Water 2013, 5, 972-987; doi:10.3390/w5030972 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Review Minoan and Etruscan Hydro-Technologies Andreas N. Angelakis 1, Giovanni De Feo 2,*, Pietro Laureano 3 and Anastasia Zourou 4 1 Institute of Iraklio, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Iraklio 71110, Greece; E-Mail:
[email protected] 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy 3 IPOGEA, Via Roma 595, Bagno a Ripoli Firenze 50012, Italy; E-Mail:
[email protected] 4 Cultural Association Ithaki, Rome 00040, Italy; E-Mail:
[email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +39-089-964-113; Fax: +39-089-968-738. Received: 25 April 2013; in revised form: 5 June 2013 / Accepted: 28 June 2013 / Published: 8 July 2013 Abstract: The aim of this study is to present water and wastewater technologies used during the Minoan (ca. 3200–1100 BC) and Etruscan (ca. 800–100 BC) civilizations. The basic technologies considered are: water harvesting and distribution systems, cisterns, groundwater and wells as well as drainage and sewerage systems. Minoan water collection and distribution systems primarily consisted of cisterns and pipes. The Etruscans’ hydro-technology also consisted of cisterns and pipes but was developed for urban areas and included distinctions between public and private water use. The long-term sustainability of Minoan cisterns is evidenced by the fact that this technique is still practiced today in rural areas of Crete. In addition to cisterns, wells have been used in Crete since Neolithic times, and enjoyed wide-spread use during the Etruscan era.