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Development of Surinamese Javanese: Language Contact and Change in a Multilingual Context

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Development of Surinamese Javanese: Language Contact and Change in a Multilingual Context Development of Surinamese Javanese: Language contact and change in a multilingual context Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Paramaribo, Suriname (photo by Sophie Villerius) ISBN: 978-94-6093-313-4 NUR 616 Copyright © 2018: Sophie Villerius. All rights reserved. Development of Surinamese Javanese: Language contact and change in a multilingual context Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 24 januari 2019 om 10.30 uur precies door Sophie Elise Villerius geboren op 21 september 1988 te Amstelveen Promotoren: Prof. dr. P.C. Muysken Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer (Universiteit Leiden) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. H. de Hoop (voorzitter) Dr. S.P. Aalberse (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Dr. J. Vander Klok (Universitetet i Oslo, Noorwegen) Prof. dr. W. van der Molen (Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesië) Prof. dr. C.H.M. Versteegh The research presented in this dissertation was funded by a grant from the graduate program of the Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics (LOT), who received the funds from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) in the context of the project “Language – from cognition to communication” (NWO project number 022.004.015). Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. x List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... xvi List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Linguistic challenges ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research aims and questions .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Scenarios and processes of language contact ........................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Heritage languages........................................................................................................ 4 1.3.2 Cross-linguistic influence ............................................................................................ 6 1.3.3 Acquisition effects ........................................................................................................ 7 1.3.4 Shift and maintenance.................................................................................................. 8 1.3.5 Borrowing and code-switching................................................................................. 10 1.3.6 Leveling/koineization ................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Principles and constraints .................................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Language-internal constraints .................................................................................. 12 1.4.2 Language-external constraints .................................................................................. 13 1.4.3 Cognitive constraints ................................................................................................. 14 1.5 Effects of language contact ................................................................................................... 15 1.5.1 Reduction/loss and simplification ............................................................................ 15 1.5.2 Convergence ............................................................................................................... 16 1.5.3 Stability/consolidation ............................................................................................... 16 1.5.4 Reanalysis .................................................................................................................... 16 1.5.5 Matter vs. pattern change .......................................................................................... 17 1.6 Explanatory hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 17 1.6.1 Interface hypothesis ................................................................................................... 18 1.6.2 Alternation and Vulnerability hypothesis ............................................................... 18 1.6.3 Explicitness hypothesis .............................................................................................. 19 1.7 Summary and overview ........................................................................................................ 19 1.8 Guide to the book .................................................................................................................. 20 2. The Javanese community in Suriname: history and sociolinguistic profile ....................23 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Historical overview ............................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 1600-1890: Plantation colony ................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 1890-1933: Javanese immigration ............................................................................ 25 2.2.3 1933-1945: End of indentured labor ........................................................................ 27 vi 2.2.4 1945-1975: Urbanization and emigration ................................................................ 31 2.2.5 1975-2014: After the Independence ......................................................................... 35 2.3 Interim summary ................................................................................................................... 37 2.4 Current situation ................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1 Geographical spread and variation ........................................................................... 38 2.4.2 Language usage and attitudes .................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 Speech styles ................................................................................................................ 42 2.4.4 Javanese-spoken media and cultural institutions .................................................... 42 2.4.5 Religious institutions ................................................................................................. 44 2.4.6 Linguistic judgments and proper Javanese .............................................................. 45 2.4.7 Metalinguistic awareness ........................................................................................... 46 2.4.8 Contact with Indonesia, Indonesian Javanese, and Indonesian ............................ 47 2.4.9 Gender and language .................................................................................................. 47 2.5 Contact with Sranantongo ................................................................................................... 48 2.6 Contact with Dutch............................................................................................................... 50 2.7 Code-switching ..................................................................................................................... 52 2.8 Summary and conclusions .................................................................................................... 56 3. Sketch grammar of Javanese ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.1 Classification and dialectology ............................................................................................. 57 3.2 Phonology .............................................................................................................................. 58 3.3 Word classes .......................................................................................................................... 60 3.3.1 Verbs ............................................................................................................................ 60 3.3.2 Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.3 Adjectives .................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.4 Adverbs ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.3.5 Personal and possessive pronouns
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