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The Impact of Internalised Homophobia and Coping Strategies on Psychological Distress Following the Experience of Sexual Prejudice

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The Impact of Internalised Homophobia and Coping Strategies on Psychological Distress Following the Experience of Sexual Prejudice The Impact of Internalised Homophobia and Coping Strategies on Psychological Distress Following the Experience of Sexual Prejudice A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Hertfordshire for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology Michael Cornish Student Number: 09212277 June 2012 Word Count: 28,842 100 Table of Contents List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 105 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 108 1. Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 109 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 110 2.1. Homosexuality and mental health .................................................................................... 112 2.2. Minority stress .................................................................................................................... 113 2.3. Sexual prejudice ................................................................................................................. 115 2.3.1. Definition of sexual prejudice ..................................................................................... 115 2.3.2. Sexual prejudice in families ......................................................................................... 116 2.3.3. Sexual prejudice in schools ......................................................................................... 117 2.3.4. Sexual prejudice at work ............................................................................................. 118 2.3.5. Sexual prejudice in the community ............................................................................ 118 2.3.6. Impact of sexual prejudice on mental health ............................................................. 119 2.4. Internalised homophobia ................................................................................................... 121 2.4.1. Development of internalised homophobia ................................................................. 122 2.4.2. Impact of internalised homophobia ........................................................................... 123 2.4.3. Critique of internalised homophobia .......................................................................... 123 2.5. Openness of sexuality ........................................................................................................ 124 2.6. Coping ................................................................................................................................. 124 2.6.1. Impact of coping strategies ......................................................................................... 126 2.6.2. Coping with minority stress ........................................................................................ 127 2.7. Rationale for project .......................................................................................................... 128 2.7.1. Research questions ..................................................................................................... 129 3. Method ....................................................................................................................................... 130 3.1. Design ................................................................................................................................. 130 3.2. Measures ............................................................................................................................ 130 3.2.1. Demographic information ........................................................................................... 131 3.2.2. Experience of sexual prejudice ................................................................................... 131 3.2.3. Coping strategies ......................................................................................................... 132 3.2.4. Psychological distress .................................................................................................. 133 101 3.2.5. Internalised homophobia ............................................................................................ 135 3.2.6. Responses to sexual prejudice .................................................................................... 136 3.3. Recruitment ........................................................................................................................ 136 3.3.1. Power calculation and sensitivity analysis .................................................................. 137 3.4. Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 138 3.5. Ethical issues ....................................................................................................................... 139 4. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 140 4.1. Response rate ................................................................................................................. 140 4.2. Participant characteristics .................................................................................................. 140 4.2.1. Age and gender ........................................................................................................... 140 4.2.2. Ethnicity, nationality and religion ............................................................................... 141 4.2.3. Employment and educational level ............................................................................ 142 4.2.4. Sexuality ...................................................................................................................... 143 4.2.5. Relationship status ...................................................................................................... 145 4.3. Sexual prejudice ................................................................................................................. 146 4.3.1. Prevalence rates .......................................................................................................... 146 4.3.2. Disclosure of sexual prejudice .................................................................................... 147 4.4. Coping strategies ................................................................................................................ 149 4.5. Internalised homophobia ................................................................................................... 151 4.6. Psychological distress ......................................................................................................... 152 4.6.1. Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 152 4.6.2. Depression .................................................................................................................. 153 4.6.3. Anxiety ........................................................................................................................ 154 4.6.4. Creating an overall psychological distress index......................................................... 155 4.7. Additional variables ........................................................................................................... 157 4.7.1. Diagnoses of Depression and Anxiety ......................................................................... 157 4.7.2. Openness..................................................................................................................... 158 4.7.3. Disclosure of experiences of sexual prejudice ............................................................ 159 4.8. Multiple regression analysis .............................................................................................. 160 4.8.1. Predicting psychological distress ................................................................................ 160 4.8.2. Moderating effects of gender and sexuality ............................................................... 161 4.9. Path analysis ....................................................................................................................... 163 4.9.1. A path analysis to investigate coping and internalised homophobia as mediators ... 163 102 4.9.3. Testing a partial mediation model .............................................................................. 165 4.9.4. Adding to the path analysis ......................................................................................... 167 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 168 5.1. Overview of the study’s aims ............................................................................................. 168 5.2. Discussion of main findings ................................................................................................ 168 5.2.1. Predicting psychological distress ................................................................................ 168 5.3. Discussion of additional findings
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