Nationalism As a Contingent Event: Som Ereflections on the Ethio-Eriterean Experience
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The 1991 Transitional Charter of Ethiopia: a New Application of the Self-Determination Principle, 28 Case W
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 28 | Issue 2 1996 The 1991 rT ansitional Charter of Ethiopia: A New Application of the Self-Determination Principle Aaron P. Micheau Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Aaron P. Micheau, The 1991 Transitional Charter of Ethiopia: A New Application of the Self-Determination Principle, 28 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 367 (1996) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol28/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE 1991 TRANSITIONAL CHARTER OF ETHIOPIA: A NEW APPLICATION OF THE SELF-DETERMINATION PRINCIPLE? Aaron P. Micheau* INTRODUCTION EMERGENT AND RE-EMERGENT NATIONALISM seem to have taken center stage in a cast of new worldwide political trends. Nationalism has appeared in many forms across Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, and is considered the primary threat to peace in the current world order. [Tihe greatest risks of starting future wars will likely be those associated with ethnic disputes and the new nationalism that seems to be increasing in many areas .... The former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia are being tom by ethnic desires for self-government; ethnic-like religious demands are fueling new nationalism in Israel and the Islamic nations; ethnic pressures are reasserting themselves again in Canadian politics; and throughout the Pacific Basin .. -
The Export Processing Zone at Massawa Port
Eritrea as a gateway for investments in Africa: the Export Processing Zone at Massawa port. Candidate number: 8003 Submission deadline: 15/05/2014 Number of words: 17216 Table of contents Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................4 1.1 The rationale: reasons for the study.................................................................................5 1.2 Research questions...........................................................................................................6 1.3 Research objectives..........................................................................................................7 2 METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................8 2.2 Research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism, critical post-modernism and pragmatism...................................................................................................................8 2.3 Paradigm adopted in this study: critical post-modernism..............................................10 2.4 Research methodology: quantitative and qualitative approaches...................................11 2.5 Research design: an exploratory/descriptive case study................................................12 2.6 Data sources...................................................................................................................13 -
General Aman Andom
Remembering unique Eritreans in contemporary history A short biographical sketch Of General Aman Andom Source: google.com Compiled and edited from cyber sources By Emnetu Tesfay Stavanger, Norway September, 20 14 List of content Early life and personal data Exceptional hero of war and peace A strong leader equipped with knowledge, principle and justice A person of amazing character combinations: Victorious as a soldier Principled as a person Guided by respect of law and humanity General Aman as a family man and a churchgoer Popular across borders and a pride to nations Prominence in Andom family. Siblings prominent in their own right. End of life: Tragic but exit with pride Early life and personal data Name meaning & history The name Aman has its own meaning in Geez but many use it as a shortened version of the masculine-gender name Ammanuel. In Hebrew, as in biblical name, the meaning of the name Ammanuel is: "God is with us". This was the foretold name of the Messiah in the Old Testament. It has been used by the Christian population in Eritrea and Ethiopia though it has not been widespread. Pastor Mussa Aron in his book ‘dictionary of Eritrean names’ describes the name Aman as meaning ‘the Truth’. It gives confirmation of reality to events, situations and deeds. The name is also widely used in the Islamic world with the meaning: Protection. Fearless. Interestingly enough when I googled I found out what Soul Urge describes personalities with that name. ‘People with this name tend to be creative and excellent at expressing themselves. -
The Christianisation of Adulis in Light of the Material Evidence
