tora Tora Tora’ by telegraph, meaning their surprise attack had succeeded.25 The following day the United States declared war on Japan, joining World War II in the Pacific as well as in Europe. Although the American people were wary of becoming

! 7 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! involved in another European conflict, their faith in non-interventionism crumbled as the security of their home and their territorial integrity was challenged. The American entry to the war would turn the tide towards the Allies, making Japan one of the authors of Axis destruction.

THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

The was made an official theatre with the appointment of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz as Supreme Allied Commander Pacific Ocean Area.26 The Pacific theatre of the Second World War saw allied forces fighting against the and Thailand. Battles took place mainly in the Central Pacific Theatre and the North Pacific Theatre.

! 8 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! By provoking the United States, the Japanese hoped to further their imperialist ambitions in Asia. While it was acknowledged that complete victory was impossible, the Japanese hoped to negotiate a peace treaty after early victories, which would provide them undisputed control over expanded territories. Significant battles of the war in the Pacific include the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign, the Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign, the battle of Iwo Jima, and the Battle of Okinawa.27 Coral Sea and Midway were thought of as the turning point for Allied forces, as the Japanese then began to run low on resources. Losing several battleships made it difficult for them to maintain adequate defences.28 After the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt had also authorized unrestricted submarine warfare against the Japanese, which meant that any enemy ship in Axis- controlled waters was fair to strike, no matter what their cargo. On February 3rd, 1945, the Soviet Union entered the Pacific conflict and invaded Manchuria on August 9th. Three days earlier, the Enola Gay B-29 Bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, and on August 9th another on . More than 240,000 people are estimated to have perished in the attacks, many of them civilians.

As delegates, if you choose to focus your resources on the development of the Manhattan Project, you will have the option to drop the atomic bomb at the appropriate point in the timeline. Between the Soviet entrance to the Pacific Theatre and the atomic bombings, the Japanese quickly surrendered.

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL ACTORS

Emperor Meiji: Meiji, also known as Meiji the Great, was an renowned for the reform he instigated on Japan, in which he oversaw the rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan. He was born in 1852 and grew up during a time of radical change under the Shogunate government. He eventually gained power after his father died, and consolidated power by slowly removing the powers of the Shogun. He adapted Western-style political, financial, social, and military systems and introduced modern technology.

! 9 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! !

General Yamamoto: Yamamoto was an admiral of the Japanese navy and in charge of the attack of Pearl Harbor. He led the Combined Fleet and coordinated the attacks on the Island. Despite his success, Pearl Harbor was seen as a pointless and even disastrous attack, as Yamamoto predicted an American comeback within a year. Yamamoto was born in 1884, and served in the Russo-Japanese War. He would eventually be killed after his plane was shot down in 1943.

Hideki Tojo: Tojo served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944, and oversaw much of the combat that Japan was responsible for in the Pacific. He ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor, which escalated a conflict in a way unbeknownst to the world. Born in 1884, Tojo was a General in the Army until appointed War Minister by the previous government. Tojo was a staunch supporter of becoming allies with Germany and Italy, and was responsible for the placement of troops in Indochina, which led to the oil embargo against the country. Tojo was responsible for many war crimes, and after the end of the war, he was tried and sentenced to death by hanging in 1948.

! 10 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! CONCLUSION

In this committee, you will have access to resources and the typical weapons of war. The most important thing, however, is to use these resources in an original and creative way. Model UN allows us the unique ability to go back through history and change outcomes through innovative thinking and well-researched decision-making. Do not hesitate to take paths that our predecessors may not have considered, and do not expect outcomes that will always align with the historical timeline of the war in the Pacific. As a Joint Crisis branch, we are committed to providing you with an experience that is as immersive, realistic, and stimulating as possible. We would like to extend a warm welcome to everyone coming to Joint Crisis for NAMUN 2014.

! 11 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! JOINT CRISIS COMMITTEE RULES OF PROCEDURE

DIRECTIVES

A directive is the crisis equivalent of a working paper or resolution. As you will be portraying specific characters with different assets and liabilities, directives can take direct action in order to immediately react to a crisis situation. A directive will take the form of a request for information, a request to move troops, speak to a certain individual, send a demand to another faction, create a press release, etc. They allow for creative and unconventional ways of dealing with the current situation. There are different types of directives – directives from individuals, and directives created by individuals collaborating and passed by a vote by the whole committee.

