DOCSLIB.ORG

Sanskrit, Related Languages of Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sanskrit, Related Languages of Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali GLOSSARY The chapters in this volume contain words from several languages: Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. Many Sanskrit and Sanskrit-related words are used in Bengali, Hindi and Nepali, so there is much overlap in the vocabulary related to renunciation in these Sanskrit-related languages. Acknowledging this overlap, we include Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali terms in a single list for Sanskrit-related languages. Because Tibetan and Sanskrit belong to different language families, we list Tibetan terms in a separate list. Where alternative Sanskritized spellings appear in different chapters, we indicate both variants (samsar I a; jnan I a; tapas I ya; vairag I ya). Three Arabic-derived words (khilaphat, majzub, mazar) are included in the first list, as they are used by Bengali-speaking Bauls. Sanskrit,Related Languages of Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali acharya Sanskrit scholar; spiritual leader of renouncer group ahamkar egotism ajiv insentient matter akhand Bharat united India aryika noble woman; nun of the Jain Digambar sect asan seat or posture for meditation ashram hermitage in Hinduism atman soul in Hinduism avadhut ascetic believed to be above all rule baba an old man; an ascetic bairagi(fbairagini) Vaishnava renouncer bansuri flute bhakti devotion in Hinduism bhandara feast Bharat India 270 GLOSSARY bhek initiation into renunciation, usually Vaishnava or Baul bhek-dhari person who has taken bhek or wears clothes signifying bhek bhog enjoyment; suffering; experiencing the result of good or bad deeds brahman ultimate reality; impersonal absolute daitva duty or responsibility dan contribution; donation; gift dharma duty; moral order; religion dhoti waistcloth worn by men dhuni sacred fire pit associated with wandering renouncers diksha initiation by a guru that usually involves obtaining a mantra divyalok region of celestial beings do tara a lute--like instrument gaumutra cows' unne. ghar house or home of layperson ghuspeti infiltrator; spy guru spiritual teacher in Hinduism havan sacrificial fire Hindutva Hindu nationalism imani batein human affairs jati byabasa caste occupation }ina literally conqueror; omniscient spiritual teacher of]ainism; synonym with Tirrhankara jivl a soul; that which has sentience in Hinduism and Jain ism jnan/ a knowledge; wisdom jnanamarg path of knowledge kamkarnewali literallly she who works karma action or good works; fruits of action in Hinduism karmayoga the yoga of good works karmic pertaining to actions or good works in this or other lives kashaya paSSions kavatchan tunic worn by mumukshus, upasikas, and samanis in Jainism khepa crazy; mad with longing for Divine; Bauls may append this adjective to their name khilaphat Caliphate; used by Bauls and some Sufis ro refer to institu­ tion of renunciation khukuri traditional Nepali curved knife with an iron blade kriyayoga particular yogic technique; used synonymously with karmayoga by some renouncers to mean "the yoga of action" kuti hermitage; small room, especially in a temple GLOSSARY 271 Lalan panthis followers of the famous Baul practitioner and artist Lalan Shah who lived during the eighteenth century; his songs, sung by Bauls in West Bengal and Bangladesh, have esoteric meanings that are passed on from guru to disciple after ini­ tiation (diksha) linga phallic representation of Shiva; a sign of Shiva's divine pres­ ence and spiritual potential madhukari gathering honey by a bee; refers to mendicant practice of taking a little from many households and never a lot from one mahatma great soul; term of address usually for (male) saints mahavratas great vows of a renouncer majzub person who has renounced worldly concerns as a result of losing her or his senses; having ecstatic devotion or divine possessiOn mala garland or necklace; rosary used in recitation of a mantra maya illusion; attachments and affections one feels for others mazar Muslim shrine dedicated to a saint mithini ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women in Nepal mithyadrishti state of ignorance; delusion moksha enlightenment; state of spiritual emancipation