Public Disclosure Authorized Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project
Preliminary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) with an
Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized November 2018
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii
Background ...... iii Project Description ...... iv Analysis of Alternatives ...... v Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Framework ...... v Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... vi ESIA Process, Consultation, and Review Process ...... vii Environmental and Social Baseline Information and Data ...... viii Project Stakeholders ...... ix Land and Tenure and Use of Public Land ...... x Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts and Risks ...... xi Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures ...... xi Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... xi Stakeholder Engagement and Communication ...... xii Implementation Arrangements for the ESMP ...... xii ESIA Consultation and Disclosure ...... xii 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Project Description ...... 3 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 7
3 LEGAL, REGULATORY, AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 7
3.1 Environmental Institutional Framework ...... 8 3.1.1 Key International Environmental Accords and Corresponding National Policies and Programs .... 8 3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Permitting ...... 10 3.1.3 Solid, Biological, Medical, and Hazardous Waste and Wastewater Management ...... 10 3.2 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 11 3.3 ESIA Process, Consultation, and Review Process ...... 12 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE INFORMATION AND DATA ...... 13
4.1 Environmental Overview ...... 13
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project 4.1.1 Geology ...... 13 4.1.2 Soils ...... 14 4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology ...... 15 4.2 Existing Infrastructure ...... 18 4.2.1 Project Area of Influence ...... 18 4.2.2 Roads and Transportation ...... 26 4.2.3 Power Lines and Telecommunication ...... 26 4.3 Sediment and Water Quality ...... 27 4.3.1 Sediment Quality ...... 27 4.3.2 Water Quality ...... 28 4.4 Canal Aquatic Biology ...... 29 4.5 Project Stakeholders ...... 31 4.6 Government Organizations ...... 31 4.7 Businesses ...... 32 4.8 Residents ...... 33 4.9 Use of the Canal ...... 37 4.9.1 Businesses ...... 37 4.9.2 Use of the Canal 2018 ...... 39 4.9.3 Residents’ Use of the canal ...... 40 4.9.4 Livelihood Activities in and along the Saramacca Canal ...... 41 4.9.5 Farmers...... 42 5 LAND AND TENURE AND USE OF PUBLIC LAND ...... 45
5.1 Land Tenure Titles in the Area of Interest ...... 45 5.1.1 Residential areas south of the Canal ...... 45 5.1.2 Residential Areas North of the Canal ...... 46 5.1.3 Industrial Area between the Suriname River and the Coesewijne Bridge ...... 46 5.1.4 Rural areas ...... 46 5.2 Public Maintenance Strip and Drainage Canals ...... 46 6 IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS ...... 48
7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS ...... 58
7.1 Approach for Impact and Risk Assessment ...... 58 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 63
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project 8.1 Air Quality ...... 63 8.2 Noise ...... 63 8.3 Surface Water ...... 64 8.4 Waste ...... 65 8.5 Worker Health and Safety ...... 66 8.6 Community Health and Safety ...... 67 8.7 Biodiversity ...... 67 8.8 Loss or Degradation of Vegetation ...... 68 8.9 Loss or Degradation of Wildlife ...... 68 8.10 Socioeconomic ...... 68 8.11 Businesses ...... 69 8.12 Area Residents ...... 70 8.13 Cultural Heritage ...... 70 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 71
9.1 Pilot Interventions and Application of Safeguards ...... 75 9.2 Contingency Emergency Response ...... 75 9.3 Monitoring and Reporting ...... 75 9.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Training ...... 76 10 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION ...... 76
10.1 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 78 11 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE ESMP ...... 79
11.1 Environmental and social specialists ...... 79 12 ESIA CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 80
REFERENCES ...... 81
APPENDIX A: SEDIMENT AND WATER QUALITY STUDY ...... 82
A-1. Sediment Sampling Protocols ...... 82 A-2. Fieldwork ...... 84 A-4. Laboratory Analyses ...... 87 A-5. Assessment Criteria ...... 87 A-6. Discussion and Conclusion ...... 88 A-7. Historical Data Graphs ...... 96
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project APPENDIX B: RAPID AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL AND VEGETATION SURVEY REPORT SUMMARY105
B-1. Methods ...... 105 B-2. Results ...... 108 B-3. Conclusions ...... 117 B-4. References ...... 117 APPENDIX C: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS PLAN ...... 120
C-1. Introduction...... 120 C-2. Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement ...... 120 C-3. Stakeholder Engagement Plan ...... 121 C-4. Communications Plan ...... 123 C-5. Contact with Project Proponent (Grievance Mechanism) ...... 125 C-6. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 132 APPENDIX D: STAKEHOLDER MEETING REPORTS ...... 134
APPENDIX E: CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 166
E-1. Introduction...... 166 E-2. Project Description ...... 167 E-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts ...... 167 E-4. Training, Awareness and Competency ...... 167 E-5. Environment Management ...... 168 APPENDIX F: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 176
F-1. Introduction...... 176 F-2. Project Description ...... 176 F-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts ...... 177 APPENDIX G: WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN 188
G-1. Introduction...... 188 G-2. Project Description ...... 188 G-3. Site Conditions and Requirements ...... 189 G-4. Policy and Systems ...... 190 G-5. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts ...... 190 G-6. Training, Awareness and Competency ...... 190 G-7. Complaints ...... 191
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project G-8. General Monitoring Arrangements ...... 191 G-9. Emergency Procedures ...... 191 G-10. Health and Safety Risk Management ...... 192 APPENDIX H: DREDGED MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 194
H-1. Introduction...... 194 H-2. Project Description ...... 194 H-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contacts ...... 195 H-4. Training, Awareness and Competency ...... 195 H-5. Environment Management ...... 196 H-6. Key Considerations ...... 196
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project List of Tables Table 1. Businesses along Saramacca Canal, by Type ...... 33 Table 2. Uses of the Saramacca Canal and its Shorelines by Local Area Residents ...... 41 Table 3. Names of Cultural Sites on Either Side of the Saramacca Canal ...... 43 Table 4. Applicability of World Bank OP 4.10 Criteria for Indigenous Peoples to the Maroon Households along the Saramacca Canal ...... 49 Table 5 Saramacca Canal Project Components and Activities Environmental and Social Impact and Risk Assessment Matrix* ...... 59 Table 6 Project Environmental, Social Impacts, Issues and Concerns with Mitigation Measures, Responsibilities and Means of Verification ...... 72 Table 7 Grievance management guide ...... 77 Table A8 Overview of Sediment and Surface Water Sampling Locations ...... 83 Table A9 Abridged Soil and Sediment Risk-Based Guidelines and Testing of Parameters with Results above the Reporting Limit ...... 91 Table A10 Testing of Oil and Grease in Surface Water with Results ...... 95 Table B11 Vegetation of the 14 sections ...... 109 Table B12 Overview of the amphibians and reptiles found during the survey at each site. Species found in between are also noted in the table...... 112 Table B13 Overview of the fish species, the number of specimens per species collected at each site and the different collecting methods used...... 114 Table B14 Overview of the species and the number of specimens per species collected at each site...... 116 Table B15 List of plant species and their life form occurring in and around the Saramacca Canal...... 118 Table C16 Feedback Intake Form ...... 129 Table C17 Feedback Log ...... 131 Table D18 Summary of comments (in Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal ... 148 Table D19 Summary of comments (in Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal ... 164 Table E20 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details ...... 167 Table E21 Air Quality and Dust Management ...... 169 Table E22 Noise Management ...... 170 Table E23 Turbidity ...... 171 Table E24 Biodiversity ...... 172 Table E25 Oil and Other Noxious Substances ...... 173
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Table E26 Waste Management ...... 175 Table F27 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details ...... 177 Table F28 Secondary and Tertiary Drainage Improvement Work Area ...... 179 Table F29 Pedestrian Safety...... 181 Table F30 Vehicle Routes ...... 182 Table F31 Drivers Safe Work Practices ...... 183 Table F32 Signalers/Banksman Practices ...... 185 Table F33 Other Plant and Equipment ...... 186 Table G34 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details ...... 190 Table G35 Template ...... 193 Table H36 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details ...... 195
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project List of Figures
Figure 1. Suriname Map ...... 2 Figure 2. Location of the Saramacca Canal ...... 4 Figure 3. Key Structural Activities along the Canal, Rehabilitation of Sluices, Locks, and Dredging ...... 4 Figure 4. Geology Map of the Project Area (Source: Planatlas Suriname 1988) ...... 14 Figure 5. Soil Map of the Project Area (Source: Planatlas Suriname 1988) ...... 15 Figure 6. Canal Network of Greater Paramaribo Showing Drainage Area into the Saramacca Canal and Land Use and Land Cover ...... 16 Figure 7. Land Use/Land Cover Types along the Canal ...... 17 Figure 8. The District of Paramaribo Showing Division of Resorts in the Saramacca Drainage Area ...... 17 Figure 9. Overview of the parcel map...... 18 Figure 10. Road within the Project Area ...... 26 Figure 11. Four Main Residential Areas along the Saramacca Canal ...... 35 Figure 12. Graphs of Number of Barges Entering the Saramacca Canal - Doorsteek ...... 40 Figure 13.Cultural Sites ...... 44 Figure 14. Assorted Photos of the Canal and Area of Influence ...... 50 Figure 15. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Sluice Gates and Urban Areas ...... 51 Figure 16. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Urban Area ...... 52 Figure 17. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Along the Canal ...... 53 Figure 18. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Along the Canal ...... 54 Figure 19. Saramacca Canal System Photos - Canals ...... 55 Figure 20. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Residential areas ...... 56 Figure 21. Saramacca Canal System Photos - Vegetation ...... 57 Figure A22 Location of Sediment Sampling Locations ...... 83 Figure A23 Illustrations of observations at the sampling locations ...... 86 Figure A24 Chemical Water Sampling Results ...... 96 Figure A25 Reports of Microbiological Analysis ...... 101 Figure B26 Overview of the different sections of the Saramacca Canal used for the vegetation sampling ...... 105
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Figure B27 Overview of the 5 preplanned locations that were sampled along the length of the Saramacca Canal ...... 106 Figure B28 Activities during the survey ...... 107 Figure B29 Some of the Vegetation Types Occurring along the Saramacca Canal ...... 110 Figure B30 Some of the plant species occurring along the Saramacca Canal ...... 111 Figure B31 Some of the amphibians and reptiles occurring along the Saramacca Canal ...... 113 Figure B32 Some of the fish species occurring along the Saramacca Canal ...... 115 Figure D33 Presentation Material...... 135 Figure D34 Stakeholder Attendee List ...... 141 Figure D35 Assorted Photos of the August 28, 2018 Consultation ...... 145 Figure D36 Presentation Material October 2018 ...... 153 Figure D37 Stakeholder Attendee List - October ...... 158 Figure D38 Assorted Photos of the October 29, 2018 Consultation ...... 161
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACP-EU NDRRP African, Caribbean and Pacific European Commission for National Disaster Risk Reduction Program AdeKUS Anton de Kom University of Paramaribo AoI Area of Influence ATM Labour, Technological Development, and Environment (Arbeid, Technologische Ontwikkeling, and Milieu) BOG Bureau Public Health (Bureau Openbare Gezondheidszorg) CIC Consolidated Industries Corporation DO Dissolved Oxygen DWV Department for Water Provision (Dienst Watervoorziening) EBS Suriname Energy Company (Energie Bedrijven Suriname) EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPH Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbons ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EU European Union FRA Flood Risk Assessment GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery GMO Genetically Modified Organism GoS Government of Suriname GPS Global Positioning System ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet LVV Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries (Landbouw, Veeteelt en Visserij) MAS Maritime Authorities Suriname MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MI-GLIS Management Instituut voor Grondregistratie en Land Informatie Systeem MoPWTC Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication MSL Mean Sea Level NBF National Biosafety Framework NCCR National Coordination Center for Disaster Relief NH Natural Resources (Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen) NMR National Council for the Environment (Nationale Milieuraad) NIMOS National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (Nationaal Instituut voor Milieu en Ontwikkkeling Suriname) NMR National Council for the Environment (Nationale Milieuraad)
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page i PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl PIU Project Implementation Unit RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands RGB Spatial Planning, Land, and Forest Management (Ruimtelijke Ordening, Land- en Bosbeheer) RO Ministry of Regional Development (Regionale Ontwikkeling) RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SWM Suriname Water Company TDS Total Dissolved Solids TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background The Government of Suriname (GoS) is preparing the World Bank-funded project, the US$30 million Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project (hereafter referred to as the Project) to reduce flood risk for the Greater Paramaribo. The Project will improve the capacity of the Saramacca Canal to discharge water efficiently into the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers, improve operation of the canal for flood management, navigation, and irrigation. In addition, the Project will establish a monitoring, forecasting, and management system for the overall Saramacca drainage system. The GoS, in particular the Ministry of Public Works, Transport, and Communication (MoPWTC), is responsible for the preparation of the safeguard instruments required for the project preparation, in particular, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment with an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESIA-ESMP). This will ensure that the proposed Project applies the required World Bank safeguards for the proposed activities and follows the GoS’ environmental guidance and builds capacity in-country for producing the required safeguard instruments. Paramaribo is located on a low-lying coastal plain next to the Suriname River and approximately 10 km from the Atlantic coast. The city has an area of 182 km2 and a population of over 300,000 people. The area is generally flat, ranging from less than 1 m to 2 m above sea level. The majority of Greater Paramaribo relies on an extensive network of canals for stormwater drainage. These canals drain the central and southern parts of the city toward the Saramacca Canal, while the northern part has a series of canals draining stormwater directly to the ocean. As the city has grown over the last century, the role of the Saramacca Canal has become ever more important in the drainage of rainwater from an area of approximately 190 km2, with approximately 70 km2 from the more heavily urbanized city areas and 120 km2 from the less densely or rural areas. Most of the network drains under gravity through the interconnected canal system that runs along the side of most roads; however, during a significant rainfall event, this network capacity can be overwhelmed, and flooding will occur with inundation of roads and roadside properties. This Project has been classified as a Category B project, as documented in the Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (ISDS). Based on early scoping of the project by World Bank environmental and social specialists, there is a requirement to development an ESIA for the project. The purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is to: • Identify environmental and social impacts and risks; • Determine measures to mitigate these impacts and risks through an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP); • Engage in stakeholder consultation and have valid communication process across these stakeholders: • Specify the interinstitutional arrangements for the preparation of time-bound action plans for managing and mitigating impacts and risks;
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page iii • Ensure that there are appropriate avenues for grievance redress across the Project activities; • Provide ample information for the Project contractor to submit appropriate Environment and Social Management Plans to effectively and appropriately implement the Project components; and • Establish a monitoring and verification program to report to all parties on the progress and status of safeguards actions.
Project Description The Project aims to finance structural and nonstructural measures to improve the resilience against flooding in the Greater Paramaribo area. The structural measures will improve the discharging capacity of the Saramacca Canal to reduce pluvial flooding and improve navigation between the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers and the industrial zones around Saramacca Canal. The nonstructural measures will strengthen the GoS’ capacity to manage and operate the Saramacca Canal System. The project cost is estimated at US$30 million, divided into four components: Component 1 - Improving the Drainage Infrastructure, Component 2 - Strengthening the Saramacca Canal Water Management System, Component 3 - Providing a Contingent Emergency Response, and Component 4 - Supporting the Project Management and Implementation Support. Component 1 - Improving the Drainage Infrastructure A number of structural measures will improve the conveyance of the city’s pluvial waters to the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers to significantly reduce flooding and improve Canal navigation. Two main activities will be financed: (a) rehabilitation of the sluices and locks and (b) increase in conveyance through dredging, reprofiling, and clearing and possible selected interventions on the secondary and tertiary canals, as well as the utilization of green areas for flood management. Component 2 - Strengthening the Saramacca Canal Water Management System This component addresses nonstructural flood management measures including technical assistance activities to improve the capacity of the GoS to manage the Saramacca Canal’s water levels and hydraulic structure operations. The two main activities are: (a) technical assistance and training to improve operation, maintenance, and surveillance of the drainage system and (b) institutional support toward a possible Saramacca Canal System Authority. Component 3 - Providing a Contingent Emergency Response The contingent emergency response component will respond rapidly at the government’s request in the event of a natural disaster. This component will finance the implementation of emergency works, rehabilitation, and associated assessments if needed. A brief ESMF will be prepared for the potential types of activities likely to be financed under this component, providing a preliminary evaluation of potential risks and mitigation measures associated with them. Component 4 - Supporting the Project Management and Implementation Support
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page iv This component will support the overall project management and implementation support. And may include support to (a) hire specialized staff for project implementation, as needed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU); (b) collect socioeconomic data for monitoring and evaluation; (c) finance project reporting and audits; (d) provide environmental and social safeguard supervision; (e) provide trainings in areas such as procurement, safeguards, monitoring and evaluation, technical, and financial management; (f) develop a communications strategy for engaging with local communities and stakeholders; and (g) provide any additional operating costs for the PIU. Analysis of Alternatives A number of studies have shaped the background to arrive at the current project concept. The World Bank has supported the GOS in its efforts to better understand the risk of flooding and to undertake informed risk reduction measures. Between 2016 and 2017, a World Bank TA, supported by the African, Caribbean, and Pacific-European Union (ACP-EU) National Disaster Risk Reduction Program, in partnership with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the GoS, conducted a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) for the greater Paramaribo area and a Coastal Resilience Assessment. Strategic flood hazard modelling was carried out to assess flood depth and extent for a range of rainfall and tidal scenarios in the greater Paramaribo area, and a high-level options appraisal was undertaken for evaluating mitigation proposals. The studies led to the development of an evidence-based, prioritized list of targeted flood reduction investments comprising 14 structural and nonstructural flood risk interventions to reduce pluvial flooding in the greater Paramaribo area. The preliminary cost- benefit analysis found that the most beneficial, strategic, and sustainable flood mitigation options included improvements to the Saramacca Canal, a key element of the drainage system for the central and western areas of Paramaribo. To directly address these challenges and following the recommendations of the FRA, this project will upgrade specific critical drainage infrastructure, improve drainage in the Saramacca Canal and targeted secondary or tertiary systems, and develop an asset management platform. Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Framework This section provides an overview of key laws and requirements around environmental and social impact assessments. Suriname has no ratified comprehensive and overarching law for environmental protection and management. However, there are various laws and policies related to social and environmental issues and various institutions involved in carrying them out. Suriname is a party to numerous international conventions related to the environment, which drive many of its environmental policy efforts. The National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (Nationaal Instituut voor Milieu en Ontwikkkeling Suriname, NIMOS) is responsible for the review of ESIAs of proposed projects, environmental monitoring and enforcement of environmental mitigation plans, and education and outreach. An Environment Section in the Cabinet of the President is also important in the management and administration of environmental concerns. Additional environmental management activities and policies are under various ministries. The Ministry of Spatial Planning, Land, and Forest Management (Ruimtelijke Ordening, Land- en Bosbeheer, RGB) is responsible for protected areas and forestry management. The Ministry of Natural
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page v Resources (Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen, NH) manages water resources policy, drinking water supply (groundwater and small community drinking water systems not served by the state water company), energy resources, and mineral resources. The MoPWTC manages surface water and urban drainage, conducts hydrological and meteorological monitoring, and manages sewage treatment. In the environmental arena, the Ministry of Health is responsible for regulating medical waste management. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries (Landbouw, Veeteelt en Visserij, LVV) is responsible for pesticide management, including imports, distribution, storage, and use. Other key International Environmental Accords and Corresponding National Policies and Programs are summarized in the document. NIMOS has developed guidelines for classifying and studying environmental impacts of proposed projects (similar to those of the World Bank) and procedures for their review and enforcement of mitigation measures, but they are not mandatory. Generic guidelines have been developed for the classification of proposed projects and the type of environmental evaluations required, as well as specific guidelines for some sectors, including agriculture (for projects greater than 10 ha). There are no written guidelines for evaluation of policy projects or programs, although two strategic environmental assessments have been prepared and evaluated by NIMOS (one on forestry and one on small-scale mining). There are no laws requiring environmental permits for programs or projects (aside from permits for incinerators). Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies This project has been classified as a Category B project, as documented in the ISDS. Based on early scoping of the project by World Bank environmental and social specialists, the following World Bank safeguards policies are triggered:
Safeguard Policy and ISDS Explanation
Environmental Assessment - OP/BP 4.01 The Project is a Category B - Partial Assessment, assigned to projects that are likely to have localized, limited, and reversible environmental impacts. Overall, the Project will have largely positive social and environmental (health and safety) impacts through its role in reducing vulnerability to flooding and improved navigational capacities to enhance commercial trade. Physical interventions resulting from the implementation of the project activities could have low to moderate negative environmental impacts. The most significant impacts will result from the construction and rehabilitation works (backfilling, excavation, earth-moving, and dredging). Impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic environments are expected to be limited in nature. Nevertheless, care will be taken to schedule civil works to avoid key breeding and nesting periods. All construction sites and embankments will be rehabilitated and revegetated with native shrubs and trees after works are completed. Given that the project may affect roads and bridges, road safety measures and traffic diversion plans will be adopted, and any construction waste will be disposed of appropriately. Given that the specific nature and location of all components are known on its localities and well defined, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and an ESMP have been adopted as the instruments for this project.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page vi Natural Habitats - OP/BP 4.04 Appropriate mitigation measures will be followed to limit the impact on local flora and terrestrial and aquatic faunal species (besides fishes) reported to be present in the Saramacca Canal. Nevertheless, given the vast area of the uninhabited areas of and nearby the canal, the localized and short-term works proposed for the project will not result in significant degradation or conversion of natural habitats because the works are limited to upgrading and rehabilitation of existing structures. Care will be taken to schedule civil works to avoid key breeding and nesting periods. All construction sites and embankments will be rehabilitated and revegetated with native shrubs and trees after works are completed. Physical Cultural Resources - OP/BP 4.11 There is one small religious shrine built on a land parcel along the canal (not in the canal), which will require an appropriate communication approach in case the rehabilitation works are carried out nearby. Indigenous Peoples - OP/BP 4.10 This policy application is based on continued field review by World Bank specialists regarding the situation on the ground and confirmation from the Social Assessment Involuntary Resettlement - OP/BP 4.12 Land acquisition is not anticipated, neither is disruption of livelihoods nor involuntary population resettlement. However, accurate information on the structures affected will be available during project implementation only when the engineering designs will be prepared. Before appraisal a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) will be prepared, including arrangements for reconstruction and/or compensation for the structures affected as well as the associated budget.
ESIA Process, Consultation, and Review Process Several steps have been followed in the ESIA development, submissions and review. • A draft of the terms of reference for drafting the ESIA was reviewed by NIMOS • Various experts in Suriname were solicited to provide inputs to the ESIA for data collection and inputs on: water quality, sediment, vegetation, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. • Specialists across environment and social safeguards teamed with MOPWTC staff to contribute to the ESIA • A first consultation was held at MOPWTC on August 28, 2018 • The World Bank environmental safeguards specialist reviewed the ESIA • The draft ESIA has been posted on relevant MOPWTC and NIMOS websites for public review and comment • The ESIA was disclosed also on the World Bank website
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page vii Environmental and Social Baseline Information and Data This section of the ESIA provides an environmental overview, summary of the existing infrastructure, sediment and water quality, canal aquatic biology, project stakeholders, and uses of the Canal. These topics are supplemented with maps and photographs as well as selected detailed field work. Based on a detailed understanding of the canal functions, location, and adjacent and nearby residences and businesses, the MoPWTC has designated a 200 m boundary on each side of the canal as the direct area of influence (AoI). Consequently, all potential environmental and social risks and impacts related to the main canal dredging, reprofiling, and sluice gate and lock rehabilitation are assessed in this ESIA in the context of this AoI. Also the pilot activities around selected interventions on the secondary and tertiary canals are still to be determined and when finalized, the MoPWTC staff will undertake an environment and social baseline as undertaken in the main report to provide practical solutions for potential risks and impacts in a similar fashion. The environmental overview provides a description of the area geology, soils, surface and ground water hydrology, and infrastructure. A discussion of the Canal water quality and sediment conditions is presented based on field sampling at designated mapped locations providing details on key parameters. The sediment quality results are summarized in detail for qualitative and quantitative results with a finding that: most of the compounds tested for were absent or present in very low concentration with some locations showed somewhat higher concentrations (but below the maximum value for industrial use) for cobalt, zinc, and total petroleum. Concentrations for several compounds, phenols, TPH/EPH, toluene and cresol showed levels that require further attention and careful disposal. It is concluded that a designated disposal site will be used to ensure proper management and disposal of these materials. The sediment quality results indicate that the dredging material can be applied at some time in the future for fill, for use such as in industrial sites. The fecal coliforms and E. Coli results show very high concentrations for both parameters. This was not unexpected since the main Saramacca Canal and secondary canals rainwater and direct discharges of domestic wastewater from untreated or partially treated septic tanks. An aquatic biological survey was conducted in 2018 to gather baseline information on the existing species and distributions. Documentation of the aquatic vegetation, fauna, and habitats was achieved through quantitative and/or qualitative sampling of populations. The vegetation types found were classified into 6 board community types and all are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname with anthropogenic disturbances. The amphibians and reptiles along and in the canal indicate that no unique or rare species were found during the survey and these species are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname. The conclusion for collected and analyzed invertebrate taxa was that no unique species were found during the survey. The fish diversity in the Saramacca Canal was assessed using different methods such as panel gill nets, dip nets, and cast nets. Collected species are very common and can be found in other parts of Suriname.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page viii Project Stakeholders There is an assortment of GoS institutions, businesses, and residents located within the canal area of influence. This section in the report provides an overview across these stakeholders. The Project will be implemented by the MoPWTC). Within the MoPWTC, a PIU will be established to manage daily project activities, monitor project progress, communicate with stakeholders, and address grievances (See Communication Plan). During the first project information meeting, stakeholders expressed concerns about representation of local area inhabitants in the PIU and about continuity of consultations. Upon establishment of this unit, its composition and function must be clearly communicated to stakeholders, as well as the working of the grievance mechanism. Furthermore, to enhance stakeholder engagement, the PIU may establish a Stakeholder Committee with representatives of the different residential areas and relevant government entities. Other government ministries with an interest in the Project are listed and discussed. A significant number and variety of businesses are situated immediately bordering the canal. The MoPWTC characterized the 130 businesses and other nonresidential structures in the 200 m zone along the canal. Four main residential neighborhoods have been identified along the Saramacca Canal: South of the canal: • Wit Boiti (Goede Verwachting), Ressort Latour, District of Paramaribo • Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20, Ressort Koewarasan, District of Wanica North of the canal: • Magnesiumstraat/Titaiumstraat, Ressort Flora, District of Paramaribo • Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg, Ressort Saramaccapolder, Wanica District
A detailed demographic and socioeconomic description of these different neighborhoods is presented in the report. Observations and interviews indicate that several businesses use the canal to bring in production inputs (for example, sand and lumber), to discharge wastewater, and to dispose of waste. A summary of Canal use for transport of goods and services is also presented. Most of the businesses in the 200 m zone along the canal do not use it for transportation; they are only located in this area because it is an industrial area and, for some, close to the harbors of the Suriname River. Once the project design is completed, a more detailed inventory will be made of all firms that use the canal for transportation, including contact information. Residents’ Use of the canal includes many activities. Some households use the canal washing clothes, washing dishes, and bathing—especially in the dry season. For these purposes, they have built small wooden boardwalks or clay steps into the water. Occasionally children swim in the canal, but this is discouraged by parents as already several children have drowned. Some persons drive small boats in the canal for leisure. Persons from outside the AoI also use the boat landings along the canal to launch their boats. In this context, the canal is sometimes used
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page ix as a passage way to the Saramacca River or the Suriname River. Many low-income households along the canal typically discharge wastewater directly into the canal. These households may or may not have a septic tank. Observations suggest that where the houses are built on the public maintenance strip, outhouses often are built immediately along the canal, with the sewer pipes draining into the canal. Livelihood activities in and along the Saramacca Canal include operation of a small ferry boat to bring passengers across the canal near the offices of Staatsolie. People occasionally fish in the canal, using both nets and fishing rods. There is no commercial food crops grown along the canals, and even planting or subsistence use is rare. In some locations, people produce some fruit for their own consumption, while the surplus may be sold. In the area between Leiding 11 and Uitkijk, farmers use the secondary and tertiary canals that run into the Saramacca Canal for irrigation and farming. These farmers have small plots for commercial farming—mostly between the main road known as Leiding 11 A (approximately 8.5 km measured from the sluices) and the point where the Sarammacca Canal connects to the Saramacca River, in the area known as Uitkijk. Archaeological resources, tangible heritage, and other places of cultural significance have been identified and mapped in the AoI. Land and Tenure and Use of Public Land Land tenure titles are detailed in this section by community locations. The legal status of land occupancy is reviewed as well as the jurisdiction of the MOPWTC regarding the Canal embankments and right of way. Discussions around social and ethnic composition are provided. Characteristically a large number of households from Wit Boiti obtained land lease titles, and hence they have legal tenure rights to the land they live on. In Sunny Point 2/Leiding 2, the majority of households, if not all, are irregular occupants without any form of rights to the lands they live on. The grand majority of inhabitants of Wit Boiti and Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 are of Maroon ethnic descent. No inhabitants identified as part of indigenous peoples groups have been found in the area surveyed along the canal. The Maroons in these two urban neighbourhoods identify themselves as Maroons, and are viewed by outsiders as such. However, they do not have collective territorial attachment to the said neighbourhoods in the AoI. Even though these families still value and use, to a greater or lesser extent, cultural customs from the traditional home communities in the interior, they do no longer live according to the customary rules, culture and leadership structures of their specific tribal group. Even though Maroons are tribal peoples, this situation does not trigger the World Bank Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10), because the criteria used to identify indigenous peoples as a distinct social and cultural group does not apply to this target group. The identification of the Maroons of Wit Boiti and Syunny point 2/Leiding 20 as Indigenous Peoples was discussed with the Director of the Department for ‘Sustainable Development of Afro-Surinamese of the Interior’ (Duurzame Ontwikkeling Afro-Surinamers Binnenland) of the
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page x Ministry of RO. The Director confirmed that the mentioned neighborhoods are not part of the tribal ancestral lands/land claims of the Maroons. Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts and Risks In this section each of the project components and associated activities are assessed for potential environmental and social impacts and risks. There is a defined Area of Influence that is considered the “direct impact” zone. In this area the Project activities are assessed to determine any direct and indirect impacts between the Project and its environment resources and people, communities and businesses. The ESIA also predicts and quantifies to the extent possible the magnitude of impacts and risks for each of the project activities. An Environmental and Social Impact and Risk Assessment matrix is presented in the document. This assessment is considered “preliminary” and will need to be updated once the final design with all detailed construction details is completed. Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures The next step in the ESIA report is the identification of actions to mitigate the potential negative impacts of each of the project activities. This mitigation addresses mechanisms to avoid or minimize the impacts and risks. These actions are proposed across general themes which are discussed in detail. The themes covered include air quality, noise, surface water, waste, worker health and safety, community health and safety, biodiversity, socioeconomic, and cultural heritage. Environmental and Social Management Plan The overall objective of the ESMP is to bring the project into compliance with national environmental and social requirements and environmental and social policies of the World Bank. The ESMP will be included into the bidding documents so that bidders can consider and incorporate their environmental responsibilities into their bid proposals. The ESMP becomes an integral part of a contract for the provision of works and is binding for implementation. The Contractor will be engaged in 2 major stages for the Project, mobilization and then construction. For mobilization and prior to commencement of works, the contractor must prepare and clear prior to commencement of works the following thematic management plans (which are summarized in the Appendices): • Construction Environmental Plan • Traffic Management Plan • Waste Management Plan • Health and Safety Plan • Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan • Dredge Material Management Plan
A detailed Table summarizes the approach that the Project contractor and other involved parties (e.g., local contractors) will follow to manage, mitigate, and monitor the potential impacts and risks of the Project during construction. The ESMP provides a set of mitigation
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page xi measures constructed across the key environmental and social impacts and risks of the Project. The identification of responsible authorities is listed to verify that the measures are completed. Stakeholder Engagement and Communication The Stakeholder Engagement and Communications Plan (SECP) sets out the approach that the MOPWTC will follow in order to engage and communicate with stakeholders over the life of the World Bank Project. Consultation is undertaken in order to interact and incorporate the viewpoints of Affected Parties. Special consideration will be given to vulnerable groups, including with relation to engagement and consultative activities. This SECP builds on the recent IDB Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project ESIA. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is described that enhances opportunities for grievance redress, collaborative problem solving, and alternative dispute resolution. Effectively addressing grievances from people impacted by the Project is a core component of managing operational risk. The GRMs can be an effective tool for early identification, assessment, and resolution of complaints on projects. The GRM also compliments the Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan and becomes part of that documentation. Implementation Arrangements for the ESMP This section explains how the ESMP will be executed by the Contractors with oversight by a Supervisory Consultant and the PIU. It is anticipated that the PIU will also coordinate environmental and social due diligence for the Project across all donor lending and sponsor agencies (e.g. WB, IDB). The MOPWTC, as the Project sponsor, will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the ESMP. Because this Project is very similar to the IDB Paramaribo Climate Change Adaptation Fund Project, the MoPWTC plans to harmonize the use of staff to support ESMP implementation. Two key positions are identified in the PIU to support both the World Bank and IDB safeguards activities. These are the Environmental Health and Safety Specialist and the Community and Social Coordinator. Their roles and obligations are discussed. ESIA Consultation and Disclosure Stakeholder Consultation around the ESIA report, will be conducted according to national norms and the World Bank policies. This process is intended to inform stakeholders about the project, its potential impacts and mitigation, and to involve them in a partnership in developing and implementing the project solutions and mitigation measures. The process of consultation will be conducted in a manner that provides the PAPs and broader stakeholders with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts and mitigation measures. The MoPWTC is tailoring the consultation process to the PAPs, their decision-making process, and the needs of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. This consultation process has been combined with the consultation required for the RPF. Disclosure of the ESIA report will be in Dutch and English with the final approved GoS ESIA transmitted to the World Bank by the appropriate GOS authority. The ESIA will be disclosed in the World Bank website. All national disclosures of meetings, consultations and draft reports will also be posted on the MOPWTC and NIMOS website.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page xii Two public stakeholder meetings have been planned. The first meeting was held on the 28th of August 2018 was to inform a wider audience about the Project and the ESIA and RPF process. The forum was organized to also get response and suggestions concerning the Project and ESIA process. A second consultation was conducted in the neighbourhood of Wit Boiti in the evening of October 29, 2018 to provide explanation and gather feedback from local residents living in the Canal area. Details of the consultations are provided in Appendix D, Stakeholder Meeting Reports.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page xiii 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Government of Suriname (GoS) is preparing a World Bank-funded project designed to improve the resilience against flooding of the Greater Paramaribo area in Suriname. The US$30 million Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project (hereafter referred to as the Project) will reduce flood risk for the Greater Paramaribo area by improving the capacity of the Saramacca Canal to discharge water efficiently into the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers, improve operation of the canal for flood management, navigation, and irrigation. In addition, the Project will establish a monitoring, forecasting, and management system for the overall Saramacca drainage system.
