DOCSLIB.ORG

Complete Dissertation.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Complete Dissertation.Pdf VU Research Portal A political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991) Berhe, A. 2008 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Berhe, A. (2008). A political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, ideology and mobilisation in Ethiopia. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 A Political History of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia Aregawi Berhe Amsterdam 2008 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT A political history of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, ideology and mobilisation in Ethiopia ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT Ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen op dinsdag 2 september 2008 om 10.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Aregawi Berhe geboren te Adwa promotor: Prof. dr. G.J. Abbink co-promotor: Prof. dr. C.S. Clapham Pictures on the front cover: Top: a Tigrai landscape near Yeha Bottom: a TPLF force in the field, 1980s ii Dedication To the memory of Ato Gessesew Ayele (Sihul) and all those who died struggling for the cause of social justice, equality and a brighter future for Ethiopia. iii Thesis committee Prof. dr. M. Doornbos (Professor Emeritus, Institute of Social Studies) Prof. dr. H.W. Overbeek (Vrije Universiteit) Prof. dr. Tesfatsion Medhanie (Universität Bremen) Dr. A.J. Salman (Vrije Universiteit) Dr. K. van Walraven (Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations viii List of Maps x Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 - Background to the Study 1 - Main Tenets of the Study 4 - Research Questions 10 - Hypothesis 11 - Objectives of the Research 12 - Methodology 13 - Relevance of the Study 15 - Structure of the Book 16 Chapter 2 Ethnicity, Mobilization and Revolt: Theoretical Considerations 18 - The Power and Fluidity of Ethnicity 18 - Ethno-Nationalism, Self-Determination and Secession 22 - Ethnic Mobilization in a Multi-Ethnic Society 31 - Peasant Revolt and Revolutionary Elite: Where Do They Conjoin? 35 - Guerrilla Warfare and the State 40 - The Linkage of Ethno-Nationalist Revolt and the TPLF: a Summary 44 Chapter 3 Prelude to the Struggle – the Emergence of the TPLF 45 Introduction 45 - How It all Began 46 - Historical Roots of the Problem 50 - The Growth of Associations 57 - A Political Movement 63 - The Role of Sihul 66 - The People on the Eve of the Armed Struggle 69 - From TNO to TPLF 72 Summary 77 Chapter 4 Testing the Fire: Guerrilla Warfare Launched 79 Introduction 79 - Journey to Dedebit 80 - Training in Guerrilla Warfare 82 - The Contingent’s Return from Eritrea 85 - Crisis Creeps in 89 - Storming the Shire Police Station 93 - The Aksum Operation 94 - Encounter with the TLF 97 v - Deima – Eastern Base Area 103 Summary 109 Chapter 5 Mobilization and Armed Confrontation 111 Introduction 111 - Self-determination as a Means of Mobilization 112 - Uprooting the Shiftas (Bandits) 116 - Organizational Development and Structure 119 - The War with EDU 125 - The Second Internal Crisis (Hinfishfish) 137 - Words and Bullets – Battles with EPRP 142 Summary 151 Chapter 6 The Military Government (Dergue) and the TPLF 153 Introduction 153 - The Dergue on the National Question 154 - The TPLF Military Build up 165 - The Military Campaigns (Zemecha) of the Dergue 173 - Debate over Military Strategy 185 Summary 188 Chapter 7 Ideological Controversies on Self-Determination 191 Introduction 191 - The Early Phase of the Struggle 192 - The ‘Manifesto-68’: Secession as an End 195 - Organizational Policy and Plan of Action 200 - ‘Narrow’ nationalism Persists after the Second TPLF Congress 203 Summary 206 Chapter 8 Capture of a Movement: the Role of the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigrai (MLLT) 208 - Introduction 208 - Leftist Orientation of the TPLF 210 - Forging a Leftist Party 214 - The MLLT Founding Congress amid Famine 217 - Organizational Restructuring and Take-Over of the TPLF 223 - Extension of the MLLT to Puppet Organization 228 - The Ideological Trajectory of the MLLT since 1985 and the Development of ‘Revolutionary Democracy’ 233 - Summary 237 Chapter 9 TPLF and the Eritrean Fronts: Background of a Tense Relationship 239 Introduction 239 - Historical Background 240 - Launching