muhpatti mouth covering worn by Jain renouncers mumukshu one who desires emancipation; term used to describe a first year student at school for monastic training mum male renouncer murti icon in which a deiry resides murti puja devotional worship of icons nigodas the simplest form of life in Jainism nirguna without attributes or qualities nirjara the elimination of karmas in Jainism pagal crazy; see khepa pandit Brahmin priest paramlok heavenly region path recitation pran I a life force; breath prasad gift from a deiry or holy place; blessed food pratikraman a ritualized confessional prayer in Jainism pratilekhna the careful checking of clothes, books, and so on for insects pravachan religious sermon puja devotional ritual in Hinduism; veneration pujari ritual officiate 272 GLOSSARY rajya rule; kingdom roti unleavened flatbread made from wheat rup beauty; form; color; menstrual blood used in Baul initiation rites sadhana religious or ritual discipline; spiritual practice sadhu (f. sadhvi) Hindu renouncer; ascetic saguna with attributes or qualities sallekhana ritual fast to death in Jainism samaj society; community samani semi-renouncer category within Jain Terapanthi sect; woman who is initiated but permitted some practices forbidden to "full" renouncers, such as traveling by means other than by foot samayik meditation on true self; state of spiritual equanimity samsarl a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth; worldly existence samskar I a mental impression forming on the mind; habit; also life cycle rite for Hindu householders sannyas I a renunciation of householder life for other wordly pursuits sannyasi (f sannyasini) Hindu renouncer seva serviCe shakti female creative principle; strength shiksha learning; education silpi artist; performer; craftsperson sindhur red powder worn by women to symbolize marital status sthan place; location sudarshan chakra sacred discus associated with Vishnu Sufi Muslim mystic Sufism mystical form oflslam emphasizing inner meanings of Muslim texts, mystical states to achieve close­ ness to God, and the importance of a guide (pir or mursid) to gain knowledge; popular form of Islam in South Asia swami lord or master; term of address for male sadhus tabla drum tapas I ya ascetic discipline, austerities tirthankara omniscient spiritual teacher of Jainism; synonym withjina tulsi mala garland made of carved wood from a sacred basil plant worn by Vaishnavas GLOSSARY 273 tyagi(f tyagini) a renouncer; one who has relinquished wordly concerns udasi free from worldly constraints; carefree upasika worshipper; term used to describe girls who are preparing to take initiation into renouncer order vairag I ya detachment; desirelessness vairagi (j vairagini) a renouncer who is in a state of detachment Vaishnava worshipper of god Vishnu or of one of his incarnations vanaprastha forest dwelling; one of the four stages of life in classi­ cal Hinduism vandana devotional salutation vipassana a meditative technique vritti inner disposition vyavahar wordly behavior; business yogi (j yogini) practitioner of yoga; spiritual practitioner m the Hindu or Buddhist tradition yoni female organ of generation; seat, place of rest, home, womb; usually represented at base of Shiva linga icon zildawar revenue official in Jammu and Kashmir in the colonial era Tibetan Language ache elder sister ani aunt aphyi grandmother be le pang byes expiatory rite m which ransom figures (be le) are tossed Bon Tibetan religious tradition that predates Buddhism and is still practiced in areas of Tibet and the Himalayas. Now recognized by the Dalai Lama as a fifth sect of Buddhism Bonpo practitioner of the Bon tradition (Tib. Bon po) brgya 'bzhi expiatory rite involving the ritual tossing of effigies 'bum skor village ritual involving circumambulation of the fields chomo female religious practitioner of the Tibetan Buddhist and Bon traditions who lives independently m a village, without monastic support (Tib. jo mo) 274 GLOSSARY dbu mdzad chant-master; the monk or nun responsible for leading the monastic assembly in chanting dge skos a monastic office of disciplinarian dge tsha village ritual to honor the ancestors dgu mig bzlod expiatory rite involving the tossing of nine effigies 'dri chang begging for beer; event to raise funds for rituals drogmo ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women (Tib. grogs mo) dzo yak/cow crossbreed animal used for transport and farm work (Tib. mdzo) geshe highest qualification in Tibetan monastic system, attained after a minimum of nine years of study and thought comparable to a PhD (Tib. dge bshes) gnyer pa steward who organizes funding, food, and finances for a ritual or institution gompa a temple or monastery in the Buddhist or Bon tradition (Tib. dgon pa) Kagyu Tibetan Buddhist sect known for its emphasis on meditation (Tib. bKa' rgyud) klu underground spirits that rule over fertility and prosperity of homes, villages, individuals mchodgnas monks serving three-year terms as village ritual officiants mkhanpo abbot; head of assembly mnga' 'og ritual, financial, and legal domain of a monastery within which it has jurisdiction no mo younger sister Nyingma literally "the old one"; earliest sect ofTibetan Buddhism that shares many practices with Bon and is known for noncelibate householder lamas (Tib. rnying ma) o ma'i rin literally milk price, paid to a bride's mother pe rag jeweled headdress passed on from mother to (usually eldest) daughter at time of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Language Documentation and Description
    Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 18. Editors: Candide Simard, Sarah M. Dopierala & E. Marie Thaut Irrealis? Issues concerning the inflected t-form in Sylheti JONAS LAU Cite this article: Lau, Jonas. 2020. Irrealis? Issues concerning the inflected t-form in Sylheti. In Candide Simard, Sarah M. Dopierala & E. Marie Thaut (eds.) Language Documentation and Description 18, 56- 68. London: EL Publishing. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/199 This electronic version first published: August 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Irrealis? Issues concerning the inflected t-form in Sylheti Jonas Lau SOAS, University of London Abstract Among the discussions about cross-linguistic comparability of grammatical categories within the field of linguistic typology (cf. Cristofaro 2009; Haspelmath 2007), one in particular seems to be especially controversial: is there really such a category as irrealis? This term has been used extensively in descriptive works and grammars to name all kinds of grammatical morphemes occurring in various modal and non-modal contexts. However, cross-linguistic evidence for a unitary category that shares invariant semantic features has not been attested (Bybee 1998:266).
    [Show full text]
  • Numbers in Bengali Language
    NUMBERS IN BENGALI LANGUAGE A dissertation submitted to Assam University, Silchar in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Department of Linguistics. Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR 788011, INDIA YEAR OF SUBMISSION : 2020 CONTENTS Title Page no. Certificate 1 Declaration by the candidate 2 Acknowledgement 3 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.0 A rapid sketch on Assam 4 1.2.0 Etymology of “Assam” 4 Geographical Location 4-5 State symbols 5 Bengali language and scripts 5-6 Religion 6-9 Culture 9 Festival 9 Food havits 10 Dresses and Ornaments 10-12 Music and Instruments 12-14 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15-16 Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY Objectives 16 Methodology and Sources of Data 16 Chapter 4: NUMBERS 18-20 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22 CERTIFICATE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR DATE: 15-05-2020 Certified that the dissertation/project entitled “Numbers in Bengali Language” submitted by Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 of 2018-2019 for Master degree in Linguistics in Assam University, Silchar. It is further certified that the candidate has complied with all the formalities as per the requirements of Assam University . I recommend that the dissertation may be placed before examiners for consideration of award of the degree of this university. 5.10.2020 (Asst. Professor Paramita Purkait) Name & Signature of the Supervisor Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar 1 DECLARATION I hereby Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No – 03-120032252 hereby declare that the subject matter of the dissertation entitled ‘Numbers in Bengali language’ is the record of the work done by me.
