PuUis/ied witA t/2e a~,probatio,z o t/ze Board o Trustees

XOL. XII.—No. 102.] BALTIMORE, JANUARY, 1893. [PRICE, 10 CENTS.

I~OTES IN PHILOLOGY.

The Limitation of the Imperative in the Attic Ora- directly or imidirectl y, from the point of view of mercy, kindness, justice, tors. By C. W. E. MILLER. fairn~es, propriety, tutilily, moral obligation, absolute necessity, etc. The following are somine of the actually occuirring substitutes: l~o~ram ~rc~m’,~?, (Abstract of a paper read before tbe American Phflolo ~ ~sos and Ir’tcasov used personally, i~er’Aw, xpoo%ces, eimc6s, ai.m-o~,mcas, &~L&, 6ical Association, July, 1892, and d~moe, liucamoe’, oornp~psr, eie-~pduo w. inf.; eimc~-ws, Ismcatcmmc &m’ w. opt.; c’dm’ with before the University PhilologicalAssociation, October 28, 1892.) subjunctive or ci witir optative; tine verbal in -n-iou’ and ~p-~’ov with the An examination of the use of the imperative in tire Attic osators, that benitive or tine possessive prosroun followed by tine infinitive. was undertaken to ascertain the Greek fooling of the imperativo, showed To an emrtiu-ely differ-eat sphere belong tire mnse of the so-called imperative that the harsh tonse attributed to the imperative by lJernrobenes* gave rise question anti tire imperative use offfmramv with tine future indicative. These to certain limitations as to tire use of this mode.’ In tho discussion of these are snot nnolhifying substitutes for the imperative. oirwn- with the future limitations the following order has boon found convenient. indierstive is undoubtedly colloqtuial, as the statistics given by Weber, 1. Linsitations as to ssusaber and kirsci. Eutwickelung. gescliichte dcv Absichrtssiitze, II, p. 123, plainly show, and it a. No. of imperatives in entire body of orators. Substitutes. Guns- has no extended use in oratory. Tire imperative question, on tine otiner sion of imperative. Irnperativcs addressed to jury. Kinds of impera- hand, is used witin some degree trf freedoan, but only by’ the later Attic tive. Mollifiers. Recurrence of same verb. Cumulation ofimperative. orators, espechrily Din:rrclrus. Its tone varies all tire way from mild aston- b. Variations in the different departments of Greek oratory. isisment to untter innpatience amid intense disgunat, though Hermonenes, XVaiz c. Variations in authors. III, p. 237, who is probably not thAnking of any but tine harshest uses of d. Variations in individual speeches. tins question, considers it second only to the irenperative in degree of harsh- 2. As to form. Voice. Person. Positive and Negative. Tense. ness. For the statistics ofits mite in the orators, see A. J. P. XIII, p. 404. 3. As to positioa. It was shown above that tire ntumber of the imperatives in tire orators a. Prooemium. was considerably reduced by tire use of arolhifying substitutes, and from this b. Body of speech and epilogue. fact alone it would appear inighly probable that ims urany cases tire impera- tive was simply onnitted witinout being replaced by a smubstitute. But that I. such was tire case, is proved conclusively by the limitatiomis as to the use of There are 2445 imperatives on the 2284 solid Teubner prose pages that the actually occurring iniperatives, as described in tine following pages. remain of the Attic orators after deducting the fragusents, tire lettes’s, all Before, inorvever, passing our to the consideration of tinese limitations, it of Hyperides, and the Demostinenean collection of prooemia.t Now, while will be necessary, first of all, to distimiguisin between the imperatives 2445 is a large number, the hulk of tire orators is lilcewise large, arid about addressed to tire clerk of tine comirt, the witnesses, the adversary, etc., and one imperative per page t does not after all seem an inordinately large pro- tire imperatives addressed to tire jurry, etc. It is perfectly evident that the portion. imperatives addressed to tire clerk of tine court, etc., do mnot enter promi- But to appreciate more thorouginly the linnitatiorm as to number, it must nently into the discussion. The clemk is the servant of the court, and there be borne in mind that the imperative miglrt have beam used mucir more can be sue hrsrshnness in addressing him in tire ime~perative. So, likewise, an frequently. For we find in the orators scores ofinstances of substitutes for &m’cidn~Or or &ecifigre addressed to tine witness or witnesses is unobjectionable, the imperative, each instance representing the rvoidance of an imperative amnd tire same may be said of the imperatives directed to the adversary, for and bringing about a diminution in the number of occurrences, It is true the adversary seems to have been a perfectly legitimate object upon which the object sought to be attain d by the use of the substitute is tire same as to vent one’s wrath. Not so with the person or persons to whom the ora- in tire case of the imperative, but the appearance of wishing t~ lord it over tion is addressed. It is they above all, whose feelings must be consulted, one (hrsTcivu-ew) is removed and an appeal is nnade to the person, either and so it is only tine imperatives addressed to tinem tinat are of primary 6Xss-ra r~v i& importance in this disemission. Now of these imperatives, which, for the 7rpaoraKTLKa* Spengel, Rh,sloeGr.~iie ‘AprorsycirsvseII, p. 300, or Walz,cpio-nseIII,&vs~sv~eOdn-eep. 237: ,rxfi.e~~Ka~~~~~tr...ye 11 vp x~a ~scLOAK 1~sx~a sake of convenience, have here beesr styled effective inspes-at’ives, there are v~ Ppax,Aepc (hence also imperative forms) cal & untIl creAre, niusmrcna 81 caAclv &mrcnsv. 1- Of course, uni with the aor. subj. is inclerded in this count and interjectional ,b~pc is only 1311. exelmuded from it.. It may also be well to state thrrt all donbtful imperatives, as well as Iii judging of the sigurificamnee of tins number we must, first of all, bear in all such as are formod in qrmotations, in laws, and in bracketed portions ofthe text, have anind that not all imper-atives are of tire same degree of inam-shuess. It may been excimuded from the couurt, and in ascertaining the urriunber of the pages,ours-half line be read imn every grammar that tine imperative may be used to express a or over has been connted as one foll line, and less than one-haltline, and all laws and all command, men exinortation, or ass entreaty. Examples of the harshest of bracketed portions of the text, have been rejected. these classes are not found among tine effective iniperatives. Of the horta- IA comparison with Homer shows that in the first six books of the Iliad the umumber of imperatives is relatively about twice as great as in the orators. tive, symbourleutic and parnenetic imperatives, which constitute the second 18 JOHNS hOPKiNS [No. 102. of the above mentioned classes, we shall speak below. Suffice it for the of which is to give advice—a small number if the advice is given on one present to say that the greater number of the effective imperatives in the or two points only, a large number if a line of conduct is to be laid down. orators belong to this class, and that they vary in harshness according to Accordingly, we find a very large number of imperatives in the first three the circumstances of the case. But a large number of the imperatives belong speeches of Isocrates. Bust Isocrates even here betrays his gentlemanly to the class of entreaty. When the imperative is used in an entreaty, it spirit, his good jtm(l~ment, and his sefined taste for elegant expression by has, of course, lost almost all harshuess of tone. Moreover, two or more of many a skilful evasion of an otheruvise legitimate imperative. such imperatives are frequently used together, and even these are generally For a study of the imperative in the purely symbouleutic speeches, accompanied by some mollifying expression, so that the short. harsh colon Demosthenes is about the only orator to whom we can turn. The impera- that is characteristic of the imperative, is avoided. tive, as we have seen in the previous section, lsas a perfectly legitimate Though the tone of the delivery would as a ~eneral rule be sufficient to place in time symbouleutic speech. The veiny name points to the imperative. indicate the tone of the imperative, yet for fear that a mistake might he But it sutist be remembes-ed that ptsblic os-ators as-a really self-constituted made as to the true tone of the imperative, such strong mollifying expres- advisers, and their own personal interest, as well as the public welfare, would immake theus desirous of having them- advice meet with favor. So a sions as ~o~mi, LICErEVW, ae’rt8oXw, or a combination of these words, are some- times used, not to say anything of the frequent use of the phrase h th’lpes certain amuount of camition ninust be exercised as to the way in wlsich the ‘AO,jz’a?os (ancao-i-aQ, which in connection with the imperative has a certain advice is o~ered, and, as a matter of fact, tlsere are only 44 effective impera- mollifying effect upon the tone of the imperative. These mollifying expres- tives in every 100 pages of this kind of Densostlmenean speeds. sions are not restricted to any of the common forms of the imperative, hut TIme tlsird gm-eat class, that of the Xml-yem &ICaVL el, remains. Hese we must they occur with the aorist and present, positive and negative. For exam- again divide into two classes, tIme l)mmblic and the private. In the private ples, see A. J. P. XIII, P. 406. orations the smumber of imperatives is very much below tlse average for all Another point that is to be noted in this connection is the frequency with the orators, whes-eas in tIme public speeches tIme nuimber is almost as muich which many of the imperative forms are repeated. Constant recurrence above. In tIme lattes class the avowed interest of tlse speaker in the public would have a tendency to blunt the feeling of harshness on the part of the welfam-e made tIme impem-ative excusable, and fs-equeutly time length of the hearer. Especially noteworthy in this respect is the group of imperatives speech gave ample time for gradually working upon the feelin~s of the audience, and wim ems their passion was fully aroused, the os-ator might give of the verbs OICO,rE?V, oid4~ao-Oat, EeOup.EtoOat and Ao-yi~soOat. If we add to these weakest of hortative imperatives such closely related words as the vent to his. Cf. Cic. Osat. ~ 26 on Dam. 18. For a table showing in detail 6pav, voFo~n’, GLEe-GaL, iJ~y’E?e-OGL, and a few tIme variations in time usse of the imperative in the different departments imperatives of GEWpE?V, OEaOOSL, others, we have disposed of ahout one-half of all the effective imperatives. seeA. J. P., l.a., p.409; Before going on to the discussion of the variations in the use of the imperative in the different departments of Greek oratory, let us notice e. Variations in the authors. briefly two of its uses that seem to be a deliberate seeking after the impera- It is only after the above study of the relative frequency of tIme impera- tive rather than an avoidance of it. The first use is the repetition of the tive in the different departuments tlmat we can thsoroughly understand the same imperative by anadiplosis. The use of the imperative by anadiplosis figmmm-es for tIme diflOrent autlmom-s. Of course, other tImings, as for instance would be governed by the general laws of anadiplosis. The tone is that of the average lengtlm of tIme orations, amust also be taken into consideration,. great excitement., extreme passion or deep pathos. Hence there is little notably in tIme case of Lysias, but time depaitment always renmains a msmatter occasion for this use of the imperative in the orators. For the examples of paramount importance. To select two or three stm-iking examples, Lysias see A. J. P. XIII, p. 407. is surpassed by Aesehines and Dinam-chus only in time pem-centage of effective Essentially different is the repetition of A~-yu in such passagesas Dem. 18, imperatives, but tIme vast bulk of Lysias commsists of public judicial speeches 37, ih-m P eliTe, ‘rczi>r’ ~XEL, XE’7E ~em ‘rinl ‘rs ‘rei~ KaAXnrGiVeus 4ot~pme7icu mcal ‘r’ije and in tlsis department Lysias’ figures are as low as those of Demostlmenes. i?7rLo’reX’7v ‘rev ~sXiirsrev ~ do’ &p4eilpwr liirarr’ LOTGL ~aespd. XE-yE. In this Isneuss pes-centage, en time otlser hand, is lower tlman that of any other and similar cases the order to state the decree, lauv, etc., is issued to the osator, and tImis is acconuted for chiefly by the fact that all his speecimes are clerk, but instead ofallowing him to act in obedience to the omder at once, private and of the class called scA-mjpmmcem’. Lasthy, notiming else tlsan the lam-ge the speaker goes on talking at greater or less length. Meanwhile the clerk nunsher of imuperatives in time paraenetic speeches will explain Isocrates’ is naturally waiting for the signal to start, which is eventually given by 53 imperatives per 100 panes—a percenta’e timat is time sanme as that of the AE’7E. Examples of this anaphoric use of X~-}’E are common enough in Lycurguss, and Lycurgmms surely was not afraid of time imperative. Time num- Demosthenes, but none have been noted in the other orators, excepting ber of thine imperatives in time epideictic and in tlme symbouleutic speeches Aeschines 2, 61, where XE~7E resumes a preceding 7rcmpaecfyeemlim, and Din. 1, of Isocrates is a usininsuns, and in the case of time private judicial speeches 52, where X4ye resumes Aa~. It must, however, be borne in mind that in Isocrates uses fewer imperatives tban any of time otimer orators. A table the earliest five Attic orators there is only a trace of the imperative form showin~ the variations for all tIme os-atom-s is given in A. J. P., 1. c., p. 413. XE7E. There is a similar, but less common, anaphoric use of hm’&ym’cvGm and of &va’yOyewe-’cE, and this is not confined to Demosthenes. But here a future d. Vamiatioas in individual speeches. more commonly precedes, as in Isae. 3. 53 he-aye eeram—hea-yt-yrwemce; less The variations in time nusmber ofthe imperatives of the immdividmsal speeches commonly the imperative, as in Isae. 3, 15 &edyrwGm—&ea-ykyewe- s. For fnrther examples of the uses treated in this section, see A. J. P.,l. c ,p.’108. oh tIme same autlmor, or of tIme same department, depend on a variety ofcir- cumstances and no definite rules can be laid down. In general it may be b. Variations in the departments. said that timidity is usuflinvorable to the use of time imperative, and so we might expect to fimmd mumore imapem-atives misad by time accuser than by the Of the three great departments of Greek oratory the epideictic is repre- defemsdamst. Furtlsermore, calminmess is hardly compatible with the extensive sented chiefly by Jsocrates. On purely epideictic soil there is but little use of the imnperative, but a passionate or a pathmetic speech wommid naturally room for the imperative. The Greek eulogy, or its counterpart, the invec- abound in imapes-atives. Moreover, an awkward and inexperienced speaker tive, usually remains true to its name. While there was every temptation miglmt in his noleeti use imperatives where a more experienced and clever for exhortation or for administering a bit of friendly advice, yet the narra- speaker would avoid timens; and, lastly, a short speech would in proportion tion of glorious deeds, the recounting of excellent qualities, formed tIme coutaims more immmperatives tlman a long one of time same kind. A table principal object of the encomium, and the paraenetic part, if not entirely giving time lengths and the number of imperatives per 100 pages ofall the wantina, receives but little space, the advice being given in an indirect orations of the Attic orators, exclumdimmg Hyperides, may be found in A. J. way. P., 1. c., p. 415. But the epideictic speech may be paraenctic or symbouleutic, and in such II. cases we may be at a loss as to how to classify. So the first eight speeches of Isocrates have all of them an epideictic stamp, and yet they are plainly In the treatment of the limitation of time imperative in regard to form, paraenetic and symbouleutic. So tIme ipWTLIdS of Ps-Dam. is largely parae- very little need be said about voice and person. TIme imperative passive netic. We of course expect to find imperatives in a speeeh the main object occurs but rarely, and then chiefly in the third person. There are only JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY CIJJ?CULA IiU3. 19 two or three instances of real passives ofthe second plural addressed to the whereas the Greek merged the injunctive and the subjunctive and m~ with judges. the aorist injunctive becamaae bell witlm the aorist subjunctive. In the third As far as person is concerned, it is to he remarked that there are only place, the rareness of bell with the aorist imperative is explained by thefact 237 instances of the third person, and of these only a small number refer that originally the imperative was confined to time expressiomi of positive to the jury. In reuard to the tone of imperatives of the third person, it commuands,—a point that is also used by Delbriick, 1. c., to explain the would probably be safe to say that while, as a rule, such imperatives, because phenomenon under consideration——wimile ml. was confined to time injunctive. less direct, are less harsh than those of the second person, yet they were But the use of ml. (bell) was gradually extended, and so this negation is not used tts mollifying substitutes. Of very much greater importance is the question of the tone of the nega- found in conjunction with the imperative and in some other constructions. As for Greek, bell acquired full sway over the present and tIme perfect imper- tive. The whole number of imperatives in the orators, as pointed out above, is 2445. Of these the number of negatives is about 384, or a little less than ative, but so t~naciotms of life was ml. with the aorist injunctive, and so 16 per cent. Of the effective imperatives the number of negatives is 21 per viborous was its growth on Greek soil in the formn of bell with the aorist cent. That this small proportion of prohibitions is not due to any greater subjunctive, that by the side of it, bell witim the aorist imperative could lead inherent harshness of the negative command as compared with the positive, but a miserable existence. hut simply to the fact that there was no occasion to use the negative moi’e Though time above theory of the development of bell with time aorist sub- frequently, would appear from the use of the negative imperative in other junctive accoummts for this construction on a historical basis, yet it does not authors (see A. J. P., 1. c., p. 416 sq), and from the followin~ considerations.* in the least militate against time greater muilduess of bell with the aurist sub- To the Greek tnind there seems to have been no difference between com- jsomctive as compared with other forms of the imaperative. Time fact that bell with the aorist subjummctive is a sebjenetive construction, and the fact that it mand and prohibition. “i-i ~yhpmcEAEi9ova,” says Protagoras, accordiub to is generally a longer form timan the presemmt or the aorist imperative, would Aristotle, poet., ~ 19, “7rOLEu’ TL bell hmri’ra4is Einr’ru’.” In the same way there is no difierence to our mind. Whatever distinction is made is a logical make it by natmmre a milder form than those imperative forms. But how one, and not one of tone. A positive imperative may, according to circum- far this natural mildness asserted itself in the practical needs the construc- stances, be more harsh or less harsh titan a negative imperative. To measure tion had to umeet is another qmmestion. bell with the second person of the the eflect of an imperative, three things must be taken into consideration— aorist impemative does mmot exist in the orators, and time few instances of bell the person who issues the command, the person to whom the command is witim the third person of time aorist imperative may perhaps muost of them directed, and the thing commanded. In the case of the person command- be regarded as attempts at a more forcible mode of expression, but as for the relative Imarshuess of bell within the present imperative and bell with the in~, the most important item is the spirit that prompted the use of the imperative. If the tone was an imperious one, the imperative, whether aorist subjunctive, the views of good autimorities are so divergent that there positive or negative, meant that the command was to be executed simply is ample excuse for not attempting to give time exact degree of difference of because the master (would-be or real) so ordered it, and, as far as the person tone between timese two forms. The difference of tone between the present using it is concerned, is a harsh imperative, if the tone is simply horta- imperative positive and the aorist positive is likewise not subject to any tive, the imperative is less harsh, and if suppliant entreaty characterizes general rule, but is ratimer a matter of special conditions. It is true there the imperative, all harshness must be lost, so fimr as the speaker is concerned. can be no doubt that some aorist formus are more disagreeable in sound than In the case ofthe person to whom the command is issued, the most important some presents, and thme noristic notion might mtmake time aorist in some cases a more vigoromms imperative than time present. But, on tIme otimer hand, there point is again the spirit with which he receives the command, if his be a mind that will endure no imposition, if he be self-willed or of a rebellious are sonme presents of a more disagreeable sound than the corresponding spirit, or if he he a brute annoyed by even the most pitiful entreaty, every aorists, as for example, Xdbeflave and Aa~i, hm’a.yi7maea’mce and hv&ymaeOm; the form of the imperative will he hatsh. Lastly, other things being equal, present may by its weight constitute a more vigorous imperative than the a thing that is easy to do will be less disagreeable, if commanded, than a aorist; and tIme aorist seems to have been time favorite form in prayers.* thing that is hard to do. The above remarks may be summed up as follows: Attention imas already been called to tIme fact that all the four imperative Other thiags being equal, the negative is not harsher thon time positive, and other forms—to xvit, time present imperative, positive ammd negative, time aorist things being unequol, the negative may be harsher thon the positive, or the positive imperative positive and bell with the aorist subjunctive—are fommnd as imper- harsher than the negotive. As far as the harshness of the form, apart from atives ofentreaty, and are found so marked by the use of l~Quam or some its meaning, is concerned, it seems that the negtmtive, hecause less short similar expression. The relations of the tenses in mass also do imot seem to would he less harsh than the positive. indicate any greater harshness of one form as compared with time other. Fom, in time orators, the re/at~veproportion of present armd aorist is the same fom~ Intimately connected with the consideration of the negative is that of the positive end negative eamumands (time word command being used to include use of the tenses. The rule for l)rolsibitions in Attic Greek is to use id) with the present imperative or bell with the aorist subjunctive, though, excep- exhortations and entreaties), and timis proportion imolds good not only for tionally, bell with the third person of the aorist imperative is found. This at time whole number of imperative forms but also for the effective impera- once leads to the question as to why this curious distinction is made in the tives. For tIme statistics in detail see A. J. P., 1. c., p. 425 fi. construction of positive and negative. Various answers have been given. But Delbrflck seems to be about time only one that has attacked the problemn III. from the historical side, and Us results have been generally adopted. Now In the discussion of the limitation of the position of the imperative in the writer agrees with Delbriick, Syntakt. Forsch., IV, p. 120, in thinking time speeclin, time prooemium is the part of time oration that first comes up for that the origin of bell with time aorist subjunctive is historical anml not psy- consideration. The three great objects of the prooemium are summed up chological, hut he differs with him tins to the mannem’ of accounting for it on in the simomt sentence fpyom’ xPeembe~.ov elm/am 7rplOefinr evbeaoema,t and of timese time this basis. For a fuller discussion of this question,see A J P 1 c P securing of time good-will is justly put first. ‘there may he cases in which 418, if. Only the barest outlines can be given here. In the first place it is the good-will of time auditors is a matter of imo serious momnent to th~ there shown that the aorist imnperative is as old as the present imperative speaker, but in the vast mnajority of the orations tlmat have come down to and probably anterior to it, so that the explanation that bell had early found us from classical antiquity it formed a matter ofconsiderable importance, its way into the present imperative, and that in the absence of the aorist and sometinmes of vital importance, ammd it is needless to say that to the imperative it had to be combined with the norist subjsosetive to satisfy the rimetorical artist it must ever be amm object f concern to make a good impres- deamand for an aorist form of prohibition, cannot stand. Secondly, it is sion at tIme outset. Hence, while rpaxvrlle may sometinmes be a convenient shown that the Greek ~d)xvith the aorist subjunctive must be traced back means of pro(lucing mrpleefins, and while it may occasionalhy be a short road to the use of mh with the aorist injunctive, for in spite of the lcss of all the to Em)beadema, yet, in general, everything imarsh mmmst be avoided at the begin- other uses of the injunctive anmi the virtually comnplete disappearance of the nmng of time speech. That this was the feeling of the ancient speeds-writers subjunctive, classical Sanskrit retained its ml. with the aerist injunctive, themselves, and not simply’ a speculation ofthe rhetoricians, is clearlyproved by Demostimenes. In the celebrated prooemium of the de corona, the orator