the TPLF and the Eritrean Connection 251 vi - TPLF and ELF Never Went Along Well 253 - The TPLF and the EPLF: Cupboard-love relationship 260 - Ethiopian and Eritrea under the TPLF and the EPLF respectively 273 Summary 276 Chapter 10 The Consolidation of the TPLF: Forging Power through Social Change 277 Introduction 277 - Peasant Associations 278 - Land Reform 283 - Women’s Organization: A New Phenomenon 290 - The Youth: Cadres and Cultural Troupes 295 - Neutralizing the Church and Mobilizing Muslims 300 - The People’s Council (Baito): Reconfiguration of Local Administration 304 Summary 311 Chapter 11 Turning Point: The Fall of the Dergue and the Triumph of the TPLF 313 Introduction 313 - The Dergue Falters 314 - The Descent of the Dergue and the Ascent of the TPLF 321 - Futile Peace Talks 326 - The TPLF/EPRDF’s Initial Moments in Power 329 - Wangling over Power: Events Leading to the July 1991 Conference 331 - The July Conference and the Transitional Charter 336 - Whose Charter and Constitution? 340 Summary 345 Chapter 12 The TPLF and African Insurgencies: A Comparative Perspective 347 Introduction 348 - Ideology 351 - Leadership 358 - Youth Mobilization 362 - Relations with the Civilian Population 366 Summary 370 General Conclusion 372 Bibliography 387 Appendices 405 1. Participants of the July 1-5, 1991 Conference 405 2. Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia 407 vii 3. Brief Profile of the Founders and Leaders of the TPLF 412 4. List of Ethnic and National Parties in 2002 416 Curriculum Vitae 418 Samenvatting 419 viii Acronyms and Abbreviations AAPO - All-Amhara People’s Organization ANDM - Amhara National Democratic Movement ARDUF - Afar Revolutionary Democratic United Front Baito - People’s Council (in Tigrai) CDC - Constitution Drafting Commission COEDF - Coalition of Ethiopian Democratic Forces COR - Council of Representatives CUD - Coalition for Unity and Democracy Dergue - Military Committee, ruling Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991 EDP - Ethiopian Democratic Party EDU - Ethiopian Democratic Union ELF - Eritrean Liberation Front EPDA - Ethiopian Peoples Democratic Alliance EPDM - Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement EPLF - Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF - Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRP - Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party IFLO - Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia Meison - All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement MLLT - Marxist-Leninist League of Tigrai OLF - Oromo Liberation Front ONC - Oromo National Congress ONLF - Ogaden National Liberation Front OPDO - Oromo People’s Democratic Organization PDO - People’s Democratic Organization PMAC - Provisional Military Administrative Council REST - Relief Society of Tigrai SEPDC - Southern Ethiopian People’s Democratic Coalition SLM - Sidama Liberation Movement TAND - Tigraian Alliance for National Democracy TDA - Tigrai Development Association TGE - Transitional Government of Ethiopia TLF - Tigrai Liberation Front TNO - Tigraian National Organization (Magebt) TPDM - Tigray People’s Democratic Movement TPLF - Tigrai People’s Liberation Front Teranafit - Tigray Liberation Front-Teranafit Committee UEDF - United Ethiopian Democratic Forces WPE - Workers’ Party of Ethiopia WSLF - Western Somalia Liberation Front ix Maps 1-4 Map 1: Ethiopia (pre 1991) – Provinces and major towns Source: adapted from Harold G. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, Berkeley – Los Angeles London, 1994, p. 222. x Map 2: Ethiopia since 1993 – Regions (‘killil’) and their capitals Addis Ababa & Harar – City states Dire-Dawa – Separate administrative region Source: Information Section of the UNDP-Emergency Unit for Ethiopia, 1996. xi Map 3: Fronts’ Base Areas, Tigrai – Northern Ethiopia (D) – Dedebit, Initial TPLF base area (E) – EDU base areas. (P)- EPRP base area. (T)-TPLF base area. Map © Aregawi Berhe xii Map 4: Major Battles (1975-1991) in Tigrai Map © Aregawi Berhe Numbers in circles represent warring groups & approximate terrain of engagements: Battles Year (1) TPLF vs Dergue 26 1975-1991 (2) TPLF vs EDU + Teranafit 9 1976-1978 (3) TPLF vs EPRP 5 1978-1979 (4) TPLF vs ELF 2 1979 (5) Dergue vs EDu 6 1975-1977 (6) Dergue vs EPRP 5 1975-1978 (7) Dergue vs ELF 2 1975 (8) Dergue vs EPLF 3 1975-1976 xiii