    [Show full text]
  • Arijit Mcaf DEPARTMENT of PHYSICS & ASTROPHYSICS
    Arijit Mcaf DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS & ASTROPHYSICS University of Delhi Notice: For all the candidates in Category I, II and V, who do not have NET, colleges should verify their eligibility according to University regulations. LIST OF THE CANDIDATES FOR CONSIDERATION OF APPOINTMENT AS AD-HOC LECTURER IN PHYSICS IN DELHI UNIVERSITY COLLEGES- October 2020 *All the students who have been admitted to the Ph.D., programme in this Department under the new ordinance and who have not completed two years after registration, are advised that they will not be granted leave from Ph.D., to take up ad- hoc teaching assignment. In the event that such a student takes up an ad-hoc position, the Ph.D., registration is liable to be cancelled. Remarks: Candidates who are pursuing Ph.D., course and NET Qualified should have prior permission from their supervisor before appearing for the interview for Adhoc appointment in various colleges of the University. GENERAL Candidates: CATEGORY-I: First division from Graduation onwards + Ph.D., AWARDED S.No. Name/Address/Telephone No. Qualification Remarks 1. Aarti Tewari B.Sc., University of Delhi, 74.10%, H4-102, Mahaveer Enclave, Palam, New 2007 Delhi-110045` M.Sc., -do-, 63.70%, 2009 Ph:- 9910757461 Ph.D.,-DTU-2017 E-mail:- [email protected] 2. Abhishek Dwivedi B.Sc.(H), BHU, 60.39%, 2010 Vill & Post- Kajha, Distt- Mau, UP-276129 M.Sc., -do-, 72.60%, 2012 Ph:- 7897760331 Ph.D., BHU, 2017 E-mail:- [email protected] NET- LS-2012 3. Abhishek Kumar Singh B.Sc.(H), University of Delhi, 60%, 110, IInd Floor, Pocket-5, Sec.-22, Rohini, 2004 Delhi-110086 M.Sc., -do-, 60%, 2008 Ph:- 9990030872 Ph.D.,- University of Delhi -2014 E-mail:- [email protected] NET-JRF-2008 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of Portuguese-Bengal Cultural Heritage Through Museological Studies
    Exploration of Portuguese-Bengal Cultural Heritage through Museological Studies Dr. Dhriti Ray Department of Museology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Line of Presentation Part I • Brief history of Portuguese in Bengal • Portuguese-Bengal cultural interactions • Present day continuity • A Gap Part II • University of Calcutta • Department of Museology • Museological Studies/Researches • Way Forwards Portuguese and Bengal Brief History • The Portuguese as first European explorer to visit in Bengal was Joao da Silveira in 1518 , couple of decades later of the arrival of Vasco Da Gama at Calicut in 1498. • Bengal was the important area for sugar, saltpeter, indigo and cotton textiles •Portuguese traders began to frequent Bengal for trading and to aid the reigning Nawab of Bengal against an invader, Sher Khan. • A Portuguese captain Tavarez received by Akbar, and granted permission to choose any spot in Bengal to establish trading post. Portuguese settlements in Bengal In Bengal Portuguese had three main trade points • Saptagram: Porto Pequeno or Little Haven • Chittagong: Porto Grande or Great Haven. • Hooghly or Bandel: In 1599 Portuguese constructed a Church of the Basilica of the Holy Rosary, commonly known as Bandel Church. Till today it stands as a memorial to the Portuguese settlement in Bengal. The Moghuls eventually subdued the Portuguese and conquered Chittagong and Hooghly. By the 18th century the Portuguese presence had almost disappeared from Bengal. Portuguese settlements in Bengal Portuguese remains in Bengal • Now, in Bengal there are only a few physical vestiges of the Portuguese presence, a few churches and some ruins. But the Portuguese influence lives on Bengal in other ways— • Few descendents of Luso-Indians (descendants of the offspring of mixed unions between Portuguese and local women) and descendants of Christian converts are living in present Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Vedapatasaalas in Andhra Pradesh