* See, however, Prof. Humphreys articleon Negative Commands in Greek, Trans. Am. * Cf. Gildersteeve, Jmmstin Martyr, p. 137. Phil. Assoc., 1876, p. 46 fi. jAnon. in Spengel, Rhet. Gr. I, p. 321. 20 JO HNS HOPKINS [No. 102. distinctly states that he wishes to say nothing harsh at the heginning of the gstion, to considei briefix he Prota~orean criticism of Homer, referred to speech—oh $oilAo~mL ~uo-yvpis Et7rEsv oiib’ aPX~/LEYO ‘roe X~’ou are his words. by Aristotle, poot ~ 19 Unfortmauately a fmdl account of the reasons tlsat If it be true then that, as a rule, a good prooenilum should be characterized c illed mouth thams criticm~mr as inset givems. All we know is that, accordimag to hy the ahsence of harshness, it would follow that, theoretically at least, the Armstotl’~ 1 c I iota orms found fault with thac ju~m’mm’ ~emPeof the first verse imperative ought, as a rule, to he excluded from the prooemium. Au of tIme hi ii cc the crromand that while Homer xrmms laboring ummader tlse im- investi ation of the extant prooemia of the Attic Orators shows that the pm essioms ~h’utI c a ss pa 1) lug to time Muse, he was in reality issuing a com- theory is borne out hy the facts. For, of the 209 prooemia * examined, mand Now two ways of ‘uccounting for thmis. criticismn have been smaggested. only 35,t or about 17 per cent., contain imperatives. The 174 pronemia Accomdisa~ to s,ach mn’~n ‘s F. A. Wolf, Suisemihl, Ileruhardy and Lersch, that contain no imperatives abound in mollifying substitutes, thus showing Psot’mc~om’,s had just ni*~overed tlse fact that the form that is grammatically that the absence ofthe imperative is not due to the fact that there xvas no termed the imperative is tlie proper form to use whema a comasmand is to be occasion for its use, but to the fact that it was avoided on account of its expressed, and that time optative of the grammars is tlse proper form to use harshness of tone and form. One of the more common substitutes is the for the expression of a wish, but had overlooked the fact thsat the imamperative expression ~4am or abre~.mam with the infinitive. As this is a 50i)StltOtC for might mulso express ama entreaty. According to thse other explanation which the imperative of entreaty, the question at once arises as to why even the credits tIme uiistinguishae(i sophist within a little more sense—for it is to be imperative of entreaty, the mildest kind of the imperative, should, as a rule, sumpposed that Protagoras knew enougls Greek to be aware of the fact tisat be excluded from the pronemium. tIme imperative may be umsecl in usa eustreaty—Protagoras’ division of all 4a-ammmr, nficpmoms mumad lm’ro?u~ is not a grammatical The whole matter becomes clear by considering it from a psychological speech into sdXcs.a.’/m, ip division, and Homuer is blansed simply for beginning with an imperative. point of view. The imperative, as has been pointed out above, may he This seenas to he thac view of Dfintzer and Spengel. Noxv it may perhaps used to express all manner of desire from the most suppliant entreaty to the never be possible to ascertain tIme real facts of the case, but the second most tyrannical command, but it is evident that the imperative, as such, explanation when vicaveul in the higlat of thse rusle of Greek oratOry to exclude when not attended by a mollifying expression, or when the mental attitude time imperative frorma tIme beginning of tlse speech, certainly comes nearer of the person using it is not known, must be harsh. Hence, the orator the truth. Protagormas was moore or less of a rimetorician. Why not., then, would display very little tact if he were t.o use even wlsat was intended as a mild imperative at the be~inning of the speech, for the audience knows accondimag to tIme view suiggestedl by Professor Gihdersheeve, A. J. P. XIII p. 399, give Protagoras the benefit of tIme uiouabt amad hook upomi his criticism nothing as yet of the mental attitude of tlme speaker and the speaker does as proceeding from iOS oratorical or a rhaetorjcal point of view ? Thais cer- not know how his hearers feel toward him. They may be l)erfectly dis- taimily is thac mnost satisfactory sohutioma ofthme pruablem, and until vmmhid laroofi interested or positively prejudiced against him, and it would be hut an act of prudence on his part to assumne that tlmey would be unprepared for a form to time comatrary imne offered, it may be safe to maintain tlmat to tlse mnimsd of Protagomas tIme termus sdywXa5j and Em’TeX’h are not synonymous with thine hater that was capable of such Imarslm interpretation. The case is ofcourse different tecimnical teruns EUKTmmcsj immad mrpoe’u-amc’rmmc~. Thse s5xw~~i and tIme im”,-oX’,~ are when the orator and the audience are well acquaimmted and a matter affect- determnimsed by time sense amad not by thac form. It is Homer’s rlsetoric that ing the welfare of the hearers is to be discussed. A well-known patriot is criticised, inset his graumamar. might on suds an occasion indulge in an imperative in the pronemiumem witla- TIme results of the study of time himnitatioma of tlse impemative in the Attic out giving offence, but even here, if the urgency of the case did not demand orators, as recormied in the above p0ges, may, un conclusion, be suosmed up it as in the muilitary harangues of Demosthenca at Pylos (Thuc. , 10) and as folloWs: Brasidas at Amphipolis (Thuc. 5, 9), he would hardly be guilty of using it It usay be roughly said thaat thsere are three kinds of imperatives,—im- at the very beginning, and, as a matter of fact, if the 35 exceptional pmooemm referred to above be dxamuined in this respect it willbe found that ommly three peratives expressing a command, Imortative inaperatives, and imiseratives of emitreaty. Of tisese three classes, the first, owing to its unnaitigated Isarslm- speeches, viz., Jsoc. 5, Dem. 23, and .Ps.-Dem. 49, begin with an inmperative, insess, is inset reluresentedi anmong tIme nuimber of the effective imperatives, or rather with a. prolaibitive. Of these three speeches, Isoc. 5 is in reality a. long letter and the irolmibitive is not an uncomumuon beginning for letterso~ whailit time misc of insperatives of the second class, and even of thse tlmird, which is almost free frommm Imanslmness, is perumitted only umuder certain restric- In iDena. 23 tujasls m5e~m’ voaiop reflects tIme inexperience of the speaker tions. Eutlaycles, and in Ps.-Denm. 49, as well as in the other two speeches, the first object is to remove tlse strong prejudice existing in the minds of the So far as the use of the positive and tIme negative, and so far as time use of the tenses is concerned, time greim.ter harshainsess, arhether real orimumiginary, audience. With reference to the theory of the imuperative in the body of the speech of one formmm as comumpaured aritim anothser, seenas to have given rise to no rhetorical hinmitatiomas. For, ems time one Imandl, time small nuomber of prolmibi— and in the epilogue, a few remarks will suffice. By the exercise of good tiomas is clue to time hack of occasion to mise these forums musore frequently, and, judgment at time beginning of time speed,, the orator will have secured the ous tlse other hand, inset carmly is the Proportion of morist and present tise same attention and the good will of the audience. At this stage, an &:cam%a’m-v, or for comammamumods amid pruihihitiomis, but isim with thac aerist subjunctive, wimich an leGV~EThOE, or a similar imperative mamy be used without offence. A skil- is by msature adapted fom time expressiomm of a mud imasperative, occurs less ful narrative may win for the speaker the full symupathy of the hearers and frequematly thams ,e~ within time present immaperative. As for thse origin of ~ he may multiply his o. i4erO&s, etc., and when in the course of his argu- within time aerist subjunctive, tIme writer agrees witim Delhnfick imi thinking ments he has shown the justice of his cause, and has kindled the wrath of thmat it is mamat. psycisohogicumi bust Imistoricul, timougha line differs within Imim as to the jury, he may indulge in one or more vigorous hortative imperatives, time mimamaner of accommatimag for it on timis basis. According to the writer’s urging the jury to mete out the deserved punislmment., or his imperatives view, timis ~~c~shiamprois ibitive exinaressioms mumst be t~aced back to tlse use may assume the milder forns of a pathetic api.)ea.i for either mercy or revenge. of nail witim the aerist imajinmnctive. It follows from what has hee,a said in the l)revious sactioms that the imper- Though thinere are mao hinsitations us to tlse form of the imnperative, the otlmer himnitatiomma as to its umse are all time more strongly nmarked. In the atives of such verbs as im’Omgmm?oOam, OICOWELV, ~4YOOOaL, Omwpm?r, etc., are used principally in the argumasentative parts of the speech, imad the more effective first place, the umanshers of the imperative are comisiderably reduiced by the imperatives are used in exhortations ano app~ls Appeals and exhorta- misc of molhifyimag sumbotitmites, evems the inaaper~mtive of entreauty being frequenthy replaced by ~oe~m within tIme intimaitive or somne simamilar expression. In the tions may be scattered throughout a lomag speech but the place for which they are especially adapted is the epiloone iTh~aco rIse epilogue is the second place, time constant recurrermee of imperative fornis of tine same verb, and the varying usage of time departinaucuats and of the amathors and of the proper home of the imuperative. Of course there is great deal of varsa- tion even here, for examples of which see 1 c p 433 indhividumal speechacs, show timat tise inmperative, muhmen used, is used largely With referemace to the poimst from which this dma~us’oon started—the Greek under stress caf circummustances, mud oven thsen it is frequemathy attemmded by sousme umamumistakabie molhifying exl)ression. Lastly, time ehistributioms of the feeling of the imperative—it may not be amiss at the close of the investi- inaperative in tIme speech was made in strict conformity withs the views of the ancleusts as to time fmmmsctions of thse different parts of tIme oration. For * See .A. J. P., 1. c., p. 427, for the details, time Imumashle tone of thme prooensium is marked by the complete absence of t Ibid, p. 429, sqq. the imperative, the calus reflection of the argumentative parts is pictured ~See A. J. P., 1. e., p. 428. JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY CII?CULA PS. 21

that one can accomplish any transformation if lie knows the proper charms. by the mild hortative forms ~VOVgLETh-OE,~TIcO7rELvEand the like, and the passion His description, moreover, is a aeneral form to be used in all such cases. or the pathos of the epilogue is marked by the presence of one or more Thus far, then, the following features of the Roman story are to be vi~orous hortative imperatives or by the use of one or more imperatives of observed: (a) The change is quite voluntary and premeditated; (6) Apy- entreaty.* In fine, the whole investigation seems to be a complete vindi- one can do it, if lie knows the charm; (c) Methsod, asdescribed; (d) Motive, cation of the views of the ancient rhetoricians. It justifies the doctrine of as in all were-wolf stories, a savage thirst for blood. Hermogenes as to the harsh tone of the imperative, and makes Protagoras’ Distinct from the precedin~ in nearly every detail is the famous were- well-known criticism of Homer at least comprehensible. wolf story told by Petronius (61 if.). Niceros, the freedman (he is relating Isis own experience), wishes to see his mistress, Melissa, whose husband has just died, for, as he says, “It’s only your friends who stick by you when The Were-Wolf in Latin Literature, By KIRBY W. you’re in a tight place.” The master had gone off to Capus on business. Niceros persuades a man staying at the house, “erat autem miles fortis tan- SMITH. quam Orcus,” to go along with him as far as the fifth milestone. It was (Abstract of a paper read befere the Uuiveraity Philological Associatien, May 20, night when they started, but the moon was as bright as day. “ We got 1892.) among the tombs—my man made up to the grave-stones—I sat down, sing- The belief in were-wolves has always been bne of the favorite superstitions ing, and went to counting them. Finally, I looked around—he had taken of mankind. It would be hard to find another with a diffusion so extended off all his clothes and laid them beside the road. My heart was in my and, at the same titue, with a vitality in literature and legend so remark- mouth; I stood there like a corpse. At ille,” =4iceroscontinues, “circum- able. The appearance and limitations of it in Latin literature, the char- mmuxit vestimenta sun et subito lupus factus est! Don’t think I’mjoking; acteristic features of it as compared with tbe same superstition among other I wouldn’t lie about it for a forttmne! nations will be the object of the following paper. “Well, as I started to say, after lie turned into a wolf lie began to howl The were-wolf is a person who, either from a gift inborn or from the and took to the woods. To begin with I didn’t know where I was; finally proper use of certain magic arts of which he has learned the secret, can I approached to pick up Isis clothes; they had all turned to stone! I was change himself into a wolf of unusual size and ferocity; or, furthermore, the frightened to death if anybody ever was; however, I drew my sword and, transformation may be unavoidable, owing to the curse or charm of some all the way along, slashed at the shadows,* till I reached the house of my outside power, and not to be gotten rid of until a fixed period has elapsed mistress. or various conditions, more or less difficult, have been complied with. Such “Melissa was astonished to see me out so late. ‘If you lied gotten here enchantments are common in the folk-lore of all nations,but, on Roman a little sooner,’ said she, ‘you would have been some help to us. A wolf ground, they do not appear in connection with the were-wolf story. The has just been on the hilace and made havoc with the flocks. You would classical prototype is the Arcadian legend of Lycaon.t think a butcher had been here from the blood. He got away; but lie has It is also to be observed that tbe “constitutional” were-woli, if he may the worst ofit though. Our slave wounded him in the neck with a spear.’ be so designated, undergoes in some cases the transformation at stated inter- “After that,” Niceros continues, “I couldn’t sleep a wink, but at day- vals, whether he will or not, either because the impulse is too strong to be light I ran off—till I reached the hilace where the clothes had been tus~ned resisted, or because it is a necessity of his peculiar structure. Such perhaps to stone. I found nothing there but blood! When I got home there lay my soldier in bed like an ox; and a doctor was dressing his neck. was the Bisclaveret in the Lai of Marie de France by that name. References to the were-wolf in the whole ran~e of Latin literature are “I knew tlsen that lie was a ‘Versipellis’; and after that I cotsldn’t have comparatively rare, but they show, few as they are, that the belief was as eaten a mouthful with him, not if you had killed me.” widespread as it was in the Middle Ages. This story presents several points worthy of note. First, the entire Propertius (5, 5, 12), says of a certain witch that she is absence of the usual magic machinery. There are no salves or charms, “Audax cantatae leges imponere lunae none of the ceremonies Apuleins describes. In other words our soldier was Et sua nocturne fallere terga lupo.” a cossstiteetionol were-wolf, a species of the animal very rare in folk-lore. And Ovid 41 (Met., 7, 270) mentions the entrails of a were-wolf as one of The only parallels I find are: the Arcadian stories repeated by Pliny (N. the ingredients of Medeas charm for renewing youth. I-I. 8,81), the late Greek story of the “Thief and the Innkeeper” But by what means can one become a were-wolf? Vergil says (Eclogues, (Helm, 196), and the Lssi the Biselaveret t already mentioned. Complete 8, 97) by the use of “Pontica venena” (magic simples). Should we ask nudit.y is the necessary, and the only, preliminary to metamorphosis. In which “Pontica venena” and how used, or whether any other ceremonies thie Greek Fable, which of course is cossiic, the thief adds, for obvious were necessary, we should be as much in the dark as ever. Are Vergil and reasons, the ceremony of yawning an(l then howling like a wolf three times Propertius thinking of the same method? Not necessarily—several methods in succession. As the man mtist strip before usetamorphosis, so Isis return were current in the Middle Ages—and yet, an examination of the general to the human form is conditioned by repossession of the same garments lie principles of Roman magic confirms the belief that both poets are referrin took off. The latter idea is the natural complement of the former. Hence 0 their safe-keeping during the interim becomnes a matter of vital importasice. to a ceremony afterwards fully described by Apuleius ~ (Met., 3, 21). By The soldier’s method 41 is unique in the were-wolf story, though such super- this and similar passages we learn that recipes to produce metamorphosis stitions connected with tIme act are numerous and very ancient. In Pliny’s were often kept in the form of a salve. The magician anointed himself stories, obviously of a religious origin, the garments are simply hung on an with it from head to foot, after which lie at once assumed the form which oak and preserved as sacred. The thief tries to make the landlord take that salve was designed to produce. “Carmina” were a usual, but not charge of Isis. Bisclaveret hiitles Isis in the forest. The soldier changes at always a necessary accompaniment. Apuleius’s hero, for example, succeeded pleastire, with no time-linsit. Biselaveret’s transforusations are (probably) in making an ass of himself without saying a word. Return to the natural involuntary—at least, they are periodic and with a time limit (three days shape is usually perfectly simple—if you only know how. each week). The thief’s are, lie says, quite involuntary but at irregular Apulcius gives us what might be called an advanced stage in the evo- intervals. In Pliny; religious obli(~ation, with a time-linsit of nine years lution of the transformation theory in popular superstition, viz.: the idea and the added condition that the return to the ori 8EKr~lq, ~rpeette~ aedat ~rpbe 0inal shape shall depend et~s’smcLV,* Cf. Walz,3L3-p~oczo5+aLRh. Gr. srpbvVII,,TL,iavoTsiTa,1 p. 33: ~pyos’a~crvwsaei5a~~frrepee, weapSe~ ITELeW,®w rOLe 6p-yi~ ii on an abstaining from human flesh during that period. ~Xeov. 1doacniat ~rpse t See Hertz, Der Werwoif,” p. 33 if.; Ovid Met., 1, 198 if.; Plato, iRepub., 565 D., &c. ~“ Inque virumo soliti voltus motare ferinoe Ambigol prosecta lopi2’ * ‘in tots via umnhras cecidi” (uuecheler). Umbras in its literal sense gives a dra- The words seem to imply that the ingredient most he taken from the were-wolf while matic touch to the story. Cf. Jay. 10, 21. hot the textis hopelessly corrupt. Friedl3nder, in his aniiual form. Petronius, translates, “Gespenster.” The 518. reading is smnintelligihle, but carries the Cp. Lucian, Asia., 13. The transformeation Apolelusdescribes applies, not tothewere- suspicion thst sonsething of the sort masy he hidden in it. wolf, hot to the s(rix or babe. But I hope to show at sf01 her time that there isa relation- t Tue so-called Lal de Mellon shows a maixture with the comnmon motive of the magic ship between these two creatures. ring. The “Histoire de Biclare” (Roman de Renart Contrefait) is a mere echo of Marie I A characteristic of magic metamorphosis the world over. See “Arabian Nights,” &c. de France. 4See Friedi., Petron., 62. JOHNS HOPKINS 22 [No. 102.