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • 15.8.2014 15,894 Brand Name (In Chinese) 品牌名稱(中文) Product
    Generation Date: 15.8.2014 List of Small Volume Exemption Products 已獲小量豁免產品名單 Total Number of SVE products: 15,894 (已獲小量豁免產品總數): Brand Name (in Product Name (in Chinese) Brand Name (in English) Product Name (in English) Exemption End Date Effective Date for Exemption No. Chinese) 產品名稱 (中文) 品牌名稱 (英文) 產品名稱 (英文) (豁免終止日期) Revocation of (豁免編號) 品牌名稱 (中文) Exemption (豁免撤銷生效日期) Nil Nil Nil Sanko Rice Roll with Seaweed 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007124 Nil Nil Nil Sanko Rice Cracker - Castard 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007123 Nil Nil Nil Wonderland Panda - Choco Ball 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007083 Nil Nil Nil Wonderland Candy - Animal Assort 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007082 Nil Nil Nil Asahi Ice Limone 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007081 Nil Nil Nil Asahi Ice Grapefruit 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007079 Nil Nil Nil MARUESU SNACK - WASABI SOY SAUCE TASTE 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007078 Nil Nil Nil MARUESU SNACK - HOKKAIDO CHEESE TASTE 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007072 Nil Nil Nil KASUGAI BEACH SODA CANDY 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007071 Nil Nil Nil Nissin Corn Flakes 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007070 Nil Nil Nil MARUESU SNACK - MAYONNAISE TASTE 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007069 Nil Nil Nil KASUGAI UME AME 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007068 Nil Nil Nil Bonchi Wheat Snack - Seaweed 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007067 Nil Nil Nil Bonchi Wheat Snack - Spicy 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007066 Nil Nil Nil Kasugai Gummy Candy - Muscat Flavor 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007065 Nil Nil Nil Kasugai Gummy Candy - Grape Flavor 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007064 Nil Nil Nil Kasugai Gummy Candy - Peach Flavor 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007063 Nil Nil Nil Bonchi Rice Snack 2015/07/31 N/A 14-007062 Nil Nil Nil Nissin
    [Show full text]
  • Media, Conflict, and the State in Africa
    media, conflict and the state in africa Countries emerging from violent conflict face difficult challenges about what the role of media should be in political transitions, particularly when attempting to build a new state and balance a difficult legacy. Media, Conflict and the State in Africa discusses how ideas, institutions and interests have shaped media systems in some of Africa’s most com- plex state- and nation-building projects. This timely book comes at a turbulent moment in global politics as waves of populist protests gain traction and concerns continue to grow about fake news, social media echo chambers and the increasing role of both traditional and new media in waging wars or influencing elections. Focusing on comparative cases from a historical perspective and the choices and ideas that informed the approaches of some of Africa’s leaders, including guerrilla commanders Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia, Nicole Stremlau offers a unique political insight into the development of contemporary media systems in Africa. nicole stremlau is head of the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, at the University of Oxford and research professor in humanities at the University of Johannesburg. She has conducted extensive research in Eastern Africa and previously worked for a newspaper in Ethiopia. Nicole is the recipient of a European Research Council grant that examines the role of social media in conflict and migration, with a specific focus on the Somali territories. Her work has appeared in journals such as African Affairs, Third World Quarterly, Review of African Political Economy and the International Journal of Communications.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1991 Transitional Charter of Ethiopia: a New Application of the Self-Determination Principle, 28 Case W