The GoS, in particular the Ministry of Public Works, Transport, and Communication (MoPWTC), is responsible for the preparation of the safeguards instruments required for the project preparation, in particular, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment with an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESIA-ESMP) to guide the implementation of the Project. This will ensure that the proposed Project applies the required World Bank safeguards for the proposed activities and follows the GoS’ environmental guidance and builds capacity in- country for producing the required safeguard instruments.
Suriname is globally one of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of flooding. Around 30 percent of Suriname is within a few meters above mean sea level (MSL), and therefore, it is particularly susceptible to coastal flooding. The country is also prone to periodic flooding due to heavy rainfall, especially when combined with spring tides. Flooding is exacerbated by poor drainage in the relatively highly populated urban areas on the coast such as the capital city of Paramaribo. Approximately 87 percent of Suriname’s population lives along the 386 km long coastal plain (around 67 percent in Paramaribo), and therefore, flooding affects most of the population and an estimated 90 percent of human activities. Recognizing the country’s vulnerability to both coastal and pluvial flooding is paramount to improving the country’s economic sustainability and macro-stability. Paramaribo is located on a low-lying coastal plain next to the Suriname River and approximately 10 km from the Atlantic coast. The city has an area of 182 km2 and a population of over 300,000 people. The area is generally flat, ranging from less than 1 m to 2 m above sea level. The majority of Greater Paramaribo relies on an extensive network of canals for stormwater drainage. These canals drain the central and southern parts of the city toward the Saramacca Canal, while the northern part has a series of canals draining stormwater directly to the ocean. As the city has grown over the last century, the role of the Saramacca Canal has become ever more important in the drainage of rainwater from an area of approximately 190 km2, with approximately 70 km2 from the more heavily urbanized city areas and 120 km2 from the less densely or rural areas. Most of the network drains under gravity through the interconnected canal system that runs along the side of most roads; however, during a significant rainfall event, this network capacity can be overwhelmed, and flooding will occur with inundation of roads and roadside properties. The condition of the general canal network, primary (the Saramacca
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 1 Canal), secondary, and tertiary level, that drains the city and surrounding area is also considered a major factor in determining the occurrence and severity of flooding. Finally, permeability of the soil is variable, but with extensive clay in the lower elevation areas, infiltration is generally poor and surface water ponding following heavy rainfall is common, made worse due to the lack of any significant gradient. Figure 1. Suriname Map
Between 2016 and 2017, a World Bank Technical Assistance, supported by the African, Caribbean, and Pacific region - European Commission (ACP-EU) National Disaster Risk Reduction Program in partnership with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the GoS, conducted a strategic Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) for the Greater Paramaribo area. The FRA identified both pluvial and coastal causes of flooding in Paramaribo and
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 2 prioritized a list of 14 structural and nonstructural flood risk interventions. The preliminary cost- benefit analysis found that the most beneficial, strategic, and sustainable flood mitigation options included improvements to the Saramacca Canal, a key element of the drainage system for the central and western areas of Paramaribo. This Project has been classified as a Category B project, as documented in the Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (ISDS). Based on early scoping of the project by World Bank environmental and social specialists, there is a requirement to develop an ESIA for the project. The purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is to:
• Identify environmental and social impacts and risks; • Determine measures to mitigate these impacts and risks through an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP); • Engage in stakeholder consultation and have valid communication process across these stakeholders: • Specify the inter-institutional arrangements for the preparation of time-bound action plans for managing and mitigating impacts and risks; • Ensure that there are appropriate avenues for grievance redress across the Project activities; • Provide ample information for the Project contractor to submit appropriate Environment and Social Management Plans to effectively and appropriately implement the Project components; and • Establish a monitoring and verification program to report to all parties on the progress and status of safeguards actions. 1.2 Project Description
The Project aims to finance structural and nonstructural measures to improve the resilience against flooding in the Greater Paramaribo area. The structural measures will improve the discharging capacity of the Saramacca Canal to reduce pluvial flooding and improve navigation between the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers and the industrial zones around Saramacca Canal. The nonstructural measures will strengthen the GoS’ capacity to manage and operate the Saramacca Canal System. The project cost is estimated at US$30 million, divided into four components: Component 1 - Improving the Drainage Infrastructure, Component 2 - Strengthening the Saramacca Canal Water Management System, Component 3 - Providing a Contingent Emergency Response, and Component 4 - Supporting the Project Management and Implementation Support. Component 1 - Improving the Drainage Infrastructure
Component 1 deals with structural flood management measures. Structural measures will improve the conveyance of water to the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers from excess rain falling on the city of Paramaribo, to significantly reduce the periods of flooding. In addition, this component will improve the navigation condition. This component will finance two main activities: (a) rehabilitation of the sluices and locks and (b) increase in conveyance through
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 3 dredging, reprofiling, and clearing and possible selected interventions on the secondary and tertiary canals, as well as the utilization of green areas for flood management. Rehabilitation of sluices and locks. The project will finance the rehabilitation of two ship locks, each at the outlets of the Saramacca and Suriname Rivers, as well as the five-door sluice gate at the outlet to the Suriname River and the four-door sluice gate at the outlet to the Saramacca River. Currently, the locks and gates are only partially operational, limiting the capacity of managing the water level in the Saramacca Canal. This will be the first activity to be undertaken under Component 1 so that water levels in the canal can be adequately managed while the other work components are carried out. During project preparation, a technical inspection will be undertaken to understand whether there is a need for a complete reconstruction of the locks and gates or whether rehabilitation can be achieved with heavy repairing works. In addition, a detailed model simulation will quantify additional discharge capacity provided by pumps located at the two outlets (although the project will likely not have enough resources to finance the purchase and installation of all the pumps). Figure 2. Location of the Saramacca Canal
Figure 3. Key Structural Activities along the Canal, Rehabilitation of Sluices, Locks, and Dredging
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 4 Increase conveyance through dredging, reprofiling, and clearing. The canal will be reprofiled and dredged to remove the earth fill and eliminate hydraulic restrictions. This will not include widening of the canal beyond the space currently available. This activity will finance the establishment of one or more sediment disposal areas for the management of the dredged material. Non-polluted sediments will be processed for reuse, and polluted sediments will be disposed to a designated location in accordance with environmental safeguards procedures. Possible interventions on critical areas of the secondary and tertiary drainage systems and utilization of green areas for flood management. Selected interventions on priority sections of the secondary and tertiary drainage channels feeding the Saramacca Canal will be identified. A pilot intervention at one hotspot in the secondary or tertiary systems is envisioned, which can serve as an example for other interventions in the system. These measures will benefit specific communities affected by more frequent floods. A communication strategy will be developed to ensure that local stakeholders who are users and beneficiaries of the project are informed of project activities and are able to engage fully with the process. In addition to this, opportunities will be investigated to enhance green areas with flood management interventions (for example, establishment of green corridor parks or sustainable urban drainage system measures). Opportunities for enhancing public spaces and parks along the banks of the Saramacca Canal will be investigated during project preparation.
Component 2 - Strengthening the Saramacca Canal Water Management System
Component 2 deals with nonstructural flood management measures. This component will finance technical assistance activities to improve the capacity of the GoS to manage the Saramacca Canal’s water levels and hydraulic structure operations with the objective of reducing flood risk in the city of Paramaribo, as well as facilitating navigation. This component will finance two main activities: (a) technical assistance and training to improve operation, maintenance, and surveillance of the drainage system and (b) institutional support toward a possible Saramacca Canal System Authority. Technical assistance and training to improve operation, maintenance, and surveillance of the drainage system. The project will finance the establishment of a platform for operational management of the Saramacca Canal, including flood forecasting and early warning, and strengthening of the hydromet data management system. This subcomponent will also strengthen and expand the existing hydromet instrumentation within the Saramacca Canal System to provide real-time observations of weather variables and water levels for management purposes. The project will develop a flood forecasting and early warning system for Paramaribo and the surrounding areas, which will be driven by the existing weather radar, coupled with the existing and proposed automated rain gauge network, and new and existing tide and water level gauges (with the addition of an offshore tidal gauge). All available data will be assimilated in a suitable data management platform and used to drive a real-time operational model for the Saramacca Canal. Flood risk maps and other relevant data will also be shared with relevant ministries to inform land-use planning strategies in the Greater Paramaribo area. This platform will be used for managing flood risk and the overall operational management of the Saramacca Canal System.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 5 Institutional support toward a possible Saramacca Canal System Authority. This subcomponent will finance a feasibility study, including operational management and financial sustainability for a possible Saramacca Canal System Authority. Optimization of the water management in the canal for flood control, irrigation, and vessel transport between the northern districts of Suriname requires cooperation and coordination between several entities—which will be identified during the project but will include the MoPWTC that has responsibility for maintaining the drainage infrastructure; the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries; the National Coordination Center for Disaster Preparedness; and others—and the Paramaribo, Wanica, and Saramacca Districts. The Authority (or similar institution) will be responsible for ensuring the sustainability of the drainage system and the day-to-day operational management of the Saramacca Canal once its legal standing is established.
Component 3 - Providing a Contingent Emergency Response
The project will include a contingent emergency response component to respond rapidly at the government’s request in the event of a natural disaster. This component would finance the implementation of emergency works, rehabilitation, and associated assessments if needed. In the Project Operations Manual, a dedicated chapter would detail guidelines and instructions on how to trigger and use the funds of this component. In addition, a brief ESMF will be prepared for the potential types of activities likely to be financed under this component, providing a preliminary evaluation of potential risks and mitigation measures associated with them.
Component 4 - Supporting the Project Management and Implementation Support
This component will support the costs related to the overall project management and implementation support. This may include support to (a) hire specialized staff for project implementation, as needed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU); (b) collect socioeconomic data for monitoring and evaluation; (c) finance project reporting and audits; (d) provide environmental and social safeguard supervision; (e) provide trainings in areas such as procurement, safeguards, monitoring and evaluation, technical, and financial management; (f) develop a communications strategy for engaging with local communities and stakeholders; and (g) provide any additional operating costs for the PIU. The MoPWTC has the institutional mandate of rehabilitating and managing the Saramacca Canal. Therefore, the overall project implementation will be the responsibility of the MoPWTC. A dedicated PIU will be established within the MoPWTC’s Civil Works Directorate. The PIU will be responsible for the overall project implementation and reporting, including fiduciary, safeguards, and progress reports.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 6 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
The 2001 Master Plan for the Drainage of Greater Paramaribo1 and the 2010 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)2 plan recommended various physical interventions and institutional and regulatory actions to reduce flood risk. These identified coastal erosion and protection, destruction of mangroves, unplanned or inappropriate spatial development, and inadequate drainage of residential areas as the most urgent problems to tackle along the coast. Recommendations included developing a national disaster risk management (DRM) policy to address climate change adaptation, developing an early warning system, carrying out a flood risk reduction assessment, and instituting an emergency response plan. However, neither plan has yet been systematically or fully implemented due in part to lack of funding. The World Bank has supported the GOS in its efforts to better understand the risk of flooding and to undertake informed risk reduction measures. Between 2016 and 2017, a World Bank TA, supported by the African, Caribbean, and Pacific-European Union (ACP-EU) National Disaster Risk Reduction Program, in partnership with the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the GoS, conducted a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) for the greater Paramaribo area and a Coastal Resilience Assessment. The FRA supported the GoS to prioritize targeted flood risk reduction interventions. Strategic flood hazard modelling was carried out to assess flood depth and extent for a range of rainfall and tidal scenarios in the greater Paramaribo area, and a high-level options appraisal was undertaken for evaluating mitigation proposals. Exposure and vulnerability were quantified using annual average damages and a cost-benefit analysis was then used to determine viable flood mitigation options. The studies led to the development of an evidence-based, prioritized list of targeted flood reduction investments comprising 14 structural and nonstructural flood risk interventions to reduce pluvial flooding in the greater Paramaribo area. The preliminary cost-benefit analysis found that the most beneficial, strategic, and sustainable flood mitigation options included improvements to the Saramacca Canal, a key element of the drainage system for the central and western areas of Paramaribo. To directly address these challenges and following the recommendations of the FRA, this project will upgrade specific critical drainage infrastructure, improve drainage in the Saramacca Canal and targeted secondary or tertiary systems, and develop an asset management platform.
3 LEGAL, REGULATORY, AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
It should be noted that Suriname has no ratified comprehensive and overarching law for environmental protection and management. However, the Constitution of 1987 lists as one of its objectives “The creation and promotion of conditions, necessary for the protection of nature and for conservation of the ecological balance.” Also, there are various laws and policies related to social and environmental issues and various institutions involved in carrying them out.
1 Executive Summary, Masterplan Ontwatering Groot Paramaribo, Ministrie van Openbare Werken, Project UPO 08 - SR/002214 prepared by DHV-WLDelft-AMI-Sunecon, June 15, 2001. 2 ICZM Plan Suriname: Coastal Morphodynamics Report prepared by Lievense Deltares, October 2009.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 7 Suriname is a party to numerous international conventions related to the environment, which drive many of its environmental policy efforts. 3.1 Environmental Institutional Framework
A National Council for the Environment (Nationale Milieuraad, NMR) was established in 1997 as an advisory body to the government and consists of five members appointed by the president and five members representing the trade and industry, unions, Amerindian and Maroon communities, and consumer organizations. It is not known if the council is active. The National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (Nationaal Instituut voor Milieu en Ontwikkkeling Suriname, NIMOS) was created in 1998 to support the NMR in implementation and research and to create the national framework for environmental policy and management. NIMOS’s current activities include review of ESIAs of proposed projects, environmental monitoring and enforcement of environmental mitigation plans, and education and outreach. NIMOS is also involved in grant-funded projects related to the environment. An Environment Section was later created in the Ministry of Labor, Technological Development, and Environment (Arbeid, Technologische Ontwikkeling, and Milieu, ATM), which was converted to a directorate in 2011. This Environmental Section is now part of the Cabinet of the President. NIMOS worked under this directorate. The ATM 2012 budget did not include any funding for the directorate or NIMOS. In 2013, the directorate was removed from the ministry and a National Environmental Policy Office was created in the Cabinet of the President of the Republic, which also was to oversee NIMOS. The Policy Office did not become operational until late 2015. The office is responsible for formulating and coordinating environmental policy and environmental legislation and serves as the environmental focal point, representing the country in the various environmental conventions it is party to. While officially, NIMOS is under the direction of the National Environmental Policy Office, there is apparently little coordination between the two entities. NIMOS has nine technical staff, including the director and a number of support staff. Additional environmental management activities and policies are under various ministries. The Ministry of Spatial Planning, Land, and Forest Management (Ruimtelijke Ordening, Land- en Bosbeheer, RGB) is responsible for protected areas and forestry management. The Ministry of Natural Resources (Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen, NH) manages water resources policy, drinking water supply (groundwater and small community drinking water systems not served by the state water company), energy resources, and mineral resources. The MoPWTC manages surface water and urban drainage, conducts hydrological and meteorological monitoring, and manages sewage treatment. In the environmental arena, the Ministry of Health is responsible for regulating medical waste management. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries (Landbouw, Veeteelt en Visserij, LVV) is responsible for pesticide management, including imports, distribution, storage, and use. 3.1.1 Key International Environmental Accords and Corresponding National Policies and Programs
• Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. An
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 8 inventory of CO2 emissions has been done and a National Climate Change Strategy has been prepared.
• Rotterdam Convention on the Prior-Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. This was ratified in 2000. Two pesticides have been banned by Suriname to date (Dieldrin and Monocrotophos) and the country has notified its ‘No consent to import’ for 26 other chemicals. Rotterdam Convention website, http://www.pic.int/, September 2013.
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). This was ratified in 2011. A National Implementation Plan has been prepared. A National Chemical Profile was prepared in 2006 and updated in 2010.
• Convention on Biological Diversity. This was ratified in 1996. A Strategy for Biodiversity was prepared in 2006 as well as a Biodiversity Action Plan. Suriname has 16 protected, proposed for protection, and special multiple-use areas totalling over 2 million acres.
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Suriname has developed a National Biosafety Framework (NBF), presented in 2004, with the participation of LVV and other organizations. The NBF applies to the research, development, handling, transport, use, trans-boundary movement, release, and management of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It consists of a policy and regulatory framework; an administrative system to handle requests; a mechanism for risk assessment, monitoring, and enforcement; mechanisms for public participation; and a system to provide information to stakeholders. GMOs are currently banned in Suriname.
• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. (RAMSAR). This came into effect in 1985. Suriname has one site designated under RAMSAR - Coppename Monding in the Saramacca Region (12,000 ha.).
• Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Approved on February 15, 2011.
• National Environmental Legislation, Policies, and Practices.
• Environmental Management and Protection Legislation.
The policy of the GoS on environmental management was specified in the Government Declaration 2000–2005 and the corresponding Long-Term Development Plan 2010–2015. The plan focused on the following priority action areas: • Formulation of national regulations, standards, and guidelines to comply with international regulations
• Use of sustainable agricultural practices and reduction of pesticides
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 9 • Formulation of national climate change regulations
• Strengthening the waste management system
• Promoting sustainable development of natural resources and energy
• Strengthening public participation systems for local communities
Despite the existence of the National Environmental Policy Office and NIMOS, there is no overarching law for environmental management in Suriname. A draft law to establish an Environmental Management Framework was proposed in 1998 and submitted to the Council of Ministers, which then submitted it to Parliament. The law was never passed. Another version of an environmental law was prepared by the Climate Change Expert Group of Suriname and submitted to the Council of Ministers in 2013. If adopted, this law would incorporate climate change as a key issue and would allow the government to take steps to control climate change. The law would also establish an environmental authority and contain provisions to control environmental pollution. To date, the proposed law has not moved forward. Due to the current lack of a global environmental law, there are no clear lines of authority for environmental management. There are no regulatory standards for ambient water quality, ambient air quality, or management of hazardous substances or wastes. 3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Permitting
NIMOS has developed guidelines for classifying and studying environmental impacts of proposed projects (similar to those of the World Bank) and procedures for their review and enforcement of mitigation measures, but they are not mandatory. However, NIMOS reports that numerous international companies voluntarily subject themselves to the guidelines and follow the procedures, including the preparation of environmental management and monitoring plans. Generic guidelines have been developed for the classification of proposed projects and the type of environmental evaluations required, as well as specific guidelines for some sectors, including agriculture (for projects greater than 10 ha). There are no written guidelines for evaluation of policy projects or programs, although two strategic environmental assessments have been prepared and evaluated by NIMOS (one on forestry and one on small-scale mining). There are no laws requiring environmental permits for programs or projects (aside from permits for incinerators. 3.1.3 Solid, Biological, Medical, and Hazardous Waste and Wastewater Management
There are no specific national laws or regulations governing hazardous (chemical) waste treatment and disposal nor is there capacity for treatment and disposal. According to the 2006 National Profile prepared for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, no separate solid waste collection is practiced and chemical household, industrial, laboratory, and construction debris are all dumped in uncontrolled municipal garbage dump sites. No separation of chemical wastes from wastewater is practiced; photo and laboratory chemicals or
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 10 others from different small-scale or informal industries are disposed of into the sewage system, which in some areas is composed of open channels. In general, in metropolitan areas, wastewater management consists of septic tanks and latrines for sanitary wastes (80 percent of wastewater in Paramaribo is managed in this manner) and direct flows to open ditches for gray water. There are no standards for air emissions, wastewater treatment or discharge quality, or ambient water quality. 3.2 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies
This project has been classified as a Category B project, as documented in the ISDS. Based on early scoping of the project by World Bank environmental and social specialists, the following World Bank safeguards policies are triggered:
Safeguard Policy and ISDS Explanation
Environmental Assessment - OP/BP 4.01
The Project is a Category B - Partial Assessment, assigned to projects that are likely to have localized, limited, and reversible environmental impacts. Overall, the Project will have largely positive social and environmental (health and safety) impacts through its role in reducing vulnerability to flooding and improved navigational capacities to enhance commercial trade. Physical interventions resulting from the implementation of the project activities could have low to moderate negative environmental impacts. The most significant impacts will result from the construction and rehabilitation works (backfilling, excavation, earth-moving, and dredging). Impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic environments are expected to be limited in nature. Nevertheless, care will be taken to schedule civil works to avoid key breeding and nesting periods. All construction sites and embankments will be rehabilitated and revegetated with native shrubs and trees after works are completed. Given that the project may affect roads and bridges, road safety measures and traffic diversion plans will be adopted, and any construction waste will be disposed of appropriately. Given that the specific nature and location of all components are known on its localities and well defined, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and an ESMP have been adopted as the instruments for this project.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 11 Safeguard Policy and ISDS Explanation
Natural Habitats - OP/BP 4.04
Appropriate mitigation measures will be followed to limit the impact on local flora and terrestrial and aquatic faunal species (besides fishes) reported to be present in the Saramacca Canal. Nevertheless, given the vast area of the uninhabited areas of and nearby the canal, the localized and short-term works proposed for the project will not result in significant degradation or conversion of natural habitats because the works are limited to upgrading and rehabilitation of existing structures. Care will be taken to schedule civil works to avoid key breeding and nesting periods. All construction sites and embankments will be rehabilitated and revegetated with native shrubs and trees after works are completed.
Physical Cultural Resources - OP/BP 4.11
There is one small religious shrine built on a land parcel along the canal (not in the canal), which will require an appropriate communication approach in case the rehabilitation works are carried out nearby.
Indigenous Peoples - OP/BP 4.10
This policy application is based on continued field review by World Bank specialists regarding the situation on the ground and confirmation from the Social Assessment
Involuntary Resettlement - OP/BP 4.12
Land acquisition is not anticipated, neither is disruption of livelihoods nor involuntary population resettlement. However, accurate information on the structures affected will be available during project implementation only, when the engineering designs will be prepared. Before appraisal a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) will be prepared, including arrangements for reconstruction and/or compensation for the structures affected as well as the associated budget.
3.3 ESIA Process, Consultation, and Review Process
Several steps have been followed in the ESIA development, submissions and review. These are summarized below.
• A draft of the terms of reference for drafting the ESIA was reviewed by NIMOS
• Various experts in Suriname were solicited to provide inputs to the ESIA for data collection and inputs on: water quality, sediment, vegetation, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 12 • Specialists across environment and social safeguards teamed with MOPWTC staff to contribute to the ESIA
• A first consultation was held at MOPWTC on August 28, 2018 and a second at on October 29, 2018 in the neighbourhood of Wit Boiti.
• The World Bank environmental safeguards specialist reviewed the ESIA
• The draft ESIA has been posted on relevant MOPWTC and NIMOS websites for public review and comment
• The ESIA was disclosed also on the World Bank website
4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE INFORMATION AND DATA
4.1 Environmental Overview
4.1.1 Geology
The geology of the project area is a relatively recent formation of sedimentary deposits (Holocene Epoch lasting 12,000 years) and is a mix of clays, sands, and shell beds. The project area consists of the following geological formations:
• Cheniers. Along deep parts of the coast, narrow elongated ridges of sand or shells are formed. Their tops reach to the highest wave level which is 2 m to 4 m above MSL. When the coast is eroded during their formation, only one or two ridges are formed on the edge of the clay flat. Under accretive conditions, broad bundles of deep-rooted ridges are formed. Along the Gulf Coast, their maximum height is about 3.5 m and abandoned ridges are called cheniers.
• Moleson deposits. These sediments occur mostly at about the present high tide level, but certain parts are as much as 1 m lower. Most of the marine clays of this phase have a high base saturation of olive, olive brown, and sometimes yellowish brown mottles and a relatively soft consistency. Desalinization has not taken place deeper than 1 m to 1.5 m. The lowest parts of this sediment are unmottled, are very soft, and have probably never been dry since their deposition. The clay is interrupted by ridges, partly single, partly in bundles, consisting of sand to sandy loam frequently mixed with shell fragments and locally consisting of pure whole shell material.
• Wanica deposits. The clay soils of these deposits generally have a rather low, locally medium base saturation. They are desalinized to at least 2.5 m, and show evidence of initial soil formation (firm consistency, yellow) or yellow with some yellowish-red mottling to depths of 1.0 m to 1.5 m. The corresponding ridges are characteristic and always consist of noncalcareous loamy, fine-to-very-fine sand without shells or with very few shells or shell fragments, in contrast to the ridges of other deposits.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 13 The harder sands and shell beds (referred to as zippers) tend to form slightly raised areas with greater permeability than the surrounding land, although these features tend to be small and only surface deposits and therefore do not retain large amounts of water. Permeability of the soil is therefore variable—but with extensive clay in the lower elevation areas, infiltration is generally poor and surface water ponding following heavy rainfall is common—made worse due to the lack of any significant gradient. This is a key factor in the flood risk associated with the area and needs to be considered when considering flood risk mitigation options.
Figure 4. Geology Map of the Project Area (Source: Planatlas Suriname 1988) Geology Map Ü
Legend geology_final Name_Type_geo Chenier Moleson deposits Wanica deposits 0 3 6 12 18 24 Kilometers 1 centimeter = 1 kilometers
4.1.2 Soils
A combination of half-ripe and nearly ripe swamp clay soils, very poorly drained half-ripe clay, ridge and plateau soils with loam and fine sand, ridge soil with fine sand, ridge soil with very fine sand or shell, and unripe mostly pyritic swamp clay are found within the project area. Along the Saramacca Canal, a layer of very poorly drained half-ripe clay is found. The layer has a very low infiltration value when it is thoroughly humidified and consists mainly of clay soils with a high swelling potential and soils with a permanently high groundwater level.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 14 Figure 5. Soil Map of the Project Area (Source: Planatlas Suriname 1988) Soil Map Ü
Legend Soil_clip Name_Soil Half ripe and nearly ripe swamp clay soils Ridge and plateau soils with loam and fine sand Ridge soil with fine sand Ridge soil with very fine sand or shells Unripe and mostly pyritic swamp clay Very poorly drained half ripe clay 0 3 6 12 18 24 Kilometers 1 centimeter = 1 kilometers 4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology
The project area relies on an extensive network of canals for stormwater drainage. These canals drain the central and southern parts of the city toward the Saramacca Canal, which is a large historic navigation waterway that runs from east to west, joining the Suriname River to the Saramacca River. As the city has grown over the last century, the role of the Saramacca Canal has become more important in the drainage of rainwater from an area of approximately 190 km2, with approximately 70 km2 from the more heavily urbanized city areas to the north of the canal, and 120 km2 from the less densely populated areas to the south.
It is important to note that various sectors of Greater Paramaribo drain to different areas. An area of approximately 50 km2 toward the northeast of the city drains through canals to the Suriname River. The land to the north of the main coastal highway, an area of nearly 150 km2, drains northwards toward the Atlantic Ocean. A small polder area of around 40 km2 to the west of the project area drains toward the Saramacca River and is discharged through a large pumping station. The majority of the network drains under gravity through sluice gates and tidal flaps that prevent inundation when the tide is high, but in several locations, drainage is augmented using pumps. The total extent of this complex drainage network that falls within the study area is more than 500 km2. The canals themselves provide considerable storage capacity for runoff during a rainfall event, as well as drainage through the interconnected canal network
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 15 that runs alongside most roads. During a significant rainfall event, however, this capacity can be overtaken, and flooding will occur with inundation of roads and roadside properties.
Figure 6. Canal Network of Greater Paramaribo Showing Drainage Area into the Saramacca Canal and Land Use and Land Cover
The Saramacca Canal is approximately 25 km in length, and the width ranges from around 50 m at the eastern end to less than 30 m toward the more rural western end. There are large sluice gates with navigation locks at both ends of the canal to allow shipping access from the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers; however, vessel traffic is minimal at present due to the poor condition of the canal. The sluice gates on the western end of the canal are currently not functioning and are permanently closed, and the navigation lock is used to regulate local water levels on the canal. The 5 m sluice gates at the eastern end of the canal on the Suriname River are operational, although only four of the five gates can be opened to allow release of stormwater when river water levels allow.
Overall, the project area is classified as 3 main land use/land cover segments, and rural. The eastern section, from the Suriname River along several kilometers to the west is characterized by dense urban residences, subdivisions, and many factories and industrial plants adjacent to the canal.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 16 Figure 7. Land Use/Land Cover Types along the Canal
Figure 8. The District of Paramaribo Showing Division of Resorts in the Saramacca Drainage Area
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 17 4.2 Existing Infrastructure
4.2.1 Project Area of Influence
Based on a detailed understanding of the canal functions, location, and adjacent and nearby residences and businesses, the MoPWTC has designated a 200 m boundary on each side of the canal as the direct area of influence (AoI) (see parcel maps 1-14). Consequently, all potential environmental and social risks and impacts related to the main canal dredging, reprofiling, and sluice gate and lock rehabilitation are assessed in this ESIA. The baseline conditions discussed in the next section focus on this AoI.
The pilot activities to be undertaken, as described in Subcomponent 1.2, are still to be determined. When this is finalized, the MoPWTC staff will undertake an environment and social baseline as undertaken in this main report and provide practical solutions for potential risks and impacts in a similar fashion.