The soldier howls immediately after his metamorphosis. In some ex- Justus Olshausen has written some excellent articles, other contributions amples cited by Hertz from the Middle Ages this act is necessary to com- having been made lately by A. Sonny and H. Lewy. plete the were-wolf’s physical powers and thus insnre his safety in the Time main part of the paper consists of 25 chapters, in which are exam- brute form. ined about 460 Greek and Latin words that have been considered by various Wounds received by the wolf appear on the man afterwards in the same writers as borrowed from the Semitic, Egyptian or other Eastern languages. spot. A favorite denouement in later stories.. More than one-lmalf of titis number must be rejected because they are genu- Interesting is the Roman name for such people, “Versipellis,” one who ine Indo-Enropean words, or, at least, cannot be traced to an Eastern home. changes or turns his skin—merely a general term of course—but, as Pliny It is admitted by all students tltat the origin of the Greek alphabet is to be (8,80) tells us, associated by the common people with the best-known and sought among the Phoenicians. Whether the latter were its inventors, as most striking examples ofit. they Isad been its disseminators, is yet an open question and does not con- Baring-Gould thinks that in the popular fancy a “Versipellis” was not cern us here. one who could alter his skin, but one whose skin was reversible. In other Time great infinermee of the Oriental nations in shaping the religious belief, words, when the were-wolf is in human form his skin, so to speak, is merely rites and customs of the Greeks, has been recognized by all writers on a wolf’s skin worn x”ron,, side ont. When he becomes a wolf he simply Greek history. A nuttiber of Qreek words, belonging to tIme sphere of reli- turns it over and wears it hairy side ont, with the resulting change in form. gion, ~vere bor mowed fromn the Semitic: e. g., ~m”rvXos, ‘a meteoric stone’ But the two instances he quotes in support are both from the 16th century — Phoen. obcddir) ; mcd,Sempom (=rn~’nnl and mca~empi~er. ‘Io~njm’lr is and evident cases of insanity—proof neither sufficient nor suitable to apply Elsefle, and the ~rdram,comof Herodt., 3, 37, are tIme Phoen. pittaxlm, ‘sculp- to a word so old as “Versipellis.” tmmres.’ “Am~jr, &xipwv, ‘HAmiomov sre~iom’, amcmiAXa ansi xdpv,3ams, ewmp~m’es and As the result of our examination it will be observed that the Latin were- o43mcyom, eA mOos and cipupos; Amcisvoos, flpiaxos anti ~cp~u~c6c’, derived by wolf existed in two varieties more or less distinct; i. e., by aid of magic and Pochart, Lewy and otlters from Seumitic words, are very doubtful as regards by natural gift. How are they related? The very small class best repre- tlseir etymology, wltile ~p’rJs, ~uJoTi~pma,~m~3oXos — Satan (New Test.), sented by the Petronius story is, in certain respects, sui greens. Among the i~pe~or, mcip~epos and flepoe~Jmoj stre undoubtedly of Indo-European omigin. many transformation legends surviving in civilized nations this is the only Of words designating human beings, professions and trades, we mention class I know of where the change is attributed to a power born in the per- as borroweth from the Serstitic: -yemcipam (Aram. ~i~’.h),hOd (&~8a) — Syr 4m~r — , ~ma-y.yam’etastud ~dyyam’om’; son. But it is a significant fact that, among savages, those modern types hr dm’~mjs; &y~eAor — iiyycpcr; y Utica, ‘ixmimcmj and ~mdOal (see J. H. U. Cisc., 81, 75); B~e~’rpa—Bmipo-a; ~$pa; of early humanity, just such stories are more or less common. For this 7raAAaK’)~, aAXamdm (J. H. U. Cisc., 81, 76). Aecir, ~md-y’or,*Adrpwv.latro, and reason, then, as well as for its simplicity, one might suspect that Petronius mcmlciAxm)s are genuine Indo-Enropean, and castrare, ehm’o~~or, ~caowposrdrand has given us the nearest approach to the original form of the superstition. mrpomim’ocor of very doubtful ancestry. The other class of Roman were-wolf stories, on the contrary, simply form ATa, ‘land, country’ and ATe ‘Colehis’ are derived by Lewy from the one of a large number of different transformations—the theory and methods sante IIebr. ‘~ ‘ coast-land,’ ‘island,’ whielt is found stlso in E-btmsos (Phoen. of all being practically the same. ‘l-bdsim. ‘island of firs,’ — Hmruo~ewa), 1-maxara — ‘~, while Mascapa Either these two classes were always distinct, the former being older and, is tIme Scm. p~z’~, the later Ileracleia.t Cyprian lAos ‘highland,’ is from possibly, the especialdevelopment of certainnations (the (Jelts for example), tIme Sem.~”’~g, and b’arms the Coptic Uoh, ‘station intime desert.’t Kaa~jidmcrm~r, or else, at a very early period the general theory of transformation by magic catstractst, is timeAram_~~~ ‘water-gates’; time snase. formfound in ~mrao~ieou took in by extension, the apparently analo~ous case of the born were-wolf. On Roman ground the two classes exist side by side. In the Middle Ages ydpa$ (~ repays) and tIme proper asinine Xepe s’tmol belonging to tIme same stem. cTe, ‘edges, pinnucles,’ is demived from Aramn. ‘l’d, plur. ‘aidthd Marie’s Lai is the single example of the old story of Petronius, while the (~ ilebr. ~s~x), and Latin pinna is — Sern. ~P. fld- other class has disappeared altogether. Thessaly has yielded to the North. 1’os, ‘mountain-peak,’ The philtra of Apulcius have been specialized for the “Witch-Ride,’ but ‘promomintory,’ x’qpe/~~s, ‘cleft’; deriveti by Lagarde frommi Arab.fax, for all were-wolves Sigmund’s wolf-skin coat is the prototype. Variations Aratis. nih stud Arab. rhno,e are genuimme Indo-European words, as well as are numberless, but the one constant factor, viz: you put on something to rriXe7or -pelsmgsms and yei/me~os, ‘torrent, comimbined by Keller with Hebr. become a were-wolf, and take it off to resume the natural shape, is a change in the old story, or a different one. peleg ‘canal’ and ~cn ‘bubble, swell.’ Kdp ‘pasture’ and Kepie, Caria; and mrupepis (Lat. perramnims) sire of obscure origin. TIme late M. Renan’s etymmsology of rmOem~cirece from Ti + ~ is as improb- able, as time Semitic mind Egyptian derivatiomis of omjmris, ‘limit, fold,’ triwe, ‘pil- On Semitic Words in Greek and Latin. By W. Muss- lar,’ omrrn’~ ‘tent,’ Ae~mipmvOos, labyrinths,and ydp.ros—hortus. “Ayovpor,’ brick,’ ARNOLT. ym5ipos—~vpsumn amid srXivOos ‘bride, tile,’ appear to be borrowed, respectively, from the Assyrian ogennzr (through time Aramimean-Arabic), Arsib. nibs and (Abstract of a paper presented to the Amnertean Philological Association at theirannual Hebr. ~ *A$mm,T — *Asnsm,O and this by metathesis irAicO—. Bdpms, ‘tower,’ meeting held at the University of virgtnta, July 12th, 1892.) is the Ilebr. fl~~; sceohs, ‘felt, carpet,’ is compared by Sophocles whim Sem. Time was when respectable scholars believed the Hebrew language to — mreXmimrvce, osce7racce. Time tce’pe~mos of Iliad, 5, 387, is time Hebr. ~ have been the mother-tongue of all ancient and modern languages, tIme net, prison’; while Xe’oymj represents tIme Seam. (Isel) liikcTh, and indm’hpe ‘mon- lingua pnisaceca. Even to this day there are not a few philologists who hold astery’ time Arabic rnddenotmoe (Arsim. rnlddn). Me’yepem’ and Lat. tugmirium that correspondences enough Imave been found between Indo-European and ame referred by Lsmgarde to Sesa. mm, to which umay be added also Pimoem,. m&gOs~ Semitic roots to prove the ultimate connection of tlsese two farailies. Here and Lsst. tsiagstliss-msiagaria. M iyepe, ‘time underground caves, sacred to Dem- must be mentioned above all, R. v. Raumer, [Fr. Dehitzsch], E. Ndldechen, eter,’ are timesanme mis 1Iebr. ~ ‘cave,’ stud the proper namne Mi~epe is the J. F. MeCurdy and A. Uppenkamp. But the number is yet greater of those Semmsitic ~‘P~(Georg Ilofhsianmi). ~ipds ‘pit, pitfsthl, vessel,’ is borrowed from who regard the often-asserted relationship as altogether nugatory. Gesena- Hebr. ~ ‘kettle, cistern’ (2 Satins., 3, 26), smush ydpel, ‘citidel’ — ~ (cf. us, the great Hebrew grarttmarian, was almost the first to see the error of XepemrhswPe); l~a,3oXos, ‘porch,’ is cominuected within Syr. ~ and ~me’m’aexos, reconstructing an impossible Aryo-Sensitic parent speech. lie correctly ‘bolt’, with Assyria.nnsrdiin, me’dctlu (through time Aramminean). ilApm~or maintained that tlse Semites had, at a very early period, come into contact ‘grove,’ is Y’~; ammd ‘yfppe perhaps IIebr.1~u, Aram. ~ Stowasser s with the E~yptians as well as with the Greeks, whence it would naturally etymology of ‘nisseellunms, misacellotne’ from Semitic ~ plur. ~ is very follow that the Greeks had adopted many words and nanses of Semitic pro- probable. ducts and articles of tratie, musical instruments and precious stones, at tlme time when the Phoenician colonists and merchants imported these articles * IJpbe f6,kov, ‘west-ward,’ maay he connected with Semitic ~dfdsm‘dark,obscure country.’ into Greece and its nei~hboring countries. Gesenius published in his It is time same Scm. stemmin which we timid in ‘Soptiene’ and ‘Siphuos,’ TV~IJV, Hispania= ‘Geschichte der Hebrgischen Sprache und Sebrift,’ p. 66, a small list of ~cev~e, ofwhich Eo~rep~e is tise geumsine Greek desigmiation. t Ideiqamt = Melek-qart, also found tins Melikertes and ssmex~se . ~6pHpeaA~a . ‘A~a,5odocos Greek words borrowed froma the Semitic, to which minor additions were MaXine p. Zeus tsesXixsoc is time merribie Moloch (= Mdccli). Keller’s etymology of made by E. Renan, Th. Benfey, Friedr. Muller, H. L. Fleiselser and, above HpeeX~e,’ who is miomme hat misc Syrian Archal or Ap~aXcIe from Scm. ~ ‘go about,’ all, by Paul de Lagarde. On Greek proper names, etc., from the Semitic, + article ha(t), cannot be accepted. ~ Alecrint of Strabo being merely an attempt at a popular etymology from aih~,. JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY 01110 ULAJi?S. 23

mology of 7Actvts, ‘yctlos (Wharton, ‘from the Phoenician’) and Kaxccgds is Amon~ Greek names of clothing and ornaments from the Semitic we not yet established. notice as most interesting XLT~~’ (ictOcis; see Univ. Oirczdars, 81, 75); ~avli In the vegetable kingdom the following names of plants, fruits and trees ‘woolen cloak,’ — Hebr. ~7 ‘garment;’ ici~apzs and ,cbrapzs from the Persian; were borrowed by the Greeks and Romans: ~apa,ctmcsj= Hebr. li~~; ‘yctm’os od~avov, ‘linen cloth,’ from Arah.soboniiioiua, ‘cloth made in Saban;’ *. intibus tm’i-m43o P~; bdTala, Js~Ta~a, etc., Aram. ~ (a transposition of ~te~); iccip- 5 Arab. hindob; ~epa~ots = Syr. zes-dpi~t; ~bca’m’mom’= ~rao~os,‘fine flax,’ from Sanskr. kcrpfi~o, throngb HeUr. ~7?1; and Lat. Syr. ziaz&ts and ~7~’msqsom’rut/fl. Kas-miras (not scImiTar!), ‘dodder,’ is the Aram. ‘mappa’ Hebr. ~ for ma’ofdr, ‘covering.’ Ksvp~XpaXos, ‘head-dress,’ sNm; and icapciv, accoidiug to P. Kretschmer, the Hebr. l~; iciAvt~oS = %wos, ow&~v, 7oowvqr,ov, etc., are donbtfnl as regards their etymology; Hehr. *qiliifjh; ~tcor ~l~; pvdo-momi Egyptian ment’a. ‘Apms7IdA?) (amyg- while cp5pos, -n-iirXos, ~savtd~js and ~.cv~acov, v~c~j and ‘amuletum,’ claimed dala)t = ‘precious gift of God;’ ~aAamis-’rsom’= Syr. ~; ~$svos by some as Semitic loan-words, are rather Indo-Enropean. (later t’fleAor), from ~ ansl dccc frosts ~ K6’m-Tmom’(mcoIc~vsa and mcmsIc~vea) A great many utensils and vessels6S,haveCypriandei-ivedOb3covos,their namesId$LOLS,from,cXcv/3~s—the small fig,’ is the Syr. qcttin&; mkmrpor and cdtrespov Hebr. ~r, and ,cmssrdpsowos Semitic.K7-Ov/3L1S, od,c,cor,I will mentioni~y3tr (?), here&8d0,eaTa,~8cvT ‘ rope ‘ p~pvnros-- n,arsnpiurn,* and (Lat. cupressus) the ~ of Genesis, 6,14, from Bactrian vohfllces-eti, ‘pine- ~dpa~’va,‘horse-whip.’ So also ya~ar~v, 7a1a, etc.; 7a~L~p7oV, 7cd~os, 7caKIC~I3?) wood.’ ~s-apoe’ repmesents Amab. sasim; o-mocc4um’os Hebr. ~ and m’dplos x’Wa— ~t ic~8cip~os,’ goblet’— ~? and pcicos~7~l. KdpTaXoS,’ hasket;’ tIme Sauskr. sscsUtda, through Iiebr. ~S. Latin duracinus (Iopdicwom’) is the c~Aa~os, coAaii-’r~p, and Latin ‘alapa ‘4, as well as fxi/3los, &41v-7), ~p~nj, ~rEXEKvS, Sem. cft.ts&qin and t m, ,ct,cu’oe’ Ilse l~~’?, ‘I~’~ of Jon. 4, 6—1(1. Foreign ~vords raudus, ‘bronze’; 0-ptA?), ‘pruning-knife,’ onuSyyor, xap~rcis, pioa/3os and b’vts stre also &m’Epcis’?), ap~’epcimoj, Actpsom’, Acs-rdr, ~idIov and eo~eoc. KE’yXPor, mrpdoo,’ suspected by various authors, since the days of Bochart, of Semitic parent- -porrttnm, 3d ‘rvAos—pstlma (Amer. Journ. Philol., XIII, 228—9), iespd’nom’, age, prove to he descendants of Japheth. The same is the case with ‘shell of the Acacia,’ srAd’m-am’or, ~omd-~da,taxus and paAd~?) (Lat. malva) must amussis (Stowasser I-Jehr. ‘ornmdth); matta (Keller ni); Homeric be upheld a-s good Indo-European isouns; while o-ficvr, o-ucmisj, atAqnoc, sirpe ~Xs~oov; 7avA~s ‘milk-pitcher;’ xd-y?)vos—lagena, ‘flagon;’ b’pX-~—orca and and lasim-pe are of dormbtful etymology. others. KL8~a srljpa; b’Xpos, ‘round-stone, mortar,’ 6yaea, &L~8L~, ~5cos, It is hut natural to fimmd borrowed from the Eastern languages many ya~Xos, ‘vessel, ship,’~ Xa~pchoos, pav’r~s a-o’r-/Jptor’, lend themselves to a Greek namsses for spices, as they were Oriental products and imported into Semitic as well as to an Judo-European etymon. ‘HOdetos (Athen., XI, Greece by Phoenician uterchants. Thus we have &A~?) fromHehr. ~ and 470) is perhaps Egyptian heti, ‘vessel.’ and ~ and this again from the Sanskrit, whence its synonym &.ydAAoXov Names offood derived from the Semitic are pdvva — l~ srax~O?), ‘fig-cake,’ was borrowed directly. ~Apampoc, the Aram. ~ was a species of Ai$avos, — Aram. d~b1melt1md; Xa~(v)wvEs (Xa,%3vss), and Latin ‘mamphula’ — Syriac fm-out the Semitic l7~ ‘white,’ wlmose plural F~?Y was transferred to Greece manpul5r. From the Egyptian ke~-oiUd, ‘a bread,’ we have ,iXxaon-ts (Hero- as Atflccccsm’r-Jr. BdA~apoc is the Hebrew ~ and $I4AAa, ~IiAAmov the dot., II, 77). fl~17 of the Old Testament. Kao-(o-)ta front the Hebr. ~‘~? goes hack to ‘EXf~as, so confidently derived by most scholars from oX (~ Arab. article Egyptian khizi-t and this again to the Japanese kei-shin (heart of the cinna- at) + spar Sanskr. jUte, appears to he a genuine Greek noun, connected mon), ultimately borrowed from the Chinese; ,esr’m-ci is the Hehr. ~ and with &Ap~s; ‘ehur,’ on the other hand, is the Coptic ebou + Lat. suffix -r. ,emccdpcepoc mssy be fromn ~t’ + suffix -miss. KpSicor is a loan-word from “Epapor, connected by La~arde with n~g, is related to Old-Irish heirpp (for Samsskrit ksesskunsa tltrough Hebr. ~r~1 (ef. Let. corcota), and mcmipscoc from eirb, et-~b) and Latin ‘ari-etem.’ Byzantine ~a-~p7ov is the Arab. kolbn Hebr. ~ Aliloc (A~Iacoc) is the s-~ (older lflt), and o-’rmipa4 (storax) the ‘ajiji ‘jiici ‘d ‘~. (= 9th-i) of the Old Testament. K?)p6r and ~h~m-tcsi,however, appear to Zctgat-iqUn. “I~aXor, derived hy Gust. Meyer from Arah. , - , eer, is rather — “ + ~aXos (~ oncaxos). Kdp?)Xor, (Pm-) 7cLulXa, &ic4maxa and be of lndo-Ettmopean origin, as well as pdAO?) and o-pmipc?) (opmipoc) while .yapdX are, of course, from the Semitic ~ as well as Xi’s, ‘lion’ — Hebr. pmippa is the Hebrew ~sr(Atab. centre). Nis-cs-mroc ‘oil of almonds,’ is a wrong n”’ while Aim’ may he connected with Sanskrit ‘,-cvont, s-crane, ‘ roarer.’ reading for pi’rcssroc, from Egyptian met (an ointment). “Towwrros is the “Ovos cannot he combined any longer with ‘asinus,’ but rather with Latin Hebr. fl~?i5 as-stI XaA~dc?) (galbanum) the ~ of Exod. 30, 34. ‘onus,’ the donkey being ‘the beast ofburden.’ The derivation of asinus is One of the best-known loan-words is &~a~c~c from 1~fl7I~ (for older ‘arra- yet obscure. Sumero-Akkadian (07855 should not he brought to the front him). Kdp ospor and ‘ycciAor, names for ships, are from the Arab. qiis-qftr and ~Opu~has been ingeniously derived by Lagarde from Semitic n~, ‘be quick,’ Hebr. ~5, while ~ipsr from the Egyptian bat-i-t. (cf. Assyr. turdxu, ‘steenhock’). Ku or and 7rtO?)tcos, ‘monkey,’ are of very Of wcigltts and measures I will mention as undoubtedly foreign: j3dOos, doubtful origin, the former probahly belonging to an East-African language. sdilor, odwoc, tcdpos and tc, i’m-soc. Lagarde derives srAdervy~ from n~’~ + Keller’s derivation from Hehr. ~P, — “Handtlsier,” is too ingenious to be suffix -s’y’y-. true. The same is the case with his etymology of Spaos, pardus, from Oriental words for money etc., are 7d~a, Iapsi)eor 4, ,edAAvf3or = rl~~!; and Ilehr. ~7 ‘sprinkled,’ whence srSp~aAts, and bypopular etymology also srdeOsjp. pccppcmmcir front Aram. l~~; pci is the Phoenician mied, and trt-yAor (oticAos) rh3pts cannot be derived from Scm. ~P, ‘young heifer,’ hut belongs to Gothic the Arant. t~?lP~”A~a~, ‘reckoning board’, is from Sent. ~s, the ancients frosts. Ta~pos, again, is very doubtful. rechconed in the dust. Bk3Aos, ~t~Aos is the writing-material imported from Among names of birds there are derived from the Semitic: &~8apTai (~n~); Bmi~Aos, Plsoenic. g-si bit, and trdsrvpos the same, manufactured in Baur (Coptic &-y~p (rn~y); -ypD4i (Univ. Cis-cctlars, 81, 75 f.). vThtr; ,reAeicie, sreAe,ciVor and Pe-bout). As’A’ror and Im~Gipa, however, are not borrowed. xivvtov are Egyptian loan-words. ‘AAiscrwp and Tm’S have not yet been Mamsy words for instruments are from the East: e. g., j3dpf3s’ror (Arah. determined as to their origin; aier~r, icisr~es, corvus and turtur, borrowed bcmt-bcd); ‘yt-5’-,’por and Pt’y’ypar; ‘A~o~8dr and anthubaice; mescmipcc and Ksm’mipas (1~t2, front Egypt. kn’its’wtn). Ma’ydlsr may he time Scm. ~ (from P~) by several writers from the Ilebr ~• al + ~nn (~ ‘the crowned bird’), ~11 and ~‘a(or ~‘~) are good Indo-European nouns. cd~Aar (camiAar) is cettainly the Aram. 1K25 from Egypt. nfl, and o-a/s~miicfl Of other animals we notice: icpotet~etAos from the Syr. ss~n~p (~ Latin the Arant. ~ Chalcedonius, Greek apX?)~Y7OS) ; its Egyptian name was mes&te (or esnseh), Intported minerals often retained their foreign names. Thus ~&pa~ (Sem. the x~-e4/at of Herodot., II, 69; XOpmAES57’ from ~7~;~cmptxosfrom Armenian ~e, Persian bit-fl); cts-poc,~ natron, from Hebr. NP~ and this from Egypt. ntr. tarek; ~ ‘silk-worms’ from Ba/I~isc?) Arab. ma(n) bug, and ii,Spaptr, Tise derivation of 1~Assc’rpoc and iectsnrtrspor is not certain, but not likely from a fish (Athen., VII, 312) from Egyptia.n sees. BcirPaXos, a~ix,07, Oiveos, the Semitic; nor is pi’raAAoc fs-om Amab. mfltate, ‘to forge.’ M5Ams~os, ba%AU- ancopsrtor, icipa~os and carabus, o-ig and on~4’ are of Aryan origin. The ety- ~lor, usually combined with ~‘~7is now compared with Prussian etwis (lead), from Ostyakian totpa. For cdpOcc compare Arab. naft, Pers. neft, from the Zend nep, ‘be moist’; Keller’s combination of pi~’a and ~l~; ~pmi.ysj,~pm)x7’1 * For p‘ps-scot from p ‘pysooo (Lmtt. arrugia) astd ~ is wortltless. ~pmipsr(o-ptpsr) is sssuahly derived I Kaos6ftq= ‘Aioc6lisi, name for Carthage — ‘height, hill,’ an appropriate desig- nation of the elevated asselent city. from Hebr.~‘?i~’and xPvs-~r from Y~ (Assyrian xura9sc). Hebr. bdszet, from Derived by Stowasser fro,n the same Hebr. isoun kllcsppOlh, with which Keller con- Egyptian pisytt, is said to be ti-se mother of Let. ferrum. nects Greek Keir?ss4’ and Latin ‘Codes.’ They are all ofIs~do-European origin. From the Semiticare also PaeAsw?rst and F G\ot, island near Malta (= Melite: Sem. 5 Ilap6iescns goes hack to Persianfsradls, the phsr. offirdates. mtlltd, ‘salvation’). I Changed in Latin to amandola and amnandula, after the analogy of mandere ‘to chew, II Neither can psitXot (p&x)~oo, pv~Xst) he connected with a Semitic word whose Arabic munch.’ form ii mukhlti. ‘~smaxt~ni, however, is Indo-European. ALs-pos’ is a later change on Greek soil. 24 JOHNS IIOPKINS [No. 102.

