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League in state Muslim separate Asian Muslim born the South achieving was India in succeeded Huq eventually All was that Bengalis, effort. organisation the greatest this the of of of list formation the BBC’s forefront the of on the rights ‘ fourth as the at finished known who for Huq, Bengal’, Fazlul argued of K. and A. ‘ nationality region. the of in version populations Islamic limited this challenged that ssmtiglk h ado rvdnewrigotsm odfrorcommon our for good some out working providence 132) of p. mayor] 1978, hand as (Huq, the Motherland. 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Hindu Bengali exploitation. a their of prevent everyone meaning to to up referring rise Bengalis, will the that Pakistan, argues East instead in and living dead not is Tiger, Bengal ntemnh eoeteidpnec a ea,Sek ui aemany gave Mujib Sheikh began, war independence the before the In Mohammad and Huq Fazlul of speeches and writings the as Bengal, East In Islamic his described Shahidullah 1929, in conference literary a to address an In political their change to forced often are Huq Fazlul like politicians Undoubtedly the of understandings shifting Huq’s Fazlul demonstrate quotations three These ainlIdentities National 159 Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 ahrta iiigtetr Bnai oteHnuppltos rtoewhose only Bengali. those had a who or of populations definition populations, included his Hindu even in migrated Mujib the recently Sheikh to Bengal, ‘Bengali’ from were term ancestors the limiting than Rather 160 ecie pcfclyhwaBnldsidfee rmaBengali: a from differed in Bangladeshi a faith how and specifically trust described 1997). ‘Absolute Murshid, with 148; the p. preamble and 1992, the beginning (Banu, the in Allah’ to replaced added Almighty was was merciful’) the ‘’ beneficent, word the ‘ replaced Allah, was Later of redefine ‘Bengali’ name text. to First, the attempt the ‘Bangladeshi’. an throughout several and in ‘Bangladeshi’ made ‘Bengali’ Bangladesh Zia with terms in of , the late constitution of the party the the meanings In formed of the political 2001. wording in also the re-elected Bangladesh in was of He other changes minister and prime president, 1996 1981. the the until was the 1991 in is Zia, from Khaleda later of which assassination wife, and his independence (BNP), his and administrator, Bangladesh, Party the until law National declare 1975 martial district Bangladesh from officially the the now Bangladesh to is was what of in person and 1936 in Bangladesh first born was of He the address. 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You local longer. the no with merge to refugees the and people integrated 1972, (Rahman, local be life. the of should walks with all partition] assimilated in of become them with 11) may time opportunities p. they and the rights that at equal so enjoy Pakistan thus life of national parts the both into to India from huhs u egahclpsto sdfeet u iesadsisaedifferent. are and soils arts and different rivers have our we different. different, poetry; are is and people position prose Our geographical different have Our We thoughts. it. modernising are hc sdfeetfo hto h epeo u egbrn onr.(utdi Huq, in (quoted country. neighboring our of people 58) the p. of way 1984, that from own different our is which in it culture moulding and are history. traditions we Our different different, process. a is different have language a through We Our born different. 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Toa osiuns a rw mn u people, our among grown has consciousness a [T]oday .Jones R. ... 8 Bismillah-ar-Rahman-ar-Rahim oais[ouain h migrated who [populations Mohajirs naltrsec tteRc Course Race the at speech later a In ... advise I Á we (‘In ’ Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 ohv a rsial ifrn ennst ifrn epedrn h at150 past the during people different seems to ‘Bengali’ meanings term with different The and years been. drastically places have would had in they have even has assume fixed, article to might been this we never communication, whom have for and categories peoples migration identity in these is trends that categories recent argued identity of ethnic result and national the contemporary largely of do. messiness the they that that suggest many believe people by that