SPECIAL RULES GOVERNING CRISIS DIRECTIVES

For NAMUN 2014, the Crisis Staff will only be accepting certain types of directives, in order to promote a quick and efficient response time.

COMMITTEE DIRECTIVES:

Created by a number of individuals, these directives have been discussed both in moderated and unmoderated caucus, have the approval of the entire committee, and must be passed by a 2/3 majority vote before moving on to the crisis staff.

Committee Directives:

As long as a committee directive is deemed reasonable by the committee chair and moderator and passes by a 2/3 majority vote, the crisis room will accept it. This type of directive does not need to fall into the categories described above.

INDIVIDUAL DIRECTIVES:

Created by one individual, though in cooperation with up to two others, these directives use an individual’s special abilities (i.e. resources of which they have sole control) without needing the consent of the rest of the committee. In the case of a directive created by more than one individual, all signatures must be on the directive. These directives pass to the crisis room at the discretion of the director – if the director feels that this directive is out of order, they can send it back to the delegate with the designation “not approved” written across it.

! 12 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! a) Action Directives • Sending press releases to the entire committee, the other side of the crisis, or the civilian population • Espionage requests (sending spies into different factions, trying to find things, etc.) • Battle movements (movement of units, requests for supplies) • Infrastructure requests (science and technology, managing population resources • Alliances with both non represented and represented parties

b) Requests for Information:

• Request a specialized briefing from a crisis staff member • Request the status of a particular place on the map Request to meet with a particular party or member of the opposite side

! 13 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! ENDNOTES

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Central Intelligence Agency, (2014). Cia world factbook: Japan. Retrieved from website: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html 2 IBID 3 Meiji restoration. In (2014). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373305/Meiji-Restoration 4 IBID 5 Hawaiian Tourism Authority. (2014). Hawaii history. Retrieved from http://www.gohawaii.com/statewide/travel-tips/history 6 IBID 7 Boxer rebellion. In (2014). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76364/Boxer-Rebellion 8 Brian Niiya, (1933). Japanese American history: an a-to-z reference from 1868 to the present (illustrated ed.) pp. 37, 103-104 9 Library of Congress Resources. (2013). The u.s. mainland: Growth and resistance. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immi gration/japanese3.html 10 Walter La Feber, The Clash: US-Japanese Relations Throughout History (1998). 11 U.S. Department of State: Office of the Historian. (2013). The mukden incident of 1931 and the stimson doctrine. In Milestones: 1921-1936. Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/mukden-incident 12 IBID 13 History.com: July 5, 1940: United States passes Export Control Act. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-passes-export-control-act 14 Pearl Harbor Tours. (2013). Why was pearl harbor attacked. In Pearl Harbor, Oahu - the Attack: Facts and Information. Retrieved from http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/attack.htm 15 Commodore perry and japan (1853-1854). (2009). ()Retrieved from http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_perry.htm 16 Masai, Y. (2012). Japan: the enforcement of national seclusion. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300531/Japan/23168/The-enforcement-of- national-seclusion 17 Beasly, W. G., Palmer, A. H., Graff, H. F., Shozan, Y., Satow, E. M., & , S. (2002). The perry mission to japan, 1853-1854. (Vol. 1). Psychology Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=j399Lfj6baYC&pg=PA153&redir_esc=y 18 IBID 19 One can date the "restoration" of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868. Jansen (2000), p.334.

! 14 ! ! From Edo Bay to Pearl Harbor: United States ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 20 Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.

21 Yamamura, Kozo. "Success Iligotten? The Role of Meiji Militarism in Japan's Technological Progress." The Journal of Economic History 37.1 (1977). Web. 22 Japan. (2009). ( Columbia University)Retrieved from http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_power.htm 23 Walter La Feber, The Clash: US-Japanese Relations Throughout History (1998). 24 Pearl Harbor Tours. (2013). Why Was Pearl Harbor Attacked. In Pearl Harbor, Oahu - the Attack: Facts and Information. Retrieved from http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/attack.htm 25 IBID 26 Cressman, R.J. The official chronology of the US Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press (2000). Pp 84. 27 Potter, E.B. & Nimitz, C.W. Sea Power. Prentice-Hall. (1960). P. 717-761. 28 Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. p. 63-67,58-59,

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