Wollaton Hall I Jego Twórca Wollaton Hall and Its Creator

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Wollaton Hall I Jego Twórca Wollaton Hall and Its Creator NAUKA SCIENCE Bartłomiej Gloger* Wollaton Hall i jego twórca Wollaton Hall and its creator Słowa kluczowe: Wollaton Hall, Robert Smythson, Key words: Wollaton Hall, Robert Smythson, Sir Francis Willoughby, angielski renesans, Sir Francis Willoughby, English Renaissance, architektura elżbietańska, Nottingham Elizabethan architecture, Nottingham LOKALIZACJA ZESPOŁU LOCATION PAŁACOWEGO OF THE PALACE Wollaton Hall leży na rozległej posesji otoczonej Wollaton Hall lies on a vast estate surrounded by niską zabudową mieszkaniową, która obecnie znajduje dwellings in a now suburban area 5 km west from the się w podmiejskiej strefi e miasta położonej 5 km na centre of Nottingham. The historic park was once con- zachód od centrum Nottingham. Zabytkowy park był nected to ancient village of Wollaton, sited at the foot niegdyś połączony z historyczną osadą Wollaton Village of a knoll on its north-west border. It is believed that leżącą na jego północno-zachodnim obrzeżu, u stóp at the end of 15th or early 16th century this area could dominującego wzgórza. Przypuszcza się, że pierwotnie have served as a common ground for the village. The teren ten, pod koniec XV w. lub na początku XVI w., historic sources, however rather unreliable, suggest that mógł służyć jako obszar wspólnoty gruntowej (common between 1492 and 1510 Sir Henry Willoughby fenced off grounds) należący do tej osady. Nieudokumentowane these grounds and attached them to his residence, most źródła sugerują, iż pomiędzy 1492 i 1510 r. Sir Hen- probably set nearby St. Leonard church. The park at that ry Willoughby przyłączył te tereny do siedziby rodu time could have been used to stock deer and to organise zlokalizowanej najprawdopodobniej w pobliżu kościoła hunting events. In the centre of it on the elevated knoll, św. Leonarda. Przypuszcza się, że w tym okresie na where now Wollaton Hall is located, a small hunting obszarze ogrodzonego parku gromadzono zwierzynę lodge possibly once existed (fi g. 1) [1]. łowną i organizowano polowania. W jego centralnej In 1580, this location was selected for the construc- części na okazałym wzniesieniu, gdzie obecnie znajduje tion of a new residence, which was connected from the się Wollaton Hall, mógł niegdyś znajdować się skromny north to the old family seat by a wide avenue forming dworek myśliwski (ryc. 1) [1]. the main access. The remaining approaches were on the To w łaśnie w tym miejscu w 1580 r. rozpoczęto east leading from the city of Nottingham and the south budowę siedziby rodu, którą od północy połączono of the estate. The existing surrounding of the mansion at z osadą i dawną rezydencją szeroką aleją pełniącą that stage was most likely divided into enclosures hous- funkcję głównego dojazdu. Pozostałe trasy dojazdu ing an orchard, vegetable garden and livestock refl ecting prowadziły od wschodu z miasta Nottingham i od medieval traditions. The remaining grounds of parkland południowej granicy posiadłości. Istniejące otoczenie would have been left open. pałacu zapewne było zorganizowane zgodnie z pa- A painting from 1697 by Jan Silbrechts shows the nującymi tradycjami średniowiecznymi i składało się existing urban scheme at the time. In the foreground to z wygrodzonych pól, gdzie znajdowały się sad, ogród the east of the house, a bowling green surrounded by warzywny i obszar przeznaczony do hodowli zwierząt. rows of trees and gardens are visible to the south. The * Politechnika Śląska, Wydział Architektury i Urbanistyki * Silesian University of Technology, The Faculty of Architecture in w Gliwicach Gliwice Cytowanie / Citation: Gloger B. Wollaton Hall and its creator. Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2018;53:45-54 Otrzymano / Received: 12.11.2017 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 10.01.2018 doi:10.17425/WK53WOLLATON Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 53/2018 45 background shows the existing low outbuildings adjacent to the fenced ar- eas that might have been used as kitchen gardens. It is also likely that during that this period Thom- son’s Wood was planted to the west side of the estate. An engraving from Britannia Illustrata pub- lished in 1707 shows four broad avenues radiating outwards from Wollaton Hall towards the boarder of the park [1], [2]. In the second half of the 18th century the park was considerably modified to emphasise its natural Ryc. 1. Posiadłość Wollaton Hall: 1. Wollaton Hall, 2. Muzeum Industrializacji, 3. Szklarnia, 4. Budynek beauty as was then fash- stajni, 5. Park jeleni, 6. Wzgórze Arbour Hill, 7. Zagajnik Thomson’s Wood, 8. Great Pond, 9. Kościół ionable in aristocratic św. Leonarda (źródło: opracowanie autora przy użyciu materiałów fi rmy Purcel Miller