This was carried from constructions where the greater factor did not include Also many precious stones preserved their original form under a slight the less (veiitie tie) to thsose where it did do so (ta/ti e tre). The lack of direct Greek disguise; thus &x ‘8aoTpos (-ov) ol-bo~rot, &~dOvoi-os (&AdOuoov) = analogy between tat/i and see/i is no argnmeat against such a supposition, Arab. {~omsitmn; 2’aO~TLS is the Hcbr. ~P~i~; O~d~T~ELpOS the Old Testament for the e was introduced in both cases with reference to the tee which fol- ~ from Sanskrit 9caipriio, ‘amatus a Saturno planeta’, and fr~pvAXos — lowed, and not with regard to ta/ti and venti which preceded. The analogy Sanskrit acl~1zlrja, ‘the Vidurian stone.’ On (o-)Mc~pa-y~os see Am. Journ. started with the small numerals (examples collected in examination of the Phil., XIII, 234. Of names for weapons, etc., we notice ~i~or from the Aram. ~ rvp~aoia texts prove this), and was afterwards extended to the larger. Pointing towards a conclusion of this kind (that e is et), is the way we — 4ram I. MayyX~&ov and -a~4i~pe are also borrowed, while A&y~~j, 6s and Eat. metellus appear to be Indo-European; so also find this e written in the edition of Boccaccio consulted (Venetia, 1471), k~xaLPa, &~o-’3- &U7reAOS and /36-cpus, tlerived by Lagarde from Semitic nouns. Oh’os, vinum. where by the side of tic/ti ti’e and latti e ti’e occur tat/i itT tre and tic/ti & tee. as well as the Semitic l~ seem to be from a common Central-Asiatic source, Ft7apTos’, ‘grap-stone’is the Aram. ~‘~; c~pswov (carenum) the Assyr- ian karanu, Aram. ~‘Th?; ve~ic’rap — ~ l’2 ‘sraoked wine,’ and s-i e~pa the The Evangile aux Femmes, an Old French Poem, Aram. ~ By GEORGE C. KEIDEL. Words not specially classified are ~do-as’os,‘touch stone,’ from ;a’z; ~aXMd- ‘Tier (Cyprian) ‘picture’ Hebr. ~. Ki~&pXos, derived by Lagarde from tAbstract of a paper read before the University Philological Association, November 15, 1892.) ~ appears to be an Indo-European adjective; so also ,coXo~s. Lagarde combined X~i-pa, ‘leprosy,’ with Hebr. ~ ‘leper’ and i5BpLS with ~ ‘wan- This poem has been the subject of some little discussion among Romance tonness.’ ~iceXerJs’ is derived by Geo. Hoffmann from Syr. lllccld& Assyr. sclsolars of late years; the poem is a well-known one, a fact which is lclcrndu ‘corpse.’ Latin idus, from Etruscan itus, may be the same as evinced by the frequent references to it which one finds. The most import- Semitic ‘Id, ‘id ‘beginning of the month.’ The Roman ides were cele- ant literature on the subject is as follows: brated almost on the same day as the Semitic ‘Id. 1. Marie do CompiSgue d’apr5s L’Evangile aux Femmes. Par M. Con- stans. Paris, Vieweg, 1876 (Extrait da Tome III du Bulletin de ha Soci6t6 historique de CompiSgue). Svo., 86 pp. 2. Zeitschrift fur Romanisohe Philologie I, pp. 337—356: Ed. Mall, Noch B in tutti e tre, tutte e tre. By L. E. MENGER. einmal: Marie de CompiSgue und das “Evangile aux famines.” (Abstract of a paper read before the University Philological Association, November 3. Same journal, VIII, pp. 24—36: L. Constans, ~Evangile aux femmes. 18, 1892. 4. Same journal, VIII, pp. 449—455: Ed. Mall, Zum sogenaunten Evan- gile aux femmes. The paper first discussed the previous theories as to this e. These are At first the point under discussion was whether Marie de Compi~gne (a) Salviati thought it equivalent to a shortened cioi (omnes, id est tres); was identical with Marie de France, the celebrated Anglo-Norman poetess. (6) Ascoli suggested that it was et, but said nothing to substantiate such a When this had been decided in the negative, the question of interpolations view ; (c) Blanc saw in it the masculine plural article i, which, in old texts, came into prominence; this hinged chieflyon therelative value to be assigned is often replaced by e; (d) The last writer on the subject, Heinrich Morf to each of the seven MSS. which contained tIme poem. This is a matter (Zurich, 1892), rejects these three explanations, but offers no better. which has never been settled, as it is a very complicated one owing to the The object of the writer was then stated to be (a) To show that Morf’s strange way in which the testimony of the various MSS. disagrees. objections to Blanc’s theory (c above), are inValid; (b) To give his own It is indeed a knotty prohilem,—that of the relations existing between objections; and (c) To prove that Ascohi’s suggestion (b above) is correct. tIme MSS. Constans (in No. 1 above) came to the conclusion that very a. Morf’s first objection to supposing this e to be the equivalent of the little could be asserted in regard to it. Mall (in No. 2) divided tIme MSS.,— masculine plural article i he founds on the assertion (originated by Diez) that he knew of only four at that time—into two families; of these lie considered the Italian does not employ e as article in such a construction as ta/ti E the Isle-de-France family to be the original one, from which the Picard cavalli, and therefore it (e) cannot be the article in to/ti e ire. This is incor- family hail been derived later. He posits seven lost MSS., besides admit- rect; a cursory glance into texts of early Italian (as, for example, the ting one case of crossing. “Dodici Conti Morali,“ or the works of Alberti or Burcelo) will reveal Constans, having discovered two new MSS., rejected (in No. 3) Mall’s many such constructions (tutti e frati, tat/i e beai, tutti e fatti, etc.) His schenme and replaced it by a very elaborate one, in which he posits fourteen second is that authors who employ e as an article, when they use the con- lost MSS. and admits four cases of crossing. struction of tutu with a numeral, write tatti A Ire, and not ta/ti E tre. This But Mall (in No. 4) rejects this scheme as almost wholly fanciful, not is also incorrect. The “Dodici Conti Morahi,” Boccaccio, Zenone da Pistoja, to say contradictory. He merely modities Isis former scheme slightly, pos- Pulci and Burcelo, all use e as the article, but only Pulci employs faui A tie, itin~ seven lost MSS. as before. the others, as well as himself in many instances, writing ta/ti x tie, tutti tre, Lastly, there has been discovered a new MS. tutti et tre and tutti & tre. When these various schemes were tested by means of the collation of b. The writer’s reasons for supposing this e not to be the equivalent of i are: three of the MSS., together with the already published texts, it was found (a) tutti I tre is never written; tisi~ would have been the case, in at least a few that none of them were at all satisfactory. instances, if there had beess a consciousness that the e was the same as j~ By means of a rough table of corresponding quatrains, the MSS. are (6) In no instance is e used for le (the fecninine plural article). Therefore, readily divided into four distinct groups to begin with. With the aid if in tattE e Ire the e cannot be the feminine article, it cannot be the mascu- of a more accurate table of line correspondences, we are enabled to line in tutti e tie, for it is illogical to say it is an article in one construction, greatly improve this rudimentary schenme. For this purpose it is necessary and not in the other; (c) e, as an article, is sometimes written e’, but never to divide the MSS. into three groups of contemporaries; the object of thus between tutti and a numeral (as ta/ti e’ tie). This furnishes another this being to make reasonably sure that a MS. of an earlier group was reason for believing that it is not the article in tictti e tre. not copied from one of a later group, while within a group no such dis- c. The e is believed to be equivalent to et. There is no contradiction im- crimination is to be made. By now examining in which MSS. a certain plied in making it the article in ta/ti e cavalli and the conjunction in ta/ti e /re line occurs, such additions to the scheme are made as will account for the for parallel to tatti E cacolli we have ta/ti i coro!ii to guide in translating the e presence of that particular line in each of the MSS. where it is found. By as i; but no such parallel (as tutti i tre) exists for tatti e tie, and there is, this means we have introduced five lost MSS. into the scheme, and three therefore, no analogy between it and tat/i e eavalli to prevent us from ex- cases ofcrossing are admitted. plaining the e in the former as et. The use of it in this construction (ta/ti Our next resource is tIme investigation of the word-variants. Following e ire) came about as follows: The older texts always use the long form of here the same general plan as before, we arrive (being further aided by a the numerals, and show veuti E clue, treata it tie, etc. (instead of veatidue, etc.) few general arguments drawn from the character of certain of the MSS.) From such employment a feelingwas established that xvhen a smaller numeral at our final MS. scheme ofseven known MSS., eight posited ones and three followed a larger, there should be a copula or connection between them. cases of crossing. JANIJATtY, 1893.] UNJVEI?SITY CIBCULAJi?S. 25

The poem itself is a satire upon women, and is quite cleverly done. is in apposition to the subject in incus. Interiniscere, v. 29, is the infin. after It is divided into quatrains upon a single rhyme with twelve syllables to incus, and the clause beginning cum Peclius, v. 28, gives the time ofincus. the line. The greatest intrinsic interest of the poem lies in the ingenious Translation. When you write poetry, I ask you, or even when you have way in which the satire is brought out. The poet in each quatrain begins the hard case of Petillius to defend, would you, forsootla forgetting your by mentioning some supposed good quality in women, but in the last line native laud and Pater Latinus, prefer to mingle, like a two-tongued Caun- he always gives it such a sarcastic turn that just the opposite effect is sian, xvords sought from abroad witls those handed down from our forefathers, produced. whilst 1~edius ssnd Corninus Puplicola toil over their cases? Five different theories have been put forward as to who was the author Logicol C’ossnectioss. In this way the connection of vv. 20-35 becomes of the poem. They are all readily rejected, except the very indefinite one muds snore intimate; first the justifier of Lucilius praises his usixture of that the author was some unknown monk who lived in or neas Paris. Greek with Latin; Horace replies that anyone can do that; then the former The date of the poem has never been well established; but an investiga- to prove Isis point adduces the mixing of wines; whereupon Horace breaks tion of the probable dates of the various MSS. leads us to place it at about out into an astonished qtmestion, and asks him whether he would use Greek 1250. words in poetry or in pleading before the bar, when the two noted orators, Mall has thrown some doubt about the name of the poem having origi- Pedins and Coruinus, have set him the example of studiously using nothing nally been Evangile aux Fennoes, but as the name occurs in six of the seven but the purest Latin; finally Horace brings in the anecdote of how he him- MSS., we are warranted in considering his oojections as not xvell founded. self was stopped by Quirinus when he attempted to write Greek poetry.

Krates of Mallos and Columbus. By A. GUDEMAN. A New Explanation of Hor. S. I. 10. 25—30. By GEORGE C. KEIPEL. (Read at the meeting of the IJuiversity Philological Association, October 25, 1892.) The text of Keller and Holder’s Editie Crit~ica, 1869, is as follows: No biographer, no lecturer on Columbus fails to enumerate the so-called 25 cum uersus facias? te ipsum percontor, an et cum prophecies regarding the existence of a Western Continent from Plato’s dura tibi peragenda rei sit causa Petilli? Atlantis down to Seneca, Dante, l{oger Bacon and the Imago Mundi. Taken scilicet oblitus patriaeque patrisque Latini, by themselves these vssgue imaginings are certainly extremely interesting; cum Pedius causas exudet Puplicola atque brought in connection with the first voyage of Columbus, however, they are Coruinus patriis intermiscere petita singularly irrelevant, for, if tIme discoverer, as we are constantly informed, 30 uerba foris malis, Canusini more bilinguis. had a knowledge of these predictions, one would suppose that the trifling This is the text as it is esthblished by the authority of the MSS., and obstacle of an intervening continent might effectually have deterred even unchanged by means of emendation. a more intrepid navigator from attempting to reach India by sailing A consideration of the grammatical structure of the passage as a whole westward. is all that is here intended. Under these circumstances, it may be worth while to recall an apparently These six verses of Horace have given rise to much discussion, and at forgotten fact that 1500 vesurs before Columbus was born this idea of reach- least a dozen different explanations have been offered. See especially ing India by crossing the Western Ocean had crystallized into a concrete Poppendieck’s dissertation, 1865. Some try to explain the passage as the reality in the mind of one of the greatest philologians of antiquity. For, MSS. give it, and others alter the text more or less. The explanations of according to Strabo (1, ch. 31), Krates of Mallos in his commentary to the the first sort hinge upon the words incus jislermiseere. Some say that here Odyssee makes Menelaus, to him as historical a personality as Columbus is is a case of the infin. after a finite verb, others of the ace, and infin. with to us, reach India by sailing from Gadeira not so far from Palos, across the ecs to be supplied as the acc. subject of intermiscere; yet others think that Western Sea. Now Strusbo was tratislated into Latin by Guarino and printed Horace wrote intermiseere by a species of brachylogy for intermisceri or at Rome in 1470, being thus one of the earliest of incunabula; it is, there- intermixta. Of those who alter the text, some would transpose lines, others fore, not intrinsically impossiblethatToscanelli, whose famous letter appeared would alter single words; the most famous suggestion is that of Bentley, some years later, or even Columbus may have noticed this very passage, for who proposed to change oblitus to obiitos. Poppendieck considers this very Strabo’s geography was one of the most widely read books in tIme Middle plausible, but thinks that he himself has something better to offer. He Ages, and could not have been unknown to the great geographers and considers bilinguis to be the acc. p1. and not the gen. sg. as all the other phsysicists of tIme day. editors do. This word would then refer to Pedius Publicola etqee C’oruinus instead of to Gonesi’ei, and would be the acc. subject of intermiscere. I do Chrysippos and Varro as Sources of the Dialogus not consider this as good an explanation as Bentley’s. of Tacitus. By A. GUDEMAN. Weidner (Neue Jahrb. f. Phil. u. Paed., 1886), in the last four versesonly placesa comma after e udet, and an interrogation point after bilinguis. He (Abstract of a paper read at the mesting of the Ummiversity Philological Association, then considers Puplicola aique Coruinus as in apposition to the subject of October 25, 1892. Tbe paper will be published in full in the January number of the American Joarnal of Plsilology.) incus. Kiessling does not explain very clearly how he takes the passage, but he paraphrases it as follows: After some introductory rensarks on Source Researches in general, and “weun dn den Petillius verteidigst, wirst du vermutlich, wiihrend dii the sources of the Dialogus in particular, the writer proceeds to show by doch siehst xvie sich em Pedius und Messalla in ihren Reden abmfihen (urn an examination and comparison of Quintihian and Pseudo Plutarch’s rIEp sich jedes Fremdwortes zu enthalten), es vorziehen statt reinen Lateins das wam~v &-yary~s that both writers are indebted for some of their material to griechisch-lateinische Kauderwelsch der Canusiner zu reden?” a common source, the flepi SrSZL6&3Y icyaryiir of the Stoic Chrysippos. This point Starting from this basis, I would punctuate: being established, the writer enumerates and discusses a number of remark- 25 cum uersus facias, te ipsum percontor, an et cum able verbal parallelisms as well as coincidences its the subject matter between dura tibi peragenda rei sit causa Petilli, Ps. Plutarch and the Dialogus, which anain leavesno doubt of their common scilicet oblitus patriaeque patrisque Latini, indebtedness to time same Stoic writer. Thereupon a few unmistakable cum Pedius causas exudet Puplicola atque traces of Varro’s influence upon the Latin treatise are dealt within, attention Coruinus, patriis intermiscere petita being finally drawn, by way of cumulative evidence, to two &rra~ XE’}OI/aEVa 30 nerba foris malis, Canusini more bilinguis? in the Dialogus which reappear in the fragments of Varro’s Catus, de liberis Here the subject is contained in incus, v. 30, and is the supposed justifier educandis, a work which, in its turn, is also indebted to Stoic treatises on of Lucilius, who has been speaking above. 061itus, v. 27, limited by scilicet, this subject! 26 JOfINS hOPKINS [No. 102.

SYNOPSIS OF RECENT JOURNALS.