Figure 9. Overview of the parcel map
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ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 23
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 24
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 25 4.2.2 Roads and Transportation
Figure 10. Road within the Project Area
There are several primary, secondary, and tertiary roads within the project area. All the primary roads are paved while some of the secondary and tertiary roads are not paved. There are large sluice gates with navigation locks at both ends of the Saramacca Canal to allow shipping access from the Suriname and Saramacca Rivers. In the past, several businesses were using the canal to bring in production inputs such as lumber, sand, crushed stone, and gravel. The roads along the canal were used to transport these materials in much smaller portions to several places using small trucks. At present, vessel traffic is, however, minimal due to the poor condition of the canal. For this reason, the main transport of these materials takes place through several roads in and around Paramaribo and Wanica which have a negative impact on the stability of these roads.
Also, due to the poor condition of the canal, the drainage system of the project area does not function optimally. The presence of water on roads is a cause for concern. A main cause of road damage, and problems with the serviceability of road networks, is excess water filling the pores of road materials in the road and in the subgrade soils. These two reasons mentioned above state the cause of several damages to the roads within the project area.
4.2.3 Power Lines and Telecommunication
Electricity is available for most households within the project area. The project area contains transmission power lines, high voltage (HV) lines, low voltage (LV) lines, transformers, substations, and underground power lines (UGLV). The 161 kV transmission line transports the generated energy from the Afobaka Hydropower Plant to Paramaribo. The substations downgrade the 161 kV voltage to lower voltage and transport the electricity through the HV lines to different transformers whereas these transformers downgrade high voltage to low
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 26 voltage. Low voltage is distributed to the different industrial and residential areas. Landlines, high-speed Internet, and mobile networks are available within the project area.
4.3 Sediment and Water Quality
In June 2018, ILACO conducted a sediment quality investigation in the Saramacca Canal that included in situ observations and measurements. Sediment samples were shipped to the accredited Eurofins Analytico Laboratory in the Netherlands for the Terratest analysis. The water samples were delivered to the chemical laboratory of the Anton de Kom University of Suriname for oil and grease analysis (details on these procedures are available in Appendix A).
The ILACO sampling also included on-site measurements for pH, electrical conductivity (EC, μs), temperature (°C), total dissolved salts (ppt), dissolved oxygen (DO; mg per L), turbidity (NTU), and salinity (ppt). In addition, water quality sampling of fecal coliforms and E. Coli have been collected at several sites by the Water Quality Department of the MoPWTC.
4.3.1 Sediment Quality
The sediment quality results indicate the following:
• The bottom sediment consists of soft clay with humus material at all locations.
• River sand was only observed at locations L2 and L3 and gravel was only observed at location L2.
• At all locations, a typical muddy odor was observed, except at locations L3 and L4, where a slight oil odor was observed.
• Most of the compounds tested for were absent or present in very low concentrations.
• Some locations showed somewhat higher concentrations (but below the maximum value for industrial use) for cobalt (L9 and L10); zinc (L1, L4, L7, and L8); and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)/extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH) (L3, L5, L6, L8, and L9).
• Concentrations for several compounds showed levels that require further attention and careful disposal phenol in sample L1, TPH/EPH in samples L4 and L7, and toluene in sample L1 and cresol, especially p-cresol, in samples L1 and L9.
The sediment quality results indicate that the dredging material can be applied at some time in the future for fill, for use such as in industrial sites. The presence of elevated levels for phenol, toluene, cresol, and mineral oil in part of the bottom sediment can be accepted considering that exceedance of the maximum value for industrial use or the intervention value is restricted to a few samples only, so that the arithmetic mean for all samples is (far) below the maximum for industrial use.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 27 Several parameters were measured above the background value and a few parameters above the maximum value for industrial use and some even above the intervention value. It is concluded that a designated disposal site will be used to ensure proper management and disposal of these materials under the following conditions:
• The area should be designated for future industrial use.
• It will take some years before the soft bottom sediment has gained sufficient bearing capacity. During this consolidation period, the organic parameters (phenol, toluene, cresol, and mineral oil) that are in excess are expected to break down.
• The area should be well protected and secured (for example, fenced) against intrusion by men and animals for safety reasons (soft material).
• Planting of agricultural crops is forbidden.
• The soil quality should be checked again before the area is released for future use.
4.3.2 Water Quality
The ILACO study results are summarized below:
• The pH of all samples is near neutral, with a highest value of 6.73 and the lowest at 6.13.
• Clarity of the water varied from very slightly turbid to very turbid.
• The Secchi depth varied from 18 to 49 cm, which means that the transparency of the water is low.
• The highest water depth measured was 380 cm in the center of the Saramacca Canal at location L10 during low tide.
• Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) values indicate low salt content. The obtained values varied for EC from 162 to 643 µS per cm and for TDS from 105 to 417 mg per L.
• Fish were observed at all the locations.
• The DO value of the locations varies between 1.50 mg per L and 4.72 mg per L, indicating low to medium oxygen saturation.
• During the sampling, the flow of the water in the direction of the Suriname River (outflow- low tide) was observed, which varied from strong to slow flow. The flow was not measured.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 28 • Near the discharge pipe of the fish factory (L1) and the Consolidated Industries Corporation (CIC) site (L4), soap foam was observed on the water surface.
• At L3, heavy oil stains were observed and an oil sheen was observed on the water surface. An oil sheen was also observed at L9.
• For oil and grease, values vary from 2.22 to 6.00 mg per L. For L3, where an oil sheen was observed, the value for oil and grease is below the minimum detection limit. For location L9, where an oil sheen was also observed, a value of 6.00 mg per L was obtained for oil and grease. The oil and grease content at this location exceeds the European standard but is within the Suriname and World Bank standards.
The fecal coliforms and E. Coli results show very high concentrations for both parameters. This is not unexpected since the main Saramacca Canal and secondary canals are a mixed system because in addition to rainwater, they also receive direct discharges of domestic wastewater from untreated or partially treated septic tanks.
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for drinking water quality is the legal threshold limit on the amount of a substance that is allowed in public water systems under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Drinking water should have no E. Coli after treatment. E. Coli levels for designated water contact in recreational waters has several threshold levels (depending on the factors between 100 and 410 per 100 mL in terms of any one-sample or a three-sample average over a 60-day period).3
4.4 Canal Aquatic Biology
An aquatic biological survey was conducted in 2018. As there had been no inventories of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Saramacca Canal, it was necessary to gather baseline information on the existing species and distribution for this area. A search of flora and fauna already collected from this location was initiated. Literature describing the Saramacca Canal and its characteristics were also reviewed and the information was used for this study where needed. The approach to the surveys incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. Documentation of the aquatic vegetation, fauna, and habitats was achieved through quantitative and/or qualitative sampling of populations.
Surveys for the vegetation, fish, and invertebrates were conducted during the day. Both day and night surveys were conducted for amphibians and reptiles. Most specimens of the groups surveyed were primarily identified in the field; only invertebrate specimens sampled were brought back to the laboratory for identification. Also, some interesting plant specimens were collected and further identified in the laboratory.
Vegetation
3 EPA Recreational Water Quality Criteria, Office of Water 820-F-12-058, 2013.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 29 Investigations mainly focused on the occurring vegetation types with the dominant species along the Saramacca Canal. Less attention was paid to smaller trees, small tree species, and subgrowth species. Along the canal, small communities of several species were identified. Ten plant specimens were collected for further identification using present identification keys and relevant literature.
According to the vegetation map of Suriname by P. Teunissen (1978) the Saramacca Canal area can be categorized in urban areas, farmland, livestock meadows, forest plantations, mining areas, and old fields. Investigating the aforementioned categories occurring at random, the survey team documented seven vegetation types (with their dominant species), namely (a) low vegetation (often mowed), (b) neglected meadows, (c) low secondary forest, (d) tall secondary forest, (e) swamp forest, (f) free-floating mats, and (g) rooted floating mats. No unique or rare species were found during the survey. These vegetation types are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname with anthropogenic disturbances.
Fauna
Amphibians and Reptiles
Amphibians and reptiles, collectively referred to as herpetofauna were sampled at 5 preplanned locations. A survey for this group was conducted both during the day as well at night. Visual encounter surveys and audio recordings were used to estimate the different species present per location as well as the number of specimens per species. Specimens were searched along the edges of the canal and the vegetation present in the canal. All specimens for this group were morphologically identified to species level using present identification keys and relevant literature.
During the survey for amphibians and reptiles along and in the canal, a total of 13 species was found. Appendix B gives an overview of the different species recorded during the day and the night survey, as well as the number of specimens for each species. No unique or rare species were found during the survey. These species are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname. Some of the species are listed in Appendix B.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates were sampled using a fine meshed dip net. Every site was sampled for 15 minutes to standardize the effort and for comparison among sites. The dip net was used to probe under the vegetation growing from the banks of the canal as well as free-floating vegetation in the canal. In Appendix B gives an overview of several collecting activities during the survey. A total of 18 different taxa of invertebrates were collected and Appendix B gives an overview of the species per site and the number of specimens for each taxon. No unique species were collected during the survey.
Fish
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 30 The fish diversity in the Saramacca Canal was assessed using different methods such as panel gill nets, dip nets, and cast nets. The panel gill nets consisted of three different mesh sizes and were approximately 2 m deep and 30 m long. Gill nets were placed at each location overnight to sample the species that were active at night. At each site, a fine-meshed dip net on a 2 m long pole was used to probe for possible species under the floating and attached vegetation in the canal. A cast net was used several times at each site to catch specimens that were more benthic. For means of comparison between sites, the dip net was used for 15 minutes per site. Specimens were quantified and identified in the field.
The number of fish species accounted by means of gill netting and the cast net was 12. Eight fish species were collected by the dip net. Collected species are very common and can be found in other parts of Suriname. In Table B13, an overview of the species and numbers collected by dip netting is presented.
4.5 Project Stakeholders
There is an assortment of GoS institutions, businesses, and residents located within the canal area of influence. This section provides an overview across these stakeholders.
4.6 Government Organizations
The Project will be implemented by the MoPWTC. Within the MoPWTC, a PIU will be established to manage daily project activities, monitor project progress, communicate with stakeholders, and address grievances (See Communication Plan). During the first project information meeting, stakeholders expressed concerns about representation of local area inhabitants in the PIU and about continuity of consultations. Upon establishment of this unit, its composition and function must be clearly communicated to stakeholders, as well as the working of the grievance mechanism. Furthermore, to enhance stakeholder engagement, the PIU may establish a Stakeholder Committee with representatives of the different residential areas and relevant government entities.
Other government ministries with an interest in the Project include the following:
• The Ministry of Finance will manage project finance.
• The Ministry of LVV is the first point of contact for farmers who have problems with water management. The Ministry of LVV communicates with the MoPWTC, which operates the sluices and manages water regulation in the canals.
• The Ministry of Regional Development (Regionale Ontwikkeling, RO) supervises the various district governments.
• The Ministry of NH provides licenses for resources such as gravel, river sand, and sharp sand, which is sold by firms along the canal. At Uitkijk (the location where the Saramacca Canal meets the Saramacca River), the Ministry of NH is also responsible for
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 31 water through the Department for Water Provision (Dienst Watervoorziening, DWV), though a process is ongoing where the Suriname Water Company (Surinaamse Waterleiding Maatschappij, SWM) will take over water provision in this area.
• The Ministry of RGB is responsible for land allocation and land titling.
• The Maritime Authorities Suriname (MAS) is responsible for vessel traffic and navigation at sea and on inland waters, including the Saramacca Canal. Water traffic must comply with regulations of the MAS.
• The district governments serve as intermediaries between the central government and the population in the various districts. The Project covers three districts: Paramaribo (southeast), Wanica (northwest), and Saramacca. The District Commissioners’ offices from these districts should be kept informed throughout Project planning, implementation, and monitoring.
• NIMOS developed National ESIA Guidelines and is responsible for managing the ESIA process. It is good practice, though not legally obliged, to have the ESIA study cleared by NIMOS before its final completion.
• Piping from the SWM runs along the canal and, at one point, underneath the canal. Maps of the exact locations have been acquired and will be considered in project design. During Project activities, near SWM waterworks, close collaboration with this company is advisable.
• Electricity wiring from the Suriname Energy Company (Energie Bedrijven Suriname, EBS) runs along the canal and crosses the canal at some locations.
• During Project preparation, the laboratory of the Bureau Public Health (Bureau Openbare Gezondheidszorg, BOG) worked on measurements of water quality. For further duration of the Project, the BOG laboratory will be used for water quality measures.
• Cables from the national telephone company Telesur are present in the area of impact (200 m on both sides of the canal) and cross the canal at some locations (at the bridges).
• The National Coordination Center for Disaster Relief (NCCR) must be involved in case of large-scale projects and be prepared for possible disasters that could result from such projects.
4.7 Businesses
A significant number and variety of businesses is situated immediately bordering the canal. The MoPWTC characterized the 130 businesses and other nonresidential structures in the 200 m zone along the canal as follows: 56 industrial firms (43.1 percent); 50 small and medium
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 32 enterprises (38.5 percent); 11 government buildings (for example, power stations, water companies, schools, health centers, and ministry buildings, 8.5 percent); 10 cultural sites (including places of worship, 7.7 percent); two pumping stations (1.5 percent); and one sports site (soccer field, 0.8 percent). Table 1 provides more detail on the types of businesses within the 200 m zone along the canal.
Table 1. Businesses along Saramacca Canal, by Type
Number in 200 m Zone Type of Business and Percentage Construction materials/sand/concrete 22 (16.9) Lumber/saw mill 14 (10.8) Equipment, tools, and parts 13 (10.0) Government 11 (8.5) Religious worship centers (churches, temples, and mosques) 8 (6.2) Meat/fish storage and processing 6 (4.6) Wholesale goods and food products 4 (3.1) Pumping station 2 (1.5) Other industrial (plastic, industrial gas, chemicals, and so on) 13 (10.0) Other (grocery stores, gas stations, hotel/bar, shipping, and so on) 37 (28.5) TOTAL 130
The 2015 AdeKUS study calculated that the following numbers of truck transports would be needed to replace transportation by barges, as in Table 5. Apart from the additional costs for companies, these measures may result in higher rates of traffic in the (residential) neighbourhoods near the firms. One company that owns five vessel combinations (push boat plus small barge, or motorized deck barge) reported that its vessels uses the locks to the Suriname River 6-8 times per week (3-4 boats a week, incoming and outgoing). It uses the Canal to bring in sand for reasons of efficiency and cost. Another firm, which operates five motorized deck barges and one combination push boat/barge, reported that its vessels use the sluices once a week. A lumber/sawmill firm along the Saramacca Canal reported that it does not own any barges, but occasionally (3-4 times/year) rents one when they obtain logs from a location along the Suriname River.
4.8 Residents
There are four main residential neighborhoods have been identified along the Saramacca Canal (Figure 11).
South of the canal:
• Wit Boiti (Goede Verwachting), Ressort Latour, District of Paramaribo
• Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20, Ressort Koewarasan, District of Wanica
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 33 North of the canal:
• Magnesiumstraat/Titaiumstraat, Ressort Flora, District of Paramaribo
• Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg, Ressort Saramaccapolder, Wanica District
A more detailed demographic and socioeconomic description of these different neighborhoods is presented below.
Wit Boiti/Goede Verwachting
The residential area along the Saramacca Canal that is popularly known as ‘Wit Boiti’ is situated on both sides of the Goede Verwachtingweg, along the Saramacca Canal between roughly 2.7 km and 6.7 km from the Suriname River. The area is not subdivided into different segments. Nevertheless, one can distinguish the small cluster of households east of the Coesewijne Bridge, the households along the paved part of the Goede Verwachtingweg west of the Coesewijne Bridge, and the households along the unpaved part of the Goede Verwachtingweg. A small number of houses are built immediately bordering the canal, on the government maintenance strip. In addition, several persons built larger and smaller docks along the canal.
Wit Boiti is largely inhabited by low-income families. The heads of household typically have poorly paid and/or informal jobs. Ethnically, approximately 80 percent of neighborhood inhabitants are of Maroon ethnic descent, mostly of the Saramacca and Ndyuka Maroon groups, with some members of other Maroon groups. The residents of these areas are not linked to one or two selected villages but trace their heritage to many different Maroon villages in the interior. The remaining (non-Maroon) population consists of Hindustani (people of East Indian descent), Creoles (people of African descent), and people of mixed ethnic heritage.
House counts on aerial photographs suggest that there may be about 750–800 houses in the Wit Boiti section that is situated within the 200 m boundary along the Saramacca Canal. Houses in this neighborhood are typically small and very basic, yet of varying quality, ranging from brick houses with decent zinc roofing to makeshift huts built of zinc plates and wood. The neighborhood is characterized by a large number of teen pregnancies, single mothers, large families, and high school dropout rates. Women often have many children, up to 10 or 12. It is common that several households live on one plot and/or in one house.
Along the paved parts of area of influence in the Wit Boiti neighborhood (Goede Verwachtingweg, Goede Zorgweg, and side roads), housing structures appear to be of relatively better quality. In this section, residents are connected to the public water network of the SWM. They often have a water tap on their plot outside the home. Along the unpaved part of this neighborhood, people are not connected to the public water network. For drinking and other household uses, these households primarily collect rainwater from rooftops. In the dry season, they buy drinking water at the SWM, which fills the water storage tanks next to their homes.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 34 Figure 11. Four Main Residential Areas along the Saramacca Canal
During the long rainy season (end of April through mid-August) the neighborhood gets flooded and rainwater runs into peoples’ homes. A primary reason for flooding is that the secondary and tertiary canals in the neighborhood are grown over with weeds and culverts are clogged, preventing the diversion of water. The resort council is looking into options to clean up these canals, but they do not have the necessary machinery.4
There is no school in Wit Boiti; children mostly go to school in the Latour, Flora, and Ephraimzegen neighborhoods. There also are no sports facilities and there is no clinic. There is one church along the waterfront, and two churches along the main road, within the area of influence. All churches are evangelical churches; there are no prayer houses of other religions.
Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20
The residential area along the Saramacca Canal that is popularly known as ‘Sunny Point’ borders the Saramacca Canal on the south, roughly between 10.5 km and 11.8 km measured from where the Saramacca Canal meets the Suriname River, as the crow flies. This neighborhood is subdivided into a section with public housing structures, Sunny Point 1 and
4 Mr. Darson, Resort Council Latour and resident of the Wir Boiti area, pers. com. 17/08/2018.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 35 Sunny Point 2; the latter area also is referred to as Leiding 20. Only Sunny Point 2 is located within the 200 m boundary. An estimated 350–400 households populate this area.
Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 can be characterized as a marginalized neighborhood: streets are unpaved; houses are typically very basic, self-fabricated structures; households are not connected to the public water net (SWM); and there is no decent sewer system. For drinking water, households in the Leiding 20 section rely mostly on rainwater and three public taps that are placed along main crossroads (Figure 3). In the Sunny Point 2 section, people also rely on rainwater or on self-constructed waterpots. In addition, households may buy water from households in the Sunny Point 1 section, which is connected to the public water piping network. Most houses in this neighborhood have outhouses outside their home, as a toilet facility. Very few, if any of the houses, have flush toilet and a septic tank. Many of the open gutters along the street are clogged so that the water does not run, creating a public health risk. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that the sluices at Leiding 20, which are meant to divert the water from the Wit Boiti and Sunny Point neighborhoods to the Saramacca Canal, are clogged. Despite the poor conditions of the secondary and tertiary canals, the neighborhood is not prone to flooding during heavy rainfall. This part of the Sunny Point neighborhood is not connected to the EBS, but some households have requested an electricity source for building purposes (bouwstroom) and others have constructed their own wiring to these points. Loose hanging power lines create a public hazard (Figure 19). Children attend school in the Sunny Point 1 section. Sunny Point 1, which is mostly paved, also features a neighborhood center of the neighborhood association Stichting Du Leti.
The Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 area is inhabited by low-income families. People typically have low-income and/or informal jobs. Similar to the Wit Boiti neighborhood, teen pregnancy, single mothers with many children, and school dropouts are common problems. Ethnically, the majority of neighborhood inhabitants are of Saramacca Maroon ethnic descent, who trace their heritage to many different Maroon villages in the interior. The second most populous group in this neighborhood are Ndyuka Maroons, followed by individuals of other ethnic groups such as Chinese, Hindustani, and Creoles (people of mixed African heritage).
The households in Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 are unauthorized occupants. According to a local women’s leader of the area, the land belongs partly to the government and partly to a private titleholder.5 A small number of houses are built immediately bordering the canal, on the government maintenance strip. Some of these households built clay stairs into the canal, which they use for bathing and washing clothes and dishes. Resort council members representing this neighborhood reported that the households from this neighborhood do not plant vegetables or fruits along the canal.
5 Ms. Dap, local neighborhood leader Sunny Point 2, pers. comm., July 25, 2018.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 36 Magnesiumstraat/Titaiumstraat
The houses along the Magnesiumweg and Titaniumweg form a small, middle-class/upper- middle-class residential area on the north side of the Saramacca Canal, at roughly 6.4 km from the Suriname River (as the crow flies), in Paramaribo District. Within the 200 m boundary along the canal, there are approximately 50–60 houses. Along the unpaved part of the Magnesiumweg, parallel to the canal, there are a couple of houses and a hotel ‘Comfort Tulip Inn’ overlooking the canal. There are no houses on the public maintenance strip, but the hotel built a terrace with lounging chairs on this strip. One of the households constructed a jetty to launch its leisure boat and a water scooter. However, the people have not used it for a while and the jetty is overgrown with weeds.
Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg
The area surrounding the Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg is a residential area on the north side of the Saramacca Canal, at roughly 8.8 km from the Suriname River (as the crow flies), in Wanica District. This residential area is bordered by the Commissaris Weytinghweg in the north, the Saramacca Canal in the south, the Indrawatiweg in the west, and the Mireilleweg in the east. Within the 200 m boundary along the canal, there are approximately 80–100 houses. Houses are typically not built immediately bordering the canal, but people have used the public maintenance strip to build small docks and simple wooden jetties along the water. At the Metropoolweg, a small business owner has built a garage on the public maintenance strip, which is used for storage containers. In this same general area, there are at least two cement boat ramps that are used both by the families who have tenure rights to the land and by others who wish to bring their boat to the water. Leisure boats enter at this location to access the Suriname River or the Saramacca River.
The residents of the Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg residential areas can be characterized as middle class and upper middle class. Ethnically the neighborhood inhabitants are mostly of Hindustani ethnic descent (descendants of contract laborers from India). Most streets are paved and the area is connected to the public water net (SWM) and the public electricity net.
4.9 Use of the Canal
4.9.1 Businesses
Observations and interviews suggest that several businesses use the canal to bring in production inputs (for example, sand and lumber), to discharge wastewater, and to dispose of waste.6 The majority of businesses in the 200 m zone along the canal do not use it for
6 For example, during an orientation visit on the canal, the staff of a fish processing plant were observed dumping the waste in the canal. Also, several large pipes drain into the canal. Given that all these businesses have toilet facilities that are connected to the public sewer system, it is unlikely that these pipes discharge human waste. It is likely that some businesses discharge wastewater from material or manufacturing processing into the canal. There is no Suriname legislation with regard to the diversion of wastewater into public waterways. The only regulations in this regard are limited to the harbor (G. Grifith, Legal Advisor at NIMOS, e-mail conversation August 16, 2018).
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 37 transportation; they are only located in this area because it is an industrial area and, for some, close to the harbors of the Suriname River. Once the project design is completed, a more detailed inventory should be made of all firms that use the canal for transportation, including contact information.
A 2015 study from the Anton de Kom University of Paramaribo (AdeKUS) reported that approximately 43 vessels were active on the Saramacca Canal at the time (Van Ams and Rambali, 2015). These vessels included the following:
• Motorized deck barges (Motordekschuiten); a deck barge for freight transport that is powered by a combustion engine)
• Push boats (duwboten): Vessels that do not transport a load on their decks but serve to drive two, four, or six large, almost square steel barges (duwbakken) with freight
• Fishing vessels
The largest dimensions were length = 52.64 m, breadth = 8.25 m, and capacity = 737.28 m3. The vessels using the Saramacca Canal in 2015 are listed in annex 2.
In 2015, the businesses operating vessels on the Saramacca Canal included Baitali Group N.V., Grassalco N.V., Van Alen Concrete Industries (Van Alen Beton Industrie, VABI), Soebrati N.V., Seahorse N.V., N.V. de Eenheid, and New Life (Van Ams and Rambali 2015). These firms used the canal mainly to obtain raw materials for their production processes, such as lumber, sand, crushed stone, and gravel. In that same year, the lock keeper at the Doorsteek sluices estimated that approximately 10 vessels passed the locks daily. Because the locks do not function properly, passage only occurs when the water levels on both sides are equal, which happens two to three times a day.
In 2015, the lock keeper estimated that, if the sluices would function properly, waiting time for boats would be about 30 to 40 minutes. Travelling through the passage is free of charge. The 2015 AdeKUS study reported that main complaints of businesses about the canal included the following:
• The canal is poorly navigable, because there are obstructions in the canal such as wood, drifting vegetation, and waste.
• Land loss/erosion.
• Waiting times at the locks.
• Limiting dimensions of the canal and related public infrastructure, such as vertical clearance, dimensions of the lock chambers, depth of the canal, and depth of the lock entrance.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 38 4.9.2 Use of the Canal 2018
Observations suggest that several businesses use the canal to bring in production inputs (for example, sand, lumber), discharge wastewater, and dispose of waste (Figure 12). The majority of businesses in the 200 m zone along the canal do not use it for transportation; they are only located in this area because it is an industrial area and, for some, close to the harbors of the Suriname River. The following vessels were active during January 1, 2018 till May 30, 2018:
• Motorized deck barges (Motordekschuiten); a deck barge for freight transport that is powered by a combustion engine)
• Push boats (duwboten): Vessels that do not transport a load on their decks, but serve to drive two, four, or six large, almost square steel barges (duwbakken) with freight
• Fishing vessels
The largest dimensions were length = 52.64 m, breadth = 8.25 m, and content = 737.28 m3.
In 2018 (January–May), the businesses operating vessels on the Saramacca Canal included Baitali Group N.V., Grassalco N.V., VABI, Soebrati N.V., and Seahorse N.V.. These firms used the canal mainly to obtain raw materials for their production processes, such as lumber, sand, crushed stone, and gravel. Because the locks do not function properly, passage only occurs when the water levels on both sides are equal, which happens two to three times a day.
In 2015, a study was conducted by two students of the Anton de Kom University. This AdeKUS study reported that main complaints of businesses about the canal included the following:
• The canal is poorly navigable; obstructions in the canal include wood, drifting vegetation, and waste.
• Land loss/erosion.
• Waiting time at the locks.
• Limiting dimensions of the canal and related public infrastructure, such as vertical clearance, dimensions of the lock chambers, depth of the canal, and depth of the lock entrance.
Also, transportation of sand by a motorized deck barge has the highest frequency, an average of approximately 15 vessels per month.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 39 Figure 12. Graphs of Number of Barges Entering the Saramacca Canal - Doorsteek Number of Barges - Monthly (January to May 2018) 80
70
60
50
40 Number of Barges 30
20
10
0 January February March April May
Number of Barges - Weekly (January to May 2018) 30
25
20
15 Number of Barges 10
5
0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 8
Week Week 9 Week 7
Week Week 18 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 20 Week 21
Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 19 Week 13 4.9.3 Residents’ Use of the canal
A couple of households sometimes use the canal for household uses such as washing clothes, washing dishes, and bathing—especially in the dry season. For these purposes, they have built small wooden boardwalks or clay steps into the water. Occasionally children swim in the canal, but this is discouraged by parents as already several children have drowned.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 40 Some persons drive small boats in the canal for leisure. Persons from outside the AoI also use the boat landings along the canal to launch their boats. In this context, the canal is sometimes used as a passage way to the Saramacca River or the Suriname River.
Wastewater of the low-income households along the canal typically flows directly into the canal. These households may or may not have a septic tank. Observations suggest that where the houses are built on the public maintenance strip, outhouses often are built immediately along the canal, with the sewer pipes draining into the canal.
Main uses of the canal are listed in Table 2.
4.9.4 Livelihood Activities in and along the Saramacca Canal
There is only one individual who depends solely on access to the canal for his livelihood. This person manually operates a small ferry boat to bring passengers across the canal near the offices of Staatsolie NV (approximately 4.8 km from the Suriname River).
People occasionally fish in the canal, using both nets and fishing rods. Fishing is primarily undertaken by members of low-income households for own consumption, while small surpluses may be sold. However, many residents are aware of the possible pollution of the water, and they do not consume fish from this source. People can catch all kinds of fish in the canal. People set out the nets along the shoreline in the evening, and collect the fish in the morning. The Chair of the Resort Council, Saramaccapolder, commented that some decades ago, people fished a lot in the canal. Nowadays, people north of the canal do not fish anymore in the polluted canal but rather take a boat out to one of the rivers.
Hardly anyone plants commercial food crops along the canals, and even planting or subsistence use is rare. In some locations, people may have some fruit trees (for example, banana and coconut). The harvested fruits are for own consumption, while the surplus may be sold. In the area between Leiding 11 and Uitkijk, farmers use the secondary and tertiary canals that run into the Saramacca Canal for irrigation (See section ‘Farmers’).
Table 2. Uses of the Saramacca Canal and its Shorelines by Local Area Residents Use of the Canal Description
Household uses Households of Wit Boiti and Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20, especially those without connection to the public water net and those living near the canal shores, occasionally use the canal to wash clothes and dishes and for bathing.
Livelihood One person operates a small ferry boat to cross the canal. No other individuals depend on the Saramacca Canal for their income, though farmers rely on the secondary and tertiary canals for irrigation.
A small number of individuals from the low-income neighborhoods south of the canal occasionally fish in the canal, both with fishing rods and with nets. Fish are caught for own consumption, though surplus may be sold. Incidentally, and on a very small scale, people plant crops and fruit trees for own consumption.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 41 Use of the Canal Description
Recreation Children of Wit Boiti and Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 occasionally swim in the canal. A couple of individuals, both north and south of the canal, own small vessels. Boat owners from outside the AoI also use the boat ramps north of the canal and the ramp at Uitkijk to enter the water.
Infrastructure At various locations, wastewater from households runs into the canal. Especially in the low-income neighborhoods south of the Saramacca Canal, household sewers are directly connected to the canal. The canal is not used much as a transportation route. Nevertheless, the small ferry boat provides an important connection for work and school commuters.
Business/industry A selected number of firms use the canal to bring in raw materials for their production process, yet not all firms located along the canal use it for transportation. In addition, observations suggest that some businesses use the canal to dump waste and drain wastewater.
4.9.5 Farmers
The Saramacca Canal is important to farmers who have small plots for commercial farming— mostly between the main road known as Leiding 11 A (approximately 8.5 km measured from the sluices) and the point where the Sarammacca Canal connects to the Saramacca River, in the area known as Uitkijk.
In this entire area, referred to as Leidingen, small commercial farming is practiced along the secondary and tertiary canals that run into the Saramacca Canal. These smaller canals are used for irrigation of the agricultural fields, and good drainage is important. In the past, these parcels were used for rice production, but nowadays they mostly produce perennial crops (for example, fruit trees) and vegetables (Mr. Goerdayal, Chair RR Saramaccapolder and area resident, pers. comm., July 19, 2018).
In parts of the resort Koewarasan and in the area popularly known as Creola, between the suspension bridge at Bomaweg and Uitkijk, agriculture is practiced within the AoI. Among others, people have planted fruit trees on land along the Saramacca Canal.
Archaeological Resources, Tangible Heritage, and Other Places of Cultural Significance
The UNESCO 2001 Convention of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is the foremost international legal reference for the protection of underwater cultural heritage. Suriname has not ratified this convention.
The national register of cultural heritage sites (Versteeg 2003) shows no sites in the Saramacca Canal. However, the lack of national register status does not mean that sites do not exist in the project footprint, as few places have been excavated. The Project area (200 m on both sides along the canal) houses eight religious worship places (mosques, churches, temples). These sites will not be affected by the Project.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 42 Given the absence of Suriname National Guidelines in the case of archaeological finds, construction activities should be consistent with internationally recognized good practice as described in the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) (1990) Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage. In addition, the contractors must comply with the GoS Monument Law of 2002 for immoveable archaeological resources found during the course of the Project.