    Vedapatasaalas in Andhra Pradesh Dr. K. Varalakshmi Deputy Director, Sanskri Academy, Osmania University, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 1. Sri Sita Rama VedaSamskrutha VidyaPeethamu Charitable Trust. Regn.No.:25/01-02/dit (E). Jagadevapur, Medak Disrict, Andhra Pradesh, India Pin : 502281 Phone : 91-40-27538908 or 91-9989699311 Email : admin [at] vedabhoomi.org Email does not work Krishna Yajurvedam and rest belong to Krishna Yajurveda Smartham Telugu and Sanskrit Publications Sanskrit Vyakaranam and Sanskrit Kavyas Audio downlodable CDs of AudioTextBooks at http://www.vedabhoomi.org/SanskritChanting.html Sri Adi Sankara's Bhasyopeta of Isavasya, Katha and Taittiriya Upanishad, Bhattoji Dikshita's Siddhanta Kaumudi and Sanskrit MahaKavyas like Megha Sandesham, Kumara Sambhavam, Kiratarjuneeyam and Raghu Vamsham Support students and Pathashala so such audio renderings can be provided free of cost Scrollable photo gallery http://www.vedabhoomi.org Veda Patashaala Visi by Ani and Divya 2.Hari Hara Veda Vidya Peetham Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Devasthanam VEDA (Vedic Education and Devotional Academy) Hari Hara Veda Vidya Peetham (Vedic Educational Society) Regn. No. 7064/2001 H. No. 6-146, Sreenagar 3rd Line, Kothagudem . 507 101 Khammam District Andhra Pradesh, India Ph. No: +1-91-8744-243640 A branch in Milpitas, California, US Audio files site http://siliconvalleytemple.net 3.Vedabhavan, Secunderabad Sankara Bhaktha Sabha Trust (Regd) VEDA BHAVAN, 58 and 59 Road no 1, Chandragiri Colony ( west) Neredmet Secunderabad- 500 058 Tel nos 040- 2722 7669 and 2722 9775 Email ghanapati [at] gmail.com Website http://www.vedabhavan.org (under construction) The number of students in the veda Patashala are approx 100. Video. 4.Sarvaraya Educational Trust, Kapileswarpuram Zamindra.s House Gandhinagar, Kakinada-533004, Andhra Pradesh (Supported by MSRVVP) Video clip Information on Vedapathashala sponsored by Sri Shirdi Sai Baba Temple in North America in 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Bengali, Part I
    R E F O R T R E S U M E S ED 012 811 48 AA 000 171 INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI, PART I. BY- DIMOCK, EDWARD, JR. AND OTHERS CHICAGO UNIV., ILL., SOUTH ASIALANG. AND AREA CTR REPORT NUMBER NDEA.--VI--153 PUB DATE 64 EDRS PRICE MF -$1.50 HC$16.04 401P. DESCRIPTORS-- *BENGALI, GRAMMAR, PHONOLOGY, *LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, FHONOTAPE RECORDINGS, *PATTERN DRILLS (LANGUAGE), *LANGUAGE AIDS, *SPEECHINSTRUCTION, THE MATERIALS FOR A BASIC COURSE IN SPOKENBENGALI PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK WERE PREPARED BYREVISION OF AN EARLIER WORK DATED 1959. THE REVISIONWAS BASED ON EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM 2 YEARS OF CLASSROOMWORK WITH THE INITIAL COURSE MATERIALS AND ON ADVICE AND COMMENTS RECEIVEDFROM THOSE TO WHOM THE FIRST DRAFT WAS SENT FOR CRITICISM.THE AUTHORS OF THIS COURSE ACKNOWLEDGE THE BENEFITS THIS REVISIONHAS GAINED FROM ANOTHER COURSE, "SPOKEN BENGALI,"ALSO WRITTEN IN 1959, BY FERGUSON AND SATTERWAITE, BUT THEY POINTOUT THAT THE EMPHASIS OF THE OTHER COURSE IS DIFFERENTFROM THAT OF THE "INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI." FOR THIS COURSE, CONVERSATIONAND DRILLS ARE ORIENTED MORE TOWARDCULTURAL CONCEPTS THAN TOWARD PRACTICAL SITUATIONS. THIS APPROACHAIMS AT A COMPROMISE BETWEEN PURELY STRUCTURAL AND PURELYCULTURAL ORIENTATION. TAPE RECORDINGS HAVE BEEN PREPAREDOF THE MATERIALS IN THIS BOOK WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THEEXPLANATORY SECTIONS AND TRANSLATION DRILLS. THIS BOOK HAS BEEN PLANNEDTO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THOSE RECORDINGS.EARLY LESSONS PLACE MUCH STRESS ON INTONATION WHIM: MUST BEHEARD TO BE UNDERSTOOD. PATTERN DRILLS OF ENGLISH TO BENGALIARE GIVEN IN THE TEXT, BUT BENGALI TO ENGLISH DRILLS WERE LEFTTO THE CLASSROOM INSTRUCTOR TO PREPARE. SUCH DRILLS WERE INCLUDED,HOWEVER, ON THE TAPES.