American Journal of Philology. Edited by Professor revised version. In an appendix the text of tile Latin Vulgate and the texts GJLDERSLEEVE. Vol. XIJ, No. 1. Whole No. 45. of the varions Old English renderings are presented clause by clause. In the Notes, Professor A. V. WtLLIAMS JACKSON Article I.— On Adoptotion of SI(glxes in Congeneric Olosses of Suintantives. 8ives a couple of By MALTRICE BLOOMFIELD. Avestan Etymologies; Professor F. B. TARBELL emphasizes a somewhat neg~ lected constrtsction of the Inflaitive after Expi-essions of Fecmring in Os-eck,. The term adaptation is used in this paper “to designate the infusion with where we have not the normal fear to, but the fear that; Professor HENRY some definite grammatical or lexical value of a formal element, originally WOOD clears up Two Spr’iiche of l’Valther ross des- Vogelacide; and the EDITOR either devoid of any special functional value, or possessed of a value which with reference to a recent article by Professor J. Ii. Wheeler On the Con- has faded out so completely as to make this infusion possible.” The ablaut sti-aetton of TV-rxm’w, throws out the suggestion that ~ms-y~cu,w has been drawn in sing, song, snag, originally due to phonetic causes, carries with it temporal by analogy into the constrtsction of ~Odm’w. distinctions. The present participle passive legisnini (estis), by its associa- Under Revieses emob Book Notices, Professor EUGEN WILHELM, of Jena, tion xvitli the paradigm of the present indicative passive of lego, evolved a discusses The Fravashis, by un-pot Mehesjibhcmi Palanji Madan, Wahrnsund’s whole series of forms which were felt as second persons passive, legebomini Ne’apensische Sproche, and his edition of ]hiuhaemmaed’s ]lloasieum- Jourdain im and the rest, in men and feet, phonetic variations, the change of vowel is Qaarobd7. E. P. Moieuis reviews Soseneasehein’s Rudens; J. DYNELEY felt to be a plural sign, and the same thing is true of the nominal suffix PRINCE, Eliot’s Fissnish Gramnsar; JAMES M. GANNETT, Sts-atmann-Bradley’s -en in oxen. The influence of this process of adaptation is then traced by Middle-English Dictionary and Pollas-d’s English Miracle Plays, ]lloralities and Professor Bloomfield in the form si-mis, which is due to ~be6s,both parts of Interludes; and the EDITOR, Rossetti’s Edition of Shelley’s Adonais and Ken- the body, and also in designation of parts of the body by heteroclitic stems you’s ‘AOsjm’aiwe sreAt-reie of Aristotle. in r nod n: ~srap, iecur, ‘liver,’ o~Oep, fiber, ‘udder,’ tap, 6csrg (Vedic), Under the head of Reports summaries are given of Zeitschs’ift der ihlos-gen- ‘blood,’ femur, ‘thigh,’ -petes- in ecci-pitei-, ‘wing,’ ~r’-op,viscera, o-imip, sacs- (s) liindischen Geseilsehaft (W. Muss- AENOLT), Revue de Philologie (M. W. HuM- cerda, ‘dung,’ and a number of others. The next group is that in which PHERYS), hermes (E. G. SIULEE), Englisehe Stmedien (ALBERT S. Coon). parts of the body are desi~nated by other heteroclitic declensions in the In Brief Mention the EDSToR hines sOmnethling to say about Scott’s Tm-ctnsla— oblique cases, as in the case of ofias-os (gen.), ‘ear,’ girsn&s (gen. Vedic), don of C’aip’urnius, and Shuckburgh’sedition of Sidney’s Apologiefor Poetrie, and ‘head,’ and others in which the n-formation prevails throughout the Ger- calls attention to one or two points in Greek Syntax. manic group. The same principle of adaptation is applied to the Armenian Recent Publications. Books~ Received. designation of parts of the body, which show the hirevalence of the n-form. The mb-European word for limb represented by men,brnas ‘seems to have fallen under the ban of this adaptation of the n-i-- suffix.’ Gothicffltus and tun~as are next discussed; then the assimilation of the words for ‘right’ and Vol. XII, No. 2. Whole No. 46. ‘left,’ designations of birds, ania~als and plants, designations of divisions of Article L—Analogy in the Semitic Languages. Part IlL By ABEL H. time, and finally adaptations in other substantival categories. IIIJIZINGA. (See above.) Article IL—Analogy in the Semitic Languages. Part II. By ABEL H. Article H—Serviass on the Tropes and Figus-es of Vesgil. By JOHN LEn’- HUIZINGA. ERETT MOOLE. Tile object of this investigation is to discover— In this paper Dr. Huizinga takes up the principal instances of analogical I. Did Servius proceed upon any system of classification previously deter- formation in the Semitic languages. mined by invhicha trol)es and figures were to be grouped together according Class I. Analogical formations in the inflection of the verb, or in the to SOfllO reco~nized princi Isle of arrangement? formation of verbal derivatives with reference to the different classes of verb- II. To what extent in Isis ti-eatment of tropes and figures did Servius draw stems. from time works of those whlo hinad pi-eceded him? Class II. Analogical formations involving changes and confusion in vocal- The former question is answered in the negative. The latter involves an ization. exan~inntion of the grammarians, and the answer to this qumestion Dr. Moore In the third and concluding paper of the series (Vol. XTT, 2. Whole Imas undertaken, within Servius as thine poisit of departure, to indicate not only No. 46), Dr. Hnizinga discusses analogical formations in the inflection of the agmeementsbut tine differences as well. The Tm-apes are considered under the substantives and then takes up the various hsends—Metaplsora, Syacedoche, Metouymia, Ecoche, Antonomasia, Class III. Analogical formations with reference to the formative elements Epitiseton, Onomatopoeia, C’atcschs-esis, Acys-ologia, Jlletalepsis, Allegoria, Aenig— of words. ma; lm-omsia, Imsnisio, Diasyrmos, Sam-casinos, Astimmos, (&vrEta,cds), Antiphrasis, As-tide IlL— On Paroxytone Accent in Tribrach and Dactylic Endings. By Em~,cucr,umlv, Litotes, Oxymorum, Ilypallage, Pes-iphrasis, Pes-issologia, Hyper- FRANCIs G. ALLINSON. baton, Ancsstm-ophe, Tsssesis, Paremmthesis, Ilysteroprotes-on or Ilystes-ologia, Syn- In his memorable dissertation ‘Der Nominalaccent,’ Professor BI. chysis and Hypesbole. Wheeler lays down the rule that words with dactylic ending which were The second paper in ~o. 47 discusses the Figus-es which, according to Servius, comprise ta &h ~uo?s’,Antiptosis, Groecese Figmerac with tine Schesnata originally oxytone, change into paroxytones as a compromise between the Lexeos: Prolepsis, Zeugma, Syllepsis, Honsocoteleuton, Ilis-mos (sip~aSs), Assaco- original (I. E.) oxytonesis and the special Greek accent, This rule, which has been called the ‘dactylic law,’ is impugned by Dr. lutlson, Clisssax, Soloecissnus, and of the Vitia Sersnonis: Ciscenphaton, Pleonas- Allinson on the basis of an examination of all the material presented by mos, fI’autologia, Epexegesis, Au esis, Ellipsis, §Lhpinosis, Gacosyntheton, Amphi- bolia. These are only a part of the lou0 list of terms, the Servien use of the langtsage. From this examination it appears— 1. That trochaic oxytones either remain oxytone or become paroxytone. wisich lines been stmindied by Dr. Moore, who holds out the promises of a 2. That, in general, tribrachs and dactylics fare alike even in anastrophe. Lexicon to Servius. 3. That in active compounds, pyrrhics (whether dactylic or tribrach) are Amticle IlL—On the Ancient Armenian Ves-sion of Plato. By FRED. C. CONY- paroxytone because the tendency to ‘recession’ was arrested midway by the BRAKE. In this article Mr. Conybeame gives tine various readings involved desire to accent the last member. by tine Arnlenian version, as coninpared with Schaux’s edition. To tisis table Article IV.—The Evolution of the Lord’s Prayer in English. By ALBERT he adds a hist of the forty readings of the inferior codices, whnich not being adopted by Scha,inz, can be detected in tine Armenian. He then proceeds to S. COOK. enumerate the cisaracteristics of the version, which are peculiar to itsehf and In this paper Professor Cook traces the successive steps by which the cannot be traced to any Greek codex, and finaihy reacines the conclusion Lord’s Prayer attained to its present form in English, beginning with typ- that tine version ~vasmade from a text from winich the codex Vaticenus A is ical or standard Old English forms, and proceeding through to Wychif (1380), more or less remotely derived. It was made at latest early in tine eleventh Tyndale (1534), the Geneva Bible (1557), the authorized version to the century, and may well have been copied from a MS of Plato, which was a JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY (NRCULA PS. 27

hundred years old, so that it is not rash to assume that it represents a text as chorus show that he frequently quoted from earlier historical writers and old as the Clarkian codex. Now the codices C D are so closely related to authorities, and it is a priori likely that he would have quoted from the the Clarkian that they are hardly independent witnesses to the text. It work of so distinguished a writer as Aristotle, and while the coincidences may therefore be claimed for the Armenian that so far as it goes it is, after between the fra~ments of his Atthis and the ‘A. sr. may in part be accounted the Clarkian codex, the oldest independent witness to the text which we for otherwise, tIme probability that he used the ‘A. sr. as Aristotle’s and possess. quoted it as Aristotle’s is raised to a certainty by the inferences that we are Artici IV.—Oa Digcuama in Post-Homeric Ionic. By HERBERT WEIR obliged to (Iraw from PInt. Them., 10 (camp. Cat., 5), and Aelian, de Nat. Animal., 12, 35. In Pint. Them., 10, Aristotle is cited as authority for tile SMYTH. The object of Professor Smyth’s stndy is to follow the traces of post—homeric Ionic in literature and in inscriptions. In literature the dis- statement that the Areopagus, in the lack of public funds, provided each proportion between the cases of the retention of F and those of its neglect soldier with eight drachinac, and thereby filled the ships of war. This is proof enough that the sound was practically dead in Asia Minor at least coinci(les with VIle account given in ‘A. sr., a. 23. Then follows the story of by the year 700 B. C., and in Athens by the commencement of the sixth the dog of Xanthippus, which we find again in Aelian and there credited century. In Asiatic Ionic inscriptions there are no examples. A few are to Aristotle and Philochorus. While this story does not occur in the ‘A. sr. found in Insular Ionic (the Ionic of the Kyklades), some in Western Ionic still time inference is warrantable that Philochorus was one of Plutarch’s (the Ionic of Enhoia and Rhegion). But the tihalkidian vase inscriptions sources for the passage of the Them., and doubtless an immediate source. cannot he accepted as conclusive evidence until we are certain of the prove- The introduction of tIme name of Aristotle into tile story of the dog is doubt- nience of the vases; and the existence of the character F in the inscriptions less due to a blunder of Aelian or his authority, but serves to show that both of Naxos and Amorgos is not evidence of the existence of the sound. There Plutarch and Aelian or his source had been reading the account of tile battle can be no doubt that by the close of the eighth century F must have disap- of Salamis by Philochorus, in whiell the name of Aristotle was cited as pear d from the ordinary speech of the Ionic Dodekapolis. At the same authority. “If Philochorus, the careful llist(irical student and writer, who time there seems to be no reason for the helief of some scholars that wher- lived and wrote at Athens in the generation immediately following Aris- ever we have a trace of F in Homer the verse in question is Aiolic. In the totle’s, looleed upon the ‘AOm’aiwe ,reAm’m-eia as Aristotle’s, should we Imesitate earliest neriod of the Ionic cultivation of the Epos, F may have been a so to do? Ought we not, if need be, to discard our previous conceptions of living sound in certain parts of Ionic, while in others it may have passed Aristotle’s literary characteristicS and mental habits for a larger and more out of existence. catholic conception, rather than accept the higlmly improbable alternative Under the head of Reviews end Book Notices, MINTON WARREN gives an that Philochomus was deceived?” analysis of Bonnet’s Le Latin de Grigoire de Toni’s; CHARLES XV. SUPER, a Article I V—Aristotle on time Pmmblic Arbitrators. By THThIAS DWIGHT survey of Recent Sapphic Literature; and M. D. LEARNED, a notice of GoODEsL. Pfeiffer’s Kliiiger’s Faust. In this paper Professor Goodell draws from the newly discovered ‘AOsjz’eiwv Reports ofBomania (H. A. ToDD), ofJahrliiicherfiir Philologie it. Poedegogik sroAm’reie such infornmation as can be drawn therefrom about the bmemr~~’rei. (W. E. WATERS and WILLIAM 0. SPROULL), and Journal Asiatiqee (W. Article V.—Gritical Notes on time Dialogims of Tacitus. By A. GUBEMAN. MuSS—ARNOLT). Under Correspondence Professor JEBB replies to Professor Humphreys. A number of notes and emendations which have grown out of a critical Brief Mention. and exegetical edition of the Dialogus. The first half is given here, the remaimmder in No. 48. Professor ROBINSON ELLIS has a Note on Callimachies, Lauucr. Pallad. 93— Vol. XII, No. 3. Whole No. 47. 97; and Professor SmrOmtEY undertakes to emend Parmenides, 162 A. B., reading ‘tee ‘reAe’cev e~ (Sm’?) ~ and transposing A~ so as to read I.mm’r~xem’re ‘r~ Article 1—Servins on the Tropes and Figures of Vergil. Second Paper. By JOHN LEVERETT MooRE. (See above.) 1,mhi Sm’ eboles ‘rev emm’em em’, tui eemries Ii ‘rei) K,mi~> m’im’em cmi i’m’, ci 1meAXem TEAEWS dm’em, ‘ni Ii tmm) Sm’ ~mijdories 1mim’ ‘rei) ~mi deem i’m’ (omitting imX before i’m’), Article IL— Ueber Fick’s I/ergleichendes Wiirterbuch der Iisdogermanischen Oueiel’ aE ‘rev mim’em /.I.i) mmm’, ci eel ‘ri md~ Sm’ em) ‘rmXEwv ~ ie’rem. [For the trans- Sprachen. Von HERMANN COLLITZ. lation and exegesis the article must be consulted. Professor Shorey returns In this article Professor Collitz gives, first, a general characteristic of to tIme charge in a recent review of Jowett’s Plato. To me it seenms that Pick’s work, which occupies a relation to the earlier etymological works time text is immexpugnable except as to i’m’e ‘rEX4R e~ dm’em ~ where Damascius hy Pott, Benfey, Bopp and Curtius similar to that which was occupied by evidently read something else. The commstrmmction of eludes with the gen. of Schicicher’s compendium to previous treatments of comparative grammar. the articular inf. is perfectly defensible. If elude and ‘ri dm’em are used as The characteristic of both works lies in the reconstruction of the primal parallels and if yomm can say elude i’m”res why imot elude ‘ceO dm’em? Time neces- language, lies in the application of the historical method to pro-historic sity of a substitute for inflexion annuls distinctions between the articular epochs. Sebleicher’s reconstructions—oncelooked upon as a questionable and the anarthrous. And, moreover, time resultant sense seems to be in additament, which the student had to put up with—are beginning to be accordance with the tenor of the passage.—B. L. G.] considered more and more as the strong’ side of the compendium; and what In a note on Cartilago Professor GEORGE H MPL justifies the derivation is true of the reconstructive method in grammar is destined to be held true of the reconstructive method in etymology. Pick’s work is not like Pott’s, of the word from carmencelago—a derivation su~gested by J. G. VOSSIt’s in his Etyrnologicon (1662), p. 111. a museum of ‘finds,’ some of the highest importance, some utterly insignifi- cant. It is not a confused and confusing mass, but a systematic collection Under Reviews and Book Notices M. D. LEARNED gives a conspectus of of modest compass and simple arrangement, intended to bring up before the Paul’s (irundriss der germanischen Philologie and makes some remarks on min(l’s eye a past epoch of culture. Curtius’ Etymologie, it is true, has Johannes Reuitsch’s Johann EIias Schlegcl; MAURIcE BLOOMFIELD presents much of the material in common with Fick, but Professor Collitz implies an elaborate criticism of KARL BRUGMANN’S Crendriss dci’ vergleiclmenden that Curtius works bacleward to chaos, Pick works forward from cosmos. Gremminatik, Band lit. II, and C. T. WILLIAMS commends the new Vollbrecht’s After a general vindication of the reconstructive method, Professor Collitz Wilrterbuch zic Xenophon’s Anabasis. proceeds to point out the differences between the fourth edition and its prede- The Reports comprise Rheiniscimes Museum (W. MUSS-ARNOLT), Hermes cessors, and incidentally introduces as the etymology of ‘Aryan’ the Old (E. G. StilLER), Journal Asiatique (W. MUSS-ARNOLT). Indian ary-ds, with the same radical that is found in ~pso’ros and the Under Brief illention time EDITOR takes up a number of points suggested Greek prefix icp~- in &pi--yvwros, &pt-aeiics’ros and elsewhere. by Lamberton’s ‘rpmls with the accusative; IVilamowitz’s Commentariolum Gram- Article Ill—Did Philochorus quote the ‘AOrn’cdw,’ 7rOAL’3-eia of Aristotle? By moticum IV; Holden’s Cgropaedeia; Strachan’s Herodotus VI; Monro’s J. H. WRIGHT. Homeric Grammar; Lattmann’s Selbsdindiger it. bezogener Gebreuch der Tern- pore un Lateinisehen. The object of this paper is to prove that Philochorus, writin,, before 306 B. C., or less than twenty years after the composition of the ‘AO-ijvaiwv Recent Publications. Books Received. woA~’resa, quoted it as Aristotle’s. The fragments of the Atthis of Philo- 28 JOHNS hOPKINS [No. 102.

Yol. XIT, No. 4. Whole No. 48. Article V—Goethe’s ‘Elpenor.’ By HENRY WOOD. After an examination of the various theories as to the substructure of Article 1.—On the Old Armenian Version of Plato’s Laws. By FRED. C. personality in this famous fragment, Professor Wood gives an elaborate CONYBEARE. exposition of his own theory, which is based on a stndy of Goethe’s life at A critical examination of the Old Armenian version of Plato’s Laws the period when he composed Ripener. Elpenor is identified with Fritz proves a very close kinship between the original of the Armenian to the von Stein, the same figure who appears as Felix in Wilhelm Meister, and Codex Parisinns No. 1807, and that the Armenian version was made from the correspondences in detail are made to sustain the identification. a text of the same, which though closely akin to the Paris codex was not a mere copy but, if anything, older in its traditions. A specimen of the Notes—Ad nova Fragmenta Antiopes. By ROBINSON ELLIS, On the Text Armenian text, with the Greek beneath the Armenian equivalent, shows of Holbery’s “Jeppc pua Bierget.” By DANIEL KILHAM DODGE. the word for word literalness of the version and its availability for critical Reviews—A. V. Williams Jackson’s Avestan Alphabet (HERMANN CoLLITz); purposes. ho flannen’s Griechisehe Dielekte (E. W. HoPKsNs) Kluge’s Etymologisehes Wdrterbuch (W. Muss-ARNoLT); hluraphreys’ Antigone (CHARLES FORSTER Article 11.—Gontributions to the Interpretation of the Veda. Fourth Series. SMITII). By MAURICE BLOOMFIELD. Reports—Summaries of Philologus (C. F. SMITH and J. H. KIRKLAND) The first snbject taken up in this series is the meaning of the root yap, the and of Germanic, C. F. BADDATZ. primary valne of which is determined as ‘smooth over,’ ‘efface,’ from which comes the secondary meaning, ‘destroy.’ The origin ofjal&la~ and its kin- Under Brief Mention the EDITOR notices Fennell’s lade-European Vowel System; Martin’s Fuesimilis de Manascrits Grecs; Max Biidinger’s Poesie and dred is next attacked, and resolves itself into ‘urine.’ Under the third head Victor Henry’s Thirteenth Book of the Atharva-Veda receives warm Urkandebci Thakydides; Biese’s Griechisehe Lieder in Auswohl;Ramsey’s Latin Prose Composition; Cook- Wilson on ~vij; Freeman’s history of Sicily; Butcher’s commendation as a whole and close criticism in detail. Aspects of the Greek Genius; and Ileadlam’s Election by Lot at Athens. Article III.—Ciitical Notes on the Diclogus of Tacitus. By A. GUDEMAN. Recent Publications. Books Received. Continued and concluded from No. 47. Index to Vol. Xli prepared by W. MUSS-ARNOLT.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Scientific Association. Nevesaber 2, 9, 16, 23, 30.— October28.—At a business meeting the tollowing were elected officers for the year 1892—93: Cauchy’s Fundamental Differential Equations in the Theory of Functions, by T. President: FAaIAN FRANKLIN. CeAsa. Vice-President: .1. 5. AssEs. Beltra,ssi’s Trasisformation ofCauchy’s Eqssations, by T. CRAIG. Secretary: E. A. ANDREwS. The Most Important Measures of Curvature, by A. CoaRN. ZVecrssbrr 16.—One hundred and sixth re~ular meeting. Professor Franklin in thechair. Cavalieri and his Method of Indivisibles, by C. II. BEST. President GILMAN spoke on tise Aspects of Scientific Work in America in 1892. A Life of Roberval and History of the Cycloid, by T. H. TALIASERRO. disc,sssion followed, in which Dr. Franklin and Dr. Remscn took part. Derivation ofthe Series tan —1 y, by T. CEAIa. History and Theory of Infinite Products, by B. P. MANNING. December 21.—One hundred aisd seventh regular meeting. Professor Franklin in the Deceosber 7, 14, 21.— chair. Dr. C. L. PooR spoke on Comets, Past and Present. Infinite Products, continued, by B. P. MANNING. Philolotiical Association. Parallel and Axial Co-ordinates, by C. E. CoMsTOcse. Octeber 28.—One hundred and twentieth regular meeting. Professor Gildersiceve in Hiudoo Matisemnatice, by C. 11. DUvALL. the c1sair. Forty-eight members present. Wallis’ Method of Obtaining ~r, by E. P. MANNINC. Papers reed: Physical Sesseisrarg. Oratorical Li,aitations of the Greek Imperative, by C. ‘fiT• E. MILLER. (Seep. 17.) Varro and Chrysippus as Sources of the Dialogsss of Tacitus, by A. GUDEMAN. (See The following papers have been presented at recent meetings ofthe Physical Seminary: p. 25.) Distribution of Lines in the Spsetra of the Elements, by J. S. AMES. Krates of Mallos and Columbus, by A. GUDEMAN. (See p. 25.) Lange of Molecular Action, by G. 0. SQuIRE. Nsvesnber 18.—One hundred and twenty-first regular meeting. Professor Gildersiceve Color Sensation, by A. DEF. PALMER, JR. in the chair. Thirty-three members present. Modern Steam Engines, Isy E. R. CARIcHoFF. Papers read: Aberration, by B. H. TATNALI. The Evangile aux Femmes; an old French Poem, by G. C. KEIDEL. (See p. 24.) Dust Phenomena, by A. H. MORRISON. Bin ‘tutti e tre; tutte e tre,’ by L. E. MENeER. (See p. 24.) Baltin ore Naturalists’ Field Club. December 16.—One hundred and twenty-second regular meeting. Professor Gildersiceve in the chair. Seventy-five members present. Octeber 18.—The following officers were elected Papers read: PresEtesst: B. SOLLERS. A Study of Love’s Labour’s Lost, by Professor PRIcE, of Columbia College. Vice-President: J. F. ARTHUR. Solution of Some Proble,ns in the Dialogus of Tacitus,by A. GUDEMAN. Seeretary: H. W. BRITdHER. Ohairmnen Zodlegical Section: R. P. BIGELOw. Historical and Political Science Association. Chairman Geological Section: 5. L. POWELL. Meetisgsfress Octeber 14 to December 16. Chairman Botanical Sectioss: J. P. LoTSY. The Statistics of Farm Values and Mortgages, by F. C. WAITE. Papers read: New Geological Maps, by G. H. WILLIAMS. Congress and Congressional Work, by B. T. LEE. Food of the Oyster, by J. P. LoTIT. American Indians and Colonial Institutions, by J. A. JAMES. Bisew’s Atlas Major and the Naming of the Mississippi: a Critique of Dr. W. B. Young j~~fl~5 Christian Association. Scaife, by J. S. REEVES. Recent l\Iethods of Institutional Study, by C. M. ANDREWS. October 5.—Preliminary Meeting of Committees. Subject: Humanity finds its Perfect Slavery in Connecticut. by B. C. STEINER. October 13.—Address by Bishop PHILLIPS BROOKS. A Nineteenth Century Monastery, by J. S. BASSETT. Development only in Christianity. October 17.—Reception to the new members of the University in the Gymnasium. Mathematical Seminary. October 30.—Missionary Addresses on Japan, by Rev. B. A. LAWRENCE, of Baltimore, and on China, by Rev. JOHN POTT, of China. October 19, 26.— December 6.—Memorial Service for Henry B. Crook, a member ofthis Association, who Tise History of Determinants, by J. M. WILLARD. died November 29th. At a business meeting a draft of a new Constitution was read. The Life of Riemana, by J. BIESLAND. Seventy-four men have been admitted to the Association this year. Regular meetings The Life of Crelle, by W. W. LANDIS. are held. A Bible Study Class has been organized. The Association is responsible for The Life of Sophie Germain, by A. COHEN. one meeting a week in a city mission. 29 JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY CIBCULARS.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