categories extent made identity the argument to racial but and only and the things-in-the-world, exist national debates not support are Ethnic, contemporary categories perspectives-on-the-world. to identity imagined both national evidence and and in ethnic provided that multiple those used scholars the has of been demonstrating it some has by historically, of ‘Bengali’ First, about speeches claims categories. ways three and make identity contradictory to writings national sought has and the article this ethnic analysing of Bengalis, Bengali greatest critically greatest the the as by of honoured naming and BBC’s the time by generated all debates poll the on drawing BBC’s By ethnic the and the around contentious Conclusion still from debate is separate ‘Bengali’ the was of As meaning that exact held. meaning the unclear. previously today national even had and demonstrates, to it Islamic ‘Bangladeshi’ the term Mohajir an in connotation the redefine the region it to of and began the formation Rahman give the populations Ziaur After in before. like non-Indo-Aryan generation lived leaders a the there Bangladesh, who migrated even only everyone had Bengali, that include populations Bengalis. a as to nation united of were further separate language definition the went spoke a who secondary Mujib region constituted was the religion Sheikh of Muslims that residents suggested the that they of the times all argued other and of At times Bengalis. understanding the their at from origins. distinct shifted foreign and be with both to ‘Bengali’ group Shahidullah separate region term Mohammad a the as and as of residents such Huq populations Muslim Fazlul leaders, the Hindu nineteenth religious viewed the the and and In considered Bengalis nationalists conflicted. only appear early Vivekananda, and also authorities, Swami time colonial ‘Bengali’ all is the of terms century, Bengalis He the greatest different. the Bengali. between debates, a substantially not distinction as are himself absolute sees Bengal clearly an the and West even make ‘Bangladeshi’, and and to literature traditions, Bangladesh attempting culture, geography, of history, languages the that argues Zia atr oto ftergo n xldstelreyHnupplto nWest in population Hindu largely the excludes and the region of the the population has Islamic of it mostly excluded perfect Today portion the specifically roots. to the eastern It foreign refers have region. ‘Bangladeshi’ is to the meaning. perceived of opposite ‘Bangladeshi’ exact were Hindus who ‘Bengali’ the term populations, term primarily Islamic the to The the with refer interchangeable situation. to was used particular it was and period, want a colonial people the in whatever During example. mean mean can to they existed, them always have that things-in-the-world eod ncnrs ocam aeb oeshlr fgoaiainwho globalisation of scholars some by made claims to contrast in Second, BBC the in ‘Bengali’ term the of meaning the over disagreement was there as Just Á hc speieytepit eas ain n tncte r o fixed not are ethnicities and nations Because point. the precisely is which ainlIdentities National 161 Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 Notes Any Studies. mine. Bangladesh National of are US Institute remain by American supported that the work Lab errors and on Cartography 0602206 part final Wisconsin No. in the of Grant based in under University is Foundation work suggestions the This map. their and the earlier for Francisco developing reviewers on Heather for anonymous to commenting two also for and Waskowski Thanks Kaplan David stages. David and to Narayan and Kirin drafts, Kaiser, that to affiliations a Thanks social in people shifting ways. of Acknowledgements contradictory imagine and flows hybrid to in and but useful aspect, networks will place-based more a growing categories incorporate is of to identity the continue it light territorial of world, in organisation that globalising important political suggesting less the than become alter rather fundamentally brought Therefore, changes will the world. question that into globalisation argue calls who by This scholars constant. of place about appears assumptions the place underlying of a precise the location with identify of the the identify many people and to individual, different, need how is the each in but category For shifts, identity role inchoately. place-based significant a but a of others, meaning play categorise to and continue themselves will places that appears case. the globalising been postmodern, always our to has unique rather not but is world, definitions in incoherence This Bengal. 