chapter 17 The Christianisation of Adulis in Light of the Material Evidence Serena Massa and Caterina Giostra 1 The Archaeological Research in the Ancient Town of Adulis The site of Adulis is located on the south-western coast of the Red Sea, in the well-protected bay of Zula, about 40 km south of Massawa, Eritrea.1 In the ancient world it was one of the most important ports connecting East Africa and the Mediterranean along the spice trade route from India. The Adulis commercial vocation was probably already active in the Pharaonic era, in the context of the traffic in precious materials not found in Egypt and sought in the Land of Punt.2 From the size of village3 and oppidum4 reported by the sources in the second half of the first century CE, an increasing development and importance of the site until the Byzantine period is concomitant with the rise of the Aksumite kingdom, of which Adulis represented the gate to the sea.5 1 An independent state since 1993, in antiquity the area was part of the same context of the highland territories that are currently included within the borders of Ethiopia. 2 The location of Adulis can be included in the area of the Land of Punt, identified in the regions bordering the southern Red Sea and perhaps coinciding with the locality of WDDT recorded in the geographical list of the 18th Dynasty. Archaeological levels dating to the lat- ter half of the second millennium–early first millennium BCE were documented by archae- ological excavations: Adulis in this period is considered part of the Afro-Arabian cultural complex, which extends from southern Arabian regions to the Eritrean plateau: R. -
Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at WMU Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU International Conference on African Development Center for African Development Policy Research Archives 8-2001 Ethiopia, The TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Economics Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Milkias, Paulos, "Ethiopia, The TPLF nda Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor" (2001). International Conference on African Development Archives. Paper 4. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/4 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on African Development Archives by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHIOPIA, TPLF AND ROOTS OF THE 2001 * POLITICAL TREMOR ** Paulos Milkias Ph.D. ©2001 Marianopolis College/Concordia University he TPLF has its roots in Marxist oriented Tigray University Students' movement organized at Haile Selassie University in 1974 under the name “Mahber Gesgesti Behere Tigray,” [generally T known by its acronym – MAGEBT, which stands for ‘Progressive Tigray Peoples' Movement’.] 1 The founders claim that even though the movement was tactically designed to be nationalistic it was, strategically, pan-Ethiopian. 2 The primary structural document the movement produced in the late 70’s, however, shows it to be Tigrayan nationalist and not Ethiopian oriented in its content. -
War and the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia: the Making of Enemies & Allies in the Horn of Africa by Kjetil Tronvoll
War and the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia: the Making of Enemies & Allies in the Horn of Africa by Kjetil Tronvoll. New York, NY: Boydell and Brewer, 2009. xiv + 239 pp. ISBN 978 1 84701 612 6. In War and the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia, Kjetil Tronvoll takes on the delicate subject of identity and politics in the Eritrea-Ethiopian context. He painstakingly examines the diverse views and sometimes contradictory comments of the Tigrinya- speaking people of Tigray in explaining the latest war with their friendly-neighbor- turned-foe Eritrea. Tronvoll makes clear from the outset the scope of his study; this book, he states, is not “about the origin or the bilateral politics of the Eritrean-Ethiopia war. Neither does it address the effect of the war as seen from the Eritrean point of view, nor how it has impacted upon Eritrean identities” (p. 3). Also, the book does not discuss the regional and international aspect of the Eritrea-Ethiopia border war and the ensuing peace process. The book is instead about finding answers to basic questions on the effect of war on identity formation. The main questions are whether the bilateral war enhanced the ideology of nationalism, thereby creating a homogenous effect on the population at large, and, more importantly, whether the war helped to create a triumphant single-enemy image, solidifying the various close ethnic loyalties to a nationalist rhetoric. In trying to tackle these intricate and intertwined issues, Tronvoll focused on the two-year border war between Eritrea and Ethiopia in 1998-2000. The primary sources that Tronvoll collected during the two-year period of active war and immediately afterwards, though useful, require a careful reading of the sentiments and aspirations of the people at the time of the interviews. -
Racial and Ethnic Discourses Within Seattle's Habesha Community