The following list enumerates recent publications by those who have BLACKSHEAE, C. C. Investigations on the Snlphon-Phthaleins: Dioxy- been or are now members of this University. It is printed for the informa- benzoyl-benzene- Snip1]onic Acid and Sulphon-fluorescein. (American tion of their colleagues and friends, and is not supposed to be comJ)lete. fJ’hemical Journal, Vol. XIV, No. 6.) The last previous list is given in University C’irculars No. 99. Papers in BLOOMFIELD, NI. Announcement of a Vedic Concordance of phdas and the University Girculars and Hospital Bulletins are not here noted. sacrificial formulas. (Proceedings of Anmerican Oriental Society, 1892.) Contributions to the Interpretation of the Veda. (Journal of American ABBOTT, A. C. The Uncertainty of Detecting the Bacillus of Typhoid Fever in Suspicious Drinking-Water. (Medical News, Philadelphia, Oriental Society, Vol. XV, No. 2.) December 10, 1892.) — The Foundation of Buddhism]]. (The New World, June, 1892.) ADAMS, H. B. Christopher Columbus and His Discovery of America. Review of Alfred Hillebrandt’s Vedische Mythologie, Vol. 1 (Soma (Studies in History and Politics, November, 1892.) und verwnndte Gfitter.) (lb., Decesaber, 1892.) ADAMS, H. C. Third Annual Report on the Statistics of Railways to the BOND, A. K. A Case of Convmslsions following Scurlatina. (Maryland Interstate Commerce Commission. (Washington, 1892.) Medical Journal, October, 1892.) Finances of the American Revolution. (The Dial, July, 1892.) Som]]e Minor Timerapeutic Uses of the Galvanic Current. (lb., Decem- bes’ 17, 1892.) — Review of Sumner’s “The Financier and the Finances of the Revo- lution.” (The Dial, Chicago, June, 1892.) BOONE, 11. G. Results under the Elective System. (Educational Review, N. Y., 1892.) — The Railway and the Farmer. (The C’entury Magazine, New York, March, 1892.) Buavp, C. W. Bibliographies of the Discovery of America; List of Public Memorials to Columhus. (Studies in History and Politics, 1892.) — PopularEducation in theUniversityof Michigan. (lb September, 1892.) CAJORI, F. Drapers Barograph. (6blorodo College Studies, 1892.) — A Bureau of Railway Statistics and Accounts. (The independent, New York, October 6, 1892.) Evolution of Criteria of Convergence. (Bulletin of New York Mathe- niatical Society, Vol. II, No. 1.) — Railway Mileage of the World in 1890. (Extra Census Bulletin, No. 24.) ADLER, C. Christopher Columbus in Oriental Literature. (Proceedings of CLARK, X\M. B. The Eocene of the United States. (U. S. Geological Sur- American Oriental Society, 1892; Studies in Historyand Politics, 1892.) vey Bulletin 83.) The Mesozoic Echim]oderruata of the United States. (lb., 97.) — Note on Win. B. Hodgson. (Proc. American Oriental Societ?I, 1892.) CoararoNs, J. R. Protection and Natural Monopolies. (Quarterly Journal — Report on the Section of Oriental Antiquities in the U. S. National Museum. (Washington, 1891.) of Economics, Jaly, 1892.) CONN, H. W. The Fermentations of Milk. (E’eperinsent Station Bulletin, ALDEN, EDMUND K. The Salvation Army at Work. (The Christian Union, November 26, 1892.) No. 9, Washington, 1892.) ALLIzssoN, F. G. Review of Muller’s Historisebe Grammatik der Hellen- The Isolation of Rennet from Bacteria Cultures. (Science, November isehen Sprache. (Am. Journal of Philology, Vol. XIII, 94—98.) 4, 1892.) ANDREWS, C.NI. The Old English Manor. (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1892.) — Some Uses ofBacteria. (The American Naturalist, December, 1892.) COOK, A. S. The Art of Poetry. (Boston: Giun, 1892.) — Review of Fiske’s Discovery ofAmerica. (The f§’hristian Union, Novem- ber 5, 1892.) — The Bible and English Prose Style. (Boston: heath, 1892.) ANDEEWS, B. A. Bifurcated Annelids. (~4merican Naturalist,September, 1892.) CEEHORE, A. C. (Frederick Bedell and). Equivalent Resistance, Self-

— Experimental Embryology. (lb., .Iuly, 1892.) Induction and Capacity of Parallel Circuits with Harmuonic Impressed Electromotive Force; The Effects of Self-Ind]]ction and Distributed — On the Eyes of Polychmtous Annelids. (Journal of Morphology, Novem- ber, 1892.) Static Capacity in a Conductor. (Philosophical Magazine, London, Sep- APPLEGAItTH, A. C. Pa,,an Jurisprudence. (The Green Bag, Boston, tember and Decesnber, 1892.) November, 1892.) On Circuits Containing Resistance, Self-Induction and Capacity.

— The Quakers in Pennsylvania. (Studies in History and Politics, 1892.) (AIne]’ican Institute ofElectricol Engineers, Chicago, June, 1892.) ARNOLT, W. M. The Assyro-Babylonian Months and their Regents. DEWEY, J. Green’s Theory of the Moral Motive. (Philosophical Review, (Journ. of BibI. Literature, Vol. XI, and Pph., 1892.) Boston, November, 1 892.) 1ourt, Chicago, Reviews of Studia Biblica et Ecciesiastica, II and III, and Keller’s DEWEY,JuneD.30,R.1892.)The Relation of Social Reforms. (The Open 6 Lateinische Volksetymologie and Verwandtes. (American Journal of DONALDSON, II. H. The Extent of tIme Visual Area of the Cortex in Man, Philology, Vol. Xlii.) as Deduced fromo the Study of Laura Bridgman’s Brain. (American — Reports on Journal Asiatique and Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgan- Journal of Psychology, Vol. IV, No. 4.) liindischen Gesellschaft. (Ibid., Vol. XIII, No. 2.) EBELING, H. L. A Study ofthe Messemmiaca of Pausanias. — On the Translations of the Deluge Tablets. (Proceedings of American Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Oriental Society, April, 1892.) ELY, R. T. The Economic Revolution. (The Chaistauquan, January, 1893.) — The Works of Jules Oppert (with portrait). (Haupt and Delitzsch’s ELLIOTT, A. NI. Lebrija and the Romance Fnt~re Tense. (Modern Lan- Beitrilge zur Assyriologie, etc., Vol. II, 523—556.) guage Notes, December, 1892.) BAGBY,A. Adverbs in Horace and Juvenal. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. FAUST, A. B. Charles Sealsfleld. (Carl Postl.) BASSETT, JOHN S. University Extension for North Carolina. (The Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Southern Educator, February, 1892.) FAY, E. W. Notes: Etymological; Semasiological. (American Journal of BAYLEY, W. S. Fibrous Intergrowth of Augite and Plagioclase in a Philology, Vol. XIII, No. 2.) Minnesota Gabbro. (American Journal of Science, June, 1892.) FIELD, G. XV. The Larva of Asterias Vulgaris. (Quarterly Journal of BEYEE, H. G. A Lecture on Physical Trainin 0 and Gymnastic Exercise. Microscopical Sciel]ce, November, 1892.) (Annapolis, March, 1892.) FIELD, G. W. The Problem of Marine Biolo~y. (American Naturalist, BIBDINS, A. On the Distribution of Cordylophora in the Chesapeake October, 1892.) Estuaries and the Character of Its Habitat. (Transactions of the Mary- FossuM, A. The Stage-Building of the Theatre at Eretria. (American land Academy of Sciences, 1892.) Joarnal of Archwoloyy, Vol. VJI, No. 3.) BILLINGS, J. S. IdealsofMedical Education. (Addressat Yale University, 1891.) FowLEu, H. N. Sebmekel’s Stoic Philosophy. (The Classiceml Review, Mortality in the United States. (The Chantauquan, November, 1892.) October, 1892.) BLACK, J. W. Mnrylammd’s Attitude in the Struggle for Canada. (Studies FRANKLIN, FABIAN. Bemerkung fiber eismen Punkt in Riemann’s Theorie in History and Politics, 1892.) der Abel’schen Functionen. (Mathematisehe Annalen, Vol. XLI, 1892.) Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. JOHNS HOPKIYS 30 [No. 102.

FRANKLIN, i\Ths. CHRISTINE LADD. Review of Tone’s Elements of Logic HoBBs, War. H. Notes on some Pseudomorphs from the Taconic Region. as a Science of Propositions. (Mind, Vol. XV, p. 559.) (American Geologist, I/al. X, Jnly, 1892.) — Review of Ernst Schrmder’s Vorlesungen fiber die Algebra der Logik Secondary Bandin (exakte Lojk). (lb., New Series, Vol. I, p. 126.) 0 in Guciss. (Bulletin Geolayical Society of America, Vol. III, 1891.) — Review of Dr. Ilillebrand’s Svllogi~tic Scheme. (lb., Vol. I, p. 527.) On some Metamorphosed Eruptives in the Crystalline Rocks of Mary- Eine nene Theorie der Lichtempfindungen. (Zeitschriftfiir Psychologie ‘end Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, Vol. IV, ‘p. 211.) land; (with G. B. Culver) On a New Occurrence of Olivine Diabase in FRIEDENWALD, HARRY. Opening of the Mastoid Process. (Medical and Minnehaha County, South Dakota; Notes on a Trip to the Lipari Islands; Note on Cerussite from Illinois and Wisconsin. ( lVisconsin Chirurgical Feicidly of Maryland, April 29, 1892.) FROTHINGUAM, A. L. Introduction of Gothic Architecture into Italy by the Academy of Sciences, Vols. Viii; IX.) HODGE, C. F. A Microscopical Study of Changes due to Functional Activity Cistercian Monks. (American Journal of Archecology, Vol. Vii; Nos. 3 & 4. in Nerve Cells. (Journal of Morphology, November, 1892.) GILDEESLEEVE, B. L. Notices of Recent Publications. (American Journal I-lOWELL, W. LI. A Study of the Degeneration and Regeneration in of Philology, Vol. XIII~ 123—5; 256—60; 383—3.) Peripheral Nerve Fibres after Severance of their Connections with the GILMAN, B. I. Report on an Experimental Test of Musical Expressive- ness. (American Joarnal of Psychology, Vol. IV, No. 4.) Nerve Centres. (Journal of Physiology, Vol. Xiii; No. 5,1892.) TJUGHSON, S. C. Old Pirate Days. (Nese York Evening Post, Nov. 12, 1892.) — On the Propertiesofa One-dimensional Manifold. (Mind, October,1892.) HUI.BURT, L. S. Topology of Algebraic Curves. (Bulletin of the New York GILMAN, I). C. Development of the Public Library in America: An Address delivered at the opening of Cornell University Library, Octo- Mathensatical Society, Vol. i; No. 9.) ber 7, 1891. (Published by Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.) IIuRD, H. M. Post Febrile Insanity. (Maryland Medical Journal, May 28, 1892.) — Seventeenth Annual Report as President of the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. (Baltimore, 1892.) HIJSSEY, GEO. B. Greek Sculptured Crowns and Crown Inscriptions. (Anserican School of Classical ~~udies at Athens, Vol. V.) — De Juventute: The Preparatory School: An Address delivered at the opening of the new Halls of the Berkeley School. (New York, 1891.) HYSLOP, J. H. Inhibition and the Freedom of the Will. (The Philo- sophical Beview, Boston, Vol. i; No. 4.) — Is it Worth While to uphold any longer the Idea of Liberal Educa- tion? An Address before the Third Annual Convention of the Col- Poverty and Socialism. (The Independent, N. Y., June 9, 1592.) lege Association of the Middle States. (1891.) Principles of Theoretical and Practical Logic. (Scribuer’s, N. Y., 1892.) JAGEMANN, H. C. G. Elements of German Syntax. (halt, N. Y., 1892.) — The Eye and Ear at Chicago. (The Century Magazine, January, 1893.) GRANT, U. S. The Stratagraphic Position of the Ogiskee Conglomerate. — Materials for German Prose Composition. (Ib., 1892.) (American Geologist, Vol. K, pp. 4—10, July, 1892.) JASTROW, J. Further Study of Involuntary Movements. (Popular Science GUDEMANN, A. Syllabus on the History of Classical Philology. (Ginn, Monthly, September, 1892.) Boston, 1892.) ____ Time Problems of Comparative I~sychology. (Ib., November, 1892.) HALL, E. H. Teaching Elementary Physics. (Canada Educational Monthly, JONES, H. C. Determination of the Atomic Weight of Cadmium. Thesis for time Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. November, 1892.) HALL, J. L. Ancient Epitaphs in York and James City Counties, Vir- KASTLE, J. H. The Decomposition of Silver Chloracetate considered in ginia. (Virginia Historical Collections, Vol. XL) time Light of Ostwald’s Timeory of Affinity. (Amem’ican Chemmeical Journal, Beowulf. An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem. December, 1892.) / Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. KEELER, J. B. The Nebular Hypothesis (continued.) (Astmoaomy and HAL5TED, G. B. Our Belief in Axioms and the New Spaces. (Scientiac Astmo-Physics, November, 1892.) Bacerdamens, October, 1890; June, 1891.) KELLOGG, J. L. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Morphology of The Science Absolute of Space by John Bolgai. (Translation, 1892.) the Lamellibranchiate Mollusks. HARRIsON, T. P. Reviesv of Israel Golancz, Pearl, An English Poem. Thesis for the Debree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1892. (Modern Language Notes, June, 1892.) KELLY, H. A. Address to time graduating class of Training School for Nurses, Wilkesbarre, Pa., July 1,1892. (Pph.) The Separable Prefixes in Anglo-Saxon. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Gynaecological Technique. (N. V. Journal of Gynaccology, July, 1892.) HATFIELD, J. T. The Auganas~1dbhuthni: Text and Translation. (Journal Time Ureteral Catimeter. (Aneerican Josemnal of Obstetrics, Jumme, 1892.) of Anserican Oriental Society, Vol. XV, No. 2.) KEYES, C. K. The Platyceras Group of Palneozoic Gasteropods. (Ameri- HAIIPT, P. Report on International Congress of Orientalists. (lVashington, can Geologist, November, 1892.) 1891.) Time Present Basal Line of Delimitation of the Carboniferous in North- IIAWORTII, B. The Age and Orioin of the Crystalline Rocks of Missouri. eastern Missouri. (ibid., Decemnbem’, 1892.) (Geological Survey of Missouri Bulletin, 1891.) Remarkable Fauna at the Base of time Burlington Limestone in North- HAYES, C. W. An Expedition through the Yukon District. (TheNational eastern Missouri. (American Journal of Science, December, 1892.) Geographic Magazine, May, 1892.) — The Classification of tile Lower Carhoniferous Rocks of the Mississippi Report on the Geology of Northeastern Part of Alabama and Adjacent Valley. Parts of Georgia. (Bulletiss No. 4 of Geological Survey of Alabaraa.) Thesis for the Degree of Itoctor of Philosophy, 1892. HEMPL, GEORGE. The Etymology ofyet, a. E. giet. (The Academy, London, KINLEY, D. Time Influence on Business of the Intlependent Treasury. December 19, 1891. (American Academy of Political amed Social Science, No. 66.) — Use of National Banks in Governmental Financial Operations. (The —. Weak forms of been and Pope’s Rimes. (The Nation, N. Y., December 24, 1891.) Madison Times, Decemaber 1,1892.) LANIER, C D. Jolmn MeDonogh, Philanthropist. (Charities Review, May, — Bernhard Ten Brink. (The Dial, Chicago, March, 1892.) 1892.) — Old English glen (a), glut (a); Old English ia = Germanic aS and Old English Shortening before h + cons. (Modern Language Notes, LEARNED, M. D. The Johns Hopkins University. (The American Uni- April and November, 1892.) versity Gourier, Washington, December, 1892.) The Etymology of Germanic hbc -s; Is “Book” from the Latin? LEIIMANN, C. F. Zur ‘AOmjvaicee 7rOXLTEI . (Hermes, Vol. XX Viii; 539—60.) (Anglia, Vol. 15.) LINN, A. F. I. Sulplmon-Fluorescin and Related Compounds. II. Some Old English Phonology. (Boston., Heath, 1892.) Experiments on time Rate of Oxidation of time Three Toluic Acids by HENDRIcKSON, G. L. On the Authenticity of the Commentariolum Peti- Potassium Permanganate in Alkaline Solution. Thesis for time Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. tionis ofQuintus Cicero. (Asnerican Journal ofPhilology, Vol. Xiii, No. 2.) HERING, H. S. and War. S. ALDRICH. Test of the Neversink Mountain Looasms, H. B. The Effect of Cimanges of Temperature on the Distribution Electric Road. (W. J. Johnstoa C’o., N. Y., 1892.) of Magnetism. (Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Vol. VIiL) Hiss, H. The Maryland National Guard. (Outing, May, 1892.) LYMAN, J. A. The Phthaleins of Ortimo-sulpho-para-toluic Acid. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULA115. 31