Article 20.1 stipulates that “monuments found in excavations and on which no one can prove the right of ownership are owned by the state. 2. The owner of the land in which the monuments have been dug up is required to transfer the found monuments to the State and is entitled to a reimbursement amounting to half the value of those monuments. 3. Monuments found in an investigation…may be transferred to a place suitable for their custody on the instructions of the Minister [of Education, Science and Culture].”
Article 21. states that “the finder…, within thirty working days after the discovery must indicate the exact location, time, monument and particulars of the discovery to the District Commissioner (DC) of the district in which the discovery has been made who shall immediately notify the Minister.”
The Project activities also should comply with the Foundation for Forest Management and Production Control (Stichting Bosbeheer en Bostoezicht, SBB) 2011 Code of Practice that includes a zoning standard for places of cultural importance and archaeological sites. This Code of Practice stipulates that if archaeological or cultural historical findings are made, relics and locations have to be reported immediately to the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture ( Ministerie van Onderwijs, Wetenschap en Cultuur, MINOWC). The licensee and their staff, contractors, or representatives will refrain from interfering in any way with such sites and/or relics. National Guidelines are still in review phase by the Government Directorate of Culture of the MINOWC and are not available for distribution.
Within 200 m on either side of the Saramacca Canal, the cultural sites available are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Names of Cultural Sites on Either Side of the Saramacca Canal No. Name Type 1 Jesus Christ Mission Ministry Church 2 Moskee Mosque 3 Vishnu Mandier Hindu temple 4 Arya Devakar mandier Hindu temple 5 Shri Tridew Mandier Hindu temple 6 SCSV Anand Soccer field/ cultural site 7 Thirath Sthan Leiding 8 Hindu temple 8 Algemene Begrafenis Fonds 7B Cemetry 9 SCSV Tridew Cultural and sport site 10 Tridew Mandier Hindu temple
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 43 No. Name Type 11 Moskee Mosque 12 Sitaram Ghaath Hindu Temple
Figure 13.Cultural Sites
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 44
5 LAND AND TENURE AND USE OF PUBLIC LAND
5.1 Land Tenure Titles in the Area of Interest
5.1.1 Residential areas south of the Canal
The land along Goede Verwachtingweg (Wit Boiti neighborhood) used to be part of the former plantation Goede Verwachting and is currently government land. Most of it has been allocated to residents as land lease. The lease titles were provided during a government campaign to formalize this residential neighborhood, which started out as unlawful occupation. A part of the land along this road, including occupied lands, may still be domain land (vrij domein). The MI- GLIS does not have tenure information about all parcels. For example, no certainty could be
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 45 given about the tenure status of the section of Goede Verwachting between Coesewijne Bridge and Indira Ghandiweg.
The land of Sunny Point 2/Leiding used to be part of the former plantations Duisburg and Onverwacht. This land was allocated to one or more parties as full property (eigendom) but has been occupied by low-income households who do not have legal tenure title.
5.1.2 Residential Areas North of the Canal
Land in the residential area of Magnesiumstraat and Titaniumstraat, north of the canal, has been allocated as governmental land lease (grondhuur). In the other residential areas north of the Saramacca Canal, around the Metropoolweg/Indrawatiweg, residents hold property titles (eigendom).
5.1.3 Industrial Area between the Suriname River and the Coesewijne Bridge
Land tenure information from the MI-GLIS office suggests that land of the industrial area bordered by the Suriname River in the east, the Coesewijne Bridge in the west, Industrieweg Noord in the north, and Industrieweg Zuid in the south has been allocated as land lease (grondhuur) and leasehold (erfpacht).
5.1.4 Rural areas
Rural areas typically have been allocated under governmental land lease or leasehold titles, and the rural areas in the AoI are no exception. The land between Uitkijk, where the Saramacca Canal meets the Saramacca River, and the area popularly known as Leidingen have been allocated as land lease/lease hold. Also, all the land of the entire ressort Koewarasan carries a land lease/leasehold title.
5.2 Public Maintenance Strip and Drainage Canals
Sustainability of the drainage infrastructure requires that secondary, tertiary, and smaller canals in both rural and urban neighborhoods are maintained. In practice, these canals are often overgrown and polluted with litter, while many of the culverts are clogged. As a result, rain and wastewater do not properly drain from these areas, with resulting flooding during heavy rainfall. Residents often complain that the government (MoPWTC) does not properly clean these smaller drainage canals, while the ministry indicates that residents are responsible for maintenance of the public canals and gutters that drain their parcels.
The law is not explicit about whose task it is to keep the secondary and smaller canals clean and free of weeds. The responsibilities of the various ministries are stated in Law S.B. 1991 no. 58.7 This law stipulates that the MoPWTC is responsible for water management and drainage. In
7 STAATSBESLUIT van 10 oktober 1991, houdende instelling en taakomschrijving van Departementen van Algemeen Bestuur (“Besluit Taakomschrijving Departementen 1991”) (S.B. 1991 no. 58), gelijk het luidt na de daarin aangebrachte wijzigingen bij S.B. 2002 no. 16).
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 46 addition, the MoPWTC is responsible for management, planning, and development of public infrastructural facilities, as well as the planning, execution, and maintenance of all civil engineering works, with the exception of secondary and tertiary engineering works in the districts and the interior (Art. 20). Responsibility for the latter lays with the Ministry of RO (S.B. 1991 no. 58, Art. 8). These task descriptions suggest that the MoPWTC and the Ministry of RO are responsible for maintenance of public canals and gutters in, respectively, Paramaribo and other districts.
On the other hand, the Criminal Law8 stipulates that residents are obliged to keep an area of at least 6 m around their homes free of weeds and shrubs (S.B. 1980, no. 68, Art. 39). It is also stipulated that it is forbidden to dump garbage, waste, or other materials on public spaces, including public roads, gardens, parks, and waterways such as canals, discharge trenches, and creeks (Art. 39A). These articles indicate that responsibility for maintenance of the public canals and gutters in residential neighborhoods lies, at least partly, with citizens. The actual execution of maintenance activities on public drainage networks by citizens requires both enhanced public awareness of these responsibilities, and control and enforcement. Both national and local (RR members and neighborhood managers) authorities can play a constructive role in motivating enhancement of citizen participation in maintenance of public areas in their own neighborhoods.
An area on both sides of the canal is considered a ‘public maintenance strip’ (openbare onderhoudsstrook). The MoPWTC determines the width of this strip for the different canals based on practical considerations. For ‘normal’ canals, the width of the public maintenance strip on either side of the canal is 10 m; for the Saramacca Canal it is 20 to 30 m.9 Officially, citizens are not allowed to perform activities on the public maintenance strips. In practice, however, various government institutions grant permission to construct small structures on this land such as boardwalks, huts, and terraces. By law, building physical structures that cannot be removed on the public maintenance strip is forbidden, and the government must always be able to access the maintenance strip. Sometimes the permission to use the public maintenance strip explicitly states that compensation will not be awarded if the government damages the structure while executing activities on this land. Recently, the district governments have been awarded responsibility for structures on public road sites and maintenance strips. This situation can cause confusion if a person receives permission from one government entity to use the maintenance strip, while other government offices are not informed.
The public maintenance strip along the Saramacca Canal also is used to illicitly dump waste. This happens at various locations along the stretch of the canal. During heavy rainfall, garbage
8 Decreet houdende bepalingen m.b.t. ecologische omstandigheden in de woongebieden (invoeging art. 39a Politiestrafwet) (Decreet B-8). In full: WET van 29 november 1915, tot vaststelling van een Politiestrafwet (G.B. 1915 no. 77), gelijk zij luidt na de daarin aangebrachte wijzigingen bij G.B. 1917 no. 78, G.B. 1917 no. 79, G.B. 1917 no. 80, G.B. 1917 no. 83, G.B. 1918 no. 39, G.B. 1922 no. 14, G.B. 1924 no. 64, G.B. 1926 no. 55, G.B. 1926 no. 125, G.B. 1929 no. 54, G.B. 1929 no. 59, G.B. 1930 no. 73, G.B. 1933 no. 94, G.B. 1933 no. 95, G.B. 1934 no. 31, G.B. 1939 no. 100, G.B. 1939 no. 101, G.B. 1939 no. 102, G.B. 1942 no. 1521, G.B. 1943 no. 120, G.B. 1944 no. 39, G.B. 1944 no. 153, G.B. 1946 no. 128, G.B. 1947 no. 133, G.B. 1947 no.140, G.B. 1949 no. 62, G.B 1950 no. 63, G.B. 1961 no. 77, G.B. 1964 no. 107, S.B. 1980 no. 68, S.B. 1980 no. 121, S.B. 1982 no. 19, S.B. 1990 no. 24. 9 Mr. Mohan, Director, Ministry of OWTC. pers. comm., July 25, 2018.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 47 may run into the canal, causing both pollution of the canal and hindrance of water flow. When the final Project design is known, these garbage dump sites should be mapped and taken into account to enhance Project sustainability. Strategic planning is required to prevent further use of these public areas as waste dump sites.
6 IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS
Inhabitants of the two low-income neighborhoods south of the canal, Wit Boiti and Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20, are vulnerable for a number of reasons:
• They are typically low-income households; many persons work in low-paying jobs or informal jobs or are unemployed and do irregular, short-term informal jobs.
• Many heads of household have limited levels of formal education.
• A significant share of households is headed by single mothers.
• A number of households do not have legal tenure rights to the land they live on.
• Access to public services (water and electricity) is suboptimal in parts of these neighborhoods.
Between the two neighborhoods, the people from Wit Boiti may have relatively more political voice, because two National Assembly members are associated with this neighborhood.10 Furthermore, the largest share of household members from Wit Boiti obtained land lease titles, and hence they have legal tenure rights to the land they live on. In Sunny Point 2/Leiding 2, the majority of households, if not all, are irregular occupants without any form of rights to the lands they live on.
The grand majority of inhabitants of Wit Boiti and Sunny Point 2/Leiding 20 are of Maroon ethnic descent. No inhabitants identified as part of indigenous peoples groups have been found in the area surveyed along the canal. The Maroons in these two urban neighbourhoods identify themselves as Maroons, and are viewed by outsiders as such. However, they do not have collective territorial attachment to the said neighbourhoods in the AoI. Even though these families still value and use, to a greater or lesser extent, cultural customs from the traditional home communities in the interior, they do no longer live according to the customary rules, culture and leadership structures of their specific tribal group. In this context, one may also note that these Paramaribo neighbourhoods host Maroons from different tribal groups, whose families originate from many different villages, as well as individuals from other ethnic groups. The 2012 national census counted 117,567 individuals who self-identified as Maroons, representing approximately 21.7 percent of the total Suriname population. Informed estimates suggest that roughly half of these people live in the interior districts of Sipaliwini, Brokopondo and Para.
10 Mr. A. Misiekaba, and Ms. S. Afonsoewa.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 48 Even though Maroons are tribal peoples, this situation does not trigger the World Bank Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10), because the World Bank OP 4.10 criteria used to identify indigenous peoples as a distinct social and cultural group mostly do not apply to the target group (Figure 4).11
The Maroons in these two urban neighborhoods identify themselves as Maroons and are viewed by outsiders as such. However, they do not have collective territorial attachment to the said neighborhoods in the AoI. As Maroons decedents living in the urban areas do not practice the traditional collective territorial attachment and leadership structure, the typology of their houses in the neighbourhoods close to the Saramacca canal does not differ from the others in the area. Even though these families still value and use, to a greater or lesser extent, cultural customs from the traditional home communities in the interior, they no longer live according to the customary rules, culture, and leadership structures of their specific tribal group. In this context, one may also note that these Paramaribo neighborhoods host Maroons from different tribal groups, whose families originate from many different villages, as well as individuals from other ethnic groups.
The identification of the Maroons of Wit Boiti and Syunny point 2/Leiding 20 as Indigenous Peoples was discussed with the Director of the Department for ‘Sustainable Development of Afro-Surinamese of the Interior’ (Duurzame Ontwikkeling Afro-Surinamers Binnenland) of the Ministry of RO. The Director confirmed that the mentioned neighborhoods are not part of the tribal ancestral lands/land claims of the Maroons and that the Maroon individuals living in these neighborhoods cannot be considered an indigenous group.12
Table 4. Applicability of World Bank OP 4.10 Criteria for Indigenous Peoples to the Maroon Households along the Saramacca Canal “For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a Applicability generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:”
Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and Yes recognition of this identity by others
Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral Not in these Paramaribo territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats neighborhoods and territories
Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are Not in these Paramaribo separate from those of the dominant society and culture neighborhoods
An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the Yes, typically in addition to country or region Sranantongo and Dutch
Source: World Bank OP 4.10.
11 The Suriname legal system does not define Indigenous Peoples or Maroon Peoples. 12 W. Misiedjan, Director Duurzame Ontwikkeling Afro-Surinamers Binnenland, pers. comm. July 12, 2018.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 49
Figure 14. Assorted Photos of the Canal and Area of Influence
Navigation lock and gate #2 looking west from Suriname river. Lock control house in background Suriname River side gate #1
Barge entering eastern lock from Suriname River being pulled by typical river “tow” boat. Note Barge in lock between gates #1 and #2 on Suriname side mobile excavator mounted on barge. of canal.
Gravel loaded barge passing through lock system Suriname River side with excavator equipment Tow boat pulling gravel loaded barge through lock gates.
ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 50
Figure 15. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Sluice Gates and Urban Areas
Sluice gates at Suriname River looking west. Sluice gates at Suriname River, looking east to the Suriname River
Navigation lock at western end of canal near Saramacca River Construction facility along canal
Residential area in mid-section of canal and The prison on the canal secondary canal entering
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Figure 16. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Urban Area
Factory along canal showing discharge pipes Concrete plant along canal showing off loads from barges of sand and gravel with excavator
Example of industrial complexes along canal with sand and gravel offloaded by barges. Location Witboi factory along canal showing aquatic weed circle shows secondary canal connection into growth. canal.
Canal embankment containing dumped debris Transport barge tied up alongside manufacturing and garbage plant showing secondary canal inflow
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Figure 17. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Along the Canal
Church on the canal Housing settlement along canal
Houses in the Wit Boiti Neighborhood along Canal Houses in the Wit Boiti Neighborhood along Canal showing garbage dumping into canal waters
Houses in the Wit Boiti Neighborhood along Canal Local road adjacent to the canal showing placement on the embankment
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Figure 18. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Along the Canal
Canal towards peri urban area with extensive mat Typical neighborhood tertiary canal with culvert of aquatic weeds and blockage
Examples of secondary canals left picture cleared Typical glogged residential draingae channel with and maintained canal and right clogged with weeds concentrated weed growth
Clear secondary canal entering main canal. Note Fishing in canal soil pile without silt fence on canal embankment
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Figure 19. Saramacca Canal System Photos - Canals
Canal towards peri urban area with extensive mat of aquatic Secondary canal entering main canal showing low weeds, and major traffic bridge crossing over canal traffic bridge
Unsafe Power Lines Hanging across mud road in Sunny Examples of secondary canals left picture cleared and Point 2/Leiding 20 Neighborhood maintained canal and right clogged with weeds
Residential neighborhood showing recently dredged Residential neighborhood showingclogged with channel flowing freely and unobstructed blocked culverts
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Figure 20. Saramacca Canal System Photos – Residential areas
Residential neighborhood showing recently cleared Typical neighborhood tertiary canal with culvert and channel flowing freely and unobstructed with proper debris sized box culvert
Close up of the box diaphragm discharge sleeve with Example of buried drainage channel with box extensive water hyacinth mat diaphragm discharge sleeve
Tertiary Canal as Open gutter with standing water
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Figure 21. Saramacca Canal System Photos - Vegetation
Natural Vegetation – Center of the canal Rooted floating mats- in canal
Tall secondary forest- western part of canal Neglected meadoe – rural area in AOI
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7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS
7.1 Approach for Impact and Risk Assessment
In this section each of the project components and associated activities are assessed for potential environmental and social impacts and risks. There is a defined Area of Influence that is considered the “direct impact” zone. In this area the Project activities are assessed to determine any direct and indirect impacts between the Project and its environment resources and people, communities and businesses. The ESIA also predicts and quantifies to the extent possible the magnitude of impacts and risks for each of the project activities. For this ESIA magnitude of impacts and risks are based on the following considerations: • Type of impact (i.e., direct, indirect) • Nature of the change (what is affected and how) • Size, scale, or intensity • Duration and/or frequency (e.g., temporary, short term, long term, permanent)
The magnitude describes the actual change that is predicted to occur and in the case of adverse impacts is ranked from low, medium to high. It is also imperative to identify positive impacts. The Environmental and Social Impact and Risk Assessment matrix is presented in Table 5. It is important to clarify that this assessment is considered “preliminary” and will need to be updated once the final design with all detailed construction details is completed.
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Table 5 Saramacca Canal Project Components and Activities Environmental and Social Impact and Risk Assessment Matrix* * + represents positive impacts or risks and – is negative impacts or risks
Saramacca Canal Rehabilitation Activities Environmental and social impacts/risks
1.0 Rehabilitation of Sluices and Locks
1.1 Lock Gate Rehabilitation at Saramacca River Environmental (Uitkijk) - air emissions from machinery and vehicles • rehabilitation of civil, mechanical and electric - noise from construction equipment elements - scrap metal and wood waste • rehabilitation/replacement of canal side and - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment bottom protection - More navigation hours result in more vessel transport therefore increasing pollution levels e.g. from motors, • upgrade of wooden mooring areas goods, solid waste Social - disruption of canal traffic + Better management of water levels in Saramacca Canal for flood control, irrigation and transport + More navigation hours (12 daylight hours rather than current 2 hours) + allowing more vessel transport, leading to growth in economy. + Benefits industry through minimising transport costs (e.g. sand/gravel, timber) + Benefits government through encouraging transport by canal rather than road therefore minimising road damage by heavy industry + Benefits agricultural activities through allowing rapid transport of fresh produce to market + Benefits individuals by allowing an alternative transport route and new socio-economic activities (eg tourism). + Water-based postal transport services can be re-established.
1.1 Lock Gate Rehabilitation at Suriname River Environmental (Doorsteek) - air emissions from machinery and vehicles • rehabilitation of civil, mechanical and electric - noise from construction equipment elements - scrap metal and wood waste • rehabilitation/replacement of canal side and - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment bottom protection - More navigation hours results in more vessel transport therefore increasing pollution levels e.g. from motors, • upgrade of wooden mooring areas goods, solid waste + Reduction of water leakage from the Suriname River (tidal, saline water) into Saramacca Canal (freshwater) thereby impacting salt-water intrusion eg + & - Alteration of established brackish (freshwater/saline) water balance impacting habitats and environment + Reduction of salt-water impact on man-made materials (boats, metal & wooden docks, poles, etc) - Blockage of movement of aquatic species between freshwater and saline environments (e.g. manatees, fish)
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1.2 Sluice Rehabilitation Environmental • rehabilitation of civil, mechanical and electric - air emissions from machinery and vehicles elements - noise from construction equipment • reinforcement of canal side and bottom - scrap metal and wood waste protection - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment • upgrade of concrete where necessary + Allows controlled and regular flushing of system to remove sediment, floating vegetation and excess water • clearance of debris from system. This also improves water quality through dispersal of agricultural fertilizers, insecticides, industrial disposal etc.
Social + Better management of water levels in Sarmacca Canal for flood control, irrigation and transport + Reduction in flood hazard
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2.0 Reprofiling and Clearing of Canal
2.1 Dredging Specified Locations Environmental • bathymetric survey - air emissions from machinery and vehicles • dredging excess sediment (removing) and/or - noise from construction equipment shifting sediment mounds into depressions by - scrap metal and wood waste ploughing using excavator and pontoon - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment • Where dredging of vessel passing places is - Temporary decrease in water quality during dredging/moving of material needed, possible reinforcement of canal - Removal of established wildlife/wetland habitat banks may be required. + Removal of bottom bed sediment + Inhibits growth of nuisance vegetation + Decrease of existing bed-bottom pollution (if any) in long term
Social -temporary blockage to canal transport + Improves flood risk by improving conveyance of water + Allows navigation by increasing water depth
2.1 Sediment stockpiling at Spoils Deposit Site Environmental • removal of sediment from pontoon at - Clearing of sediment dumping site may involve removal/burning of grass/trees designated site and dumping in sediment - Reduction in soil infiltration capacity from compaction of ground material stock-piling area (possibly via road/vehicle if - leaching of spoil compounds into groundwater necessary) -surface runoff of spoils into adjacent water bodies • removal of sediment from stockpiling site via -possible harmful effects from spoils if not used following technical specifications (see Appendix A) for reuse Social - Temporary increase of local traffic / noise next to access road + Sediment available for re-use (commercial venture) 2.2 Clearance of Impeding Vegetation and Debris Environmental • removal of large debris items (sunken vessels) - Temporarily decreases water quality as large debris items (sunken metal or wooden vessels etc) removed from • removal of in-channel vegetation (but river bed causing upwelling of bed material avoiding vegetation supporting bank-stability - Removal of habitat for fish/birds/mammals through removal of grasses, floating vegetation, etc where possible) + Reduction in pollution through removal of solid waste.
Social + Opportunities to develop canal shore-line for industry, agriculture or tourism. + Allows navigation by increasing water depth
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3.0 Upgrading Secondary and Tertiary Sub catchment Areas
3.1 Rehabilitating secondary or tertiary drainage Environmental channels including removing hydraulic - air emissions from machinery and vehicles restrictions and possible introduction of green - noise from construction equipment solutions for flood management - scrap metal and wood waste - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment + improvement in climate change resilience through improvement of flood risk (flood depth, duration, extent) + Improved drainage capacity + Improved drainage capacity
Social - May involve some removal and reconstruction of small obstructions such as fences in the waterways, or widening of existing culverts. - Minor disruption to road access during works + improved traffic flow / local access during and after high rainfall events as flood waters will drain away more quickly. + less water-borne diseases due to less standing water 3.2 Introduction of maintenance program for local Environmental drainage channels and implementation of - air emissions from machinery and vehicles community awareness campaigns on litter - noise from construction equipment disposal and waste management - scrap metal and wood waste - oil and lubricant discharge into canal waters from repair equipment + improvement in climate change resilience through improvement of flood risk (flood depth, duration, extent) + Improved drainage capacity + Improved drainage capacity
Social + Mobilises citizen support across local society + Improved communication between Government and society + improved maintenance / look of / pride in local area
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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES
The next step in this ESIA is the identification of actions to mitigate the potential negative impacts of each of the project activities. This mitigation addresses mechanisms to avoid or minimize the impacts and risks. These actions are proposed across general themes which are discussed below. 8.1 Air Quality
The Project will use heavy construction equipment, dredging excavators and tug boats, and increase vehicle traffic in the Project Area. Of the Project components, the rehabilitation of the locks and sluices are expected to generate the most air emissions, as it involves the most construction activities. The secondary and tertiary Project components will modify the existing smaller drainage infrastructure with minimal use of heavy construction equipment. The lock and sluice gate rehabilitation activities are localized, and air quality effects are generally restricted to a small radius. The dredging operations will not create any dust emissions in the canal. Cleaning of canal vegetation will be short term and conducted in targeted areas on a rotating basis along the canal. The dust impact from dredging and transport to the Spoils Deposit Area (anticipated to be by barge) will be negligible since the sludge will be wet. The activities at the Spoils Deposit Area include offloading of dredged materials, use of heavy machinery to transport and spread these spoils and intermittent contouring and moving of these materials. These activities will be restricted to a small area ( 10-15 acres). These operations are considered to have low air quality impacts. The air quality impacts will be minimized by applying the following provision: • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. • Avoid burning non-vegetative wastes (refuse, etc.) at construction sites. • Avoid unnecessary idling of construction equipment or delivery trucks when not in use. • Implement the Stakeholder and Communication Plan to ensure regular and appropriate citizen feedback and concerns. After construction, ambient air quality is expected to return to pre-construction levels. Therefore, implementation of the Project will have no residual or long-term impacts on the surrounding air quality. 8.2 Noise
The Project will use heavy construction equipment, dredging excavators and tug boats, and increase vehicle traffic in the Project Area. Of the Project components, the rehabilitation of the locks and sluices are expected to generate the most air emissions, as it involves the most construction activities. The secondary and tertiary Project components will modify the existing smaller drainage infrastructure with minimal use of heavy construction equipment.
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The dredging operations will create moderate noise up and down a limited stretch of the canal and noise will be associated with the barge tug boats and excavators. Cleaning of canal vegetation will be short term and conducted in targeted areas on a rotating basis along the canal. The noise impact from transport of dredged material will impact a smaller corridor in the Area of Influence (AOI) from the dredging locations and barge loading and then transport along the canal to the Spoils Deposit Area. Construction-related noise pollution associated with selected Project activities will result from operating heavy construction equipment and increased vehicle traffic in the Project AOI. Aside from airborne noise impacts on nearby businesses and residences. Considering that construction and channel rehabilitation activities are localized, intermittent, and occur over a short-medium term (for a few weeks to several months), much of the noise effects of these Project activities are expected to be minimal. The rehabilitation of the locks and sluices will occur over a longer period (several months) and these Project activities will be minimized using the following measures: • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. • Schedule construction and rehabilitation work during daylight hours when increased noise levels are more tolerable. • Avoid dredging and spoils transport at night • Develop and implement a Construction Communications Plan to inform adjacent receptors (e.g., commercial businesses, churches, and tourists) of construction activities. After construction, ambient noise levels are expected to return to pre-construction levels. Therefore, implementation of the Project activities will have no impact on the surrounding ambient noise levels. 8.3 Surface Water
The causes of potential pollution to the Canal surface water include accidental fuel/oil spills from machinery/vehicles (including emergency situations), poorly managed liquid/ solid waste and construction materials, and siltation of surface water during dredging. At the Spoils Dredge Site, percolation of contaminated runoff and infiltration of polluted surface water, are potential causes of ground water pollution impacts. Due to shallow ground water levels in the Project area, the potential risk of impact on shallow aquifers exists. Pollution of water may be observed during construction works near at the lock and sluice gates and during dredging. During construction works these surface water bodies may be affected by accidentally spilled fuel/oil or contaminated surface runoff. • On-site vehicles and equipment including the dredge excavators and all work boats shall be inspected regularly for leaks and all leaks shall be immediately repaired. Incoming vehicles and equipment shall be checked for leaks. Leaking vehicles/equipment shall not be allowed on- site.
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• Secondary containment devices (drop cloths, drain pans) shall be used to catch leaks or spills while removing or changing oils from vehicles or equipment. For small spills, absorbent materials must be used. • At the Spoils Deposit Site, a silt fence, fibber rolls, gravel bags, or other approved sediment control must be ensured and a liner may be required pending design considerations Overall, because of the degraded water quality in much of the Canal, the likelihood of impacts on surface water quality during construction will be low to medium. The impact will be temporary and reversible. In the Spoils Deposit Site, final design will ensure minimal contaminant leakage into the surface waters and ground water. Overall, these residual impacts will be low to negligible by implementing the mitigation measures listed above. The environmental management of these issues are also associated with the Waste Management Plan, Spoils Site Management Plan and Construction Management Plan. 8.4 Waste
Waste associated with the Project includes both general construction waste, dredge material and removed lock and sluice gate materials. General construction waste will be collected in waste bins/receptacles to be hauled offsite by a licensed waste hauler and disposed of accordingly in approved landfills. Construction waste consists of general food and office waste, personal protection equipment, paper, cardboard, plastic, pallets, wood, scrap steel, etc. The hazardous waste generated from machinery, equipment and vehicles during the construction will include: • Used tires: 60-70 unit / year; • Oil filters of construction equipment, vehicles and other machinery: 20-25 unit /year; • Out-dated and damaged accumulators: 12-15 unit/year; • Waste fuel, lubricants: 120-150 kg /year; • Welding electrodes: 50-60 kg /year; These wastes generated during the Project will be handed over to licensed companies for treatment (deactivation, incineration) or re-use in other technological processes. The area allocated for temporary storage of hazardous waste shall have special preventive measures implemented, including special labelled containers/receptacles. secondary containment and no mixing of hazardous waste with any other waste shall be allowed. Hazardous waste containers shall be checked for tightness. The staff involved in hazardous waste management shall be trained in waste management and safety issues and comply with local appropriate legislation on these matters. Dredge material will be generated from the canal reprofiling activities. The excavated material will be loaded onto barges and transported to a sludge deposit area. All removed and excavated sediment material will be disposed by the Contractor at the Government acquired disposal site (see section xx). As mentioned in earlier sections, there is no permit required to dispose sludge in an open land area; however, the Contractor must comply with the general Hindrance Act, that limits the amount of disturbance to neighborhoods.
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Due to the presence of several contaminant compounds (see section xx Sediment Sampling) the sediment waste, which is a product of the dredging activities (described above), shall require proper disposal at the Spoils Deposit Site. The Dredge Management Plan (see Appendix H) describes the actions required to ensure safe handling, deposit and security. The dismantled steel and iron lock and sluice gate materials need to be handled properly. This debris waste will have to be transported and disposed to an acceptable waste site. To prevent detrimental impacts of the waste generated during construction it must be collected and temporarily stored in selected locations following the requirements listed below. It is anticipated that the contractor will have a construction and maintenance yard to store and service all materials, supplies, machinery etc. The waste must be source-separated in order to ensure proper management and enable reuse. Until removal from the site, domestic waste (food waste, plastic bottles, packaging, etc.) must be collected in containers with fitted lid to avoid attraction of scavengers, emanation of odour and scattering by wind. The household type wastes generated during the construction will be collected and delivered to an approved landfill. The construction activities would be intermittent, and occur over a short-term (a few weeks), and the amount of normal construction waste from the project activities is expected to be moderate in volume. Consequently, the impacts related to general waste generation and disposal of the Project are expected to be minimal. Proper collection and disposal of the hazardous waste materials are projected to be minimal. Proper disposal and containment of the dredged spoils are expected to result in minimal negative impacts. The Contractor will be obligated to provide a Waste Management Plan. 8.5 Worker Health and Safety
The contractor is obliged to implement all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of all workers. This applies also to subcontractors who also must manage the occupational health and safety issues of their employees. There are numerous international standards and good practice mentioned below that will be followed. Some of the major provisions are listed below. • The work areas (construction yard, dredging equipment and lock and sluice rehabilitations) must follow national fire codes and acceptable industrial standards (see World Bank Group EHS Guidelines). • All firefighting equipment should be maintained in good working order and be readily accessible. • Operating bathrooms and port-a-potis should be provided at work sites and on working boats for workers. • Adequate supplies of potable drinking water should be provided for all workers • The employer should ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Appropriately equipped first-aid stations should be easily accessible throughout the place of work.