    [Show full text]
  • Jain Philosophy and Practice I 1
    PANCHA PARAMESTHI Chapter 01 - Pancha Paramesthi Namo Arihantänam: I bow down to Arihanta, Namo Siddhänam: I bow down to Siddha, Namo Äyariyänam: I bow down to Ächärya, Namo Uvajjhäyänam: I bow down to Upädhyäy, Namo Loe Savva-Sähunam: I bow down to Sädhu and Sädhvi. Eso Pancha Namokkäro: These five fold reverence (bowings downs), Savva-Pävappanäsano: Destroy all the sins, Manglänancha Savvesim: Amongst all that is auspicious, Padhamam Havai Mangalam: This Navakär Mantra is the foremost. The Navakär Mantra is the most important mantra in Jainism and can be recited at any time. While reciting the Navakär Mantra, we bow down to Arihanta (souls who have reached the state of non-attachment towards worldly matters), Siddhas (liberated souls), Ächäryas (heads of Sädhus and Sädhvis), Upädhyäys (those who teach scriptures and Jain principles to the followers), and all (Sädhus and Sädhvis (monks and nuns, who have voluntarily given up social, economical and family relationships). Together, they are called Pancha Paramesthi (The five supreme spiritual people). In this Mantra we worship their virtues rather than worshipping any one particular entity; therefore, the Mantra is not named after Lord Mahävir, Lord Pärshva- Näth or Ädi-Näth, etc. When we recite Navakär Mantra, it also reminds us that, we need to be like them. This mantra is also called Namaskär or Namokär Mantra because in this Mantra we offer Namaskär (bowing down) to these five supreme group beings. Recitation of the Navakär Mantra creates positive vibrations around us, and repels negative ones. The Navakär Mantra contains the foremost message of Jainism. The message is very clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Vernacularization of South Asian Languages
    LLanguageanguage EEndangermentndangerment andand PPreservationreservation inin SSouthouth AAsiasia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA Special Publication No. 7 (January 2014) ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 USA http:/nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822-1888 USA © All text and images are copyright to the authors, 2014 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ISBN 978-0-9856211-4-8 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4607 Contents Contributors iii Foreword 1 Hugo C. Cardoso 1 Death by other means: Neo-vernacularization of South Asian 3 languages E. Annamalai 2 Majority language death 19 Liudmila V. Khokhlova 3 Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and 46 loss in North East India Stephen Morey 4 Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in 78 South Asia Carmen Brandt 5 The lifecycle of Sri Lanka Malay 100 Umberto Ansaldo & Lisa Lim LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA iii CONTRIBUTORS E. ANNAMALAI ([email protected]) is director emeritus of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore (India). He was chair of Terralingua, a non-profit organization to promote bi-cultural diversity and a panel member of the Endangered Languages Documentation Project, London.
    [Show full text]
  • M.A. Education
    PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF EDUCATION MA [Education] First Year MAEDN - 401 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION Philosophy, science and education have been very important components to develop and enrich the personality of individuals and citizens of a country. Philosophy develops a high degree of control over own powers and actions. Philosophers have, therefore, earned much respect and credibility throughout history. Philosophical and Sociological Perspectives of Education is divided into two parts–one that deals with the philosophical perspectives and the second which examines the sociological perspectives. Sociology, according or Duncan, is the scientific study of dynamic processes of interactions of person and the patterns these form in relation to biological, psychological and cultural influences. Thus, sociology studies social phenomena, social organizations and cultural patterns. It seeks to discover the laws that govern social relations and the forces that develop the personality of the individual. As you know, the book is divided into two parts. the part concerning sociological perspectives deals with various aspects of educational sociology–the social context of education, agents of socialization, the impact of social groups on education systems, the close relationship between education and culture, social stratification and the function of education as an instrument of social change. Social interaction is the foundation of society. The book discusses the development of groups and the characteristics of group dynamics. Numerous thinkers have put forward various theories of socialization; some of the important theories are discussed in this book. This book–Philosophical and Sociological Perspectives of Education– has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode (SIM)format and follows a simple pattern, wherein each unit of the book begins with the Introduction followed by the Unit Objectives for the topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for the Greatest Bengali: the BBC and Shifting Identity