Tritton) circles. New architectural Fig. 1. Wollaton Hall estate: 1. Wollaton Hall, 2. The Industrial Museum, 3. Greenhouse, 4. The Stable, 5. Deer Park, 6. The Arbour Hill, 7. The Thomson’s Wood, 8. The Great Pond, 9. St Leonard Church features were carefully (source: by author based on Purcell information) placed throughout the grounds between newly Pozostałą część parku najprawdopodobniej pozosta- planted trees to create picturesque scenery. This also wiono otwartą. required formation of an artifi cial lake to achieve an Na obrazie z 1697 r. Jan Silbrechts przedstawił ist- illusion of a seemingly endless water system as a com- niejący w tym czasie układ urbanistyczny. Na pierwszym pulsory element of an idyllic landscape. Such a project planie widoczne są: od wschodu wgłębnik obsadzony was undertaken in 1795 when the Great Pond was built. szpalerem drzew oraz ogrody od południa. Na dalszym The improvement of visual aspects of the park also con- planie znajdują się niskie zabudowania pomocnicze tinued in the following century including the plantation sąsiadujące z wydzielonymi terenami, które być może of new wooded areas and erection of various buildings służyły do produkcji żywności. Najprawdopodobniej of which the most signifi cant were the greenhouse built w tym okresie na zachodnim obrzeżu posesji założono za- in 1823, Arbour Hill barn, the Doric Temple and new gajnik nazwany Thomson’s Wood. Jak przedstawia rycina entrance gate. The present boundary of the estate was z 1707 r. pochodząca z Britannia Illustrata, wokół Wollaton formed only after 1927 when the property was sold to Hall istniały wtedy cztery szerokie aleje promieniejące na the city of Nottingham [1]. zewnątrz w kierunku granicy parku [1], [2]. W drugiej połowie XVIII w. charakter otaczających terenów zmody- fi kowano, tak aby podkreślić ich naturalne piękno zgodnie THE ORIGINS OF WOLLATON HALL z panującą wówczas wśród arystokracji modą. Na terenie The construction of Wollaton Hall commenced in parku, pomiędzy nowo posadzonym drzewami, wzniesio- 1580 by Sir Francis Willoughby a wealthy entrepreneur no rozproszone obiekty małej architektury tworząc w ten who accommodated great fortune from coal mining sposób malowniczy pejzaż. Przedsięwzięcie to również on his estates [1], [3], [4], [5], [6]. The motives for wymagało utworzenia sztucznego zbiornika wodnego building appear to have been a desire to demonstrate w celu uzyskania wrażenia pozornie niekończącego się wealth, social status, and the loyalty to the Crown. The systemu wodnego, który był nieodzownym elementem culmination of this costly undertaking and the measure sielankowego krajobrazu. Taki projekt podjęto w 1795 r., of the success was the prospect of attracting a royal visit kiedy powstał Great Pond. Podnoszenie walorów wizu- and winning Queen’s favour [1], [7], [8], [9], [10], alnych otoczenia kontynuowano również w następnym [11] (fi g. 2). The building campaign took place without stuleciu, kiedy zalesiono kolejne obszary parku i wznie- any interruptions and was completed in 1588 providing siono różne budynki, wśród których najważniejszymi a house worthy of Willoughby dynasty. dodatkami były szklarnia wybudowana w 1823 r., stodoła There is little known about the history of the resi- w pobliżu wzgórza Arbour Hill, dorycka świątynia i nowa dence following the death of Sir Francis in 1596. Wol- brama wjazdowa. Obecna granica posesji została ukształ- laton Hall was the main seat of the Willoughby family towana po 1927 r., kiedy obiekt wraz z parkiem znalazł until 1642, when a fi re broke out in the east wing. After się, po sprzedaży, w posiadaniu miasta Nottingham [1]. this disastrous event, the palace was left uninhabited for 46 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 53/2018 GENEZA I ZARYS almost 45 years and fell into disrepair. It was not until HISTORII OBIEKTU 1687 when Cassandra Willoughby and her brother 4th Budowę Wollaton Hall rozpoczął w 1580 r. Sir Fran- Francis Willoughby began a major refurbishment to cis Willoughby, zamożny przedsiębiorca, który swój improve the standard of living. Most notably, the main ogromny majątek zgromadził eksploatując złoża węgla staircases were decorated with baroque paintings by położone na jego włościach [1], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Przy- Louis Laguerre and Sir John Thornhill. A signifi cant puszcza się, że motywy, jakimi mógł się kierować, to addition to the existing buildings built between 1742 pragnienie zademonstrowania bogactwa, statusu spo- and 1744 was the Stable block organised around three łecznego i lojalności wobec monarchy. Uwieńczeniem courtyards containing the stables, coach houses, offi ces, budowy i miarą sukcesu właściciela była bowiem per- a brewhouse, a laundry and accommodation for servants spektywa wizyty władcy i zdobycie
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