MACMECHAN, A. Reviews in the Halifax Mercury (October, 1891, to Feb- SMITH, C. A. Some Literary Aspects of the Book of Judges. (The Presby- ruary, 1892) of the following books —Frame’s Stories of the Land of terian Qtcarterly, October, 1892.) Evangeline; Scott’s Journal; Catherwood’s The Lady of Fort St. John; SMYTII, K. W. Review of L. Abrens’ Kleine Sclsriften, I. (American Landor’s Imaginary Conversations, etc. Also Reviews in the Halifax Journal of Philology, Vol. XIIL 235-9.) Herald of Lampman’s Among the Millet; Nickerson’s Carols of the SPESRS, F. W. An Experiment in Behalf of the Unemployed. (Charities Coast; Walton’s Compleat Angler; Parkin’s Imperial Federation, etc. Revieso, Nese Vorir, May, 1892.) MAIN, J. I-I. T. Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. STEBMAN, E. C. TIse Nature and Elements of Poetry. (liossghton, Boston, Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1892.) MENGER, L. E. F in Tutti E Tre, Tutte E Tre. (Moderrs Language Notes, The Turaholl Lecinres on Poetry in 1891. December, 1892.) STEENBEEG, G. NI. Infectious Diseases: Causation and Immunity. (Popu- MERIWETIIER, C. Charity in Japan. (Charities Revieso, May, 1892.) lar Science Monthly, Septeosber, 1892.) MILLS, WESLEY. The Natural or Scientific i\Iethod in Education. (Popu- — Practical Results of Bacteriological liesearclses. (Association of Ameri- icr Science Monthly, November, 1892.) can Physicians, Washington, May, 1892.) MILRoY, Wrr. M. The Participle in the Vulgate New Testament. STOKES, I-I. N. On the Catalytic Action of Aluminium Chloride on Silicic Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Etlsers. (American Cheasical Journal, Vol. XIV, No. 6.) MOIIGAN, T. H. Spinal Modification of Metamerism. (Journal of Mor- On the Action of Plsosplsorous Oxychloride on Aromatic Silicic phology, November, 1892.) Etisers; Note on Beuzyl Silicate. (lb., Vol. XIV, No. 7.) MUEHAY, A. T. Some Notes on Blaydes’ Nubes; On a Passage in Euripi- SToRY, W. E. On an Operator, that produces all the Covariants and des’ Iphigenia Taurica. (Colorado College Studies, 1892.) Invariants of any Systens of Quantities. (Proceedings of London Mathe- NEwsoN, H. B. Unicursal Curves by Method of Inversion. (Kansas Uni- mrstical Society, 1892, p. 265.) versity Quarterly, October, 1892.) TABER, H. On a Theorem of Sylvester’s relating to Non-Degenerate NICHoLs, E. L. Age-Coating in Incandescent Lamps. (American Journal Matrices. (Americast Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1892.) of Science, October, 1892.) TRENT, ‘AT. P. Notes on Recent Work in Solstliern History. (Virginia NoYEs, Wnr. Reports on Recent Psychological Literature and Psychiatry. Historical C’ollections, Vol. XL) (American Journal of Psychology, Vol. v; No. 1.) TURNER, F. J. Review of Payne’s Ilistory of the New World called ORNDORFF, W. R. and S. B. Newbury. Uber die Darstellung von Aldol America. (The Dial, Chica und Crotonaldehyd. (Aired. d. Wissen. Wien, Math-Nat. Cl. Jesse, 1892.) 7o, December 16, 1892.) OSLER, ‘ATH. Teacher and Student. An Address at the opening of the WARNER, A. G. German Labor Colonies. (Quarterly Journal of Econom- College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota, ics, July, 1892.) October, 1892. (Pph., Baltimore, 1892.) WARREN, MINTON. Reviews of Ellis’ Noctes Manilianne, M. Bonnet’s Philologie classique, and Anecdota Oxoniensia, Classical Series VII. — Tuberculous Pericarditis. (American Journal of Medical Science, Janu- ary, 1893.) (Asacrican Journal of Philology, XIII, 10 1—104.) PATRICK, G. T. W. Memory in Education. (Educational Review, Decem- WATASE, S. On tlse Phenomena of Sex-Differentiation. (Journal of Mor- ber, 1892.) phology, Vol. VI, No. 3.) POWELL, L. P. University Extension and the Public Schools. (Wiscon- WEEKS, S. B. The Religious Development in the Province of North Car sin Journal of Education, September, 1892.) alma. (SttIdies in History and Politics, 1892.) Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. PRINCE, J. D. On the Writing on the Wall at Belshazzar’s Fea (Pro- A Bibliography of North Carolina’s Historical Literature. (The ceedings of Asnerican Oriental Society, April, 1892.) Sonthern Educator, February, 1892.) RosA, E. B. The Specific Inductive Capacity of Electrolytes. Thesisfor the De,ree of Doctor of Philosophy. William Drumnsond, First Governor of North Csuolina, 1664—1667; Henry Lawson Wyatt, the First Confederate Soldier killed in Battle. ROSEWATER, VIcTOR. Municipal Control of Electric Ligbtii (The (The National ]llagazisse, April and Novesssber, 1892.) independent, N. Y., November, 1892.) — Johsn Lawson and .Jolsn Brickell, early Historians of North Carolina. Ross, E. A. A New Canon of Taxation. (Pclitical Science Quarterly, De- (The f&in’ity Archir, Septesssber, 1892.) cember, 1892.) WhITNEY, NI. Some Plsysical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Standard of Deferred Payments. (American Academy of Political and Moisture and Crop Distribution. (Bulletin No. 4, U. S. Department of Social Science, November, 1892.) Agriculture, lVeathes Bureau.) Reform Spirit. An Address. (The Cornell Era, November 2, 1892.) Sinking Funds. WILLiAMS, G. H. Volcanic Rocks of the South Mountain in Pennsylvania Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. and Maryland. (Asnerican Journed of Science, December, 1892.) — Anatase from tlse Slate Quarries of Aryan, Va. (lb., November, Ross, C. H. The Autlsorship of “Gammer Gurton’s” Needle. (Modern 1891.) Language Notes, June, 1892.) — Tue Silicified Glass Breccia of Vermillion River, Sudbury. (Bulletin ROWLAND, H. A. Notes on the Theory of the Transformer. (Philosophi- of Geological Society of America, Vol. II, p. 138, 1891.) cal Magazine, London., July, 1892.) Notes on the Microscopical Cisaracter of Rocks front tlse Sndbury ROYCE, J. The Implications of Self.Consciousness. (The Nese World, June, 1892.) Mining District., Canada. Appendix 1 to Dr. R. Bell’s Report. (Annual Report Geological Survey of Canadafor 1889—90.) SCAIFE, W. B. America; Its Geographical History, 1492—1892. (The Johns Hophins Press, 1892.) Notes on Some Eruptive Rocks from Alaska. (National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 4, pp. 63—74, 1891.) SOILOENFELD, H. Brant and Erasmus. (Modern Language Notes, June, and N. H. Darton. Geology of Baltimore and its Vicinity. (In Guide 1892.) Book to Baltimore issued for the Meeting of the Ancerican Institute of Missing SEDOWICK, Wnv. T. Typhoid Fever in Chicago. (Pph., 1892.) Escgineers, 1892.) SHAW, WILLIAM B. Recent Legislation Affectin~ Dependent, Defective WILLIAMS, J. W. Vulva-Vaginitis in Children. (Maryland Medical Jour- and Delinquent Classes. (The Charities Review, N. Y., December, 1892.) SHERMAN, 0. T. A Study in the Variation of the Solar Diameter. scal, June 11, 1892.) (Astrossomy and Astro-Physics, June, 1892.) WILSON, E. B. Cell-Lineage of Nereis: Contribution to the Cytogeny of the Annelid Body. (Jostrual of Morphology, July, 1892.) SHOBER, W. B. On the Action of Certain Alcohols with Para-Diazo- WooD, H. Columbus and Isis Discovery of Anserica: An Address. (Studies Beuzene-Sulplsonic Acid. Thesis for the Debree of Doctor of Philosophy. in History assd Politics, 1892.) SIBLER, E. G. Report on Hermes. (American Jossrnal of Philology, XIV.) WOODBURN, J. A. Causes of tile American Revolution. (Studies in His- SMALL, A. W. Report as President of Colby University. (Waterville, tory and Politics, 1892.) Maine, 1892.) WoositFoRD, A. B. The Law (?) of Supply and Demand. (Social Economist, December, 1892.) 32 fOIINS I’IOPKINS [No. 102.

ENDOWMENT OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF THIS UNIVERSITY.

LETTER FROM Miss GARRETT TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE UNIvERSITY. “‘4. That there shall be created a committee of six women to whom the women studying in the Medical School may apply for advice concerning “BALTIMORE, December 22nd, 1892. lodging and other practical matters, and that all questions concerning the personal cilaracter of women applying for admaission to the School and all “To the President and Board of Trustees non-academic questions of discipline affectin~ the women studying in the of the Johns Hopkins University. Medical School shall be referred to tilis Committee, and by them be in writing reported for action to time authorities of the University; that tile members “ Gentlemen:— of this conlmittee shall be members for life; that the committee, when once “In the resolutions of your Board of Trustees, adopted on October 28th, formed, shall be seif-nonlinating, its nominations of new members to fill such 1890, it was provided that tile Medical School of your University should be vacancies as may occur being subject always to the approval of the Board opened when a general fund had been accumulated for its establishment and of Trustees of the University; and that the first members shall be Mrs. maintenance, amounting to not less than $500,000. Henry l\i. Hurd and Mrs. Ira Remsen, both of whom were active mem- “In the minute of your Board of Trustees, adopted on April 30th, 1891, it bers of time Baltinlore Comalittee of time Women’s Medical School Fund; was stated that tile University would have in money and property, applicable Mrs. William Osler; Miss M. Carey Thomas and Miss Mary M. Gwinn, the to its Medical School Fund, when it received the Women’s Medical School two friends wilo have been most closely associated with n~e in promoting Fund, tile sum of $178,780.42. the opening of tile Medical School, both of whom are daughters of Trustees “This sum, because of subsequent payments, outstanding collectalde of the University; and myself. amounts, an(l the interest accrued thereon, may now be safely assumed to “‘5. That tIme Medical School silall be opened in the autumn of 1893, and be $193,023. that notice ofsuch imitended opening shall be given on February 22nd, 1893. “It is necessary tllerefore that the general fund referred to should be in- “‘6. That in tile event of any violation of any or all of the aforesaid creased by tile sum of ‘306,977 to ensure the opening ofyour Medical school. stipulations the said sum of $306,977 shall revert to me, or such person or “1 now place this amount of $306,977, payable as hereinafter provided, persons, institution or institutions, as I by testament or otherwise may here- at the disposal of your Board of Trustees for the use of its Medical School after appoint. Such alteration of the Preliminary Medical Course at present upon the terms expressed in your Resolutions of Octoller 28th, 1890, and laid dowml imi your Ummiversity Register as shall leave undiminished the time upon the terms expressed in my letter of April 27th, 1891 and accepted in required for preparation for that course, and the timue required for the com- your minute of April 30th, 1891, namely: tilat this sum of $306,977 shall pletion of that course, anmi time time devoted before and during that course revert to me, or such person or persons, institution or institutions, as I by to modern lanouaoes~ a other than Rughish, and to non-medical scientific testament or otherwise may hereafter appoint, if the University shall dis- studies, shall not be construed as violating the stipulations aforesaid.’ continue a Medical School devoted to the education of both men and wonlen, “These stipulations, amId in particular those relating to time standard of or if at any time it can be shown by proper legal proceedings that the women admission, imustruction and graduation in the Medical School, I make not studying in tile Medical School do not enjoy all its advantages on the same because of any misgiving in regard to the policy likely to be pursued by the terms as men, or are not admitted on tile same ternls as mem~ to all prizes, present Board of Trustees, but because of the obvious possibility tlmat the dignities, or honors that are awarded by coulpetitive examination, or policy alight be altered by succeeding Trustees, and because of my own entire regarded as rewards of merit; and with certain further stipulations, namely: umlwihhiugness to contribute at any tinle to the maintenance of an under- “‘I. That not more than $50,000 of the original endowment of $500,000 gradmmate or partly under-graduate school. shall be expended on a building or buildings; and that in memory of the “The sum of $306,977 thus offered to the Trustees of the University I contributions of the Committees of tIme Women’s Medical School Fund, this propose to pay in yearly instainments of $50,000 each, the first payment being building, if there be but one, or the chief building, if there be more tllan made on January 1st, 1894, and the last on January 1st, 1899, adding to this one, shall be known as the Women’s Fund Memorial Building. final payment time additional sum of $6,977 still due; and in the meanwimile “‘2. That the Medical School of tIle University shall be exclusively a I will pay to tile University in semi-annual payments interest at 5 per Graduate School as hereinafter explained, that is to say —That the Medical cemlt. per annumim, comuputed from January 1st, 1893, on such part of my gift School of the Johns Hopkins University shall form an integral part of tile as mmmay renlain fromn time to time in my hands, and I will for time payment Johns hopkins University, and like other departments of the University, of all the said amllountS make snail provision as will guarantee the Uni- shall be under the ulanagement amid control of the Trustees of the said Uni- versity against all contingencies. versity; that it shall provide a four years’ course, leading to the degree of “I am Doctor of Medicine; that all the imlstruction given in tile School shall pre- “Very respectftmlly yours, suppose the knowledge at present required for matriculation in your Uni- “MARY B. GARRETT.” versity and the knowledge imparted ill the Preliminary Medical Course (Third Group, Chemical Biological) as at present laid down in your Uni- versity Register; that there sIlall be admitted to tile School those students AcTIoN OF THE TRUSTEES. only who by exanlination or by other tests equally satisfactory to the Faculty of the Medical School, (no distinction being made in these tests The following minute and resolution were adopted by the Trustees, Decemimber 24t1l, 1892: or examinations between men and women), have proved that they have Time President and Board of Trustees of Time Johns Hopkins University conlpleted the studies included in the Preliminary Medical Course, (but this conditioml is not meant to restrict the Trustees from receiving as ilearers, having read and fully considered the generous oiler made to them by Miss but not as candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, those who have Mary Fhizabeth Garrett, of Baltimore, in her letter of December 22nd, 1892, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine or its equivalent in some school to place at their disposal the large sum of three hundred and six thousanui, of good repute); and that time degree of Doctor of Medicine of the Johns nine ilundred and seventy-seven dollars, in further endowment of the Hopkins University silall be given to no Doctors of Medicine who have not Medical School of The Johns Hopkins Univeisity, upon time conditions proved by examination or by otiler tests equally satisfactory to tile Faculty set forth in said letter, gratefully accept Iler offer, and agree, for and on of the Medical Scilool that they have completed the studies included in the behalf of the said University, to perform fully all the conditions, upon which Preliminary Medical Course, besides completing the course of imlstruction of her munificent gift is made. the Medical School of the Johns Hopkins University. “The momle~, thus contributed, shall be known and designated as the “‘3. That the terms of this gift and the Resolution of October 28th, 1890, ‘Mary Rhizabetil Garrett Fund,’ and a separate account thereof shall always in which the Trustees accepted the gift of tile Women’s Medical School be kept upon tIme books of the University. Fund, shall be printed each year in whatever annual or semi-aumlual calen- “Time Comulittee named by liner in her said letter, shall be known to this dars may be issued announcing the courses of the Medical School. Board as the ‘Women’s Committee of the Medical School’; and such Corn- JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY CIJ?CULARS. mittee shall be organized and always maiutaiued in the manner set forth men of this country, whose acquirements and training may enable them to in her said letter; and shall perform the duties therein imposed upon it. enter upon its course of instruction, unsurpassed opportunities for the scien- “The Baxley Funu, the Women’s Me(lical School Fund and the fund tific study of medicine. now contributed hy Miss Mary Elizabeth Garrett in aid of our Medical “Resolved, That the President of the Board of Trustees be requested to School, will enable this Board to open such School in October 1393. The transmit to Aiss Mary Elizabeth Garrett a. copy of her letter with a copy School, when. opened, will, we believe, because of its connection with the of this Minute and Resolution, under the seal of this University, and attested Johns Hopkins Hospital, and because of the gifts which it has already by him and by the Secretary thereof, annexed thereto, as a memorial ofher received, and especially this last munificent gift, afford to the women and liberality to this University and of its Oi)ligations to her.’

CURRENT NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS.

P RCY Tu NEULL MEMORIAL LEcTURESHIP. February 25. The History of Popular Education in England and The Trustees have the pleasure of announcing that the third course of America. March 11. The Ge,man System of State Education. lectures on this foundation will be given by ROBERT YELYERTON TYRRELL, Litt. D., LL. D., Fellow of Trinity College and Regius Professor of Greek March 18. Education in France since tile Revolution. in the University of Dublin. His principal works are “ The Correspondence of Cicero” (now iu course THE TEn—CENTENARY os~ GALILEO’S ELECTION TO THE CHAIR OF of publication), editions of the Bacchae and Troades of Euripides and the MATTIEMA’:ICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA. Miles Gloriosus of Piantus, and a translation into English verse of the The University received frons the University of Padna a letter of invi- Acharnians of Aristophanes. tation to the celebration of the tar-centenary of Galileo’s election to the The subject ofhis course in Baltimore will be “The Growth and Influence chair of Matlsematics, which was held December 6, 7, 8, 1892. A con- of Latin Poetry.” gratulatory letter was sent in reply. The correspondence follows: The lectures will begin Monday, March 13, 1893, at. 5 o’clock, and con- tinue on the dates named at the same hour. UNIVERSITAS PATAYtNA I. Introductory: A General View ofLatin Poetry. Monday, March 13. lonAxass Houassess UinvanscvsTs 11. Early Latin Poetry, especially the 1)rama. Tuesday, March 14. Universitas nostra, quac fere abhinc septem saeculis honestissimo doctri- III. Lucretius and Epicureanism. Thursday, March 16. narnmn et artinin trarlendaruns mnunere fongitur et scholac a Galilaeo Galilaeo IV. Catullus and the transition to the Angustan Age. Friday, March 17. hic duo de viginti annos habitae maximum suarun laudum acceptam refert, V. Virgil. Monday, March 20. ne sil)i officio sno deesse videretur, septimum Decembris diem, qui trecentos VI. Horace. Tuesday, March 21. post annos iviox recurret, festum agere at concelebrare constitnit. VII. Satire: Persius and Juvenal. Thursday, March 23. Illo enim (lie Ann. MI)XCII summus acerrimusque investigator legum, VIII. Poetry of the Decline. Friday, March 24. quibus caclestium terrestriumqne serum isatura corstinetur, hic cathedram ascendit eamque voce sna smmortalitati comnsuendavit. Quum vero neminem lateat Gahilaeuns Galilaeum non medo patriae suae LEYERING LEcYtIPES, 1893. summo honori fuisse, sad etiam cunctis terrae regicuibus, enndemqne doc- Four lectures, ~~rovi(ledby the liberality of Mr. Eugene Leverin~, will trinis, quarum fi efensor vel anctor extiterit, permagnas omnibus homiunm be delivered in Levering Hall before the members of the Association and aetatibus utilitates prachuisse, Universitas nostra par esse censuit unum other students, at the (lates below named. aliquem invitare a scholis in studio cognitionis at scientiae umaximo opere The lecturer for 1892—93 is the Rev. W. R. HUNTINGTON, D. D., Rector versantibus ad sacculares ferias, qnae a sexto usque ad octavum Decembris of Grace Church, New York. diem habebuntur, at doctorum hominum cancursu honoris gratneque me- The subject will be: The Four Monosyllables of Religion: Light, Life, man e significatio, qua, auspice Humberto I italiae Peon cam civibas Pata- Law, Love. vinis sapientlssimi yin maerita. prosequetur, dicmior ac magnificentior fiat. The lectures will be given on Mondays and Tuesdays, ;Tailuary 30 and 31, Itaque qunmn sushi Jenatiss Acadesnicus co,nmiserit, ut peculsareill am— February 6 and 7, at 5 o’clock. plissirno ordini vestro iuvitationem mitterein, dam ems volnutati obsequor codem die, quo tribus ante saecuiis Veneta respishhica.in suam IJuiversitatem Galilacum Galilaaum ad rusathematicam docendamn dalegit., in spa sum fore, LEOTU ES ~N EDUCATION. doctissimi viii, at, si qais vestrasus adsit, at feriis nostris slecus augeatur at apertias flat, quanti sit apud Imomines veritatis studiosos gloria yin, qui A course of lectures on the Philosophy and History of Education will be certain rerum experienda rum viam sic rats onem invenit. atqne constitust. given to those members of this IJuiversity who are engagcd in teaching, or D. Patavio die xXYI Seutembnis Ann. who expect to become teachers, and to persons, not members of t.he Uni- H ‘CTOR Uxsvaasn ATIS CAROLUS F. FERHA IS. ver4ty, who may apply for the privilege of attendance, in the lecture room of the Physical Laboratory, on Saturday mornings at nine o’clock, as follows: INCLUTAL UNIVERSITATI PATAYINAR S. P. I). Fire Lectures on the Philosophy of Education, by Dr. WILLIAM T. HARRIS, UusvansslAs louses Hocasus BAavissoauxsis. Cbmaasissioner of Education. 1-Inmanissimis vestris littaris invitati at vobiscum tnidaum festumn con- January 7. TIse Literature of the History of Education. celebraresnus, quo laetam messioniasn Ga.lilaai C sslilaai ante has ccc smunos January 14. Problems peculiar to American Education. cathadram in vestra Academia ,uendontis recolare constituistis, legatnm January 21. Opposition l)etween Pasta lozzi and Herbart as Educational aliquem a nostro nnvaaro bibantar sid vos snittera,nns nisi locorum distantia Leaders. magno spatio tarrae marisque interiecto foret impedimenta. January 28. Rousseau and the Return to Nature. Revolutionary Protest. Nunc vera diiuncti lOCiS meistibims copulati nosnan Galilaci Galilaci ussics February 4. Herbert Spencer, and what knowledge is of most worth. spectatoris caeli siclerumqae, snirabihioris tamen inventoris, at verbis Livi Five Lectures on the History of Education, by Dr. JAMES MACALISTER, Presi- vestni de vetare illo Arelsisnetle utmanur, vabiscusa sumismo honore prose- dent of the Drexel institute. quesnur. Valeta. February 11. The Renaissance in its Relation to Education. D. Ealtimorae die xii Novembnis Asia. MDCCCXCiI. PaAas,cs UI5sYEEssTATIS DANIEL C. GILMAN. February 15. The En~iish Renaissance and the Humanistic Movement in England. JOHNS HOPKINS 34 LNo. 102.