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• Physical hazards represent potential for accident or injury or illness due to repetitive exposure to mechanical action or work activity. • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for protection to workers exposed to workplace hazards and specified for special jobs (e.g., welding, dredging, etc.) A Health and Safety Plan will be developed and implemented by the contractor in general alignment with ISO45001 (or its predecessor OHSAS18001) and the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. 8.6 Community Health and Safety
The Project activities pose some health and safety risks to area residents and pedestrians. For the lock and sluice gate rehabilitation which has a restricted to a very small footprint on the Saramacca River site, there are no consequences. However, at the Uitkijk location, there works will impact on the flow of traffic and pedestrians since the Canal crossing is adjacent to the lock. Dredging and reprofiling activities include on the canal activities using boats, barges and heavy equipment. Such actions pose impediments to canal boat traffic and minor safety issues regarding operating these vessels at safe speeds and under acceptable piloting. Transport of Project materials and supplies will occur on city roads. The activities for the secondary and tertiary drainage improvements will include operating trucks and heavy equipment through local neighborhoods. Several measures will ensure minimizing these impacts: • Operation of trucks obeying speed limits by licensed drivers. • Enforcing a no tolerance policy regarding operation of any vehicles or equipment while under influence of any illicit substances or alcohol • Coordination with all stakeholders around Uitkijk to determine road restrictions during lock rehabilitation • Advance notification to local authorities and businesses regarding operation of dredging and movement of barges through the canal to the Spoils Deposit Site • Advance notification to local authorities and businesses regarding use of equipment for the secondary and tertiary drainage improvement activities The impacts are expected to be minimal if proper measures are followed as defined above. The Contractor will be obligated to provide a Community Health and Safety Plan. 8.7 Biodiversity
The major Project construction activities will be undertaken in a relatively small area. The lock and sluice gate rehabilitation works will be restricted to currently existing facilities with no expansion. The canal reprofiling and dredging locations (still to be determined) are expected to be implemented to designated stretches of the canal and no cutting or widening of embankments will occur. These Project activities will be undertaken in already degraded natural habitats resulting in minimal biodiversity impacts. The Pilot secondary and tertiary improvement works will be undertaken in urban to peri-urban areas with little no biodiversity
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impacts. Since the Spoils Deposit Area has not been designated, the potential impacts and mitigation measures will have to be finalized. Overall, impacts to biodiversity related to implementation of the Project during the construction phase would be minor and temporary and managed through implementation of standard mitigation measures and construction good practice. The potential impacts to biodiversity from implementation of the Project include: • Loss or degradation of vegetation; • Wildlife injury or mortality; and • Wildlife disturbance and displacement. 8.8 Loss or Degradation of Vegetation
Limited vegetation clearing will occur in the immediate vicinity of the Canal but the exact location and extent of vegetation clearing cannot be determined until more specific designs and construction procedures are developed. The vegetation community in and along the edges of the Canal is of low quality due to the low species diversity, proximity of human activity, and polluted water in the Canal. The vegetation studies have concluded there are no unique or critical flora communities in the AOI. 8.9 Loss or Degradation of Wildlife
The diversity of wildlife in the Project Area is very limited with no unique or critical bird species. However, there could be occasional presence of river dolphins and/or manatees in the canal during construction activities. Usually, equipment noise and in water engine vibrations keep such mammals at a distance, but the Dredging Management Plan will have posted observers and deploy nets from a boom to keep these species away from the machines and work sites. Together, the mitigation and construction management measures described in the ESMP will help ensure that the Project has negligible impacts on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. The aquatic invertebrates could be injured during dredging, but potentially impacted species are common in the region and would not be impacted at the population level. Off-site disposal of the dredge material from the Canal will limit exposure of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife to contaminated sediments that are removed from the Canal during sluice gate and pump station rehabilitation. 8.10 Socioeconomic
The socioeconomic impacts associated with the Project are discussed around businesses, households, job opportunities and vulnerable groups. The potential impacts from implementation of the Project include: • Loss of income for businesses using canal for transport of goods; • Business and household structures on or near embankment; • Provision of construction jobs to local companies and materials sourced from the local economy; and • Potential vulnerable groups (gender or disability related).
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8.11 Businesses
The main way in which businesses will be impacted is by limitation of their access to the canal. If, during construction activities, the sluices are closed for some time, businesses that now use the canal for transportation of products incur elevated expenses because their products will need to be transported over land. One firm representative that transports sand estimated that closure of the locks for one week would bring additional costs of about USD 1000-1500, depending on the amount of sand. If the locks between the Saramacca Canal and the Suriname River cannot be used, this firm would use its existing harbour at Dijkveld, along the Suriname River, to load the sand on trucks. He did not foresee additional nuisance for neighbourhood residents, since the connecting roads do not pass residential areas. In case they would not be able to bring in goods through the sluices, they estimated additional expenses of USD 7500/week. An additional nuisance would be that production might be slowed down due to shortages, because the capacity to bring in raw materials by road is limited. If the Saramacca canal cannot be used, this form considers Smalkalden harbour (old SURALCO harbour) along the Suriname River as a possible transfer station. One of the lumber operators indicated that if informed in time, they did not expect any impacts on his business. With regard to mitigation measures, good communication is very important. Companies that use the Saramacca Canal for transportation indicated that they would need to be contacted at least 2-4 weeks in advance, preferably by e-mail, though some stakeholders indicated preferring a hard copy letter. Companies suggested creating a window a couple of times (e.g. twice) a week, during which ships may pass the sluices. This “window” should not be at a fixed time, because travel through the locks depend on the tide, which shifts daily with 1-2 hours. Use of the locks generally is less frequent in weekends, so it construction work in weekends cause fewer problems. Work on the sluices will cause construction-related noise. There are no residential buildings in the area adjacent to the sluices, but nearby businesses south of the Saramacca canal may experience temporary noise nuisance. The nearby cafeteria will be most affected by noise, since it closest and does not produce much own noise. Noise impacts on other nearby industries are expectedly minor to negligible. Prior notices to the businesses about the construction activities and possible expected impacts must be part of the communication plan. One other concern is that some of the businesses have built bank stabilizations to prevent erosion, usually constructed of boards. Some of these structures are instable, and there is a risk that the creation of waves by the dredging vessel, or contact of the vessel with these structures would cause their collapse. Once the final project design is known, the various locations with bank stabilizations must be mapped, assessed and photographed to prevent unfounded damage claims. It is anticipated that a large number of the work force will be locally hired. In addition, most construction material and many pieces of heavy equipment will probably be acquired from local agents. These are positive benefits of the project.
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8.12 Area Residents
Residents may be impacted by the construction activities if the structures they built along the canal, for example small docks, informal board walks, or even walls houses are damaged by the dredging vessel even though most or all of these structures are unlicensed and have been built on the canal maintenance zone, the Resettlement Policy Framework will be applied in such cases. Minor impacts may result from temporary increased turbidity, particularly for households using the canal for household uses (washing clothes, bathing). Other minor impacts include temporary minor nuisances related to noise and smell from dredging. It is not expected that households in the AoI will be exposed to other potential risks during the rehabilitation activities. While the pilot project area has not yet been determined, it is likely that activities for the pilot project area will the removal of weeds, debris and waste include from both the secondary and tertiary canals and from culverts. The sustainability and longevity of such a project may benefit from a campaign to raise the awareness of local communities/neighbourhoods to keep their own surroundings clean and maintained. In addition, enforcement of existing laws dictating citizen’s responsibilities in maintaining the public land area, including canals, in front of their homes may reduce congestion of culverts and help enhance drainage of these neighbourhoods, without continuous GoS inputs. The construction activities impacts will be properly identified as the final deigns are completed. In general, the impacts related to the above impacts are considered minimal (pending final designs) and will be managed according to the RPF. Traffic and pedestrian impacts are related to the secondary and tertiary improvement component. For these activities, the final designated locations are still to be determined. The general concerns include traffic congestion and temporary closures which may hinder access to critical facilities, shopping areas, bus stops, etc. This would occur during use of heavy equipment along highways and neighborhood roads, and when extracted materials are not hauled away and deposited on roads. Such activities will need to be planned in advance with proper notification to residents and businesses and use of proper signage and traffic and pedestrian diversion routes and accommodations. There will be no unwarranted impacts on vulnerable groups that are different from the general discussions above. Associated with these management matters is the completion of the Traffic Management Plan and Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan. 8.13 Cultural Heritage
The dozen cultural sites have already been mapped in the Canal AOI (Table 3). Most residential areas of Paramaribo have local churches, temples and other cultural sites and these will have to be mapped when the secondary and tertiary drainage improvement area is finalized. At that time appropriate precautions will be implemented to avoid or minimize any impacts.
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Information included in the ESMP is based on the main findings outlined in the earlier sections of this report. The overall objective of the ESMP is to bring the project into compliance with national environmental and social requirements and environmental and social policies of the World Bank. The application of environmental and social mitigation measures will also be customized for each of the key Project activities: (i) the major construction activities associated with the rehabilitation of sluices and locks; (ii) increasing conveyance through the dredging, reprofiling and clearing (iii) interventions in the pilot area(s), and (iv) implementation of emergency responses to natural disasters under the Contingent Emergency Response component. The ESMP will be included into the bidding documents so that bidders can consider and incorporate their environmental responsibilities into their bid proposals. The ESMP becomes an integral part of a contract for the provision of works and is binding for implementation. The Contractor will be engaged in 2 major stages for the Project, mobilization and then construction. For mobilization and prior to commencement of works for activities (i) and (ii) listed above, the contractor must prepare and clear prior to commencement of works the following thematic management plans (which are summarized in the Appendices): • Construction Environmental Plan • Traffic Management Plan • Waste Management Plan • Health and Safety Plan • Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan • Dredge Material Management Plan When the pilot intervention activities are identified, the executing agents and contractors will be required to apply a safeguards screening process and ensure that all activities follow prescribed mitigation procedures that will be detailed in to be developed checklists (see 9.1 below).
Figure 6 summarizes the approach that the Project contractor and other involved parties (e.g., local contractors) will follow to manage, mitigate, and monitor the potential impacts and risks of the Project during construction. The ESMP provides a set of mitigation measures constructed across the key environmental and social impacts and risks of the Project. The identification of responsible authorities is listed to verify that the measures are completed.
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Table 6 Project Environmental, Social Impacts, Issues and Concerns with Mitigation Measures, Responsibilities and Means of Verification Construction Phase
Environmental, Social Means of Mitigation Measures Responsibility Impact Issue/Concern Verification
Air Quality
Emissions from See Appendix E for a Construction Environmental Management Plan, which includes the following: Construction Site inspection construction vehicles and • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. contractor during construction equipment • Suppress dust as needed in unpaved areas. • Avoid burning non-vegetative wastes (refuse, etc.) at construction sites. • Avoid unnecessary idling of construction equipment or delivery trucks when not in use.
Noise
Noise generated by See Appendix E for a Construction Environmental Management Plan, which includes the following: Construction Site inspection construction • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. contractor during construction equipment and • Schedule construction and rehabilitation work during daylight hours and to minimize activity during peak activities periods of tourism and recreation (weekends, holidays, etc.). • Develop and implement a Construction Communications Plan to inform businesses and residents of construction activities. • Limit construction noise levels to applicable standards such as EHS Guidelines • The plants and equipment used in construction (including the aggregates crushing plant) shall strictly conform to the NEC noise standards. • All vehicles & equipment used in construction shall be fitted with exhaust silencers. • During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. • Limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at one meter from the edge of equipment in the free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws as specified in the EHS Guidelines. • Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and to the satisfaction of the Project Supervisior to keep noise from these at a minimum. • Workers shall wear earplugs in vicinity of loud noise, and working with or in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation. Surface Water
Turbidity and waste See Appendix E for a Construction Environmental Management Plan and Appendix H Dredge Management Construction Site inspection Plan, which include the following: contractor records unusual • Solid waste disposal prohibited into canal events • Sewer form boats and workers • turbidity curtain use Waste
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Construction Waste See Appendix E for a Construction Environmental Management Plan, which includes the following: Construction Site inspection • All waste materials shall be completely disposed of as designated contractor during construction • the site shall be fully cleaned before handing over with certification of the site • Weekly compliance reports to be filled in by the contractor and submitted to the Project Supervisor • The construction waste will be disposed off at identified disposal sites. • These sites will be identified during preconstruction phase. Worker Health and Safety
Management of health Develop and implement a Construction Health and Safety Plan (see Appendix E) Construction Records review and and safety of both • Proper availability of drinking water and sanitation facilities should be ensured at locations for workers. contractor interview of construction workers and The facilities include temporary toilets, suitable collection & disposal system for domestic refuse. construction the public • The contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as required for the safety of the workmen contractor as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. • The contractor shall supply all necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff. • The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means entry or egress. • All workers employed on mixing asphalt material, cement, and lime mortars, concrete etc. will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. • Workers who are engaged in welding works would be provided with welder‟s protective eye-shield • All necessary precautions should be observed while constructing super structure i.e. construction at height. It is recommended that contractor should follow EHS Guidelines and OSHA directives • All workers working on or near the canal shall wear appropriate life vests and there should be emergency rescue equipment for accidental falling into the water • At every workplace, a readily available construction first aid kit Risk Force Majeur • All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and public from fire, flood, (Environmental etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained emergency) during the course of action.
Record of Accidents • All records of accidents or any mishap either at construction camp, construction workers‟ camp or at construction sites shall be maintained and documented regularly by the contractor.
Community Health and Safety
Vehicle & Equipment • All contractor vehicles shall be properly permitted Construction Site inspection Operations • All contractor vehicles will be inspected by a certified vehicle/machine expert at start of contract and contractor during construction every 2 weeks to ensure proper functioning (e.g., horn, lights, tires etc.) • Each vehicle will have an inspection record • All equipment and vehicle operator will have proper licenses • All equipment and vehicle operators will be required to attend a road and equipment safety workshop at start of contract Construction Construction schedules will be communicated to residents and businesses (see Stakeholder Engagement and Construction notifications Communications Plan) contractor
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity management See Appendix E for a Construction Environmental Management Plan, which includes the mitigation measures Construction Site inspection in general including the below. contractor during construction items below
Manatee and River • Maintain watch during dredging for signs of any activity in work area and stop activity until mammals Construction Site inspection Dolphin injury pass contractor during construction Use boom and net on each side of dredging barge to prevent injury
Loss or disturbance of • Avoid damage or removal of embankment vegetation Construction Site inspection embankment vegetation contractor during construction
Wildlife injury or mortality Proper disposal of dredged material to avoid wildlife exposure Construction Site inspection contractor during construction
Socio-Economic
Loss of income for • Communicate directly with affected business regarding Dredging schedule and Lock construction. Construction Interviews with businesses using canal for Disseminate Dredge Management Plan and Lock Construction Plan (Appendix H). Contractor - construction transport of goods Community contractor and Liaison Officer affected parties Business and household • Continue stakeholder engagement through Project implementation through the use of the Stakeholder Construction Interviews with structures on or near Engagement and Communications Plan (see Appendix C). Contractor - construction embankment • Implement a Grievance Mechanism to receive and respond to grievances (see in Appendix C). Community contractor and • Ensure project supervisor alerts contractors of potential locations at risk Liaison Officer affected parties • During high water levels in canal take extra precautions in dredging and transport of spoils
Provision of construction • Implement job quotas for local employment and sourcing requirements for construction contractors based Construction Records review and jobs to local companies on the size and scope of the Project contractor interview of and materials sourced construction from the local economy contractor Decreased access to • Implement Traffic and Pedestrian Management Plan to maintain continuous access through careful staging Construction Records review and critical facilities, shopping, and sequencing of construction activities and provision of alternatives where needed (Appendix H) contractor interview of bus stops etc. construction contractor Potential vulnerable • Ensure adequate ground surfaces and associated infrastructure (such as ramps) for patron mobility (e.g., Construction Records review and groups (gender or high heels and crutches) at both the temporary unloading dock and the rehabilitated location post contractor interview of disability related) construction; and construction • Conduct Gender Awareness Training for contractors and their staff. contractor Cultural Heritage Damage or Loss of cultural • Map all sites and identify any risky locations associated with final design and construction schedule Construction Records heritage site, religious contractor shrine due to Project implementation
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9.1 Pilot Interventions and Application of Safeguards
A safeguards screening process will ensure that all activities follow prescribed mitigation procedures. These procedures, in the form of screening and application of checklists will be developed as the pilot activities for secondary and tertiary canals become clarified. The principles of this approach are outlined in table 7 below. Table 7. Applying Safeguards for the Pilot Interventions Required Steps 1. Review in the field a sample of expected intervention schemes 2. Describe the project administration and role, contractor arrangements and roles of environmental and social specialists 3. Describe how the interventions will be reviewed and screened 4. Develop a screening list for interventions with identification of key environmental & social issues of concern 5. Apply E&S checklists to ensure sound technical inputs for these interventions 6. Provide clear directions regarding timing and application of these specific safeguards’ tools 7. List a set of indicators to be monitored 8. List methods of assessment and frequency 9. Identify who will be conducting this process 10. Make sure safeguards performance is conducted in parallel with project M&E and audits
It is anticipated that the contractors implementing these works will also apply the appropriate Management Plans defined above and detailed in the Appendices. These activities will be coordinated with the PIU environmental and social safeguards specialists. 9.2 Contingency Emergency Response
The safeguards applications for the activities to be financed under this component will follow a similar process as described above for the pilot interventions. A screening process will be applied along with a preliminary evaluation of the potential environmental and social risks and impacts for each of the specific activity types to identify corresponding mitigation measures. The World Bank has established specific Guidelines for the use and application of these Contingency Funds with instructions for safeguard implementation. The PIU, in collaboration with the World Bank safeguards specialists assigned to this project , will provide a customized and practical Environmental and Social Management Framework that incorporates recent good practice from other similar projects from the World Bank portfolio. 9.3 Monitoring and Reporting
Monitoring and reporting on the environmental and social mitigation provisions is an essential part of the ESMP. Corrective actions are required in the case of non-compliance, and non- conformance. During construction it is also useful to also identify actions that can improve performance. The MoPWTC plans to also hire an independent supervisory consultant for overall contract supervision that will include monitoring and verifying provisions of the ESMP.
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The Project contractor will keep relevant authorities informed of the Project performance with respect to environmental and social matters and implementation of the ESMP by submission of weekly written status reports and/or face-to-face meetings. Contractors will also be required to provide EHS performance reporting as relevant based on the contractor’s responsibilities. The Project proponent will continue the stakeholder engagement efforts described in the next section and communicate with stakeholder groups regarding Project activities and the results of environmental and social monitoring. 9.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Training
All personnel, regardless of position, will be given specific job oriented EHS training prior to starting work and as necessary thereafter. All personnel will be trained on general awareness of environmental and social issues and specific procedures aimed at the avoidance of environmental damage as well as human health and safety. New staff, contractors, and visitors will be given basic induction training and follow Project EHS procedures.
10 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION
This Stakeholder Engagement and Communications Plan (SECP) sets out the approach that the MOPWTC will follow in order to engage and communicate with stakeholders over the life of the World Bank Project. Consultation is undertaken in order to interact and incorporate the viewpoints of Affected Parties. Special consideration will be given to vulnerable groups, including with relation to engagement and consultative activities. This SECP builds on the recent IDB Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project ESIA.
Details are provided in Appendix C. A short overview is provided here.
This plan contains several sections to ensure comprehensive coverage and engagement as follows:
• outline the objectives of stakeholder engagement; • introduce the Stakeholder Engagement Plan and related methods, in addition to previous and future activities; • introduce the Communication Plan and outlines its goals and objectives; • describe roles and responsibilities for stakeholder engagement; • explain the ways in which stakeholders can contact the Project Proponent, including the grievance mechanism for the Project; and • describe the monitoring and reporting of stakeholder engagement activities.
Overall, the activities of engagement are guided by good international industry practice, as well as all applicable laws and regulations in Suriname. The objectives of stakeholder engagement are to:
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• Promote the development of respectful and open relationships between stakeholders and the Project proponent and other relevant parties in the pre- construction and future phases; • Identify Project stakeholders and understand their interests, concerns and influence in relation to Project activities, particularly during the construction phase; • Provide stakeholders with timely information about the Project, in ways that are appropriate to their interests and needs, and also appropriate to the level of expected risk and potential adverse impacts; • Support alignment with financing standards and guidelines for stakeholder engagement, as necessary in the pre-construction phase; and • Record and resolve any grievances that may arise from Project-related activities through a Grievance Mechanism.
Table 7 Grievance management guide Process Description Time frame Responsibility & remarks
Establish composition Set up of Complaint 2 weeks before start of Committee exists of ?? of Complaint Committee (CC); civil work funded by Committee members & World Bank procedures Publish article in newspaper and on MOPWTC website & Facebook: start date of works and contact information for complainants Identification of Complaints can be filed face to Day of receipt complaints?? grievance face, via phone, via letter, or via complaint e-mail, or recorded during phone: public/community interaction Postal address:
Facebook: Grievance assessed and Significance assessed, and 4 - 7 Days upon receipt Significance criteria logged grievance recorded or logged (i.e. complaint in a log book) Level 1 - one off event;
Level 2 - complaint is widespread or repeated;
Level 3- any complaint (one off or repeated) that indicates breach of law or applicable policy/regulation Grievance is Acknowledgement of grievance 4 - 7 Days upon receipt Designated Representative confirms acknowledged to complainant complaint receipt of the complaint to the complainant via e- mail or letter Development of -Grievance assigned to 4 - 7 Days upon CC response appropriate party for receipt complaint resolution 10 - 14 Days upon -Proposal response with input receipt complaint from ???
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Process Description Time frame Responsibility & remarks
Response signed off Redress action approved at 14 - 18 Days upon CC and ?? appropriate levels receipt complaint Implementation and Redress action implemented 18 - 24 Days upon Project Implementation Unit to communication of and update of progress on receipt complaint implement redress action response resolution communicated to complainant Designated Authority to communicate resolution to Redress action recorded in complainant grievance log book Complaints Response Obtain confirmation complainant 24 - 30 Days upon CC that grievance can be closed or receipt determine what follow up is necessary complaint Close grievance Record final sign off grievance. 30 - 34 Days upon Final sign off by ?? receipt complaint If grievance cannot be closed, return to step 2 or refer to mediation, Minister MOPWTC, World Bank or ultimately court of law
10.1 Grievance Redress Mechanism
The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is committed to enhancing opportunities for grievance redress, collaborative problem solving, and alternative dispute resolution. Effectively addressing grievances from people impacted by the Project is a core component of managing operational risk. The GRMs can be an effective tool for early identification, assessment, and resolution of complaints on projects. Understanding when and how a GRM may improve project outcomes can help both project teams and beneficiaries improve results. The GRM also compliments the Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan and becomes part of that documentation.
The GRM approach focuses on a preventive approach to identify, track and resolve grievances early; and offering lower-cost, rapid citizen redress at the project and country level through mediation, facilitation or other problem-solving processes where it is most needed.
The approach proposes three interlinked steps: (i) a risk-based assessment of potential grievances, disputes or conflicts that may arise during project preparation and implementation; (ii) identification of the client’s existing capacity for grievance redress; and (iii) an action plan that identifies priority areas for strengthening grievance capacity, or if necessary, establishing new mechanisms at the project level. Where applicable, dedicated resources should be allocated to realize the action plan.
Grievances can be an indication of growing stakeholder concerns (real and perceived) and can escalate if not identified and resolved. The management of grievances is therefore a vital
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component of stakeholder management and an important aspect of risk management for a project. Projects may have a range of potential adverse impacts to people and the environment in general, identifying grievances and ensuring timely resolution is therefore very necessary.
The working grievance management guide is provided in Table 7.
11 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE ESMP
The ESMP will be executed by the Contractors with oversight by a Supervisory Consultant and the PIU Environmental and Social Specialist. It is anticipated that the PIU will also coordinate environmental and social due diligence for the Project across all donor lending and sponsor agencies (e.g. WB, IDB). The main institutions which will have interest in the environmental and social management status of this Project include: • Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication;
• NIMOS;
• Bureau of Public Health; and
• The World Bank and IDB
11.1 Environmental and social specialists
The MOPWTC, as the Project sponsor, will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the ESMP. Because this Project is very similar to the IDB Paramaribo Climate Change Adaptation Fund Project, the MoPWTC plans to harmonize the use of staff to support ESMP implementation. Therefore, the following staff will be hired in the PIU to support both the World Bank and IDB safeguards activities. Environmental Health and Safety Specialist –to ensure that the works are implemented according to applicable national laws, regulations, and rules, as well as international standards – mainly IDB and World Bank Group standards as defined in this ESIA and follow applicable good industry practice (e.g., ISO 9001 Quality Standards, ISO 14001 Environmental Standards, OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standards, World Bank Group EHS Guidelines). This specialist will also ensure that the specified mitigation measures in the ESMP are appropriately implemented by the contractors. Community and Social Coordinator –to manage the implementation of the Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Plan, the IDB LRP, World Bank RPF and also liaise with the Environmental Specialist on aspects of the Construction Environmental Plan and Traffic Management Plan. These Consultants will be conversant with the WB and safeguards and NIMOS requirements. The consultants’ level of understanding should be adequate to facilitate training and other capacity related activities on safeguards. These consultants will:
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• Work with the MOPWTC PIU to ensure that all environmental and social safeguards issues are incorporated as defined in the ESMP and various Contractor Management Plans.
• Draft safeguards report based on collated documents and reports from various parties to be part of the annual Safeguards reporting system.
• Serve as the point of contact for the Projects in case of any challenging issues on project-related safeguards
• Collaborate with relevant authorities and community members and their representatives to facilitate the implementation of ESMP and RPF
• Perform any other related activities that may be assigned by the PIU Manager to whom s/he will report.
12 ESIA CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE
Stakeholder Consultation around the ESIA report will be conducted according to national norms and the World Bank policies. This process is intended to inform stakeholders about the project, its potential impacts and mitigation, and to involve them in a partnership in developing and implementing the project solutions and mitigation measures. The process of consultation shall be conducted in a manner that provides the PAPs and broader stakeholders with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts and mitigation measures. Effective consultation is a two-way process that should be based on the prior disclosure and dissemination of relevant, transparent, objective, meaningful and easily accessible information which is in a culturally appropriate local language(s) and format and is understandable to the PAPs; enable meaningful participation, where applicable; and be documented. The MoPWTC will tailor its consultation process to the language preferences of the PAPs, their decision-making process, and the needs of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. This consultation process could be combined with the consultation required for the RPF. Disclosure of the ESIA report in Dutch and English will follow requirements of the MoPWTC, NIMOS and the World Bank OP 4.01. A final approved GoS ESIA shall be transmitted to the World Bank by the appropriate GOS authority and this report will be disclosed in the World Bank website. All national disclosures of meetings, consultations and draft reports will also be posted on the MOPWTC and NIMOS website. Two public stakeholder meetings have been planned. The first meeting was held on the 28th of August 2018 was to inform a wider audience about the Project and the ESIA and RPF process. The forum was organized to also get response and suggestions concerning the Project and ESIA process. A second consultation was conducted in the neighbourhood of Wit Boiti in the evening of October 29, 2018 to provide explanation and gather feedback from local residents living in the Canal area. Details of these consultations are provided in Appendix D, Stakeholder Meeting Reports.
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REFERENCES
ERM (Environmental Resources Management). 2018. Environmental and Social Assessment for the Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project.
ICZM Plan Suriname: Coastal Morphodynamics Report prepared by Lievense Deltares, October 2009.
MLTDE (Ministry of Labour, Technology Development and Environment). 2013. Suriname. Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paramaribo. February.
MOGP (Materplan Onwatering Groot-Paramaribo). 2001. Materplan Onwatering Groot- Paramaribo. Prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and DHV Consultants Nederland, WL Delfhydraulics Nederland, Adviesbureau Milieu en Infraestructuur Nederland, and Sunecon Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau Suriname. Paramaribo. 15 June.
NCCR (Nationaal Coordinatiecentrum voor Rampenbeheersing Suriname). 2017. Flooding 2017 East Suriname, Situation Analysis. Prepared by the National Coordination Center for Disaster Management. 23 February.
Republic of Suriname Development Plan (Ontwikkelingsplan) 2012–2016 (Feb 2012).
Suriname Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Feb 2013.
World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines; Main Web Page https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustai nability-at-ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines
World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines; GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines; PORTS, HARBORS, AND TERMINALS https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/d2f2cf88-ce22-4a48-86fc- 45ee3b8e9e45/20170201- FINAL_EHS+Guidelines+for+Ports+Harbors+and+Terminals.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
World Bank Paramaribo Strategic Flood Risk Assessment, November 2017, 154 pages, World Bank Paramaribo Coastal Resilience Assessment, December 2017.
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APPENDIX A: SEDIMENT AND WATER QUALITY STUDY
A-1. Sediment Sampling Protocols
Sampling locations were determined in cooperation with the Project proponent. In total, 10 locations were selected for sediment and surface water sampling and testing. Also, at all locations, in situ measurements have been conducted. Sediment samples were submitted to the Eurofins Analytico Laboratory in the Netherlands for the Terratest analysis. Surface water samples were submitted to the chemical laboratory of the Anton de Kom University for oil and grease analysis.
In Situ Sampling
At each of the 10 sampling locations (see Table A8 and Figure A22), a total of 4 subsamples were collected with a grab sampler. These subsamples were placed in a 10 L bucket. Excess water was decanted, after which the subsamples were thoroughly mixed, from which a composite sample was collected. For each sample, two special laboratory jars were filled with a sample from the mix; two jars were required for analysis to have sufficient sample of the watery sediment.
(a) Surface water sampling. Sampling was done with a team of 2 persons (buddy system) of which one member took all the notes and photographs, filled out tags and labels, and kept the records while the other member collected the samples.
(b) General observations of the weather, water level, depth, flow direction of the water, visual characteristics of the collected soil and water, and the environment (visible pollution, waste material, odor, and so on) were recorded on field sheets with photos and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates.
(c) A clean pair of new, non-powdered, disposable gloves was worn at each sampling location.
(d) Subsamples for sediments according to the sampling plan were placed in a 10 L bucket and thoroughly mixed. Composite samples were taken from the mix. The samples were collected in special jars provided by Eurofins Analytico. A spare (fall back) soil sample had to be taken according to the laboratory procedures for sludge/soft material. The latter samples are needed in case the first jar would not contain enough soil/sediment (too much water).
(e) Surface water samples were collected in a 10 L bucket. The bucket was pre-rinsed three times with water at each location, before collecting the water for sampling. The samples were collected in pretreated bottles as provided by the chemical laboratory and filled till the top of the bottle (no headspace present).
(f) These samples were stored at a temperature of 2°C–4°C and delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible (June 12, 2018) with proper Chain of Custody documentation; all packages of sediment samples were sent to the Netherlands by DHL transport. The list of
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contents of the box was communicated with the laboratory and verified upon arrival. All surface water samples were delivered at the chemical laboratory.
(g) On-site measurement including pH, EC (μs), temperature (°C), TDS (ppt), dissolved oxygen (DO in mg/L), turbidity (NTU), and salinity (ppt) were carried out with a handheld water quality meter (Aquaprobe AP-2000 Multiparameter Water Quality Probe and associated Aquameter, Utilities and Accessories), calibrated according to the Factory Manual, before the fieldwork and transparency was measured with a Secchi Disk. Field equipment was cleaned (using demi water) before each sampling.
Table A8 Overview of Sediment and Surface Water Sampling Locations Code GPS# Location Description L1 21 N 702942 641091 Near the discharge pipe of a fish factory L2 21 N 702548 641192 3 m away from the quay of VABI Van Alen Concrete Industries (VABI - Van Alen Beton Industrie) L3 21 N 701699 641378 At the outlet of a secondary channel, nearby the sluice (Suriname River) L4 21 N 701563 641411 3 m away from the CIC site L5 21 N 700510 641586 3 m away from a household dumpsite L6 21 N 699851 641627 Sand storage site, in front of a moored boat L7 21 N 699139 641715 Prison of Duisburglaan, as close as possible to land L8 21 N 694741 642111 Residential area, at the outlet of a secondary channel L9 21 N 692381 642476 Ship building site, in front of the mooring location L10 21 N 686217 637815 Reference site, natural vegetation, in the center of the Saramacca Canal
Figure A22 Location of Sediment Sampling Locations
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A-2. Fieldwork
The fieldwork has been carried out on June 11, 2018, in the Saramacca Canal, between 8:00 a.m. and 13:00 p.m. and during low tide. It comprised sediment sampling and in situ water quality testing of the surface water at more than 10 locations. Sampling was conducted from a small dug-out boat similar to the small ferries between Paramaribo and Meerzorg.
Sediment Sampling
At each sampling location, a total of four subsamples were collected with a grab sampler. These subsamples were placed in a 10 L bucket. Excess water was decanted, after which the subsamples were thoroughly mixed from which a composite sample was collected. For each sample, two special laboratory jars were filled with a sample from the mix; two jars were required for analysis to have sufficient sample of the watery sediment.
Surface Water Sampling
For each sampling location the following procedures have been followed:
(1) Sampling was done with a team of 2 persons (buddy system) of which one member took all the notes and photographs, filled out tags and labels, and kept the records while the other member collected the samples.
(2) General observations of the weather, water level, depth, flow direction of the water, visual characteristics of the collected soil and water and the environment (visible pollution, waste material, odor, and so on) were recorded on field sheets and by means of a camera and GPS coordinates.
(3) A clean pair of new, non-powdered, disposable gloves was worn at each sampling location.
(4) Subsamples for sediment according to the sampling plan were placed in a 10 L bucket and thoroughly mixed. Composite samples were taken from the mix. The samples were collected in special jars provided by Eurofins Analytico. A spare (fall back) soil sample had to be taken according to the lab procedures for sludge/soft material. The latter samples were needed in case the first jar would not contain enough soil/sediment (too much water).