Re-Imagining Identities: Racial and Ethnic Discourses within Seattle’s Habesha Community Azeb Madebo Abstract My research explores the means by which identities of “non- white” Habesha (Ethiopian and Eritrean) immigrants are negotiated through the use of media, community spaces, collectivism, and activism. As subjects who do not have a longstanding historical past in the United States, Ethiopian/Eritrean immigrants face the challenges of having to re-construct and negotiate their identities within American binary Black/White racial landscapes. To explore the ways in which ethnicity- based collectivism and activism challenge stereotypical portrayals of Habeshaness and Blackness which are typically cemented through media, I focus on unpacking mediated representations of Hana Alemu Williams, her death, trial, and subsequent support from the Ethiopian Community of Seattle (ECS). Hana Alemu Williams was an Ethiopian child who died in 2011 from abuse, severe malnutrition, and cruelty at the hands of her White adoptive family in Sedro-Woolley Washington. Through close readings of various media: news paper articles, television news broadcastings, and blogs, I critically analyze the moments in which Habesha immigrants challenge narratives of race and identity in the American context. I find that while Ethiopian/Eritrean immigrants sometimes assimilate into American constructions of race, at other moments they create counter-narratives of hybridity, exclusive ethnic identities, or maintain purely national identities as Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrants, in an effort to defer perceived racial stereotypes and oppression that arise from identifying with an undifferentiated Black identity. This research enriches existing academic literature by creating a more nuanced understanding of Seattle Habesha community racial and ethnic discourses in their efforts to re-imagine Habesha identities. -
On the Question of Nationalities in Ethiopia
By Walleligne Mekonnen Arts IV, HSIU Nov. 17, 1969 The main purpose of this article is to provoke discussions on the "sacred", yet very important issue of this country-the Question of Nationalities. The article as it was prepared for a special occasion (where detailed analysis was due time and other inconveniences impossible) suffers from generalizations and inadequate analysis. But I still feel it is not mediocre for a beginning. I expect my readers to avoid the temptation of snatching phrases out of their context and capitalizing on them. Instead every point raised here should be examined in the light of the whole analysis. We have reached a new stage in the development of the student movement, a level where Socialism as a student ideology has been taken for granted, and reaction with all its window dressing is on the defensive. The contradictory forces are no more revolution versus reform, but correct scientific Socialism versus perversion and fadism. The Socialist forces in the student movement till now have found it very risky and inconvenient to bring into the open certain fundamental questions because of their fear of being misunderstood. One of the delicate issues which has not yet been resolved up to now is the Question of Nationalities-some people call it ridiculously tribalism-but I prefer to call it nationalism. Panel discussions, articles in STRUGGLE and occasional speakers, clandestine leaflets and even tete-a-tete groups have not really delved into it seriously. Of course there was indeed the fear that it may alienate certain segments of the student population and as well the fear that the government may take advantage of an honest discussion to discredit the revolutionary student movement. -
The Elite and the Quest for Peace, Democracy and Development in Ethiopian: Lessons to Be Learnt
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU International Conference on African Center for African Development Policy Development Archives Research 8-2001 The Elite and the Quest for Peace, Democracy and Development in Ethiopian: Lessons to be learnt Merera Gudina Addis Ababa University and The Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Economics Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Gudina, Merera, "The Elite and the Quest for Peace, Democracy and Development in Ethiopian: Lessons to be learnt" (2001). International Conference on African Development Archives. 6. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/6 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on African Development Archives by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. The Elite and the Quest for Peace, Democracy and Development in Ethiopian: Lessons to be learnt Merera Gudina, AAU & ISS Introduction Donald N. Levine (1974), author of Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multi-ethnic Society , who has popularized Carlo Conti-Rossin's description of Ethiopia as 'un museo di popoli' - 'a museum of peoples' (pp. 19-20) has credited the evolution of multi-ethnic Ethiopia as an 'Amhara thesis', 'Oromo anti-thesis' and the 'Ethiopian synthesis'. Whatever the merits of his historical analysis and the anthropological fascination thereof for the making of Ethiopia, at a point in time his work did go to the press, the country moved to a crisis of major proportion whose resultant effect was a revolutionary reconstitution of both state and society that relegated the country's ancien regime to the museum of history. -