UNIVERSITY CALENDAR, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1892. butions to the Interpretation of the Veda,’ lI—TV. Literarisehes Central- The SEVENTEENTIT ACADEMiC YEAR began Saturday, October 1, 1892. hiatt, ur. 51, 1892, pp. 1835—6. The opening assembly was held in the main ball of the Peabody Institute Mr. STEDDAN’S lectures on the “Nature and Ele cuts of Poetry,” on on Monday evening, October 10, xvhen an address commemorative of Chris- the Percy Turimbull Memmiorial Foundation, have been published in book topher Columbus and the Discovery of America was delivered by Professor form by tIme Riverside Press, Cambridge. H. B. Adams. This address bas been printed in the Historical Stndies. I)r. STolmEs’s lecttimes on “St. Bernard,” given in the Levering Course in The Autumn Examinations for admission and matriculation were held 1892, have been issued by Charles Scribner’s Sons, under the title of October 3, 4 and 5. Columbus Day, October 21, was observed in the Uni- “Bernard of Clairvaux: ‘[lie Man, His Times, His Work.” versity by the suspension of the regular class exercises. The Thanksgiving Dr. W. L. DEvRIES has written the words of an acadenmic ode designed Recess extended from Wednesday evening, November 23, to i\’londay morn- for the celebrations of the Johns hopkins University. The music is by ing, November 28. The Christmas Recess extended from the close of Friday, Miss Ehizabetlm Ellen Starr, of the Peabody Conservatory of Music. December 23, to Wednesday morning, Jannary 4, 1893. ADoLPH RNMBEAU, Ph. D., has been appointed Associate in Romance languages and Imas tmmken charge of the undergraduate classes in French. Dr. Rambean is a graduate of the Wittenberg Gymnasium and of the Uni- President GmMAN began an introductory course of lectures on Social versity of Marburg. During tIme past four years he has been a Professor in Science, October 29. the Wilhelm Gymnasiuma at Hammmburg. Dr. A. G. WARNER began a course of ten lectures on Charities and their Administration, Friday, December 2. JOSiAH ROYCE (Phi. D., 1878) has been appointed Professor of the His- tory of Philosophy in Harvard University. Professor JOHN B. CLARK, of Amherst College, concluded his course of CYRUS ABLER, (Ph. D., 1887), has been appointed Librarian of the twenty-fl ye lectures on the “ IfeonomicTheory of Distribution,” Novemo her 23. Professor NEwenamE began November 29 a course of eight lectures on Smithsonian Institution. The Pacific Conimercial Advertiser of Honolulu, September 14, 1892, “Mathematical Economics.” J. P. LoTsY, Ph. D. (Giitt.), Fellow by Courtesy, gave a course of eight contains mmn account of an mmscent of Manna Kea, Hawaii, by a scientific party headed by Mr. E. D. PRESTON. The same journal contaimis several lectures on the Ilepreductive Organs of Algae, beginning November 22. The lectures were followed by a course of laboratory exercises, in which allusions to Mr. Preston’s work in Astronommiy and Physics. the chief types treated in the lectures were studied. Band II, Heft 2, of tIme BEITRXGE ZUR AssYRmoLoGmE, edited by Professors Mr. A. M. heRo, graduate stu(lent, began January 9 a course of instruction Dclitzschm and Haupt, and published with tIme codperation of tIme Johns in Modern Greek. Hopkins University, is just ready. Its contents are as follows: HARPER, EDWARD J. Die babylonischmen Legenden von Etana, Zn, Adapa und Dibbarra. Mit 32 Tafeln Keilschmrifttexte autographirt von I-I. President GILMAN read a paper entitled “Geography as a Scientific Basis Zimmern und 10 Lichtdrncken nachi photograph. Aufnahmen von E. for the Study of History,” at the fourth annual meeting of the College ,I. Hmmrper. 132 pages. Association of the Middle States, at Swarthmore Colle 6e, =~ovember26. HoamatEL, F. Uber den Grad der Verwandtschaft des Altkgyptiscben mit Bishop BRooJs delivered an address to members of the University Chris- demo Semitisehien. 17 pages. tian Association, in the Physical Laboratory, on the afternoon of October 13. JXGER, M. Assyrisehe Eiithmsel und Sprichwbrter. 32 pages. Professor WI:LcI~ delivered an adcmress before the Cimarity Organization KNUDTZON, J. A. Textkritischme Bemmierkungen Zn Lay. 17, 18. 6 pages. Society of Baltimore on Monday, November 14, on the subject of “Sani- MUSS-ARNOLT, W. The Works ofJules Oppert. (With portrait.) 34 pages. tation among the Poor.” A committee consisting of Professor Remnsen, Dr. PmiLIPPI, F. Die Semitischme Verbal- und Nominalbildung in ihrem Ver- ,i. F. MeShane, the Commissioner of Health, and Mr. C. HI. Latrobe, was hilitniss zu einander. 31 ~ appointed to consider Dr. Welch’s suggestions. PRARTORmUS, F. Uber die hanmitischen Sprachen Ostafrikas. 30 pages. Professor WOOD delivered an oration on the Discovery of America at the ZIMMERN, II. Znsatzbemerknmigen zur Legende von Adapa. 2 pages. Columbus Celebration held in Baltimore, October 21, 1892. At time scientific session of Timi~ i~ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES held November 1—3, in the Physical Laboratory, papers were read by Professors OBITUARY. Remnsen, Rowlammcl, Brooks, mmd Williamus, and by Messrs. G. 0. Squier and F. A. Wolff; Jr., Fellows of tIme University. Mr. HENRY E. Cxoosc, of San Jos6, Cal., died in Baltimore, November Time tentlm annual meetin~ of tIme MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION of 29, after an illness of a fortnight. Mr. Crook graduated at Ohio Wesleyan America was imeld imi Washington, Decemmiber 28, 29, 30, 1892. Papers were University in 1890, and emitered this University in October last in order to read by time following persons, who have been or are now niembers of the pursue a(lvanced studies in Physics and Electrical Engineering. University: Dr. Schoenfeld, Dr. T. P. Harrison, Mr. L. E. Menger, Pro- 1\Ir. CARL E. HoLBRooK, of Danvers, Mass., died in Switzerland, Anaust fessor Jagenmuon, of Harvard, Professor Hempl, of the University of hhiclmi- 26, 1892. Mr. Holbrook, who was a graduate of Colby University in 1888, gan, Professor C. H. Ross, of Alabama, Dr. E. S. Lewis, of Princeton, pursued advanced courses in History and Politics in this University during Professor Logic, of Williams College, Professor Gerber, of Earlhmanm the year 1890—91. He then spent a year abroad in study and travel, and College. was about to return home when his fatal illness seized him. Ex-President IIAYES, Dr. F. H. WINES, Messrs. Z. II. BEOCKWAY, and An announcement of the death of WILLIAM C. BELL on May 28, 1892 N. S. ROSENAU, meambers of the Prison Congress held in Baltimore, was made in University Oircsmlcrs, No. 99. At a meeting of the English addressed the studemits of History and Politics on Decemnber 6. Seminary of the University the following minute was adopted: The following brochures, articles, mmud reviews concerning the publica- iVherees: ~ time members of the English Seminary of the Johns Hop- tions of Professor BLOOMFTELD have appeared witlmin recent months: kins University and other friends of time late William C. Bell, A. B., of lifer Milder: Professor Bloomfield’s Contribntious to tIme Immterpretation of South Carolina, having learned with deep regret of his death, and being the Veda. Tmvo articles in the London Academy of August 13, 1892 (nr. 1058, met together to give expressim)n to our sorrow at that event; therefore be it pp. 135 if.) and of October 22, 1892 (ur. 1068, pp. 361 dl); Paul Beqmseed: Resolved: First,—that tIme teachers and fellow-students of tIme late L’Atharva-Vdda et Ia m.dtlmode d’interprhtation de M. Bloomfield. Paris, William C. Bell do lmereby record the sorrow they feel for the loss of one 1892. 55 pp., Svo; A. Berth: Review of ‘Time Kiiu9ika-Sfitra of tlmeAtharva- who in all the circurmistarices of University life proved himself a man Veda.’ Revue Critique of July 4, 1892 (ur. 27, pp. 1—5); Victor fleary: of untiring industry, mmmrked ability, and hi~h anti resolute aims, and who Review of ‘Contributions to time lnterjmretation of the Vedmt.’ Fourth by his genial nature and upright and simople character made all who knew Serjes. Revue Critique, July 25, .1892 (ur. 31), pp. 61 if.); Rudo~fiIferinger: him his friends. Review of ‘Adaptation of Suffixes in Congemmeric Classes of Substantives.’ Second—that we extend to his family the expression of our sympathy Auzeiger fdr Indogermanisehe Spracim- tmnd Altertumas Kunde, 11, pp. 13—23 in the affliction with which they hmtve been visited, praying that they may Asmgust Pick: Notice of the same publication. Zeitschrift ffir Deutsches be comforted in their bereavement by remembrance of the spotless life and Alterthum, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 184 if.; Ermmst Wiadisch: Review of ‘Contri- character of the departed. JANUARY, 1893.] UNIVERSITY 011WULA PS. 35 TilE MARYLAND BOOK FOR THE WORLD’S FAIR. PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT. The General Assembly of Maryland, in appropriating funds for a Mary- pages. It will consist of five main divisions, each of which has been placed land exhibit at the World’s Fair, and appointing a State Board of Managers under the supervision of a member of the editorial board. Dr. Browne, in for the purpose, provided that a feature of this exhibit should be a work addition to his geueral duties as editor-in-chief, will contribute an intro— describing the several interests of the State, written with a view to attract- dnctorv sketch of the history of Maryland. ing attention to its varied resources au& odvantages. Plans to secure such a The first (livision relates to the Physical Features of the State, and is in work were considered by the Board of Managers during the summer, charge of Dr. William B. Clark. The geographical divisions, the drainage bnt no action was taken. In the latter part of Octobera formal proposition systeom an(l tIme water supply of the State will be described in detail. Under was submitted to the President of the Johns hopkins University, to the time head of Climate, attention will be paid to temperature (with tables effect that members of the Faculty should undertake the preparation of the showing (laily, ma ormtlmly and yearly variations), winds, baronmetric pressure, volume. After some deliberation the invitation was accepted by the Tins- atmospheric precipitation and general imealtimfulness. The health and pleas— tees of the University, and an Editorial Committee was appointed. The mn-a resorts of time State, and their importance and proximity to the larger letter of the Board of Commissioners and the resolutions of the Board of cities, will also be treated. Trustees are as follows: The second division is devoted to tIme Geology amid Mineralogy of Mary- BALTIMORE, October 28, 1892. lamI, and will be lim-epamed by Professor George LI. Williams. It consists President D. ~1 Gilman and Faculty of the Johns Hopkins University: of the fohloxvimmg sections: (a). A general sketch of time geology of the State, including time miature GENTLEMEN —In accordance with the resolution adopted on the after- and sequence of its forniations, their stm-uctum-al melations, and something of noon of Tuesday, October 11th, 1892, by the World’s Fair Commission of their past history, ‘i. e., time various periods of dei!inositiomi, erosion, folding the State of Maryland, the Educational Committee of this Commission here- and muetamom-phismo timrommgh which they have passed. It is hoped to with earnestly solicit the co-operation of the Faculty of time Johns Hopkins illustrate this with a colored geological mumap of the State, which will, at University in the preparation of a book which shall set forth the natural time canine timne, semve as an alnmost pam-feet soil map. Aithoughin time geo- and material advantages of the State, together with an outline of its insti- logical survey of time State hums not been entim-ely comapletech, so mmmclm has tutions and a conspectus of its present agricultural, commercial and indus- been aecomindisimed that for time scale proposed fom pimbhication (eight miles trial status. to tIme incim) a. suuliciemitly accum-ate mmmap can be pi-omimised. It will be based It is the desire of the Commission that the Johns Hopkins University mipon recent work by I. C. White, H. R. Geiger, A. Keith, C. D. Walcott G. assume the entire responsibility for the preparation of such a book, includ- H. Williams, W. J. McGee, and N. II. Dacton. ing the collection of necessary data, deciding the nature and relative (6). A brief account of time distribution of mimimmeral products of economnic importance of the subjects to be treated, and bringing the whole int.o proper value through the vam-iomms geological forniations. Time purpose of this sec- literary form. To defray the expenses of such hireparation, the Commission tion is to render time geological niap of prmmctical service in time discovery places at the disposal of the University the sum of three thousand dollars and dlevelol)miiemmt of the State’s mu macal resoum-ces. ($3000). (c). Descriptiomi of mimmem-al deposits of time State wlmiclm are at presemit or The Committee suggests that a book of five hundred (500) quarto pages which have been previously wom-kedl (8x10 inches), of small pica type, would contain about the amount of matter 1. Mimics—Coal, * im-omi,* C Copper, Lead, Gold, Zinc, Magmuesia, which the Commission deems adequate for the purpose in band. Mamv~anese, Mica, Asbestos, Ochm-e.* 5 C neissj Marhle,* Limestomme,* Sandstone,* It is understood that the University is to assume no responsibility what- 2. Qecmm-i-ies.-—Grammime, ever in regard to the publication of the book, further than to editorially Slate,*Serpemintine, Sdmmmpstone, Heam-thistone, Cement rock,~’ Flint.* superintend its passage through the press. 3. Ollmer Jhfimmem-oi Pm-odmscls.—Pm-ick and Pottems’ clay,* Feichepam, Kaolin, The Commission guarantees that the book shall be suitable and attractive Bmmildhing an(i Mouldlimmg sammd,(i Marl, Infusorial earthm,* Mineral as regards paper, press-work and binding, but reserves for itself the decision Waters.* of all details respecting the expense of publication. (d) General conclusions regarding the past, p-resent and future of Mary- Yours very respectfully, lamid’s mineral pr(mdlucts. Time third division, relating to Agmicultume mmnd its interests, is under time FRANK N. bEN,) direction of Professor Milton Wimitminey. Time statistics of the 11 tim census, B. McKiar REED, committee on Education. showing time primicipmml crops of time State, the avem-age yieId per acre, and DAVID H~TZLER,9 time vahinme of farms and farm products, will be reproduced. Attemmtion will After a consultation with members of the Faculty, this letter was pre- be paid to time cost of labor in (hifierent halts of time State, and time heading sented to the Board of Trustees and they adopted the following resolutions causes which ama chmangiming Maryhamid agriemmhtmume, andl time direction it is Resolved, That the President of the University be requested, on behalf taking. Time pm-immcipal vain-icties ofsoil fonmind imi time State, them in J~mtion to of the Trustees, to acknowledge the receipt of the letter addressed to the the development mind distinibumion of pminm-ticnlar crops, and a general smim- University by the Committee on Education of the Board of World’s Fair mamy of time aginieminltmiral featum-es of the State, within the mindvantages offered Managers of Maryland, and to say that this Board approves of the cofipera- iii the diffem-ent agricultural regions, constitute otliner important features of tion of the Faculty upon the conditions proposed by the said Committee. this division. Resolved, That a Committee of the Faculty be appointed to undertake The cuinapter on agriemmltmime invill treat of time genermml condition of agricul- the work of prepajing a book upon the resources of Maryland, as requested ture in time State, within some statistics of time principal crops, the vaimine of by the Board of World’s Fair Managers of Maryland, and that the said farms amid fuirni products, amid other mminatters imavimig a bearing on time stibject. Committee consist of Messrs. G. H. Williams (Chairman), Win. Hand Leading causes whinicim are ehmmmmgummg the agricuitmime of time Stminte will be dis- Browne, W. B. Clark, H. B. Adams, N. Murray, W. K. Brooks and M. cussed, amid time dim-action it is takiiing will be pointed out. Time depi-ession Whitney, together with the President of the University cx officio. felt in mecemit yeain-s lines led to tIme abandenruinent and decay of nuammy fine estates, and has tuinrown on to time mam-ket large ain-eas of humid which eminn be The Committee thus appointed at once organized and elected Dr. William purchased for umerely nonminmil sums. This condition of timings is discotir- Hand Browne, Editor-in-Chief; Drs. Herbert B. Adams, William K. Brooks aging to the pi-esant ownems, but is full of oppoitminnities to piospective set- and George H. Williams, Associate Editors, and Dr. William B. Clark, tiems and to aminyemma with even umminall capital mmnch business methods ammdl uinabits. Secretary. Mr. N. Murray and Dr. Milton Whitney, the remaining mom- In Southern Ma rylamid and time Eastern Shore time effects of time late war bers of the Committee, were vested with advisory functions, and Mr. J. H. am-a still felt, and many of the fain-minis beam- uineavy mmiortgmmges, whmiehi, with the Hollander was appointed assistant to the editorial board. decline ina The general plan of the book has since been outlined and some prelimi- 0rieultural values, it is immipossible for time owners to carry and nary work done. In form the volume will be a quarto of about five hundred * Now produmd with profit. 36 JORNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS. [No. 102. at the same time to maintain the fertility of their lands. Another cause is the depreciation of the market value of all agricultural products due to the A prominent place will be given to the various means of transportation, revolution which has taken place in recent years in industrial lines, and railroads, steamships and canals, and to their relation to the industrial especially to the wonderful improvement in the facilities for transportation interests of the State at large. The actual interchange of commodities will and the extrem’ely low rates of freight which bring products of widely dis- be considered under the heads Foreign Trade (exports and imports), Coast tant countries into competition in the home in’ rket, and which has opened Trade and Inland Trade. Statistics of imports, exports and tonnage move- up vast areas of previously inaccessible lands for the production of wheat ment will be presented in tabular form. Thetrade relations of Cumberhand, and corn. A~riculture, with its long seasons and slow methods, is ordina.- Hagerstown, Salisbury, Crisfield arid other towns of the State will also rily about twenty-five years behind the progress of science and the indus- receive treatment. The succeedling chapter will deal similarly with manu- trial arts, and it has not yet adapted itself to these industrial changes. Our facturing and industrial interests. After a sketch of the industrial develop- farmers must no longer confine themselves to wheat and corn, but must ment of Maryland, and an account of present conditions, the manufacturing watch any change of the market and adapt their products to the current centres of the State will be described in order of importance. Attention demands as a manufacturer does in in(iustrial pursuits. xviii here be called to the industrial advantages presented by Baltimore, Every geological age is represented in the State, anti this gives a very —skilled labor, low rents, cheap cost of living, abundant water power great variety of soils, from the very j)oorest lands of the pine barrens to the and municipal tax exemption. The important manufactures of this city most fertile soils of the limestone formations. The area and position of all and its vicinity,—canneries, cotton and flour mills, iron, steel, brass and the principal soil formations will be shown on a map, and a careful and full copper worlms, clothing, straw goods, furniture, bricks, and ship building,— description will be given of each with their relative agricultural value and will be briefly described. Mention will be made of the banks and financial their adaptability to certain classes of plants. This will show a wonderful interests, distributive trade and retail industries. The same plan of treat- variety of soils adapted to all classes of plants which can he mont ~villlie employed, in so far as is possible, indealing with other cities. 6rown under The chapter relating to population and social statistics will be partly the existing climatic conditions, and it will show which soils are best adapted statistical in form. In so far as accessible data will permit., statements will to grass and wheat and which to the different types of tobacco, fruit and be made of the number, races, tlistnibution and employment of the popula- market truck. tion of Marylandl. A hiortion of the chapter will be assigned to vital It will be seen that there is already some adaptation to the changed and health statistics. Here as elsewhere the subject of immigration will conditions due to the improvements in industrial lines. The light sandy be considered. Under this title of The Cities of the Stmmte, objects of lands along the Bay shore, which were nearly valueless for the staple crops leading interest in Baltimore, Annalmolis, Cumberlandl, Frederick audi of corn and wheat, have been taken up and have been converted into the Hagerstoirn will 1)0 described. Accounts of municipal organization, public most valuable lands in the State by the production of vegetables and fruit buildings, parks, squares, monuments amid architecture will be given, the for the early market. Other areas of lands, too light for wheat and corn, whole forming a brief hamindhook for the use of the visitor. In the same are specially adapted to other crops which are far more profitable than these. manner the characteristic features of each of this counties of the State will The chapter will also treat of various special lines, such as the (mines, be described in the following chapter. Statistics of area, population, valua- creameries, fattening of cattle and t.he canning industries, and in a general tion of property and tax rates will be imisartedl in their proper lilacs. summary it will treat of the general agricultural features of the State and Under the head of Political Institutions, an account will be given of the the advantages offered in the different agricultural regions. goveinment of Maryland, including the executive, legislative and judicial Professor William K. Brooks will prepare the fourth division, devoted to departments; of its finances, debt, revenues mind taxation, of its public the flora and fauna of the State. The animal life of Maryland will be treated works, militia and naval force. The Land Office and various State Boards in detail. The fisheries of the State will also he described,—the oyster will also be described. Some account will finally be presented of county coming in for a large share of attention. audi municipal organization. The fifth section, which is expected to form nearly one-half of the entire TIme religious institutions of the State will be described in mm chapter volume, will be devoted to the industrial and institutional interests of the bearing this title. in a(lditicn to showing the presence and strength of State. It will be prepared by Mr. J. H. Hollander, with the codperation various religious denominations in Mmtryland, attention will be called to of a number of specialists, under the general supervision of Professor H. B. their churches, convents amid religious houses, theological seminaries and Adams. Provision has been made for nine chapters, treating respectively cemeteries. One of this mimost attractive chapters in time section will be de- of Commerce and Trade, Manufactures and Industries, Population and voted to educational and socimil institutions. The public schools of this State Social Statistics, the Cities of the State, the Counties of the State, Political will be described, together with representative acadeniies, colleges and uni- Institutions, Religious Institutions, Educational and Social Institutions versities, including schools of law, medicine, pharmacy and demitistry. Such Charities and Corrections. An attempt will be made accurately to describe institutions as the Peabody Institute, the Maryland Institute, the Pratt existent conditions, with emphasis upon all interests capable of develop- Library, and the Maryland Historical Society will also be represented. ment. The narrative will be supplemented wherever desirable by historical Some account will be givemi of the muore important clubs and social organi-. details and statistical data. zations of this Stats. The hospitals, asylums, dispensaries, charitable asso- Under the head of Commerce and Trade a~ brief review will be taken of ciations, prisons mind reformatories of Maryland will be described in this the commercial development of the State, from the supremacy of the Bal- final chapter under this head of Charities mind Corrections. timore Clipper, through the period of internal improvements to the This work of the University Editorial Committee consists in time prepa- substantial growth of the new era. A statement will be made of the general ration ofthis manuscript alone. It is, however, understood thmit time volume character of Maryland trade at the present time, after which the leading will be published in attractive form, with smsitable maps mmd illustrations. centres of the State will be taken up in detail. The advantages of Balti- G. H. W. more as a commercial port,—situation, harbor, channel,—will be described. liALTImmoRic, 111CC. 21, 1892.

CONTENTS. Notes tn Phtlology: PAGE. I Synopsim of Recent Journals: PACE. The Liintmalton of the Imperative in the Atttc Orators, by C.W. E. MILLER, -17 I American Joamnal of Philology, 26 The Were-Wolf in Latin Literatnre, by K. W. SniTri, 21 Proceedings of Societies, 28 0mm Semitic Words in Greek and Latimi, by W. Muss-Aazoar, - - - E in t,utmi e dre, (arms e tre, by L. E. ISIENGER, - 24 Recent Publicatiomis, 29 The Evamigile aux Femimines, by G. C. Kttmnmm, 24 Endowment of the Medical School of thts University, 32 A Neme Explanation of Horace, 5. 1. 10. 25—30, by G. C. Kamaza, - - - - 25 Curremit Notes and Ammuouncemnents 33 Krates of Italics amid Coinnihas, by A. GoozimAN, 25 The Itarylamind Book for the Worlds Fair, 35 Chrysippos ammd Yarro as Sources of Ihe Dialogus of Tacitus, tiny A. GonirimAa, - 28

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