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 28 | Issue 2 1996 The 1991 rT ansitional Charter of Ethiopia: A New Application of the Self-Determination Principle Aaron P. Micheau Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Aaron P. Micheau, The 1991 Transitional Charter of Ethiopia: A New Application of the Self-Determination Principle, 28 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 367 (1996) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol28/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE 1991 TRANSITIONAL CHARTER OF ETHIOPIA: A NEW APPLICATION OF THE SELF-DETERMINATION PRINCIPLE? Aaron P. Micheau* INTRODUCTION EMERGENT AND RE-EMERGENT NATIONALISM seem to have taken center stage in a cast of new worldwide political trends. Nationalism has appeared in many forms across Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, and is considered the primary threat to peace in the current world order. [Tihe greatest risks of starting future wars will likely be those associated with ethnic disputes and the new nationalism that seems to be increasing in many areas .... The former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia are being tom by ethnic desires for self-government; ethnic-like religious demands are fueling new nationalism in Israel and the Islamic nations; ethnic pressures are reasserting themselves again in Canadian politics; and throughout the Pacific Basin ..
    [Show full text]
  • General Aman Andom
    Remembering unique Eritreans in contemporary history A short biographical sketch Of General Aman Andom Source: google.com Compiled and edited from cyber sources By Emnetu Tesfay Stavanger, Norway September, 20 14 List of content Early life and personal data Exceptional hero of war and peace A strong leader equipped with knowledge, principle and justice A person of amazing character combinations: Victorious as a soldier Principled as a person Guided by respect of law and humanity General Aman as a family man and a churchgoer Popular across borders and a pride to nations Prominence in Andom family. Siblings prominent in their own right. End of life: Tragic but exit with pride Early life and personal data Name meaning & history The name Aman has its own meaning in Geez but many use it as a shortened version of the masculine-gender name Ammanuel. In Hebrew, as in biblical name, the meaning of the name Ammanuel is: "God is with us". This was the foretold name of the Messiah in the Old Testament. It has been used by the Christian population in Eritrea and Ethiopia though it has not been widespread. Pastor Mussa Aron in his book ‘dictionary of Eritrean names’ describes the name Aman as meaning ‘the Truth’. It gives confirmation of reality to events, situations and deeds. The name is also widely used in the Islamic world with the meaning: Protection. Fearless. Interestingly enough when I googled I found out what Soul Urge describes personalities with that name. ‘People with this name tend to be creative and excellent at expressing themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Starving Tigray
    Starving Tigray How Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities Have Destroyed an Ethiopian Region’s Economy and Food System and Are Threatening Famine Foreword by Helen Clark April 6, 2021 ABOUT The World Peace Foundation, an operating foundation affiliated solely with the Fletcher School at Tufts University, aims to provide intellectual leadership on issues of peace, justice and security. We believe that innovative research and teaching are critical to the challenges of making peace around the world, and should go hand-in- hand with advocacy and practical engagement with the toughest issues. To respond to organized violence today, we not only need new instruments and tools—we need a new vision of peace. Our challenge is to reinvent peace. This report has benefited from the research, analysis and review of a number of individuals, most of whom preferred to remain anonymous. For that reason, we are attributing authorship solely to the World Peace Foundation. World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School Tufts University 169 Holland Street, Suite 209 Somerville, MA 02144 ph: (617) 627-2255 worldpeacefoundation.org © 2021 by the World Peace Foundation. All rights reserved. Cover photo: A Tigrayan child at the refugee registration center near Kassala, Sudan Starving Tigray | I FOREWORD The calamitous humanitarian dimensions of the conflict in Tigray are becoming painfully clear. The international community must respond quickly and effectively now to save many hundreds of thou- sands of lives. The human tragedy which has unfolded in Tigray is a man-made disaster. Reports of mass atrocities there are heart breaking, as are those of starvation crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Findet Äthiopien Wege Aus Der Krise? Die Folgenden Quellen Wurden in Dem Heft Verwendet (Originale Teilweise Geringfügig Gekürzt)