(5) Surface water samples were collected in a 10 L bucket. The bucket was pre-rinsed three times with water at each location, before collecting the water for sampling. The samples were collected in pretreated bottles as provided by the chemical laboratory of the university and filled till the top of the bottle (no headspace present).
(6) These samples were stored at a temperature of 2°C–4°C and delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible (June 12, 2018) with proper Chain of Custody documentation; all packages of sediment samples have been sent to the Netherlands by DHL transport. The
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contents of the box were communicated with the laboratory and verified upon arrival. All surface water samples were delivered at the chemical laboratory.
(7) On-site measurement including pH, EC (μs), Temperature (°C), TDS (ppt), DO (mg/L), turbidity (NTU), and salinity (ppt) were carried out with a handheld water quality meter (Aquaprobe AP-2000 Multiparameter Water Quality Probe and associated Aquameter, Utilities and Accessories), calibrated according to the Factory Manual, before the fieldwork (June 8, 2018) and transparency was measured with a Secchi Disk. Field equipment was cleaned (using demi water) before each sampling.
Figure A23 provides an illustration of the observations at the several sampling locations: Eurofins Analytico
All analytical methods used by Eurofins Analytico are based on national Dutch and international standards. The performance characteristics are carefully established and are continuously tested by means of first, second, and third line controls. Eurofins Analytico is accredited against ISO/IEC 17025 by the Dutch Accreditation Council RvA, as is evident from the accreditation certificate. This means that both its management system and its technical competence have been audited by independent experts and that they satisfy the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025. The scope of the technical competence is listed in the accreditation certificate, showing precisely for which analyses Eurofins Analytico is accredited. Analysis certificates bearing the accreditation mark are usually accepted without reservation by public authorities but also in (inter)national trade. Agreements hereabout are set out in a Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
The laboratory received all the samples by June 19, 2018, and receipt for each box has been confirmed by e-mail. During June 21 to July 3, samples have been analyzed according to the Terratest analysis, which includes some 200 common industrial contaminants:
• Selected inorganics (As, Sb, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, and V)
• Aromatics (BTEX)
• TPH (C10-C40)
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
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Figure A23 Illustrations of observations at the sampling locations
Sediment Samples Collection of Surface Water Samples
Collection of Sediment Samples Collection of Sediment Samples
Collection of Surface Water Sample Sediment Subsamples Thoroughly Mixed
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A-4. Laboratory Analyses
Chemical Laboratory of Anton de Kom University of Suriname
The chemical laboratory of Anton de Kom University of Suriname uses n-hexane as extractant. After the extraction, distillation of the extraction agent takes place and finally gravimetric determination of oil and grease. The analysis certificate states which part of the TPH is determined/covered by this method. Quality and control is applied very intensively by the necessary blank provisions and the use of nanopure water.
A-5. Assessment Criteria
In the absence of specific Surinamese Regulatory Guidelines, values for the assessment of contaminated land, the Dutch Limits ('Regeling van 13 december 2007, nr. DJZ2007124397, houdende regels voor de uitvoering van de kwaliteit van de bodem"; VROM 2007) and the EPA, United States of America and Canada, Guidelines2 are used to assess the contaminant concentrations in surface water and sediment.
The Dutch Guidelines
Dutch Guidelines are integrated risk-based concentrations, protective of both human and ecological receptors. For guideline limits for all determined parameters, the abovementioned VROM publication is referred to. Measured values in soil samples have been corrected for organic matter and clay content. With this soil type correction, the values will conform to the standard soil, which is defined as a soil with 25 percent clay and 10 percent organic matter. The analytical results will be tested against the soil quality class. There are three quality classes: background, residential, and industry. Bottom sediment that complies with the background values is freely applicable. Bottom sediment that exceeds the intervention value (remediation criterion) should not be removed and applied elsewhere without remediation. For an in-between quality, the applicability of the dredge material depends upon the function of the receiving environment.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Guidelines (for Surface Water)
USEPA develops standards for ambient water quality under the Clean Water Act (Section 304 (a): Human health ambient water quality criteria represent specific levels of chemicals or conditions in a water body that are not expected to cause adverse effects to human health. USEPA provides recommendations for ‘water + organism’ and ‘organism only’ human health criteria for states and authorized tribes to consider when adopting criteria into their water quality standards.
Canada Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines (for Sediment)
The Soil, Groundwater, and Sediment Guidelines are developed for use under Part XV.1 of the Environmental Protection Act, published by Ontario Ministry of the Environment, April 15, 2011.
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A-6. Discussion and Conclusion
Water Quality Sampling
From the field observation and measurements, the following can be concluded:
• The pH of all samples is near neutral, with a highest value of 6.73 and the lowest at 6.13.
• Clarity of the water varied from very slightly turbid to very turbid.
• The Secchi depth varied from 18 to 49 cm. This means that the transparency of the water is low.
• The highest water depth measured was 380 cm in the center of the Saramacca Canal at location L10 during low tide.
• EC and TDS values indicate low salt content. The obtained values varied for EC from 162 to 643 µs per cm and for TDS from 105 to 417 mg per L.
• At all locations, fish were observed.
• The DO value of the locations varies between 1.50 and 4.72 mg per L, indicating low to medium oxygen saturation.
• During the sampling, flow of the water in the direction of the Suriname River (outflow-low tide) was observed, which varied from strong to slow flow. The flow was not measured.
• Vegetation along and in the canal is dominated by Montrichardia arborescens (known as Mokomoko), Brachiaria purpurascens (Para grass), and Ipomoea reptans (known as dagoeblad).
• Near the discharge pipe of the fish factory (L1) and the CIC site (L4), soap foam was observed on the water surface.
• At L3, heavy oil stains were observed and oil sheen was observed on the water surface. An oil sheen was also observed at L9.
• For oil and grease, values vary from 2.22 to 6.00 mg per L. For L3, where an oil sheen was observed, the value for oil and grease is below the minimum detection limit. For location L9, where an oil sheen was also observed, a value of 6.00 mg per L was obtained for oil and grease. The oil and grease content at this location exceeds the European standard but is within the Suriname and World Bank standards.
Sediment Sampling
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The bottom sediment of the Saramacca Canal consists of soft clay with humus material at all locations. River sand was only observed on locations L2 and L3 and gravel was only observed on location L2. At all locations, a typical muddy odor was observed, except at locations L3 and L4, where a slight oil odor was observed. From the laboratory results, it can be concluded that many compounds of the bottom sediment are absent or present in very low concentrations.
For the results above the reporting limit, the majority of determinants is below the background value for all samples.
Above the background but below the maximum value for industrial use are the following:
• Cobalt in samples #L9 and L10
• Zinc in samples #L1, L4, L7, and L8
• TPH/EPH in samples #L3, L5, L6, L8, and L9
Of these samples, cobalt and zinc in sample #L1 are also below the maximum value for residential use.
Above the maximum value for industrial use but below the intervention unit are the following:
• Phenol in sample #L1
• TPH/EPH in samples #L4 and #L7
Above the intervention values are the following:
• Toluene in sample #L1
• Cresol, especially p-cresol, in sample #L1 and #L9
Overall, the most contaminated are samples #L1 and #L9, while samples #L2 and #L10 are the least contaminated.
Given the presence of a number of parameters above the background value and few parameters above the maximum value for industrial use and some even above the intervention value, it is concluded that the dredging material from the bottom sediment cannot be freely applied.
The quality of the majority of samples, however, indicates that the dredging material can be applied in a land zone for industrial use. The presence of elevated levels for phenol, toluene, cresol, and mineral oil in part of the bottom sediment can be accepted considering that exceedance of the maximum value for industrial use or the intervention value is restricted to a few samples only, so that the arithmetic mean for all samples is (far) below the maximum for industrial use.
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Disposal in a land depot is therefore considered acceptable under the following conditions:
• The area should be designated for future industrial use.
• It will take some years before the soft bottom sediment has gained sufficient bearing capacity. During this consolidation period, the organic parameters (phenol, toluene, cresol, and mineral oil) that are in excess are expected to break down.
• In the meantime, the area should be well protected (fence or surrounding canal) against intrusion by men and animals for safety reasons (soft material).
• Planting of agricultural crops is forbidden.
• The soil quality should be checked again before the area is released for future use.
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Table A9 Abridged Soil and Sediment Risk-Based Guidelines and Testing of Parameters with Results above the Reporting Limit
Soil/Sediment Guidelines Sample Results
Level
Use
Determinant Use tial
Guidelines L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 L-10
ground
Industrial
Residen
Back
InterventionValue
MaximumValue for MaximumValue for Combined Characteristics Dry matter % (w/w) 51.6 86.5 79.9 33.2 51.5 56.4 47.1 35.5 17.1 24.0 Organic matter % (w/w) dm 6.7 0.6 1.7 5.4 2.7 4.3 4.4 8.9 14.8 15.6 Fraction < 2μm (clay) % (w/w) dm 19.0 2.3 3.3 32.5 19.6 15.8 13.1 29.7 40.9 42.2 Metals Arsenic (As) mg/kg dm 20 27 76 85 10 - 3.2 8.7 4.5 4.6 4.0 6.3 10.0 9.8 Barium (Ba) mg/kg dm 190 625 69 18 23 140 48 48 58 67 86 84 Chromium (Cr) mg/kg dm 55 62 180 380 31 6.8 7.5 35 21 17 15 35 37 34 Cobalt (Co) mg/kg dm 15 35 190 240 7.5 4.3 2.9 9.6 7.0 6.0 4.7 10 19 18 Copper (Cu) mg/kg dm 40 54 190 190 39 4.0 29 26 11 11 16 19 19 18 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg dm 0.15 0.83 4.8 10 0.076 - - 0.11 0.054 0.052 - 0.065 0.14 0.10 Lead (Pb) mg/kg dm 50 210 530 580 19 3.5 20 30 15 15 20 25 24 23 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg dm 35 39 100 210 16 4.0 3.8 25 12 9.3 8.2 18 24 24 Vanadium (V) mg/kg dm 80 97 250 31 11 9.5 38 26 21 18 44 50 47 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg dm 140 200 720 2,000 170 32 120 250 110 130 330 210 140 140 Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons Toluene mg/kg dm 32 40 ------p-Isopropyltoluene mg/kg dm - - - 0.13 - - - - 7.8 -
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Soil/Sediment Guidelines Sample Results
Level
Use
Determinant Use tial
Guidelines L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 L-10
ground
Industrial
Residen
Back
InterventionValue
MaximumValue for MaximumValue for Combined Phenol Phenol mg/kg dm 0.25 0.25 1.25 3.0 ------o-Cresol mg/kg dm 4100* 0.02 ------m-Cresol mg/kg dm 4100* 0.04 ------p-Cresol mg/kg dm 8200* 30 0.3 - 0.02 - - 0.02 - 8.8 - Cresols (sum) mg/kg dm 13 8200* 31 0.3 - 0.02 - - 0.02 - 8.8 - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphtalene mg/kg dm 0.24 - - - 0.01 ------Acenapthene mg/kg dm 0.055 - - - 0.04 - - 0.02 - - - Fluorene mg/kg dm 0.19 - - - 0.02 - - 0.01 - - - Phenanthrene mg/kg dm 0.56 0.02 - 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 - - - Fluoranthene mg/kg dm 0.75 0.04 - 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.31 0.02 - 0.01 Pyrene mg/kg dm 0.49 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.21 0.02 - - Benzo (a) anthracene mg/kg dm 0.22 0.01 - 0.03 - 0.02 0.03 0.03 - - -
Chrysene mg/kg dm 0.34 0.02 - 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 - - - Benzo(b)fluoranthene mg/kg dm 21* 0.02 - 0.04 - 0.03 0.05 0.04 - - - Benzo(k)fluoranthene mg/kg dm 0.24 - - 0.04 - - 0.01 - - - - Benzo (a)pyrene mg/kg dm 0.37 0.08 - 0.04 - 0.02 0.04 0.03 - - - Benzo(ghi)perylene mg/kg dm 0.17 - - 0.02 - 0.02 0.03 0.03 - - -
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Soil/Sediment Guidelines Sample Results
Level
Use
Determinant Use tial
Guidelines L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 L-10
ground
Industrial
Residen
Back
InterventionValue
MaximumValue for MaximumValue for Combined Indeno(123cd)pyrene mg/kg dm 0.2 - - 0.02 - 0.01 0.02 0.02 - - - PAH 10 VROM mg/kg dm 1.5 40 0.17 - 0.30 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.48 0.02 - 0.01 (sum) PAH 16 EPA (sum) mg/kg dm 0.23 0.01 0.43 0.22 0.24 0.40 0.75 0.03 - 0.01 Chlorobenzenes Monochlorobenzene mg/kg dm 2.0 - - - 0.05 ------Chlorophenols 2,4,6- mg/kg dm 82* 0.002 ------Trichlorophenol Trichlorophenols mg/kg dm 22 0.002 ------(sum) 4-Chloro-3- mg/kg dm - - - 0.004 ------methylphenol Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) PCB 28 mg/kg dm 0.002 ------PCB 101 mg/kg dm - - - 0.004 ------PCB 138 mg/kg dm - - - 0.009 ------PCB 153 mg/kg dm - - - 0.009 ------PCB 180 mg/kg dm - - - 0.007 ------PCB (6) (sum) mg/kg dm 0.002 - - 0.029 ------PCB (7) (sum) mg/kg dm 1.0 0.002 - - 0.029 ------Miscellaneous Organic Compounds Biphenyl mg/kg dm 0.007 ------
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Soil/Sediment Guidelines Sample Results
Level
Use
Determinant Use tial
Guidelines L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 L-10
ground
Industrial
Residen
Back
InterventionValue
MaximumValue for MaximumValue for Combined Phosphor pesticides Demeton-S/ mg/kg dm 3.3* - - 0.03 ------demeton-O-ethyl Phtalates Bisethylhexylphtalate mg/kg dm 5.1 - 2.4 1.6 0.7 2.1 4.2 0.5 - - Phtalates (sum) mg/kg dm 5.1 - 2.4 1.6 0.7 2.1 4.2 0.5 - - Petroleum Hydrocarbons EPH (C12-C16) mg/kg dm 11 12 18 61 12 12 21 9.7 - - EPH (C16-C21) mg/kg dm 28 38 47 170 40 42 74 28 45 - EPH (C21-C30) mg/kg dm 84 65 190 320 160 200 290 130 110 50 EPH (C30-C35) mg/kg dm 39 40 100 160 79 96 120 67 47 36 EPH (C35-C40) mg/kg dm 14 17 41 59 31 39 40 23 - - EPH (sum C10-C40) mg/kg dm 190 190 500 5,000 180 170 390 770 320 390 540 250 220 - Note: * Combined guidelines EPA (United States and Canada). 19 Bold and underlined figures are above the background level for the determinant but below maximum value for industry. 540 Bold and underlined red figures are above the maximum value for industrial use but below the intervention value. 40 Above intervention value. - Below reporting limit.
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Table A10 Testing of Oil and Grease in Surface Water with Results World Bank European Suriname Standard Oil and Grease (mg Location Standard (mg per Standard (mg per (mg per L)b per L) L) L) L-1 10 15 5 2.22 L-2 3.11 L-3 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 95 A-7. Historical Data Graphs The following parameters were measured on November 11, 2015, at 15 locations alongside the Saramacca Canal: pH, salinity, BOD, TDS, O2, turbidity, Secchi, total suspended solids (TSS), NO3, and NO2. Figure A24 Chemical Water Sampling Results 6.80 PH 6.60 6.40 6.20 6.00 5.80 5.60 PH TDS 1.4000 1.2000 1.0000 0.8000 0.6000 0.4000 0.2000 TDS 0.0000 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 96 O2 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 O2 0.5 0.0 Salinity 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Salinity 0.0 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 97 Turbidity 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Turbility 0 BOD 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 BOD 0.00 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 98 TSS 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 TSS 0.0 Secchi 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 Secchi 0.00 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 99 NO3 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 NO3 0.2 0.0 NO2 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 NO2 0 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 100 Figure A25 Reports of Microbiological Analysis ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 101 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 102 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 103 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 104 APPENDIX B: RAPID AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL AND VEGETATION SURVEY REPORT SUMMARY An assessment of the diversity of the herpetofauna, fish fauna and aquatic invertebrates was conducted on 5 preplanned locations in the Saramacca canal (Figure B26). As there had been no inventories of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Saramacca canal, it was necessary to gather baseline information on the existing species and distribution for this area. The approach to the surveys incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. Documentation of the aquatic vegetation, fauna and habitats was achieved through quantitative and or qualitative sampling of populations. B-1. Methods Literature review To provide background context to this study a search of flora and fauna already collected from this location was initiated. Literature describing the Saramacca canal and its characteristics were also reviewed and the information where needed used for this study. The review for this study was conducted by Sabitrie Jairam-Doerga, working at the National Herbarium of Suriname. Since no assessment was previously done on the fauna of the Saramacca canal a list of species occurring in the Suriname and Saramacca river was put together to get an idea of the possible species diversity. Vegetation Investigations mainly focused on the occurring vegetation types with the dominant species along the Saramacca canal. Less attention was paid to smaller trees, small tree species and sub growth species. In tall secondary forest a line transects approximating 150 m long was investigated. Similarly we used a 200 m transect to investigate a mixed swamp/secondary forest. Along the canal small communities of several species were identified. Ten plant specimens were collected for further identification using present identification keys and relevant literature. Figure B26 Overview of the different sections of the Saramacca Canal used for the vegetation sampling ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 105 Fauna Amphibians and Reptiles Amphibians and reptiles, collectively referred to as herpetofauna were sampled at 5 preplanned locations, see Figure B27. A survey for this group was done both during the day as well at night. We used visual encounter surveys and audio recordings to estimate the different species present per location as well as the number of specimens per species. Specimens were searched along the edges of the canal and the vegetation present in the canal. All specimens for this group were morphologically identified to species level using present identification keys and relevant literature. Fishes The fish diversity in the Saramacca canal was assessed using different methods such as panel gill nets, dip nets and cast nets. The Panel gill nets consisted of 3 different mesh sizes and were approximately 2 meters deep and 30 meters long. Gill nets were placed at each location overnight to sample the species active at night. At each site a fine meshed dip net on a 2 meter long pole was used to probe for possible species under the floating and attached vegetation in the canal. A cast net was used for a number of times at each site to catch specimens that were more benthic. For means of comparison between sites the dip net was used for 15 minutes per site. Specimens were quantified and identified in the field. Figure B27 Overview of the 5 preplanned locations that were sampled along the length of the Saramacca Canal ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 106 Figure B28 Activities during the survey ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 107 Invertebrates Invertebrates were sampled at all 5 sites using a fine meshed dip net. Every site was sampled for 15 minutes to standardize the effort and for comparison among sites. The dip net was used to probe under vegetation growing from the banks of the canal as well as free floating vegetation in the canal. All collected specimens per site were separately stored to be further identified at the National Zoological Collection Suriname. In Figure B28 an overview of several collecting activities during the survey is given. B-2. Results Vegetation According to the vegetation map of Suriname by P. Teunissen (1978) the Saramacca canal area can be categorized in urban areas, farmland, livestock meadows, forest plantations, mining areas and old fields. Investigating the aforementioned categories occurring at random we documented seven vegetation types ( with their dominant species) namely: (1) Low vegetation (often mowed), (2) Neglected meadows, (3) Low Secondary forest, (4) Tall secondary forest, (5) Swamp forest, (6) Free floating mats and (7) Rooted floating mats (Figure B29). Table 1 lists the vegetation types found in the 14 sections of the Saramacca canal as shown in Figure B26. Figure B30 shows a random selection of the different plant species found in and along the canal. Table B15 lists the occurring plant species and the life forms in the Saramacca canal. No unique or rare species were found during the survey. These vegetation types are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname with anthropogenic disturbances. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 108 Table B11 Vegetation of the 14 sections Vegetations of the 14 secctions on the map provided Part number Vegetation type present Part 1 Low secondary vegetation with dominant species: Senna alata , Mimosa pigra , Cecropia sp. Mostly low vegation ( often mowed) and along the canal Dalbergia , Montrichardia arborescens , Cordia cf. tetandra ,Mangifera indica , Mimosa pigra Part 2 Mostly low vegation ( often mowed) and along the canal Dalbergia, Montrichardia arborescens, Cordia cf. tetandra,Mangifera indica, Mimosa pigra . Secondary vegetation with Triplaris weigeltiana, Senna alata . Part 3 Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. Scattered are tree which are cultivated and some pioneer species as Triplaris Part 4 weigeltiana, Senna alata and Ceiba pentandra . Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. Scattered are tree which are cultivated and some pioneer species as Triplaris Part 5 weigeltiana, Senna alata and Ceiba pentandra. Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. Scattered are tree which are cultivated and some pioneer species as Triplaris Part 6 weigeltiana, Senna alata and Ceiba pentandra. Secondary vegetation with: dominant species Triplaris weigeltiana, Senna alata, Mimosa pigra, Part 7 Cecropia sp. Inga sp. and low vegetation with grass species. Tall secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana,Inga sp. Senna alata, Mimosa pigra, Cecropia sp. , Part 8 Cocoloba sp. and low vegetation with grass species and several cultivated ornamental plants. Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. And parts with tall secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana,Inga sp. Senna Part 9 alata, Mimosa pigra, Cecropia sp. , Cocoloba and Ceiba pentandra . Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. And parts with tall secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana,Inga sp. Senna Part 10 alata, Mimosa pigra, Cecropia sp. , Cocoloba and Ceiba pentandra . Secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana,Inga sp. Senna alata, Mimosa pigra , Cecropia sp. , Cocoloba Part 11 sp. and low vegetation with grass species and several cultivated ornamental plants. Mostly low vegetation with several grass species and sedges species mixed with some Asteraceae, Chromoleana species. And parts with tall secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana ,Inga sp. Senna Part 12 alata , Mimosa pigra , Cecropia sp. , Cocoloba and Ceiba pentandra . and ornamental plants. Mostly low vegetation, scattered low secondary vegetation species and several stands of Bambusa Part 13 vulgaris . Mostly tall secondary forest: Triplaris weigeltiana ,Inga sp. Senna alata, Mimosa pigr a, Cecropia sp. , Cocoloba sp. and low vegetation with grass species and several cultivated ornamental plants. Swamp forest with Euterpe oleracea , Pterocarpus officinalis , Triplaris weigeltiana , and several Part 14 Fabaceae species. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 109 Figure B29 Some of the Vegetation Types Occurring along the Saramacca Canal . ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 110 Figure B30 Some of the plant species occurring along the Saramacca Canal ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 111 Fauna Amphibians and Reptiles During the survey for amphibians and reptiles along and in the canal we found a total of 13 species. Table B12 gives an overview of the different species recorded during the day and night survey as well as the number of specimens for each species. No unique or rare species were found during the survey. These species are quite abundant in other parts of Suriname. Some of the species are given in Figure B31. Table B12 Overview of the amphibians and reptiles found during the survey at each site. Species found in between are also noted in the table. Genus (amphibians) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Phylomedussa hypochondrialis 2 Spaenorhynchus lacteus 3 1 3 Hypsiboas punctatus 5 2 14 Scinax ruber 2 5 3 Dendropsophus leucophyllatus 2 Genus (reptiles) Iguana iguana 5 3 Sibon nebulata 1 Caiman crocodillus 1 2 2 Species observed whilst going from one sample point to another Genus (amphibians) Specimens Boana boans 1 Genus (reptiles) Specimens Iguana iguana 7 Caiman crocodillus 19 Chironius carinatus 1 Corallus enhydris 2 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 112 Figure B31 Some of the amphibians and reptiles occurring along the Saramacca Canal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1)Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis; (2) Spaeenorhynchus lacteus; (3) Hypsiboas punctatus; (4) Caiman crocodillus; (5) Hypsiboas boans; (6) Corallus enhydris; (7) Corallus enhydris; (8) Dendropsophus leucophyllatus ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 113 Fishes The number of fish species accounted by means of gill netting and the cast net was 12. Fish species collected by the dip net resulted in 8 species. Collected species are very common and can be found in other parts of Suriname. Table B13 gives an overview of the species and numbers collected by dip netting. Species collected by gill netting and cast net are pooled together and placed in one column. Some of the found species are given in Figure B32. Table B13 Overview of the fish species, the number of specimens per species collected at each site and the different collecting methods used. Gill and cast nets Genus Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus 95 78 17 5 4 Megalops atlanticus 7 1 1 Hypostomus plecostomus 2 3 Curimata cyprinoides 1 14 6 35 Cichlasoma bimaculatus 1 Trachelyopterus galeatus 1 2 Loricariichthys maculatus 1 1 Anchovia surinamensis 3 Hoplias malabaricus 2 4 Serrasalmus rhombeus 1 2 Schizodon fasciatus 1 Dip netting Genus Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Dormitator bimaculatus 1 2 Eleotris pisonius 8 4 Micropoecilia picta 5 78 20 52 80 Poecilia reticulata 3 2 18 Hemigrammus boesemani 1 Pristella maxilaria 1 Loricariichthys maculatus 1 Astyanax bimaculatus 1 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 114 Figure B32 Some of the fish species occurring along the Saramacca Canal ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 115 Invertebrates A total of 18 different taxa of invertebrates were collected at the 5 sites that were surveyed. Table B14 gives an overview of the species per site and the number of specimens for each taxon. No unique species were collected during the survey. Table B14 Overview of the species and the number of specimens per species collected at each site. Taxon ID Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample5 Hemiptera Gerridae 1 1 1 Hemiptera Corixidae 2 Hemiptera Belostomatidae 3 2 2 3 1 Hemiptera Notonectidae 8 8 8 Odonata Libellulidae 3 1 1 3 1 Odonata Coenagrionidae 2 Odonata Aeshnidae 1 2 Diptera Culicidae 2 2 Diptera Chironomidae 18 6 1 Diptera Syrphidae Coleoptera Hydrophilidae 2 2 2 2 1 Coleoptera Dytiscidae 16 3 14 16 7 Decapoda Macrobrachium sp. 1 1 1 Decapoda Brachyura 3 Mollusca Planorbidae 4 Mollusca Physidae 4 Mollusca Pomacea 1 3 1 1 6 Ostracoda Cladocera 16 11 27 16 8 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 116 B-3. Conclusions For the groups surveyed during this assessment we were able to collect and document many species that were initially expected during the literature review. Although some species were greatly represented by the number of specimens we also noticed that other species were very generally distributed and could be found at all sites. Although the data mentioned in this report is based on a single survey we are quite confident to say that the diversity in and along the canal presents no unique species and as such can be found in other locations in Suriname. As for the manatees we didn’t find records of them seen in the Saramacca canal, nor did we find feeding traces during this survey. Some of the plant species found in the canal can cause clogging at times like the free floating Eichhornia crassipes. This species is well known in parts of the world as nuisance/ pest in drainage systems. Other rooted floating species like Echinochloa polystachya and Hymenachne amplexicaulis can influence the streaming of the water in the canal. B-4. References Benjamins H.D. & Snelleman J.F (1914-1917) Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië. Martinus Nijhoff/E.J. Brill, Den Haag/Leiden Caldeira W.R. (1994) Rehabilitation of the multi-purpose Saramacca Canal facilities towards efficient use and environmental control Jong De C. (1963) De geschiedenis van het Saramaccakanaal , in “Suriname’s historie”. Surinaamse Historische Kring m,m,v. Nederlandse Stichting voor culturele samenwerking met Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. Ministerie van Openbare Werken (2000) Masterplanstudie ontwatering Groot Paramaribo, Aspectrapportage waterkwaliteit ( bevindingen en aanbevelingen m.b. t. kwaliteitsbeheer en monitoring), Paramaribo, Suriname. Ouboter P.E. (2000) Waterkwaliteit Groot- Paramaribo, Resultaten wateranalyses t. b. v. Project Ontwatering Groot-Paramaribo. Public relations Suralco (1985) Het Saramacca-Kanaal, Suralco Magazine 17 nr 2 Teunissen P.A. (1978), Reconnaissance Map Suriname, Lowland ecosystems, Stinasu, Paramaribo, Suriname, De Walburg Pers Zutphen Holland ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 117 Table B15 List of plant species and their life form occurring in and around the Saramacca Canal. Number Family Taxon (Genus + Species) Life form 1 Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum fern 2 Fabaceae Albizia subdimidiata tree 3 Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica scandent shrub 4 Arecaceae Areca catechu palm 5 Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea sp. liana 6 Arecaceae Attalea maripa palm 7 Acanthaceae Avicennia germinans tree 8 Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris bamboo 9 Cannaceae Canna glauca herb 10 Caricaceae Carica papaya tree 11 Cecropriaceae Cecropia obtusa tree 12 Malvaceae Ceiba pentandra tree 13 Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito tree 14 Vitaceae Cissus erosa vine 15 Arecaceae Cocos nucifera palm 16 Combretaceae Combretum cacoucia scandent shrub 17 Boraginaceae Cordia cf. tetandra tree 18 Costaceae Costus claviger herb 19 Costaceae Costus spiralis herb 20 Lecythidaceae Couroupita guianensis tree 21 Cyperaceae Cyperus gigantea sedge 22 Fabaceae Dalbergia ecastaphyllum scandent shrub 23 Arecaceae Desmoncus orthacanthos palm 24 Fabaceae Dioclea virgata liana 25 Poaceae Echinochloa polystachya grass 26 Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes herb 27 Arecaceae Elaeis oleifera palm 28 Fabaceae Entada polystachya liana 29 Fabaceae Erythrina sp tree 30 Moraceae Ficus sp tree 31 Lecythidaceae Gustavia augusta tree 32 Heliconiaceae Heliconia bihai herb 33 Euphorbiaceae Hura crepitans tree 34 Poaceae Hymenachne amplexicaulis floating grass 35 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica floating herb 36 Verbenaceae Lantana camara shrub 37 Lemnaceae Lemna aequinoctialis free floating herb 38 Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala tree ( invasive) 39 Onagraceae Ludwigia inclinata floating herb ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 118 Number Family Taxon (Genus + Species) Life form 40 Fabaceae Macherium sp. shrub 41 Fabaceae Mangifera indica tree 42 Fabaceae Mimosa pigra shrub 43 Araceae Montrichardia arborescens, herb 44 Fabaceae Neptunia oleracea herb 45 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea sp. herb 46 Malvaceae Pachira aquatica tree 47 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari campestris tree 48 Poaceae Paspalum repens floating grass 49 Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum grass 50 Piperaceae Piper aduncum shrub 51 Araceae Pistia stratiotes free floating herb 52 Fabaceae Pterocarpus officinalis tree 53 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis shrub 54 Salviniaceae Salvinia auriculata free floating herb 55 Euphorbiaceae Sapium sp tree 56 Apocynaceae Sarcostemma sp. vine 57 Araliaceae Schefflera morototoni tree 58 Fabaceae Senna alata shrub/tree 59 Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis tree 60 Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin tree 61 Combretaceae Terminalia catappa tree 62 Polygonaceae Triplaris weigeltiana tree 63 Zingiberaceae Zingiber sp. herb ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 119 APPENDIX C: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS PLAN C-1. Introduction Overview This Stakeholder Engagement And Communications Plan (SECP) sets out the approach that the MOPWTC will follow in order to engage and communicate with stakeholders over the life of the World Bank Project. Consultation is undertaken in order to interact and incorporate the viewpoints of Affected Parties. Special consideration will be given to vulnerable groups, including with relation to engagement and consultative activities. This SECP builds on the recent IDB-financed Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project ESIA. This plan is organized as follows: • Section 2 outlines the objectives of stakeholder engagement; • Section 3 introduces the Stakeholder Engagement Plan and related methods, in addition to previous and future activities; • Section 4 introduces the Communication Plan and outlines its goals and objectives; • Section 5 describes roles and responsibilities for stakeholder engagement; • Section 6 explains the ways in which stakeholders can contact the Project Proponent, including the grievance mechanism for the Project; and • Section 7 describes the monitoring and reporting of stakeholder engagement activities. C-2. Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement The activities of engagement are guided by good international industry practice, as well as all applicable laws and regulations in Suriname. The objectives of stakeholder engagement, outlined in this plan, are to: • Promote the development of respectful and open relationships between stakeholders and the Project proponent and other relevant parties in the pre-construction and future phases; • Identify Project stakeholders and understand their interests, concerns and influence in relation to Project activities, particularly during the construction phase; • Provide stakeholders with timely information about the Project, in ways that are appropriate to their interests and needs, and also appropriate to the level of expected risk and potential adverse impacts; • Support alignment with financing standards and guidelines for stakeholder engagement, as necessary in the pre-construction phase; and • Record and resolve any grievances that may arise from Project-related activities through a Grievance Mechanism. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 120 C-3. Stakeholder Engagement Plan Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders and Affected Parties of the Project were identified based on the following information: • Stakeholders in attendance at the public stakeholder consultation meeting held on 8 November 2017; • Subsequent census and stakeholder interviews held in May 2018; • Observations made during study site visits; • Census surveys and discussions held with stakeholders during May 2018; and • A final round of Public Consultation (three separate meetings) in July 2018 with stakeholders after the Draft ESIA was publicly available. The following stakeholders and Affected Parties were identified for this project. • The Ministry of Finance will manage project finance. • The Ministry of LVV is the first point of contact for farmers who have problems with water management. The Ministry of LVV communicates with the MoPWTC, which operates the sluices and manages water regulation in the canals. • The Ministry of Regional Development (Regionale Ontwikkeling, RO) supervises the various district governments. • The Ministry of NH provides licenses for resources such as gravel, river sand, and sharp sand, which is sold by firms along the canal. At Uitkijk (the location where the Saramacca Canal meets the Saramacca River), the Ministry of NH is also responsible for water through the Department for Water Provision (Dienst Watervoorziening, DWV), though a process is ongoing where the Suriname Water Company (Surinaamse Waterleiding Maatschappij, SWM) will take over water provision in this area. • The Ministry of RGB is responsible for land allocation and land titling. • The Maritime Authorities Suriname (MAS) is responsible for vessel traffic and navigation at sea and on inland waters, including the Saramacca Canal. Water traffic must comply with regulations of the MAS. • The district governments serve as intermediaries between the central government and the population in the various districts. The Project covers three districts: Paramaribo (southeast), Wanica (northwest), and Saramacca. The District Commissioners’ offices from these districts should be kept informed throughout Project planning, implementation, and monitoring. • NIMOS developed National ESIA Guidelines and is responsible for managing the ESIA process. It is good practice, though not legally obliged, to have the ESIA study cleared by NIMOS before its final completion. • Piping from the SWM runs along the canal and, at one point, underneath the canal. Maps of the exact locations have been acquired and will be considered in project design. During Project activities, near SWM waterworks, close collaboration with this company is advisable. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 121 • Electricity wiring from the Suriname Energy Company (Energie Bedrijven Suriname, EBS) runs along the canal and crosses the canal at some locations. • During Project preparation, the laboratory of the Bureau Public Health (Bureau Openbare Gezondheidszorg, BOG) worked on measurements of water quality. For further duration of the Project, the BOG laboratory will be used for water quality measures. • Cables from the national telephone company Telesur are present in the area of impact (200 m on both sides of the canal) and cross the canal at some locations (at the bridges). • The National Coordination Center for Disaster Relief (NCCR) must be involved in case of large-scale projects and be prepared for possible disasters that could result from such projects. Stakeholder Engagement Methods and Materials The engagement process encourages meaningful participation by stakeholders. The Project Proponent will employ a range of methods and channels for disclosing information in order to tailor disclosure to the interests and needs of the various stakeholder groups and will also produce materials appropriate for specific stakeholders and types of engagement. This may include typical disclosure and engagement methods, such as: • Local Newspaper Articles, Radio, Television Pieces, or Digital Media – Used to convey information to local audiences about proposed Project activities and progress (particularly relevant for any future offshore construction work). • Internet/Website - Used to promote information or invite stakeholder queries and comments via email. • Grievance Mechanism - Used by the public to obtain information, ask questions or report and get responses to grievances. • Public Education, Outreach - use the general public and media outreach efforts as described in Section 4 to raise awareness on key issues of the Project, specifically. The stakeholder engagement process includes two-way targeted engagement related to specific potential Project impacts. The environment and social impact assessment report prepared has assessed the majority of the residual environmental and social operational impacts of the Project to be of low or negligible. However, engagement activities will continue to be organized around specific topics of interest and known concerns of stakeholders. Feedback mechanisms are adapted to suit the needs and preferences of different stakeholders and their physical locations. A Grievance Mechanism will be established to provide a dedicated mechanism for interested stakeholders to provide Project-related feedback (discussed in Section 10). ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 122 C-4. Communications Plan The Communications Plan defines the communications goals and methods that the Project Proponent (the Government of Suriname, GoS) and the selected construction firm will pursue in order to communicate with stakeholders throughout the life of the Project. This plan sets out a framework to ensure consistent, efficient project communication throughout the Project planning and implementation process. As this ESIA and its management plans form part of an application to the Adaptation Fund, and the construction firm has not yet been selected, some elements are not yet possible to define. As such, the CP should be considered a ‘living’ document, and should be developed and refinedprogressively, with updates incorporated as the Project is further defined and implemented. Objectives It is important that communication with the public about the Project is consistent and easily understood by diverse audiences. Interest and knowledge levels will vary greatly – from highly- engaged individuals and organizations, to members of the general public that have limited familiarity and/or information about climate adaptation projects. Regardless of the interest and knowledge level of any individual, the objective is to provide easily digestible and practical information for the public to augment a smooth Project implementation process. Communication Goals The specific goals of this CP is to provide a strategic guide to: • Proactively engage stakeholders with up-to-date information regarding Project development, construction timeline, and any changes in scope or delays • Promote the benefits and importance of the Project to Paramaribo’s resilience in the face of climate change • Stress the Project’s commitment to minimal disruptions to daily life in Paramaribo and adherence to Project construction timeline • Establish public trust through credible, consistent, and open communication • Provide a variety of information tools and points of contact to satisfy a diverse public audience Key Messages This section will include key Project messages. Messages should address the following themes and/or categories: • Project benefits for the city and its future resilience • Public involvement opportunities • Key actors (OWTC, IDB, Construction Firm) • Other TBC ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 123 Key messages should be developed internally and socialized with all Project staff as required for the audiences they might encounter such as upper management and Project Spokespersons, to construction site supervisors and social outreach team members. Communication Methods Communication methods should be developed to convey information to target audiences and the public at large, maintain consistent messaging, and provide the public with the opportunity to offer feedback. Potential platforms and materials include: Informational Materials Clear, accurate, and comprehensive informational materials for use with stakeholders during formal consultation events and informal interactions will be produced. These materials will be updated as the Project evolves and supplemented with additional materials and can include: • Project fact sheet with infographics • Frequently Asked Questions • Advertisements for public meetings • Project maps • Handouts/flyers • Physical signs near sites of Project components with visualizations and key information (purpose and dates for completion) All materials should include a link to the project website where further information can be obtained as well as a point of contact for questions or concerns (as described below). Project Contact Vehicles To give stakeholders easy and convenient access to the Project, the following contact vehicles will be put in place: • Toll-free number for general Project inquiries, the Project may wish to consider SMS capabilities to provide easier access; • General e-mail address; and • Mailing address and physical office location. The contact vehicles will be monitored regularly and response protocols should be developed to ensure all inquiries are tracked for reporting purposes and that responses are provided. Monitoring will also allow for modifications or ramping up of certain contact vehicles should one method prove more effective than others. Stakeholder Point of Contact A community and social coordinator for the Project should be established as a single point of contact for stakeholders. This person will be tasked with providing information and responding ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 124 to questions, or should they not be able to adequately address enquiries, forwarding the question to a relevant authority. Information and Communications with Specific Stakeholders As Project development advances and specific construction plans are in place, the community and social coordinator should be responsible for conducting specific outreach with key stakeholders. The primary purpose of this outreach is to share information, answer questions and obtain stakeholders input on issues and concerns that need to be addressed. These meetings will also help to identify any new stakeholders to include in future outreach activities. Meetings can take place in many formats, from one-on-one casual conversations to small focused industry-specific meetings. The waterfront area is a key area of focus for this outreach, as it is the area that has the most human and traffic presence and will be moderately affected by construction of the new flood protection wall. The community and social coordinator will lead a process of conducting outreach in the waterfront area to give specific information to shops, restaurants and transportation providers regarding traffic rerouting, construction implements and closures. Particular attention should be given to conducting such outreach on multiple days to ensure contact with all transportation providers to inform them well in advance of when they will need to use the alternative dock and parking sites, expected duration and any other logistical information they may need to smoothly continue their operations during the construction period. Public Information and Communications Beyond specific stakeholders, the public at large should be informed of the Project, its purpose, and key information that may affect daily life in the city. The key messages should always be reiterated during such efforts, in addition to addressing logistical Project updates. Formats for public information and communications should include: • Public Meetings • Media engagements especially via most-used media sources (radio, local television, etc.) • Presentations to key stakeholder groups • Community event attendance—i.e., booth at local fairs or celebrations • OpEds and Project milestone press releases to local media • Project website with up-to-date information • Updated information on social media C-5. Contact with Project Proponent (Grievance Mechanism) Feedback Process Stakeholders will be able to contact the Project Proponent at any time by letter, phone, fax, or email. Contact information will be made available through a website and also on external publications and communications (including newspapers, reports, leaflets, letters, emails, etc.). Communications with the Project Proponent will be possible through all locally used languages. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 125 Stakeholders are invited to provide feedback and report grievances about the Project, including those related the economic displacement. This will allow the Project Proponent to monitor how the Project is doing, and will help to identify areas of improvement. The Project Proponent will treat all types of feedback with professional consideration and respect, and base its responses on open and honest communication. Feedback and grievances, where appropriate and necessary, will be investigated and closed out, and stakeholders will be informed of resulting decisions. Grievance Mechanism The Project Proponent will establish prior to construction a Grievance Mechanism (GM) to address any feedback and grievances associated with Project activities in good faith through a transparent and impartial process. • Specific objectives of the Grievance Mechanism are to: • Help identify issues and concerns early, so that they can be addressed quickly and proactively; • Continuously improve Project performance; and • Demonstrate the Project Proponent’s commitment to meaningful stakeholder engagement, and respect for local opinions and concerns. The GM provides opportunities for the receipt, investigation, and resolution of complaints at the Project level during the pre-construction through operations phases. Stakeholders will be notified about the GM in external publications and communications (including newspapers, reports, leaflets, letters, emails, etc.), and contact details associated with the GM will be placed at the entrances to construction worksites. A dedicated telephone number and email option for public enquiries and feedback will also be shared. The Project Proponent will use the GM as a component of the broader stakeholder engagement activities, including monitoring and reporting. A named individual will be assigned as the person in charge (PIC) of managing the GM, including the internal processes for grievance resolution. Grievance Mechanism Structure and Process The following structure and process will be integrated into the GM. Timeframe The Project Proponent will seek to close out feedback within 30 days of receipt. The following timeline will be used as a general guideline: • Record and assess the feedback within 3 working days of receiving it; • Acknowledge the feedback within 3 working days of recording it; • Assign the feedback to a responsible party and investigate it within approximately 15 days; • Resolve the feedback immediately upon investigation; • Respond to the feedback submitter within 6 days of resolution; and ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 126 • Provide an opportunity for submitter’s feedback or appeal if they are not satisfied with the outcome. Depending on the feedback, its severity and the investigative process, the process might take more than 30 days. Recording and Assessing Feedback All feedback is forwarded on to the named PIC. She/he will file the feedback in the Feedback Management System (comprising a Feedback Intake Form and Feedback Log, see below) and determine the feedback’s initial categorization and severity. If the feedback is about the PIC, it will be escalated to the Project proponent’s Project Manager, who will manage the issue. Severity levels for prioritization of feedback are as follows: • Level 1 – Low Priority: Isolated or ‘one-off’ feedback (within a reporting period of one year) and essentially local in nature; • Level 2 – Medium Priority: A feedback which is widespread and repeated e.g. dust or noise from construction vehicles; and • Level 3 – High Priority: A feedback that has resulted in a serious breach of national laws, has led to or has the potential to lead to negative media coverage and/or is in breach of the Project proponent’s own policies and procedures e.g. serious accident, pollution incident. A Level 3 feedback will be referred to the Project proponent’s Project Manager. Acknowledging Receipt of Feedback Upon recording the feedback, the PIC will contact the submitter to notify him / her that their feedback was viewed and recorded (see Table 1), and will now be investigated. It will also provide information on the overall process and contact numbers. In the case of confidential feedback, the staff member dealing with the issues will be the only point of contact during the period that the feedback is being dealt with, unless in exceptional circumstances, and with authorization from the submitter, it is escalated. Assigning the Feedback to a Responsible Party The PIC will investigate the feedback or assign it to a qualified party in order to investigate it and seek resolution (if necessary). The investigative process can include (but is not limited to) site visits, face-to-face meetings, and interviews. All such activities will be documented. Resolving the Feedback After investigating the feedback, a resolution will be adopted. In some cases, the Project Proponent’s team can immediately address the feedback, while in other cases the feedback might need to be elevated to senior management. Responding to the Feedback’s Submitter ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 127 Upon resolution, the PIC or responsible party will report out to the feedback submitter. The submitter will then be invited to provide additional feedback about the resolution process and outcome. The entire record will be preserved in the Feedback Management System. Monitoring and Evaluating the Grievance Process The PIC will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the overall Grievance Mechanism and process. Using and maintaining the Feedback Log (see Table 2), she / he will quarterly review the feedback process to assess that key milestones are met and feedback are closed out within 30 days of receipt. The system will allow for aggregation of data including: • Number of feedbacks received; • Types of feedback raised; • Who / what caused the issue; • Number of feedback events assigned to each Project department / office; • Average resolution times; and • Feedback from complainants regarding satisfaction of the resolution. Monitoring these indicators will allow the PIC to identify trends evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanism and identify areas for improvement. It may also allow for the identification of recurring issues that could warrant discussion and action by the Project proponent’s team. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 128 Table C16 Feedback Intake Form FEEDBACK RECORD FEEDBACK REFERENCE DATE / TIME RECEIVED: TARGET DATE FOR RESOLUTION: NUMBER: NAME OF SUBMITTER: ADDRESS AND CONTACT DETAILS: FEEDBACK RECEIVED BY: NAME OF PERSON IN CHARGE (PIC) / EMPLOYEE DEALING WITH THE GRIEVANCE: CONFIDENTIALITY LEVEL NOT CONFIDENTIAL NOTE: IF CONFIDENTIAL THE PIC/PERSON DEALING (TICK RELEVANT BOX) CONFIDENTIA WITH THE ISSUE WILL NOT DISCLOSE INFORMATION L REGARDING THE COMPLAINANT UNLESS IN EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES WITH AUTHORIZATION FROM THE COMPLAINANT. TYPE OF ISSUE/ TOPIC (E.G. DESCRIPTION OF FEEDBACK (INCLUDE DETAILS ON WHO / WHAT CAUSED NOISE, LAND, POLLUTION, THE ISSUE AND LOCATION OF ISSUE): VERBAL ABUSE ETC.): ASSESSMENT OF HIGH PRIORITY MEDIUM LOW PRIORITY FEEDBACK PRIORITY PRIORITY LEVEL (TICK RELEVANT BOX) SIGNATURE AND ROLE OF DATE: EMPLOYEE ACTIONS TO RESOLVE FEEDBACK DELEGATION TO: ACTION WHO WHEN COMPLETED Y/N/DATE RESPONSE/RESOLUTION: STRATEGY TO COMMUNICATE RESPONSE: SIGN-OFF: DATE: CONCLUSION IS SUBMITTER SATISFIED? (Y/N) COMMENTS FROM /EMPLOYEE DEALING WITH THE FEEDBACK: SUBMITTER COMMENTS REGARDING RESOLUTION: ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 129 FEEDBACK CLOSED? Y/N FEEDBACK Y/N RESUBMITTED? SIGNATURE AND ROLE: DATE: DATE: NEW FEEDBACK NUMBER: ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 130 Table C17 Feedback Log Details of Feedback Feedback Date Received Time Received Name of Submitter Address of Contact Details Confidentiality Level Priority Level Name of staff member Reference (if not anonymous) Submitter of Submitter that received the Number feedback Issue Raised Reporting and Acknowledgement Grievance Management Type of Issue (e.g. Description Communication Has the issue Has an Name of Staff Has the feedback Name of Expected Noise, Land, of Feedback Channel Used (e.g. Been documented acknowledgement Member that been re-assigned Staff Resolution Pollution Verbal (include details on Telephone, in a grievance been submitted to Submitted to a different Member Date Abuse etc.) who / what caused Email) form? (Y/N) the submitter with a The person/ Managing the issue and redress date? (Yes / Acknowledgement department? the location of No) if so what date? to the Submitter Feedback issue) Actions to Resolve Feedback and Conclusion Description n of Has the resolution been Method of Date Resolution Is the submitter If not, what Name of Staff Revised Grievance Status Response communicated to the Communication to the Communicated to the satisfied with the additional Member Resolution, if (i.e., Not Started / Resolution submitter? Submitee Submitter resolution action is being Assigned to Applicable / Pending / ? (Yes / No) taken? Additional Resolved) Action ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 131 C-6. Monitoring and Reporting Monitoring It is important to monitor stakeholder engagement and communication to ensure that consultation and disclosure efforts are effective, in particular that stakeholders have been meaningfully consulted throughout the process. Monitoring will cover: • Consultation activities conducted with government authorities and non- governmental stakeholders; • The effectiveness of the engagement processes by tracking feedback received from engagement activities; and • Any grievances received. Tracking Stakeholder Engagement Activities Future tracking of stakeholder engagement will be used to assess the effectiveness of the Project’s stakeholder engagement activities. Indicators for tracking will include, among others: • Place and time of formal engagement events and level of participation including by specific stakeholder categories and groups (e.g. women); • Number of comments by topic and type of stakeholder, and details of feedback provided through the GM or other means (office visits, emails, phone calls etc.); • Numbers and types of grievances and the nature and timing of their resolution; • Recording and tracking commitments made to stakeholders; and • Community attitudes and perceptions of the Project’s activities pertaining to the Project based on media reports and stakeholder feedback. Project Reporting Internal Reporting • Reports on stakeholder engagement efforts will summarize all activity for the period and provide a summary of issues raised and how they have been addressed. Potential issues include timeliness of responses and mitigation and measures taken to address grievances, and analysis of trends in key performance indicators (KPIs). These may include: • Total numbers of stakeholders engaged according to stakeholder category; • Numbers of comments and queries received according to topic and responses; • Issues raised and levels of support for and opposition to the Project; and • Numbers of grievances lodged. The Stakeholder Engagement and Communications Plan will be reviewed on a regular basis and revised as needed to reflect completed engagement activities and future engagement plans. External Reporting ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 132 The Project Proponent will provide information to stakeholders that will focus on non-routine activities, after an unplanned event or incident (if one occurs), or if there is any change to company structure or practice. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 133 APPENDIX D: STAKEHOLDER MEETING REPORTS The process, attendance and results of the ESIA consultations are presented in this appendix. The first meeting was held on the 28th of August 2018 was to inform a wider audience about the Project and the ESIA and RPF process. The forum was organized to also get response and suggestions concerning the Project and ESIA process. A second consultation was held in the Wit Boti neighbourhood on October 29, 2018. This meeting was held in the evening hours to allow for more residents and stakeholders to participate. The presentation materials, attendee lists and summary of comments are provided below. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 134 Figure D33 Presentation Material ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 135 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 136 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 137 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 138 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 139 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 140 Figure D34 Stakeholder Attendee List ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 141 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 142 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 143 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 144 Figure D35 Assorted Photos of the August 28, 2018 Consultation Opening the program by Honorable Patrick Pengel The Minister highlighting the importance of the Minister MOPWTC project Participants Participants Mr. Satish Mohan, MOPWTC providing a description of Mr. Mohan focusing on the different sectors along the Project components the length of the Canal ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 145 Social specialist Ms. Marieke Heemskerk explaining the social safeguard considerations in the Project. Participants Participants Participants Ms. Heemskerk presenting social considerations to the audience. Mr. Deepak Ramautar presenting the environmental baseline conditions in the Canal ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 146 Summary of comments (in English and Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal d.d. 28 augustus 2018 SMo: Satish Mohan MHe: Marieke Heemskerk WB: Worldbank NII: Nationaal Informatie Instituut DC: District Commissariaat/Commissaris Min. HIT: Ministerie van Handel, Industrie en Toerisme Min ROGB: Ministerie van Ruimtelijke Ordening, Grond en Bosbeheer English Summary consultation meeting Date: 28 August 2018 Location: Ministry of OWT&C The consultation meeting was opened by Mr. Pengel, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Communication (OWT&C). Next, a presentation was held to explain the Saramacca canal project, and the ESIA and RPF studies. Several participants asked questions about both technical and social aspects of the project. One issue of concern was the fact that in several locations, people living along the canal use and occupy land without land title or formal permission. Stakeholders wanted to know what would happen to these people, whether the project would help regulate this situation, to what extent compensation would be offered to people who built structures along the canal –if damaged- and how such compensation would be determined. It was explained that this project does not have as its aim to regulate land use along the canal. The content of the RPF was explained in further detail to answer the questions. Several questions were posed about data collection, both social and environmental. For example, a representative from the Ministry of Regional Development (RO) wanted to know how social data was collected; by interviews, observations, or only secondary data. Data collection methods were explained in more detail to answer these questions Stakeholders emphasized the need for continuous and complete communication about the project with all stakeholders. The District Commissioner of Wanica NW lamented that this was the first time he heard about the project, and wished to be better informed from the beginning of such projects in the future. The role of the District government is particularly important because the maintenance strip along the canal now falls under the responsibility of the District Commissioner’s office. Moreover, the District also has plans for this area, and it is important that the various policy interventions are in line with one another. In this context, question also were posed about the composition and role of the PIU in representing and reaching out to stakeholders. Different persons emphasized that the canal, in addition to a water drainage function, also has a cultural value, a function for tourism, and a function for agriculture. The District Commissioner of Wanica NW commented that his district is planning to promote tourism, and developments in and around the canal are relevant to these policy plans. Different stakeholders brought forward that it must be guaranteed that the project does not negatively affect farmers’ irrigation possibilities. Different questions concerned the project design. For example, stakeholders indicated that it is important to also repair secondary sluice (e.g. at Uitkijk). Questions also were posed about the deposition of the drainage materials on the island, possible pollution of these materials, and measures that would be taken to prevent run-off back into the canal. Sustainability of the project, and balancing costs versus benefits, also were identified as matters of concern. The Ministry of OWT&C provided more detail about project design and sustainability safeguards. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 147 Dutch Summary consultation meeting Table D18 Summary of comments (in Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal Vraag Antwoord Minister OWTC: SMo: Wat is de oppervlakte dat afwatert op het 190.000 km² oftewel 19.000 ha Saramaccakanaal? C. Amoida, directoraat transport Min OWTC: SMo: - Wordt er gekeken naar de mensen die Voor de uitvoering van dit project maakt het niet uit verkeerd gebouwd hebben langs het wie verkeerd heeft gebouwd. Aan het ministerie van Saramaccakanaal, zoals op de ROGB is de informatie gevraagd wat de officiële onderhoudsstrook? grenzen van de onderhoudsstrook is. - Wie gaat compenseren voor hetgeen dat MHe: verkeerd is gebouwd? Als je geen legale titel op het land hebt, maar overheids domein gebruikt, wordt je volgens de WB policies voor herhuisvesting niet gecompenseerd voor het land maar wel voor het huis en verhuizingskosten. Er zal een cutt-off date worden vastgesteld. Zeg maar een datum worden vastgesteld van wat er op dit moment op het land staat. Dat is de datum die zal worden aangehouden voor de status van het land. Je stelt een bepaalde datum vast en alles wat er op dat moment is. Als het beschadigd zou worden door het project, zal deze gecompenseerd moeten worden door het project. Dat geldt ook voor bijvoorbeeld steigers, BBQ sets en huizen op de onderhoudsstrook. Dat is dan binnen het kader van dit project. Wat de overheid verder doet buiten dit project met mensen die verkeerd hebben gebouwd op een bepaalde plek of occuperen, is dan los van dit project. J. Kanape, Min RO/Dir DOAB SMo: - Is de visibility studie al gedaan Er is een concept ontwerp. Op basis van dit ontwerp - Is er naast de hydrologische kijk en de wordt gewerkt aan de ESIA. We zijn nu bezig met de historische waarde van het kanaal ook studie die onafhankelijk is van wat het profiel wordt. gekeken naar de culturele waarde en het Dat ontwerp wordt uitgewerkt in de ESIA. toerisme. Is er een samenwerking met het Bijvoorbeeld de randvoorwaarde van de dump locatie Min van HIT om te kijken naar hoe dit project moet bekend zijn en alle andere gegevens die bekend een andere component kan brengen, zodat moeten zijn. Eigenlijk hebben we een principe de meerwaarde van het project vergroot ontwerp van wat er gebaggerd moet worden. Op wordt. basis daarvan wordt uitgerekend hoeveel bagger - Wordt de studie t.a.v. de PIU hier op het species er zijn en dat alles wordt uitgewerkt. Dit is ministerie geformuleerd of denken jullie in de nog niet het volledig gedeelte, daarom kan nog niet richting van een multi disciplinaire gezegd worden dat dit het profiel is. Omdat we in het benadering waarbij de NGO’s of de proces nog bezig zijn om de finale daaruit te halen. organisatie in de omgeving van de mensen PIU is om het project te managen conform de worden meegenomen voorwaarde van de Wereldbank en ook wat lokaal dat - Ten aanzien van de baseline studie is nu van gaat zijn. Er gaat een communicatiepoot zijn van de start gegaan de Environmental studie en de PIU met contactpersonen. Social studie. Is er een social component tot MHe heeft al geïdentificeerd wie dat gaat zijn. Met stand gekomen door kwalitatief interview of wie allemaal, welke buurt of organisatie we allemaal d.m.v. kwantitatieve data of is er gewoon een mee moeten praten. observatie van foto’s. Zijn er gesprekken PIU is dan een contract management, het bewaken ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 148 Vraag Antwoord gevoerd van de uitvoering, kwaliteit en financiën. NGO’s - Ten aanzien van de grond is er een taxatie worden niet betrokken in de PIU. geweest van hoeveel het gaat kosten. Als je Baggermateriaal wordt opgeslagen op een braak gaat compenseren moet je al een idee weten gebied. Wanneer daar gedumpt is, moet dit netjes hoeveel het gaat kosten. Met de taxatie kan worden afgewerkt. Als het een andere bestemming je dan de kosten gedetailleerd mogelijk krijgt, kan je niet zeggen dat men daar huizen gaat benaderen bouwen of wat dan ook. Je moet aannemen dat het - Ten aanzien van het 200.000 cube veel vocht heeft en dat het blubberachtig is. Als je baggermateriaal, zou het niet gebruik kunnen een industrie erop wilt, dan moet je weten dat je een worden als landaanwinst voor de oevers. ander soort type constructie nodig hebt of als je een - Ten aanzien van vervuiling zoals huis erop wilt bouwen, gaat het mogelijk zakken, plasticflessen en oude wasmachines. Zullen planten gaan mogelijk niet goed groeien. Sowieso als er voorbereidingen getroffen worden om al er drijvend materiaal is, wordt dat anders behandeld deze vervuilings materialen uit de bagger dan materialen die in de bodem zijn. Dat gedeelte specie eruit te halen. moeten wij nog doen, waar we onderzoek hebben - Het baggermateriaal wordt gebracht naar gedaan zijn we niet gestuit op oude wasmachines of een gebied dat later gebruik kan worden wat dan ook. Dat zal er wel zijn en dat wordt apart door een industrie. Wat voor industrie zal in naar de officiële vuilstortplaatsen gebracht. het gebied komen MHe: - Er wordt gesproken over Sunny Point, Sociaal studie: we zijn naar verschillende woonwijken Witboiti en Leidingen. Hoe wordt gekeken geweest en hebben met verschillende mensen naar de andere individuen die in het gebied gesproken, kwalitatief, met omwonenden, vooral met wonen mensen die langs het water wonen en ook op welk - Ten aanzien van de project affected people gebied ze het kanaal kunnen gebruiken, hoe en wat, en eco society, is er reeds een identificatie en op welke manier ze geïnformeerd willen worden. van de aspecten We hebben ook met verschillende ressortraad leden gesproken van de verschillende ressortraden die daar zijn, deze zijn ook nu hier aanwezig. In die gesprekken is ook besproken: op welke manier gebruiken mensen het kanaal en hoe kunnen ze het best geïnformeerd worden als ze dus inderdaad last ondervinden. Voordat het project wordt uitgevoerd, moet er nog een meeting komen met de buurt zelf, een stakeholder meeting, de omwonenden van het project zelf uit te leggen daar ter plekke. Wat betreft taxatie, de settlement-policy frame work legt precies alle regels vast van hoe zo een proces in zijn werk zou moeten gaan. Hoe getaxeerd moet worden. Als mensen niet eens zijn met elkaar, hoe ga je daarmee om, volgens de standaarden van de WB en ook volgens de Surinaamse standaarden. Maar als die van de WB strenger zijn, dan worden die van de WB toegepast. Voor mensen die niet in de buurt wonen maar daarbuiten, in dat geval wordt informatie over het project verder gegeven via de media, via de radio, kranten. Je gaat niet huis aan huis kunnen gaan, bij al de mensen die langs het kanaal wonen. Via media proberen project informatie verder te geven. S. Ramai, DC Wanica Noord West, Min RO SMo: Ik ben verrast omdat ik als DC helemaal niet op (na de Meeting) Er zal contact gemaakt worden met ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 149 Vraag Antwoord de hoogte was van alle activiteiten in mijn de diverse DC’s om het project en de plannen zoveel gebeid onder andere en daar ziet u dat wat als mogelijk gelijk te richten. daar de heer OG heeft aangekaart ten aanzien van communicatie, er is niet eens op regionaal niveau er over gesproken. Terwijl bermen onder andere competentie gebieden zijn, men zegt altijd weer ROGB, terwijl het een competentie gebied is van de DC. De DC’s gaan erover. We hebben al onze bestaande plan. En heel wat zaken kunnen we voorkomen. Want al die mensen die illegaal zijn, met hun zijn we bezig en later met een ministerieel beschikking om al de mensen aan te kaarten, zodat de mensen aanmaningen gegeven kunnen worden, om hun illegale stuk weg te halen. We zijn met een project van toerisme bezig en we worden gewoon overgeslagen. Misschien is de tijd daarvoor nog niet rijp, maar we hopen dat als de tijd daarvoor rijp is, wij u kunnen uitnodigen, ons secretariaat daarover meer te vertellen, zodat zaken niet dubbel hoeven te worden gedaan en we meerkosten kunnen voorkomen. U bent te allen tijde welkom. S. Wolff, Min OWTC SMo: Wanneer het project wordt uitgevoerd, moet Deze is de eerste van meerdere sessies die we er in feite verbeteringen zijn voor de gebieden moeten hebben over dit gedeelte. Omdat we hier die in de regentijd onder water komen te staan. eigenlijk dat sociaal deel, het eerste gedeelte dat we Maar waar er toch een overschot blijft, moet moesten voorleggen en openbaar maken. Bij de ook in gebieden een aantal zaken worden volgende stappen zal het technische uitgevoerd gedaan. Wat moet die 30 miljoen dollar worden en zullen kosten inzichtelijk gemaakt worden. allemaal precies gaan doen om het effectief te Al deze zaken moeten nog onderzocht worden. Is alle maken. Daar zou ik iets meer van willen weten. beton nog even goed. We hebben een schatting gemaakt van wat gedaan moet worden. We zijn ook bezig met lab-testen aan het beton zelf, om te kijken of we alle beton helemaal slopen en dan opnieuw storten. Met dat gedeelte zijn we bezig. Het kan zijn dat als je alleen hersteld, dat relatief budget over blijft om ergens anders in het Saramaccakanaal gebied, ontwateringsgebied, voorzieningen te treffen. Dat gedeelte kunnen we nu niet vastleggen. S. Goerdayal, RR voorzitter Wanica NW SMo: - Zijn er ook pompgemalen die op Uitkijk T.a.v. kwaliteitsmetingen die zijn gedaan. Er zijn uitgevoerd moeten worden, opdat door de gemeten op de bodemlagen, de waterkwaliteit wat in jaren heen is het beeld gevormd, dat het water zit en ongeveer 1meter diep wat in de waterberging is komen te vervallen, dus nu bodem zit. En daarvan zijn er resultaten binnen. We krijg je in een zeer korte tijd dat veel kijken nu naar de waterkwaliteit om watervervuiling watergangen gelijk zijn met het kanaal. Dat is tegen te gaan en voor het creëren van een een zorgpunt voor mij gecontroleerd stortplaats, dat gelined is, zodat - Waterkwaliteit: is dat nu gemeten onder vervuild water van dat gedeelte niet terecht komt in normale omstandigheden, chemicaliën gaat het milieu. Je moet zodanig afwerken dat regenwater op de bodem vast zitten, eigenlijk moet je opgevangen wordt en via filtratie toch terecht komt ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 150 Vraag Antwoord meten wanneer het omgeroerd wordt. in het Saramaccakanaal. Na verloop van tijd ga je Wanneer men begint te graven, krijg je de vegetatie erop krijgen die ervoor gaat zorgen dat het ontroering en dan komen de stoffen vrij. Niet water de oppervlakte niet meer meevoert in het nu maar als je beetje omwoeld moet je kijken kanaal. wat dat het geval is. - Het heeft ons ook een beetje verbaasd dat als je in - Ik begrijp nu dat de nood zo groot is dat er het kanaal vaart, je mensen gewoon ziet lozen. We gebaggerd gaat worden. Het materiaal gaat hebben gemeten op bepaalde locaties, waar we ook ergens anders afgevoerd worden, maar nu dachten dat de vervuiling hoog is. Bijvoorbeeld zie ik dat het op een eiland wordt gedumpt. precies bij de uitgang van CIC is gemeten en ook bij Dat eiland is omringd door water, ik vraag me de uitgang van een visbedrijf. Omdat je daar een hoge af hoe men dat gaat peilen, want in de concentratie verwacht. Zodra alle resultaten regentijd gaat water ergens moeten gaan en beschikbaar zijn, proberen we via de website van NII het water gaat uiteindelijk in het zelfde alles beschikbaar te stellen. Laat zeggen een speciale kanaal terecht komen. OW-page. - Dan moeten we onze industrieën - Het pompgemaal: complimenteren dat ze niet ongebreideld In het initiële project was dat het ook meegenomen. hebben geloosd, als we kijken naar CIC en de Doel van dit project is de rehabilitatie. Gemiddeld andere industrieën. werkt niet eens 60% van alle infrastructuur, dat aanwezig is. In noodgevallen wordt de schutkolk ook opengemaakt, we willen dat rehabiliteren zodat het ten eerste goed functioneert, het ontwerp van de pompgemalen op Uitkijk en op Doorsteek wordt ook meegenomen, dat we weten hoe het gemaal eruit moet zien, wat daar moet komen en welke constructie het moet krijgen. S. Nelstan, DC Paramaribo Zuid West SMo - Wat voor positiviteit zal het project voor de Met de rehabilitatie van de eerste fase wordt het buurt langs het Saramaccakanaal Saramaccakanaal beter beheerst zodat het in alle zorgdragen? tijden de sluizen en alle faciliteiten kan worden gebruik. Hiermee wordt beoogd om het getij in het Hoe gaat men om met de mensen die langs het Saramaccakanaal zo snel en zo laag als mogelijk te kanaal illegaal wonen? brengen zodat het laag genoeg is voor de scheepvaart. MHe Aanpak van occupanten is geen deel van het plan. B. Mahabier, MAS SMo: - Is de economical en financial assessment van Voor het traject van de WB is het juridisch kader nog het project al gedaan? niet direct belangrijk omdat we het beperken tot het - Hoe sustainable is het project? verstande. We moeten ervoor zorgen dat de impacts - Indien er een ontwerp is, kunnen we inzage voor het kanaal ten aanzien van het werk, hebben hierop? geminimaliseerd of gelimiteerd worden R. Patadin, Ilaco SMo - Is het de intentie om bij de Saramaccakanaal - Hiermee wordt bedoeld dat voor drainage Water Management System, een unit of management een update komt voor guidelines autoriteit op te zetten om het systeem apart voor gebruik van het stelsel. te beheren? - We gaan naar een soort automatisch systeem - Is er rekening gehouden met legale en waarbij men het beheer van het Saramaccakanaal illegale oeverbescherming/ kan monitoren en dat via meetinstrumenten op noodvoorzieningen van residentiële en verschillend gedeelte van het Saramaccakanaal industriële individuen een beter beeld verkregen kan worden. Waar er ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 151 Vraag Antwoord - Is het de bedoeling om meer specifiek te potentieel wateroverlast is. kijken naar het environmental en social - We hebben profiel metingen gedaan. Qua diepte is impact? het kanaal diep genoeg. Er zijn plaatsen waar de bodembreedte verbreedt moet worden, terwijl op bepaalde locaties het kanaal niet uitgebaggerd hoeft te worden. Er is nog geen meting gedaan voor alle structuren. - Jawel J. Kanape, Min RO/Dir DOAB SMo Hoe maakt je het project duurzaam? Onderzoek naar duurzaam beheer en onderhoud van de infrastructuur is meegenomen. Als dit een unit binnen of buiten OWTC zal zijn zal nader uitgewerkt moeten worden. De schutkolken zullen weer in werking zijn en bij gebruik zal wederom betaald moeten worden. B. Mahabier, MAS SMo - Hoe maak je het project duurzaam? Dat is het gedeelte van de kostenbaten analyse en - Hoe verdien je de kosten terug? hoe je de managementkosten van het beheer van het kanaal moet toezien ten aanzien van de scheepvaart. F. Sitaram – Tjin A Soe, SWM SMo Ik heb een opmerking. Ten aanzien van het Dat is zo. OWTC heeft de informatie opgevraagd bij baggeren, moet rekening gehouden worden de SWM maar er is nog een reactie van de SWM met de leidingen van de SWM die langs en door verkregen. het Saramaccakanaal lopen. J. Kanape, Min RO/Dir DOAB SMo Welke partnerschap is aangegaan voor een Op dit moment nog niet. breder draagvlak? S. Goerdayal, RR voorzitter Wanica NW SMo Kan bij het watersysteem rekening gehouden Inlaten gebeurt via Uitkijk. Het waterniveau heeft worden met aanvoer van water voor de enkele dagen nodig voordat het de landbouwarealen landbouw arealen bij watertekort? bereikt heeft. Alleen met toestemming van LVV kan water ingelaten worden voor irrigatie. R. Patadin, Ilaco Voor de social assessment moet dan de rehabilitatie van Uitkijk meegenomen worden zodat het een potentieel impact kan hebben voor de landbouw. M. Sewnath, NIMOS SMo Wanneer is het ESIA rapport af? Eind september 2018 Rapporten die bij de NIMOS worden ingediend ondergaan een proces. Het komt op ons website, daarna een bekendmaking in de krant voor algemeen visueel en vooral voor de industrie moet een stakeholdersmeeting komen. Het hoofd bestuur wordt geraadpleegd t.a.v. het social- en environmental gedeelte. