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Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree in Translation Studies

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Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree in Translation Studies Translation as a Catalyst for the Russification of Ukrainian under Imperial and Soviet Rule Analisa C. Delvecchio Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree in Translation Studies School of Translation and Interpretation Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Analisa C. Delvecchio, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 Table of Contents 1 Historical Background and Context ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tsarist Language Restrictions – A Model for Soviet Language Policy ................... 1 1.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Education Reforms Under Alexander II .................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Ems Ukaz ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1.4 Reforms Under Alexander III ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1.5 Russification via Translation and Transliteration ................................................................ 9 1.2 Implications and Ramifications: A Prequel for Soviet Intolerance and Linguicide ............................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Linguicide ........................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3 The Ukrainian Situation Outside Imperial Russia ............................................................. 13 1.2.4 Publishing Translations Outside of Imperial Russia ......................................................... 15 1.2.5 Translating Ukrainian as a Dialect ........................................................................................... 17 2 Lexical and Terminological Russification: Functions and Techniques .............. 19 2.1 Periods of Intense Russification ....................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Orthographic Developments ...................................................................................................... 20 2.1.3 Re-Russification ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Russifying Ukrainian Orthography .......................................................................................... 23 2.1.5 Lexicology and Terminology ...................................................................................................... 25 2.1.6 A False Pretext for Russification ............................................................................................... 27 2.1.7 Literary Purges ................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.8 Conspiracy and Enforcement ..................................................................................................... 30 2.1.9 Glavlit ................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 A Seemingly Hegemonic Agenda and its Framework ............................................... 33 2.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Russification to Simplify Translation ...................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Discouraging the Publication of Minority Languages ...................................................... 36 2.2.4 Mandatory Russian Language Instruction in Schools ...................................................... 38 2.2.5 The Annexation of Western Ukraine 1939 ........................................................................... 41 3 Justified Censorship: Socialist Realism in Translation ............................................. 44 3.1 Redefining Translation: Theories and Practices ........................................................ 44 3.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 The New Standard – Free Translation .................................................................................... 47 3.1.3 Glavlit vs. Theorists ........................................................................................................................ 51 3.1.4 Soviet Ukrainian Translation Textbooks ............................................................................... 52 3.1.5 Interlinear Cribs ............................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.6 Self-Translation ................................................................................................................................ 58 3.1.7 Indirect Translations ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Demarcating and Adapting Controversial Texts ........................................................ 62 3.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.2 Censorship in Ukrainian Opera ................................................................................................. 64 3.2.3 Didactic Material and Children’s Literature ......................................................................... 69 II 3.2.4 Arbitrary Censors ............................................................................................................................ 75 3.2.5 Copyright Infringement ................................................................................................................ 76 4 Translating or Refusing to Translate for Ideological Gains .................................... 81 4.1 Assimilation under the Guise of Solidarity ................................................................... 81 4.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.2 Concealing Historical Events ...................................................................................................... 81 4.1.3 Downplaying the West .................................................................................................................. 83 4.1.4 Internal Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 84 4.1.5 Ideological Concerns ...................................................................................................................... 85 4.1.6 Censorship of Western Legal Texts ......................................................................................... 86 5 The Uneven Flow of Translation ...................................................................................... 89 5.1 Russian vs. Other Minority Languages in the Former Soviet Republics ............ 89 5.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 89 5.1.2 Uzbek SSR: 1924-1991 .................................................................................................................. 90 5.1.3 Georgian SSR: 1923-1991 ............................................................................................................ 93 5.1.4 Estonian SSR: 1940-1991 ............................................................................................................ 94 5.1.5 Lithuanian SSR: 1940-1991 ........................................................................................................ 95 5.1.6 Latvian SSR: 1940-1991 ............................................................................................................... 96 5.1.7 Moldavian SSR: 1940-1991 ......................................................................................................... 98 5.2 Russian vs. Ukrainian ........................................................................................................ 102 5.2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 102 5.2.2 Quantity ............................................................................................................................................. 103 5.2.3 Quality ................................................................................................................................................ 105 5.2.4 Language Inequality ....................................................................................................................
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