    DEUTSCH-ÄTHIOPISCHER VEREIN E.V. GERMAN ETHIOPIAN ASSOCIATION INFORMATIONSBLÄTTER 3/2017 Findet Äthiopien Wege aus der Krise? Die folgenden Quellen wurden in dem Heft verwendet (Originale teilweise geringfügig gekürzt) Political unrest simmering in Ethiopia ………………………………………………………… 1 Merga Yonas Bula, Deutsche Welle, 10.2.2017 Opposition parties to negotiate with EPRDF in unison ……………………………………. 3 Ethiopian News Agency ENA, 9.2.2017 Timely Ethiopian teachers’ warning against TPLF divisiveness …………………………. 3 Ethiopia Observatory, 9.2.2017 Public ultimate guarantor of nation’s peace and security ………………………………… 4 Ethiopian Reporter, Editorial, 4.2.2017 Ethiopia: A Gathering Political Storm ………………………………………………………… 5 Alem Mamo, Nazret.com 1.2.2017 Ethiopia claims success in quashing wave of anti-government unrest ………………… 6 John Aglionby, Financial Times in Addis Ababa, 1.2.2017 Ethiopia: The Slow Death of a Civilian Government and the Rise of a Military Might … 7 Addis Standard, 24.1.2017 A Wish List for Successful Opposition and Government Negotiations ……………….. 11 Solomon Gebreselassie, Ethiopian Observer, 22.1.2017 Salvaging Political Pluralism ………………………………………………………………….. 13 Asrat Seyoum, Ethiopian Reporter, 21.1.2017 Analysis: Inside the controversial EFFORT ………………………………………………. 14 Oman Uliah, Special to Addis Standard, 16.1.2017 Ethiopia: Justified Fears ………………………………………………………………………. 18 Desta Heliso, Nazret.com, 30.12.2016 Ethiopia in the eyes of a veteran scholar ………………………………………………….. 20 Ethiopian Reporter, 17.12.2016, Interview by Tibebeselassie Feeling the Pulse of the People ……………………………………………………………… 24 Ethiopian Reporter, Editorial, 10 Dec 2016, by Staff Reporter Ethiopia at a crossroads as it feels the strain of civil unrest ………………………….. 26 James Jeffrey, Irish Times, Addis Ababa, 9 December 2016 New television channels in Ethiopia may threaten state control ……………………….
    [Show full text]
  • AXUM – Welcoming and Engaging Visitors – Design Report
    Pedro Guedes (2010) AXUM – Welcoming and engaging visitors – Design report CONTENTS: Design report 1 Appendix – A 25 Further thoughts on Interpretation Centres Appendix – B 27 Axum signage and paving Presented to Tigray Government and tourism commission officials and stakeholders in Axum in November 2009. NATURE OF SUBMISSION: Design Research This Design report records a creative design approach together with the development of original ideas resulting in an integrated proposal for presenting Axum’s rich tangible and intangible heritage to visitors to this important World Heritage Town. This innovative proposal seeks to use local resources and skills to create a distinct and memorable experience for visitors to Axum. It relies on engaging members of the local community to manage and ‘own’ the various ‘attractions’ for visitors, hopefully keeping a substantial proportion of earnings from tourism in the local community. The proposal combines attitudes to Design with fresh approaches to curatorship that can be applied to other sites. In this study, propositions are tested in several schemes relating to the design of ‘Interpretation centres’ and ideas for exhibits that would bring them to life and engage visitors. ABSTRACT: Axum, in the highlands of Ethiopia was the centre of an important trading empire, controlling the Red Sea and channeling exotic African merchandise into markets of the East and West. In the fourth century (AD), it became one of the first states to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Axum became the major religious centre for the Ethiopian Coptic Church. Axum’s most spectacular archaeological remains are the large carved monoliths – stelae that are concentrated in the Stelae Park opposite the Cathedral precinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabla Wangêl, the Queen of the Kingdom of Heaven Margaux Herman