Ethiopia Assessment
ETHIOPIA COUNTRY ASSESSMENT OCTOBER 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE Home Office, United Kingdom Ethiopia October 2002 CONTENTS 1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 – 1.4 2 GEOGRAPHY 2.1 – 2.3 3 Economy 3.1 4 HISTORY 4.1 – 4.55 Early Ethiopia to the End of the Monarchy 4.1 The Dergue and the "Red Terror" 4.2 – 4.33 Ethnic Resistance 1974 to 1991 and the Overthrow of Mengistu 4.4 – 4.11 The Transition, Eritrea and Federalism 4.12 – 4.14 The Elections of 1992 and 1994 4.15 – 4.20 1995 CPR & National State Elections, Dergue Trials 4.21 – 4.27 Border Conflict With Eritrea 1998-2001 4.28 – 4.38 National Elections May 2000 4.39 – 4.44 Events of 2001 and 2002 4.45 – 4.55 5 STATE STRUCTURES 5.1 – 5.65 The Constitution 5.1 – 5.5 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.6 Political System 5.7 – 5.27 - Political Overview 5.7 - The Executive Branch 5.8 – 5.9 - The Legislative Branch 5.10 - Ethiopian Politics in General 5.11 – 5.12 - Ethnicity in Ethiopian Politics 5.13 – 5.14 - The Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Party 5.15 – 5.17 - The Opposition 5.18 – 5.25 - Former Members of the Dergue/Workers Party of Ethiopia 5.26 – 5.27 The Judiciary 5.28 – 5.36 - Overview 5.28 – 5.33 - Recent Experience 5.34 – 5.35 Legal Rights/Detention 5.36 – 5.40 - Overview 5.36 – 5.38 - Recent Experience 5.39 – 5.40 Internal Security 5.41 – 5.42 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.43 – 5.47 - Overview 5.43 – 5.46 - Recent Experience 5.47 The Military 5.48 – 5.50 - Military Service 5.48 - Child Soldiers 5.49 – 5.50 Medical Services 5.51 -
General Aman Andom
Remembering unique Eritreans in contemporary history A short biographical sketch Of General Aman Andom Source: google.com Compiled and edited from cyber sources By Emnetu Tesfay Stavanger, Norway September, 20 14 List of content Early life and personal data Exceptional hero of war and peace A strong leader equipped with knowledge, principle and justice A person of amazing character combinations: Victorious as a soldier Principled as a person Guided by respect of law and humanity General Aman as a family man and a churchgoer Popular across borders and a pride to nations Prominence in Andom family. Siblings prominent in their own right. End of life: Tragic but exit with pride Early life and personal data Name meaning & history The name Aman has its own meaning in Geez but many use it as a shortened version of the masculine-gender name Ammanuel. In Hebrew, as in biblical name, the meaning of the name Ammanuel is: "God is with us". This was the foretold name of the Messiah in the Old Testament. It has been used by the Christian population in Eritrea and Ethiopia though it has not been widespread. Pastor Mussa Aron in his book ‘dictionary of Eritrean names’ describes the name Aman as meaning ‘the Truth’. It gives confirmation of reality to events, situations and deeds. The name is also widely used in the Islamic world with the meaning: Protection. Fearless. Interestingly enough when I googled I found out what Soul Urge describes personalities with that name. ‘People with this name tend to be creative and excellent at expressing themselves. -
The Marriage of Equals
A Marriage of Equals and the Role Eritreans Played Engineer Ghirma March 10, 2007 ________________________________________________________________________________ Dejazmach Afewerk W.S. Ras Alula Aba Nega General Aman M. Andom Ethiopian History depends on who wrote it; and when it was written. I am not a Historian; however I have read enough of Ethiopian history, as they say, to attempt some damage! I have read for starters, that Queen Saba gave birth to her son Menelik I, the son of the biblical King Solomon of Israel, in Asmara specifically on the banks of Mai Bela River. Without venturing into the slippery slopes of Ethiopian History again, I can point cautiously, to archeological findings within present day Eritrea which predate Axum; or at least match it. One theory which may support the flight of Ethiopian Monarchy from Medri Bahri (present day Eritrea) to Axum was the alleged constant threat of incursions into Ethiopia from across the Erythrean Sea / Bahre Ertra / Red Sea. The preferred Ethiopian sea port back then was Adulis/Zula. If some Ferenj stranger half way around the world, asks you whether you are an Ethiopian, trust me, you are an Ethiopian; regardless of which part of Ethiopia (Eritrea included) you originate from! How many a time have we in the Diaspora, gazed at a stranger in a foreign land, and said among ourselves: “yegnan ager sew ymeslal or tmeslalech”? Often times the stranger(s) would acknowledge by smiling and nodding in the affirmative, as if we read each other’s mind. What a feeling! By far more battles in the defense of the Ethiopian Empire were launched from within Eritrea than any other region.