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Between Ethiopia and Eritrea ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES MA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND DIPLOMACY ETHIO-ERITREAN RELATIONS: FROM STALEMATE TO ENGAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS BY AMANUALE AYALEW ABERA JUNE 2019 ADISS ABABA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES MA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND DIPLOMACY ETHIO-ERITREAN RELATIONS: FROM STALEMATE TO ENGAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS BY AMANUALE AYALEW ABERA ADVISOR DR. YONAS ASHINE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GADUATE S TUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FU LFILLMENT OF THE EQUIREMENTS FOR (MA) INTERNA TIONAL RELATIO AND DIPLOMACY JUNE 2019 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES MA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND DIPLOMACY ETHIO-ERITREAN RELATIONS: FROM STALEMATE TO ENGAGEMENT CHALLENGES and PROSPECTS BY AMANUALE AYALEW ABERA ADVISOR DR. YONAS ASHINE Approved by Board of Examiners Signature Date ____________________ ________________ _______________ Advisor ___________________ ________________ ________________ Internal Examiner ____________________ ________________ ________________ External Examiner DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that the thesis is my original work, that has not been presen ted for a degree in any other University and that all sources of materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged. Declared by __________________________________________ Signature Confirmed by ___________________________________________ Advisor’s Signature Acknowledgments Above all, let be Glory to God Almighty and His Mother S.t Mary for always being with me in all my life. My advisor Dr. Yonas Ashine deserves my most sincere and heartfelt appreciation and thanks for his scholarly and academic assistance, patience and willingness, which he is kind enough to offer me. Moreover, his prompt responses in the process of reading and commenting the draft script, his guidance, substantial advice, valuable comments and friendly approach that he enthusiastically provided have certainly shaped my thesis to embrace its current essence and structure. I also have a loan from a debt of gratitude to all my family members, especially to my brother Eng. Biniyam Ayalew and my sister Tsegereda Ayalew for their unconditional support. Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to all who helped me in conducting this study. Contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study ........................................................................................... 1 1.2. Problem of the Statement........................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of the Study ................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research question ............................................................................................................. 5 1.5. Methodology and Method of Data Collection ............................................................... 6 1.5.1 Method of Data Collection ........................................................................................... 6 1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................................................................ 8 1.8. The Organization of the Study ....................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 9 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................. 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Conceptual Frame Work of the Study ........................................................................... 9 2.1.1Cooperation Vs Conflict ................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 Bilateral Relation and Cooperation ........................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Bilateral Relation and Strengthened Bilateral Relations ........................................ 13 2.1.4. Conceptualizing Foreign Policy and National Interest .......................................... 15 2.1.5 Interstate Relations and Complex Interdependence ................................................ 17 2.1.6 Public Participation and Peace Process .................................................................... 18 2.2. The Theoretical Framework of Study .................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Theory of Functionalism .......................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Theory of Neo-Functionalism ............................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THREE ...............................................................................................23 THE HISTORY AND COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCY BETWEEN ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREA RELATIONS .....................................................23 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 23 3.1History of Ethiopian and Eritrea Relation .......................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Italian Colonialism ..................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 The British Military Administration ........................................................................ 25 3.1.3 Annexation .................................................................................................................. 25 3.1.4 Eritrea Independence and The Cordial Bilateral Relation .................................... 28 3.1.5 The War On Ethiopia and Eritrea Bilateral Relation ....................................... 30 3.1.5.1The Cause and Course of the War .......................................................................... 30 3.1.6 The Allegers Agreement and The Peace process ............................................... 31 3.1.6.3 Institutionalization The Peace Process- The Establishment of UNMEE............ 35 3.1.6.4 The Ethiopian and Eritrean Border Commission (The EEBC) .......................... 36 3.1.6.5. The Ethiopian Five-Point Peace Proposal ............................................................ 38 3.1.7 An Assessments of the Peace Process Weakness After the Signing Algiers Peace Agreement and the Bilateral Relation Condition ............................................................. 39 3.1.7 Ethiopia and Eritrea Bilateral Relation and ‘No war no peace’ Condition .......... 41 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................43 CHALLENGES OF ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA ENGAGEMENT ...............43 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 43 2.3. Ethiopia and Eritrea Engagement .......................................................................... 43 2.4. Challenges of Ethiopian and Eritrea Engagement ................................................ 45 4.2.1 Ethiopian context .................................................................................................. 45 4.2.1.1 The Conflict Transformation Process and Ethnic Drives Political Tension .... 45 4.2.2 Eritrean context .......................................................................................................... 47 4.2.2.1 The Nature of Regime in Eritrea ............................................................................ 47 4.2.2.2 Geopolitical Strategist’s Country to The Arabs ................................................... 48 4.2.2.3 Centralized Foreign Policy Making and Implementation ................................... 49 4.2.2.4 Eritrea Relation with AU and IGAD ..................................................................... 49 4.2.3 Mutual Suspicions and Mistrust in the Rapprochement ......................................... 50 4.2.4 Arab Countries Interest in the Rapprochement ...................................................... 52 4.2.5 EEBC Virtual Demarcation Decisions ...................................................................... 55 4.2.6 The Lack of Enforcement Mechanism and Rule-Based Relationship with Transparency ....................................................................................................................... 58 4.2.7 Economic Policy and Ideological Deference ............................................................. 59 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 61 PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC
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