    Sabla Wangêl, the queen of the Kingdom of Heaven Margaux Herman To cite this version: Margaux Herman. Sabla Wangêl, the queen of the Kingdom of Heaven. Addis Ababa University Institute of Ethiopian Studies XVII International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Nov 2009, ADDIS ABEBA, France. halshs-00699633 HAL Id: halshs-00699633 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00699633 Submitted on 21 May 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Herman Margaux, (Phd Candidate) University of Paris1-La Sorbonne - Department of History Cemaf-Paris UMR 8171 Supervisor : Bertrand Hirsch Current Mailing Address: Herman Margaux 12-14 bd-Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris- France e-mail:[email protected] 1 Säblä Wängel, the Queen of the Kingdom of Heaven Starting from a general consideration about the Ethiopian queens from 16th to 18th centuries, I have come to focus on Queen Säblä Wängel, a notable figure of the royalty of the 16th century, and on her royal foundation called Mängəśtä Sämayat Kidanä Məhrät. This paper is based on an analysis of a corpus of composite sources. We will compare the statements explaining the history of the construction of the church in the sources written after the death of the queen to the records produced when she was alive.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at WMU Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU International Conference on African Development Center for African Development Policy Research Archives 8-2001 Ethiopia, The TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Economics Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Milkias, Paulos, "Ethiopia, The TPLF nda Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor" (2001). International Conference on African Development Archives. Paper 4. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/4 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on African Development Archives by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHIOPIA, TPLF AND ROOTS OF THE 2001 * POLITICAL TREMOR ** Paulos Milkias Ph.D. ©2001 Marianopolis College/Concordia University he TPLF has its roots in Marxist oriented Tigray University Students' movement organized at Haile Selassie University in 1974 under the name “Mahber Gesgesti Behere Tigray,” [generally T known by its acronym – MAGEBT, which stands for ‘Progressive Tigray Peoples' Movement’.] 1 The founders claim that even though the movement was tactically designed to be nationalistic it was, strategically, pan-Ethiopian. 2 The primary structural document the movement produced in the late 70’s, however, shows it to be Tigrayan nationalist and not Ethiopian oriented in its content.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia
    / w / %w '* v *')( /)( )% +6/& $FOUFSGPS*OUFSOBUJPOBM)VNBO3JHIUT-BX"EWPDBDZ 6OJWFSTJUZPG8ZPNJOH$PMMFHFPG-BX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared by University of Wyoming College of Law students participating in the Fall 2017 Human Rights Practicum: Jennie Boulerice, Catherine Di Santo, Emily Madden, Brie Richardson, and Gabriela Sala. The students were supervised and the report was edited by Professor Noah Novogrodsky, Carl M. Williams Professor of Law and Ethics and Director the Center for Human Rights Law & Advocacy (CIHRLA), and Adam Severson, Robert J. Golten Fellow of International Human Rights. The team gives special thanks to Julia Brower and Mark Clifford of Covington & Burling LLP for drafting the section of the report addressing LGBT rights, and for their valuable comments and edits to other sections. We also thank human rights experts from Human Rights Watch, the United States Department of State, and the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office for sharing their time and expertise. Finally, we are grateful to Ethiopian human rights advocates inside and outside Ethiopia for sharing their knowledge and experience, and for the courage with which they continue to document and challenge human rights abuses in Ethiopia. 1 DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING COLLEGE OF LAW 1. PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 3 2. INTRODUCTION 3 3. POLITICAL DISSENTERS 7 3.1. CIVIC AND POLITICAL SPACE 7 3.1.1. Elections 8 3.1.2. Laws Targeting Dissent 14 3.1.2.1. Charities and Society Proclamation 14 3.1.2.2. Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 17 3.1.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn
    [Show full text]