162 .Tedt o hs w etoswr olce rmltest h dtr rilsadopinion and articles editor, the to letters from collected were sections two these for data The 2. Due years. sixty for region the in broadcasting been has service language Bengali BBC The 1. .I hsscin eta nlsso rtnsadsece fsvrlo h raetBengalis greatest the of several of speeches and writings of analysis textual section, this In 3. oun rmfu nls-agaeBnldsinwppr ( newspapers -language four http://www.bbc.co.uk/ from columns see: information additional it but For Bangladesh, in Bengal. are West listeners bengali/. million in twelve its broadcasts of majority also the population, larger its to Star netoal xlddbcuehsipc nBnaicluehsbe ieyntdand noted and widely hybrid been has multiple, culture are the Bengali was meanings on about Tagore the Rabindranath impact thought perspectives. his that individual other because is excluded had each point intentionally undoubtedly what not individual the are on Each Instead, quotes perspective shifting. The Bengali. definitive periods. of historical a different meaning provide and from Hindus individuals different to from and both individuals meant region; list; incorporate: the the to on rankings of order low parts and in high selected both with were debates individuals Muslims; individuals contemporary male. The the and were conducted. Sakhawat) in Rokeya was America gendered. Begum writers consequently 6: North the are No. (i.e., here , of Bengalis presented all greatest Bangladesh, perspectives in the the of that of Undoubtedly residing residents noted one of but be immigrants mix all also and a and should be Bengal, It to appeared West . letters there the available, writes of who not demonstrate or residents papers, are conversant these to editors, reads are using the who who rather course, document those to that Of to but statistics responses ‘Bengali’. Although of ‘representative’, English. term breadth in The the the be limits 2002). understand sources to O’Connor, people English-language & only ways meant Madge multiple not see and commentary, contradictory are a quotes (for research selected academic more becoming in are sources common Online Bangladesh). From News (Bangladesh-web.com; forums hr,dsieti lxblt ntedfnto n s fiett aeois it categories, identity of use and definition the in flexibility this despite Third, , h Independent The and h agaehObserver Bangladesh The .Jones R. n etr otdi niediscussion online in posted letters and ) h e Nation New The , h Daily The Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 .(2002). S. Basu, (1977). M. Bagchee, nszaa.(1993). Anisuzzaman. (1991). B. Anderson, paua,A (1996). A. Appadurai, (2001). (Ed.). R. Ahmed, he,R (1981). R. Ahmed, ha,K (1975). K. Ahmad, References .I pt fSek ui’ nlsv htrc h ouain htmgae oEast to migrated that populations the rhetoric, (1965) inclusive Mujib’s al.’s Sheikh et of Dimock spite Edward In e.g., 8. see, meanings synonymous the on more For 7. who people of numbers similar relatively were there 1947, in Bengal of partition the Before standardised. 6. recently only was languages, other all like Bengali, that noted be should It 5. .TeBCBnl agaeSriesls ftetptet raetBnai swsfollows: was is Bengalis Greatest twenty top the of list Service’s Language Bangla BBC The 4. au .A (1992). A. R. Banu, arw .(2003). I. Barrow, he,R E..(1990). (Ed.). R. Ahmed, idimi ieenhcnuyBengal nineteenth-century in Hinduism e eh:Ofr nvriyPress. University Oxford : New Press. Minnesota of University MN: 2den.Lno:Verso. : edn). (2nd Press. University Oxford Asian. aiudnMhu nieLibrary. Inside Mahmud Zahiruddin nvriyPress. University agaeh h oenetage hyaePksai n htal3000sol be in should citizenship 300,000 given all not that still and are Pakistanis ‘’) are called they there. (now repatriated argues government partition The of Bangladesh. time the at Pakistan formation the before Bangladesh). was of however, (this, state Pakistan independent and the India into of region the of partition the Bengali in to religion Introduction about discussions for 2001) (1981, Ahmed Bangladesh See in