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Thesis – Linguistic Colonisation in Post-Colonial Translation as a Catalyst for the Russification of Ukrainian under Imperial and Soviet Rule Analisa C. Delvecchio Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree in Translation Studies School of Translation and Interpretation Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Analisa C. Delvecchio, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-86680-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-86680-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Table of Contents 1 Historical Background and Context ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tsarist Language Restrictions – A Model for Soviet Language Policy ................... 1 1.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Education Reforms Under Alexander II .................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Ems Ukaz ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1.4 Reforms Under Alexander III ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1.5 Russification via Translation and Transliteration ................................................................ 9 1.2 Implications and Ramifications: A Prequel for Soviet Intolerance and Linguicide ............................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Linguicide ........................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3 The Ukrainian Situation Outside Imperial Russia ............................................................. 13 1.2.4 Publishing Translations Outside of Imperial Russia ......................................................... 15 1.2.5 Translating Ukrainian as a Dialect ........................................................................................... 17 2 Lexical and Terminological Russification: Functions and Techniques .............. 19 2.1 Periods of Intense Russification ....................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Orthographic Developments ...................................................................................................... 20 2.1.3 Re-Russification ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Russifying Ukrainian Orthography .......................................................................................... 23 2.1.5 Lexicology and Terminology ...................................................................................................... 25 2.1.6 A False Pretext for Russification ............................................................................................... 27 2.1.7 Literary Purges ................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.8 Conspiracy and Enforcement ..................................................................................................... 30 2.1.9 Glavlit ................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 A Seemingly Hegemonic Agenda and its Framework ............................................... 33 2.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Russification to Simplify Translation ...................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Discouraging the Publication of Minority Languages ...................................................... 36 2.2.4 Mandatory Russian Language Instruction in Schools ...................................................... 38 2.2.5 The Annexation of Western Ukraine 1939 ........................................................................... 41 3 Justified Censorship: Socialist Realism in Translation ............................................. 44 3.1 Redefining Translation: Theories and Practices ........................................................ 44 3.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 The New Standard – Free Translation .................................................................................... 47 3.1.3 Glavlit vs. Theorists ........................................................................................................................ 51 3.1.4 Soviet Ukrainian Translation Textbooks ............................................................................... 52 3.1.5 Interlinear Cribs ............................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.6 Self-Translation ................................................................................................................................ 58 3.1.7 Indirect Translations ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Demarcating and Adapting Controversial Texts ........................................................ 62 3.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.2 Censorship in Ukrainian Opera ................................................................................................. 64 3.2.3 Didactic Material and Children’s Literature ......................................................................... 69 II 3.2.4 Arbitrary Censors ............................................................................................................................ 75 3.2.5 Copyright Infringement ................................................................................................................ 76 4 Translating or Refusing to Translate for Ideological Gains .................................... 81 4.1 Assimilation under the Guise of Solidarity ................................................................... 81 4.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.2 Concealing Historical Events ...................................................................................................... 81 4.1.3 Downplaying the West .................................................................................................................. 83 4.1.4 Internal Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 84 4.1.5 Ideological Concerns ...................................................................................................................... 85 4.1.6 Censorship of Western Legal Texts ........................................................................................
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