    National Identities Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2008, 149Á165 Searching for the greatest Bengali: The BBC and shifting identity categories in South Asia Reece Jones* University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Drawing on debates generated by the BBC Bengali Language Service’s naming of the greatest Bengali of all time, this article investigates the shifting boundaries between group identity categories in our ‘globalising’ world. First, the con- troversy over the meaning of the term ‘Bengali’, which emerged in contemporary Bangladesh and India in response to the BBC’s list, is investigated. Then writings and speeches of several of the individuals who were honoured as the greatest Bengalis are analysed in order to draw out the multiple ways they approached their own Bengali identities. In the conclusion, it is argued that rather than imagining the end of place-based identity categories through the process of globalisation, it is more useful to conceptualise shifting categories that continue Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 to incorporate a place-based aspect, but in hybrid and contradictory ways. Keywords: categories; ethnicity; nations; globalisation; South Asia In Spring 2004, following the British Broadcasting Company’s naming of Winston Churchill as the greatest Briton of all time, the BBC Bengali Language Service conducted a survey of its twelve million listeners to determine the greatest Bengali of all time (BBC, 2004).1 Respondents were asked to rank their top five choices and in the end more than 100 individuals received votes. The top twenty were announced one per day beginning on 26 March, Bangladesh’s Independence Day, and ending on 15 April, the Bengali New Year’s Day, with the naming of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the greatest Bengali of all time.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbs in Bengali Language
    VERBS IN BENGALI LANGUAGE A dissertation submitted to Assam University, Silchar in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Department of Linguistics. Roll- 042018 No - 2083100010 Registration no- 20180016655 of 2018-2019 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE ASSAM UNIVERSITY, SILCHAR 788011, INDIA YEAR OF SUBMISSION – 2020 I ● CERTIFICATE Certified that the dissertation ∕project entitled “ Verbs in Bengali Language” submitted by ROLL- 042018, NO – 2083100010, REGISTRATION NO- 20180016655 of 2018-2019 . for Masters of Arts in Linguistics. This work has been submitted previously for Master degree in Linguistics in Assam University,Silchar. It further certified that the candidate has complied with all the formalities as per the requirements of Assam University. I recommend that the dissertation may be placed before examiners for consideration of award of the degree of this university. (Asst. Professor Paramita Purkait) Name & Signature of the supervisor Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar II ● DECLARATION I bearing Roll– 042018, no – 2083100010, Registrationno – 20180016655 of 2018-2019 . hereby declare that the subject matter of the dissertation entitled “Verbs in Bengali Language” is the record of the work done by me. The content of this work did not form the basis for award of any degree to me or anybody else to the best of my knowledge. The project is being submitted to Assam University for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics. Date- 05.10.20. Place -Silchar, Assam University Candidate- Rishita Deb ` III ●ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to pay regards to my mother and father, I owe my indebtedness with great pleasure to my supervisor Assistant Professor Parmita Purkait, Department of Linguistics, Assam University Silchar, for giving me the opportunity to undertake this research work in the Department of Linguistics for her kind help,readily encouragement throughout and her contructive criticism to improve the various aspects of the research work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bengalis: a Thousand Years
    Bengalis Thousand Years 8670/ 021116 The BengAlis: A ThousAnd YeArs Jawhar Sircar The last few days of a century that also happen to be at the end of a whole millennium, are bound to stir a strange excitement in even the most placid person. The two most expected feelings that hold their sway can perhaps be summarized as: introspection and expectation — drawing a balance sheet of the past as also trying to gauge what the future holds. Such an exercise can cover not only a single person or his immediate concerns; it may as well cover his locality, his state or nation and may be stretched to entire humanity. The constraints of my acquaintance and knowledge hardly qualify me to scan any group higher or bigger than my own people: the Bengalis. Even in this, my limitations now plague me more than my enthusiasm to try out such a review — but these notwithstanding; the sheer thrill of initiating an animated adda on the subject overpowers me. At the beginning, let me make it clear that I do not have the audacity to try to cover a thousand years in just a few pages: hence I will concentrate only on certain significant periods or issues, for the sake of presenting a viewpoint. So let us begin: are the Bengalis a thousand years old? Or even more? Historians tell us about our history during the Pala- Sena period, which would give us about 1250 years to be proud of, but if we include the great Sasanka, we could be share-holders in a great concern that goes back fourteen centuries.
    [Show full text]