region. Bengal. the Muslim the West 85% After in approximately Hindu region. Pakistan, of 80% to percentages the and moved religious of populations current Muslim parts the and in different India resulting the to moved in populations Muslim Hindu partition, and Hindu themselves considered language term the Sanscritise the or under Islamise together either to lumped 1993). attempts are ongoing (Anisuzzaman, that also greatly, are vary there can and ‘Bengali’, which dialects, many (18) Suhrawardy. are Vivekananda, Shaheed There Hossain Swami (20) (17) and Rahman, Shahidullah, Ziaur Muhammad (19) Diponkar, Dr Attish (16) movement, language aln bu hnBahn,(0 aaRmMhnRy 1)SaedMeer Shaheed (11) Ray, Mohon Ram Raza Ali (10) (9) , Misar Bhashani, Chandra Khan Ishwar Hamid (8) Abdul Bose, Mawlana Chandra Jagadish (7) Tagore, Sakhawat, Rabindranath Rokeya (2) Begum Rahman, (4) Islam, Mujibur Nazrul Sheikh Kazi Bengalis] (3) of [friend Bangabandhu (1) without events the and using dates (http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/index.html). confirmed Historical resource were elsewhere. citation conducted been other have analyses thorough Á iui,(2 ao hh 1)Stai a,(4 mry e,(5 atr of Martyrs (15) Sen, Amartya (14) Ray, Satyajit (13) , (12) , eiiu eiaima ainls icus:SaiVvknnaadNew and Vivekananda Swami discourse: nationalist as revivalism Religious aighsoy rwn ertr:BiihMpon nIda 1756 c India, in Mappoing British territory: drawing history, Making oi-oiia itr fBna n h it fBangladesh of birth the and Bengal of history socio-political A sa nBangladesh in Islam ad Mataram Vande h eglMsis 1871 Muslims, Bengal The mgndcmuiis eetoso h rgnadsra fnationalism of spread and origin the on Reflections communities: Imagined raiiy elt n identity and reality Creativity, oent tlre utrldmnin fglobalization of dimensions Cultural large: at Modernity nesadn h eglMsis nepeaieessays Interpretative Muslims: Bengal the Understanding eiin ainls n oiisi Bangladesh in politics and nationalism Religion, htcniust s Bnlds’t ee oalo eglafter Bengal of all to refer to ‘Bangladesh’ use to continues that Sher-e-Bangla ainlIdentities National oby hrty iy Bhavan. Vidya Bharatiya Bombay: . e ok Brill. York: New . e eh:Ofr nvriyPress. University Oxford Delhi: New . .K allHqe 5 uhsCadaBs,(6) Bose, Chandra Subhas (5) Haque, Fazlul K. A. Á 96 us o identity for quest A 1906: hk:DaaUiest Press. University Dhaka Dhaka: . Á noln agaeh history Bangladeshi online an e eh:South Delhi: New . eh:Oxford Delhi: . Minneapolis, . e Delhi: New . Dhaka: . Á 1905 163 . Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 u,F (1978). F. Huq, u,A 18) h rbe fntoa dniyi Bangladesh. in identity national of problem The Dwelling-domesticating/being- (1984). A. practices: Huq, national of imaginary spatial The (1996). G. Hage, osa,P (1999). P. Gossman, oe .(97.Nto smte:Rpeettosadcnettoso Ida nBengali in ‘India’ of contestations and Representations mother: as Nation (1997). S. Bose, (1996). BBC, M. Bengali’. Billig, ‘greatest name Listeners (2004). Corporation). Broadcasting (British BBC 164 rs,P (1991). P. Brass, hs,A (1947). A. 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Á ot saResearch Asia South 34. niomn n lnigD oit n Space and Society D: Planning and Environment p.229 (pp. h olo ni:Acntutv td fIda huhsadideals and thoughts Indian of study constructive A India: of soul The h sai yceitctaiini Bengal in tradition syncretistic Islamic The tncadRca Studies Racial and Ethnic Area h oesoemn inh h ulmLau n h eadfrPakistan for demand the and League Muslim the Jinnah, spokesman: sole The tnntoaimi h otmoaywrd akrCno n h td of study the and Connor Walker world: contemporary the in Ethnonationalism isoapltc:A oeabroad home At politics: aitn alr nntoa integration national in Failure Pakistan: lblzto n ertra identities territorial and h n ftento-tt:Ters frgoa economies regional of rise The nation-state: the of end The h eaaino atPakistan East of separation The Area h odreswrd oe n taeyi h nelne economy interlinked the in strategy and Power world: borderless The h wdsimvmn nBna,1903 Bengal, in movement Swadeshi The , agaeh yBnlds:Slce pehsadsaeet,Otbr28, October statements, and speeches Selected Bangladesh: my Bangladesh, h itr fteBnaisekn people Bengali-speaking the of history The 34 Á 7.NwYr:. 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