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 152 Figure D36 Presentation Material October 2018 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 153 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 154 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 155 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 156 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 157 Figure D37 Stakeholder Attendee List - October ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 158 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 159 ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 160 Figure D38 Assorted Photos of the October 29, 2018 Consultation Opening the program by Mr. Ritesh Sardjoe MOPWTC Presentation of Project Components Participants Presentation of Social Aspects Participants Participants ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 161 Question concerning possible damage to property Question from Attendees along canal Social specialist answering question to attendees Question from Attendees ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 162 Summary of Comments (English and Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal Date: 29 October 2018 RSa: Ritesh Sardjoe MHe: Marieke Heemskerk English Summary consultation meeting Location: Charisma Ministries Goedeverwachting weg #107 The consultation meeting was opened by Mr Ritesh Sardjoe, senior Technical employee of the ministry of Public Work, Transport and Communication. and Mr. R. Sardjoe explained the Saramacca canal project components and the structure of the ESIA and ESMP as well as the environmental aspects. Mrs. M. Heemskerk explained the World Bank approach for social considerations and how the Resettlement Framework applies to the project. Several questions were asked by participants regarding the technical and social part of the project. One of the main concerns of the local community is that people are dumping waste into the canal. It was made clear to the locals that it is not the right thing to dump waste into the canal as the canal has a very important role regarding drainage and navigation. Several questions were asked regarding the dredging materials and the disposal area. It was made clear that the sediment analysis results indicated that the chemical contents of the sediments required cautionary deposit and use of these materials. Therefore, the Ministry of PWT&C will transport the dredged material to disposal and storage area outside the urban area. Different questions were asked regarding the design of the project. One participant wanted to know more about the embankments and the erosion that is going on along the canal. Another question expressed concern regarding the operation of the dredging machines and possible impacts on property and structures along the canal. It was explained that although the detailed technical studies are not completed these concerns will be taken into account. The social expert also explained how the World Bank safeguards will be implemented to address these concerns. One of the remarks made by the locals was that the documents are written in English and there should be a way to translate these documents into Dutch or into the local language. It was made clear that there will be a summary available in Dutch. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 163 Dutch Summary consultation meeting Table D19 Summary of comments (in Dutch) Notulen Stakeholder sessie Saramaccakanaal Vraag Antwoord Buurtbewoner 1: dhr. Abdoelraiman Fidahoesein MHe: Zwerfvuil wordt opgehoopt langs het kanaal Maar dat is de verantwoordelijkheid van de waardoor het kanaal smaller wordt. buurtbewoners zelfs. Je kunt niet zeggen dat het ministerie moet komen opschonen. De buurtbewoners moeten hun eigen woonomgeving schoon houden. Misschien moet je dit probleem aankaarten bij de ressortraad of de buurtmanager. Buurtbewoner 2: dhr. Wartes Alfons MHe: Wat ik uit de presentatie begrijp, is dat wij die Neen langs het kanaal wonen, het baggermateriaal niet kunnen gebruiken voor het ophogen van onze percelen. Wij ondervinden dus geen last van het baggermateriaal. Buurtbewoner 3: dhr. Abaisa H RSa: Gaan de bermen niet afschuiven na het Ik garandeer dat het niet gebeurd. uitbaggeren Buurtbewoner 4: dhr. Ajaiso Bert RSa: Waarom zouden we, die langs het kanaal wonen We hebben bodemonderzoek gedaan en de resultaten niet gebruik kunnen maken van het zijn goed. Als verantwoordelijke ministerie en baggermateriaal, is de bodem van het kanaal bankinstelling is het onderzoek gedaan en ondanks de zwaar verontreinigd. Is er een rede hiervoor. goede resultaten willen we geen risico nemen. Wat we gaan doen is het baggermateriaal afvoeren naar een speciale dumpplaats die goed afgedekt wordt zodat het niet in contact komt met grondwater en water van het kanaal. Het baggermateriaal is goed en veilig maar we willen geen enkele risico nemen om vervelende epidemieën te voorkomen. MHe: De rapporten zijn ook gepubliceerd op de facebook page van het Ministerie van Openbare Werken, Transport en Communicatie. Ik verwijs u ernaar voor verdere informatie. Buurtbewoner 5: mw. Dollart Joyce Rsa: Sommige plekken langs het kanaal zijn aan het We zijn nu aan het afronden van de milieustudie en zijn in verzakken. Als op de verzakte locaties wordt het begin van de technische fase. In deze fase gaan deze gebaggerd wordt de situatie erger, waarbij zelf de problemen opgenomen worden in het ontwerp. weg wordt beschadigd. Wordt het verzakte gedeelte hersteld na uitbaggeren, want Dit project heeft meerdere trajecten. Het tweede traject regenwater verergerd het verzakte gedeelte. is onderhoud werkzaamheden. Dit project zal daarom ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 164 niet van korte duur zijn. Ik kijk uit naar dit project want het moet niet zo zijn dat na het baggeren jullie voor lange tijd wegblijven en na 2 á 3 jaren zie je dat de weg aangetast wordt. Want dan moet weer geld worden geleend voor herstel werkzaamheden. Buurtbewoner 6: mw. Rozenblad Larissa Mhe: Hoe zwaar zijn de machines. Zodra we weten waar er uitgebaggerd wordt, worden van Welk garantie heeft mijn huis dat het tijdens de de locaties de huidige stand van zaken opgenomen. Er zal werkzaamheden niet beschadigd wordt door de een klachtenbureau komen waar je voor je klachten trillingen. terecht komt. Rsa: We hebben een resettlement plan in het project hiervoor. Waarbij alles stuk voor stuk wordt opgenomen. Buurtbewoner 6: dhr. Dollart F Rsa: Op het internet kan je voor verdere informaties. We nemen dat zeker mee. Een andere werkwijze is ook Kan deze informatie eenvoudiger voor ons worden buurt bijeenkomsten houden waarvan deze de eerste is gemaakt door ze in het nederlands of in het sranan om de buurt uit te leggen wat we van plan zijn met het tongo worden vertaald. project. MHe: We gaan ook een finale rapport hebben die vertaald zal worden in het nederlands, deze zal ook gepubliceerd worden. Rsa: Op de website van het ministerie zullen we een samenvatting plaatsen van het eindrapport. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 165 APPENDIX E: CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN This Construction Environmental Management Plan provides a working template that will be used by the selected construction contractor (the Contractor). It details the specific mitigation requirements and focus areas idenitified through the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, but also recognizes that the selected Contractor will have their own policies and procedures that will need to be inputted to this plan. It also recognizes that as the Contractor develops the Project designs, this may influence how construction will be undertaken and progress, and these aspects will need to be integrated into this plan. Text in red are sections of the CEMP which the Contractor needs to complete. E-1. Introduction Overview This document is the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for the World Bank Saramacca Canal Rehabilitation Project. It is configured in alignment with the IDB Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project so MoPWTC can have a harmonized ESMP approach for both projects under its administration. The CEMP sets out the expectations of the MOPWTC and defines how the Contractor will implement and manage environmental matters. The designs for the Project will be finalized after World Bank Project approval and at an early stage of Project implementation. At that time the Contractor is required to submit and have approved the detailed CEMP as described here. Objectives The CEMP will ensure that the Project is delivered in full compliance with legal requirements, and also address the requirements of the World bank policies. Specifically, it will ensure the Project aligns with: • Emerging environmental legislation (if in place at the time of construction) being developed by the National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (NIMOS); and • Guidance Note NIMOS Environmental Assessment Process (2017), effective January 2018. The World Bank has established its own policies and safeguards to ensure that projects financed by the World Bank Group are sustainable. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 166 E-2. Project Description This section needs to include specific details on the proposed works, duration relevant plans etc. The following provide guidance on what is needed. • Scope of Construction Works: Description of the full range of construction works / activities proposed (e.g. clearing of land, placement of piles, filter rock, geotextile fabric and armour rock; installation of piles; etc.). • Description of the Construction (Disturbance) Footprint: Full description of the existing land / marine areas that will be disturbed by the construction works and those immediately adjacent; • Timing of Works: Provide a description of both the total duration of the works and the time of year they will occur. The latter would include consideration of expected climate during this time (e.g. anticipated rainfall / cyclone events, wind direction and speeds); • Site Plan: The project site plan would clearly show the full extent of the proposed works area of the construction project. This would typically include a map with the full construction boundary and disturbance footprint marked clearly over a current aerial photograph (i.e. including all construction activities, associated laydown areas etc.). It would also include site specific information, for example the location of any important waterways or adjacent vegetation to be protected, national heritage listed areas, or the location of sediment and erosion traps, electrical services etc. E-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts All positions across the project have environmental responsibilities to some extent. These vary in relation to duties described in Table E20, but everyone has a base level duty of care to prevent environmental harm. Table E20 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES LINE NAME CONTACT MANAGER DETAILS Project Manager Site Supervisor Environment Manager HSE Representative E-4. Training, Awareness and Competency Outline how environmental training, awareness and competency will be delivered / assessed throughout the project, to ensure the relevant aspects of this CEMP are communicated to the project team and front line staff (including contractors and sub-contractors). Examples may include: • Site Environment Induction • Daily Pre-Start Meetings ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 167 • Environmental Toolbox Talks • Incident bulletins • Sub-contractors kick-off meeting • Contractor and client site kick-off meeting E-5. Environment Management This section presents a summary of the environmental risks and controls that have been identified for the proposed construction project. The Contractor should determine what additional risks and proposed management controls are required based on their final design and work method statements. A project risk assessment or job hazard analysis for specific task(s) should be performed. The following information is based on the ESIA and ESMP provisions as well as the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Note that this is not an exhaustive list, and it would be expected that Contractor develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 168 Table E21 Air Quality and Dust Management AIR QUALITY AND DUST MANAGEMENT Objective(s) 1. To ensure the impacts of air quality and dust on adjacent areas and the community are minimised. Management Air quality and dust issues managed principally by emission controls at source, and administrative controls during works. Strategy Responsibility Timing Control(s) The air quality impacts could be minimized using the following measures: • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. • Avoid burning non-vegetative wastes (refuse, etc.) at construction sites. • Avoid unnecessary idling of construction equipment or delivery trucks when not in use. Dust impacts could be minimized using the following measures: • Area to be disturbed minimised. Clearance lots to be approved by Project Manager. • Where dust is identified as an issue, dust control measures will be implemented. These will primarily be the use of water carts, but may include surface treatments. • Vehicle movements controlled (Traffic Management Plan) and kept to established tracks and haul roads. • Dust awareness issues in environmental induction process Performance No complaints from adjacent commercial premises and/or community. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily inspection of works sites to occur, including: • visual check for dust crossing the site boundaries • visual check of high potential dust areas, such as haul roads, stockpiles and operational areas. Reporting Any complaints or incidents to be reported to PPA project manager. Corrective Investigate cause of excessive dust Action(s) Implement controls immediately (e.g. water carts) Implement corrective measures prior to the recommencement of site works Implement administrative controls if required, such as rescheduling of dust generating activities to more favourable weather conditions. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 169 Table E22 Noise Management NOISE MANAGEMENT Objective(s) 1. To minimise the impacts of noise on the amenity of the surrounding areas. 2. Construction activities undertaken in accordance with best practice controls. Management Noise to be managed primarily through administrative and equipment controls during the construction phase. Strategy Responsibility Timing Control(s) The noise impacts associated with the Project components could be minimized using the following measures: • Maintain all construction equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. • Schedule construction and rehabilitation work during daylight hours when increased noise levels are more tolerable. • Schedule construction and rehabilitation work to minimize activity during peak periods of tourism and recreation (weekends, holidays, etc.). • Develop and implement a Construction Communications Plan to inform adjacent receptors (e.g., commercial businesses, churches, and tourists) of construction activities. • Use vibratory piling instead of impact piling during shore-based construction activities to avoid generating impulsive noise. • Pre-start checks and maintenance schedules to ensure equipment performance is as required. • Noise-dampening equipment to be used on equipment with excessive noise generating characteristics. Performance No complaints from adjacent commercial premises and/or community. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily inspection of works sites to occur Service logs for equipment/machinery used on site Reporting Any complaints or incidents to be reported to PPA project manager. Corrective Investigate cause of excessive noise Action(s) Implement corrective measures prior to the recommencement of site works Reschedule of noise-generating activities to reduce noise annoyance ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 170 Table E23 Turbidity TURBIDITY Objective(s) 1. To minimise the volume of fine sediments / silts introduced into the Sramacca Canal through various construction activities. 2. To minimise / manage the spread of sediments generated by construction activities Management Undertake monitoring of turbidity through observations and in-situ measurements to proactively manage turbid plumes / sediment Strategy input. Responsibility Timing Control(s) Mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts of the Project include: • Monitoring for turbid plumes generated by piling, drilling and material placement activities will be undertaken. Observations will be recorded daily during those activities and will be from an elevated location ensuring line of sight is maximised. These observations will include (but are not limited to) recorded information (pro forma) and site photographs demonstrating: o Plume extent (e.g. estimated distance in metres from the drill rig or construction work face), o Plume direction o Prevailing metocean conditions (e.g. wind, tide, swell) o Start-up and shut down times for drilling / piling operations o Any other notable visual characteristics of the plume or piling / drilling activity. • All material from drilling / mucking out operations will be recovered on land and not discharged directly into the marine environment. Performance No plumes of sediment released, or complaints from community. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily (documented) observations and panoramic photographs of turbid plumes generated by work activities Daily inspections of worksite Reporting Incidents (including breaches of this management plan) to be reported immediately to the Project Manager and Environment Manager. Corrective Should turbidity be identified, response will be to cease the work creating the plume until monitoring Action(s) levels fall within compliance. Should the monitoring levels exceed the requirements on a continual basis, Contractor shall investigate additional measures to control turbidity ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 171 Table E24 Biodiversity BIODIVERSITY Objective(s) 1. To minimise the impact to biodiversity Management Ensure impacts to biodiversity are minimised, and impacts outside the disturbance zone are avoided. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts of the Project on biodiversity include: • When designing and planning work elements, minimize temporary and permanent construction footprints. • Implement noise and air emission abatement measures. • Implement sediment control procedures during in-water works to minimize the release of fine sediments to downstream waterways, particularly the Suriname River. • Implement a dolphin river and manatee injury prevention program • Avoid damage or removal of embankment vegetation Performance No disturbance outside the disturbance zone Indicator(s) No injury or death of any fauna caused by vehicles or excavations No injury or death of protected fauna. No domestic animals on-site Monitoring Daily inspection of work site to occur. Reporting Sightings and incidents reported in weekly contractor. Corrective Investigate cause of incident Action(s) Review opportunities/constraints for further minimisation of potential incidents parameters Implement corrective measures prior to the recommencement of site works ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 172 Table E25 Oil and Other Noxious Substances OIL AND OTHER NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES Objective(s) 1. To minimise the potential for spills of oils and other noxious substances to as low as reasonably practicable. Management Reduce quantity of hydrocarbons stored to that required, implement appropriate controls and provide Strategy appropriate training and resources for a spill response. Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) • All hydrocarbons to be stored in an appropriate bund that is capable of holding 110% of a spill from the largest container, or 10% of total volume of stored liquids, whichever is greater. • Refuelling of vehicles/equipment will be undertaken on land (not over water), unless the task is not possible. • To reduce the impact of a spill, the lowest volume of hydrocarbons required will be stored in proximity to the Suriname River and in the onshore lay down areas. • A copy of the current hydrocarbon MSDS will be kept at an appropriate location on site. • Drip trays shall be placed under mechanical stationary equipment such as gensets if such equipment is not internally bunded. • Onsite spill response training will be carried out on a periodic basis. All deficiencies • identified through training and testing of the procedures will be documented and rectified immediately. • All equipment will be regularly serviced to reduce emissions and reduce the chance of oil leaks on site and in marine environments. Appropriate controls in place to contain hydrocarbon leaks should they occur whilst servicing. Controls may include use of drip trays when changing oil and transporting waste oils in bunded containers. • Only qualified personnel are to carry out services on plant, equipment and vessels. • Training / awareness to be included in site induction (including all staff, contractors, subbies etc.). • Appropriate volume and type of spill response materials will be available at each work site • Spill will be contained and cleaned-up immediately. Resultant wastes (soils, rags and absorbent material) appropriately stored and disposed of by an appropriately licenced waste contractor as controlled waste. • All spills reported and investigated as required. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 173 OIL AND OTHER NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES Performance Minor spills (<10L) to land contained, controlled and all contamination removed / cleaned-up within Indicator(s) 24 hours. No spills to marine waters. No contamination of soil or surface / ground waters. No spills that require an emergency response Monitoring Incident report outlining corrective actions taken and preventative measures to be implemented Statistics reported in weekly meetings and monthly reports. Reporting All marine spills (regardless of volume) to be reported to the Ministry of Works and NIMOS. Corrective Stop work immediately, contain spill (if safe). Investigate cause of spill and assess. Implement Action(s) improvements as required. Investigate and assess adequacy of response – implement improvements as required. Implement corrective measures prior to the recommencement of site works. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 174 Table E26 Waste Management Water Management Objective(s) Reduce waste volume, maximise recycling, reuse and recovery, prevent any construction waste/litter entering the environment. Management Minimise environmental impacts through appropriate controls and site inductions of Strategy employees and sub-contractors. Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) • Provide appropriate waste bins, type, volume and service frequency to accommodate anticipated waste streams. • All loads arriving or leaving the site will be appropriately secured. • Provide information regarding waste management in site specific inductions, including waste separation and importance of securing vehicle loads. • Ensure licensed contractors are used to collect controlled wastes Performance Hazardous Indicator(s) materials all appropriately disposed. Recycling of all recyclable construction metal waste Records kept of waste leaving site. Monitoring Daily inspection of work site to occur. Review of waste bins (% full, time to next service). Waste volumes leaving site from waste contractors Reporting Environmental incident reports. Project Manager Throughout project Corrective Investigate cause of inappropriate waste disposal Project Manager Throughout Action(s) Review cause of issue and develop response, such as project variation to bin size, service schedule or waste separation awareness. Implement controls ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 175 APPENDIX F: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN This Traffic Management Plan (TMP) provides a working template that will be used by the selected contractor (the Contractor). It details the specific mitigation requirements and focus areas identified through the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, but also recognizes that the selected Contractor will have their own policies and procedures that will need to be inputted to this plan. It also recognizes that as the Contractor develops the Project designs, this may influence how construction will be undertaken and progress, and these aspects will need to be integrated into this plan. Text in red are sections of the TMP which the Contractor needs to complete. F-1. Introduction Overview This document is the Traffic Management Plan (TMP) for the World Bank Saramacca Canal Rehabilitation Project. The TMP sets out the expectations of the MOPWTC and defines how the Contractor will implement and manage environmental matters. This TMP builds on the recent IDB Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project ESIA. Objectives The purpose of the TMP is to minimize the interface wherever possible between the public (pedestrians, visitors, tourists, residents etc.) and site and project-related traffic. This document provides practical guidance on the planning and control measures that will be implemented. The objectives of this plan are: • Minimize the impact on the public road network approaching and adjacent to the project by road based construction traffic. This will be achieved by identifying clear controls on routes, vehicle types, vehicle frequency, vehicle quality and hours of site operation. • To establish main principles for vehicle and pedestrian movement within the site boundary maintaining positive segregation between personnel and plant and vehicles. The main construction contractor is responsible for the execution of the plan, and the plan as a document is ‘dynamic’, and will be revised and added to as the project evolves. F-2. Project Description This section needs to include specific details on the proposed works, duration relevant plans etc. The following provide guidance on what is needed. • Scope of Construction Works: Description of the full range of construction works / activities proposed (e.g. clearing of land, placement of piles, filter rock, geotextile fabric and armour rock; installation of piles; etc.). • Description of the Construction (Disturbance) Footprint: Full description of the existing land / marine areas that will be disturbed by the construction works and those immediately adjacent; • Timing of Works: Provide a description of both the total duration of the works and the time of year they will occur. The latter would include consideration of expected climate ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 176 during this time (e.g. anticipated rainfall / cyclone events, wind direction and speeds); • Site Plan: The project site plan would clearly show the full extent of the proposed works area of the construction project. This would typically include a map with the full construction boundary and disturbance footprint marked clearly over a current aerial photograph (i.e. including all construction activities, associated laydown areas etc.). It would also include site specific information, for example the location of any important waterways or adjacent vegetation to be protected, national heritage listed areas, or the location of sediment and erosion traps, electrical services etc. F-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts All positions across the project have traffic and pedestrian responsibilities to some extent. These vary in relation to duties described in Table F27, but everyone has a base level duty of care to prevent environmental harm. Table F27 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES LINE NAME CONTACT MANAGER DETAILS Project Manager Site Supervisor Environment Manager HSE Representati ve Training, Awareness and Competency Outline how traffic training, awareness and competency will be delivered / assessed throughout the project, to ensure the relevant aspects of this TMP are communicated to the project team and front line staff (including contractors and sub-contractors). Examples may include: • Site Induction • Daily Pre-Start Meetings • Toolbox Talks • Incident bulletins • Sub-contractors kick-off meeting • Contractor and client site kick-off meeting This awareness and training must also be extended to delivery drivers and trade contractors. Traffic Management Work Area Considerations This section presents a summary of the risks and controls that have been identified per work areas for the proposed construction project when considering traffic management and interface with pedestrians. The Contractor should determine what additional risks and ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 177 proposed management controls are required based on their final design and work method statements. A project risk assessment or job hazard analysis for specific task(s) should be performed. The following tables are based on the ESIA that has been performed. Note that these do not contain an exhaustive list of potential issues, and it would be expected that Contractor develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 178 Table F28 Secondary and Tertiary Drainage Improvement Work Area SECONDARY AND TERTIARY DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT WORK AREA Work Area and Route Maps: Maps will need to be shown that Route Maps identify the main roads and pedestrian INSERT MAPS footpaths, construction site access points and delivery locations that will be affected by construction activities and which will be used for deliveries. The following aspects need to be carefully considered (as shown in the figure below): • Roads: • Parking: Public transport parking area • Pedestrians: Pavements for the above roads and the general waterfront area. Specific The contractor should identify and prepare specific actions according to businesses, schools, shopping centers and churches and shrines–: Considerations • Delivery of materials and equipment need oversize vehicle and equipment. Safe passage of these large vehicles and equipment though common road should be considered. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 179 Specific Work Practices This section presents a summary of the risks and controls that have been identified for specific work practices when considering traffic management and interface with pedestrians. The Contractor should determine what additional risks and proposed management controls are required based on their final design and work method statements. A project risk assessment or job hazard analysis for specific task(s) should be performed. The following tables are based on the ESIA that has been performed. Note that these do not contain an exhaustive list of potential issues, and it would be expected that Contractor develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 180 Table F29 Pedestrian Safety PEDESTRIAN SAFETY Objective(s) 3. To ensure and protect pedestrians both inside and outside the construction work sites. 4. Ensure clear separation of pedestrians from work activities and traffic. Management Controls, signage and physical separation. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Measures to be applied include: Ensure pedestrian routes are clearly separated from vehicle routes by fencing and/or a kerb, or other suitable means. Ensure pedestrian routes are wide enough to safely accommodate the number of people likely to use them at peak times. Ensure pedestrian routes allow easy access to relevant local work, tourist and residential areas. Ensure pedestrian routes are kept free of obstructions. Ensure pedestrian routes are clearly and suitably signed. Ensure pedestrians can safely cross the main vehicle routes. Ensure pedestrians have a clear view of traffic movements at crossings and at gates which lead onto traffic routes. Ensure pedestrians have clearly marked, separate access for use at loading bays and site gates. Ensure pedestrian routes provide safe access to welfare facilities. Performance No accidents or incidents. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily inspection of work areas, route signage and protection. Reporting Incident report for non-conformance of pedestrian issues. Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. Action(s) • Review controls and requirements ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 181 Table F30 Vehicle Routes VEHICLE ROUTES Objective(s) 1. To ensure clear and well-signed vehicle routes into and out of the construction site. 2. Ensure non-construction traffic impacts are minimized. Management Controls, signage and physical separation. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Measures to be applied include: • Ensure routes suitably consider pedestrian issues (as above). • Ensure routes are wide enough to safely accommodate the number of vehicles likely to use them at peak times. • Ensure routes allow easy access to delivery areas. • Ensure routes free of obstructions, and are clearly and suitably signed. • Ensure routes eliminate or reduce the need for reversing. • Ensure that at the final point of exit can the driver see pedestrians on the pavement. • Ensure temporary structures are protected from vehicle impact. • Ensure provision of suitable parking areas. • Ensure routes are planned to reduce the need for excessive vehicle movement. • Ensure measures to prevent vehicles depositing mud on the roadways. Performance No accidents or incidents. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily inspection of work areas, route signage and protection. Reporting Incident report for non-conformance of traffic movements. Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. Action(s) • Review controls and requirements ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 182 Table F31 Drivers Safe Work Practices DRIVERS SAFE WORK PRACTICES Objective(s) To minimize vehicle incidents through good driver behaviors and practices. Management Management controls. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Implementation of the following safe work practices for drivers: • Only operate vehicles if you are competent and authorized to drive them • Do not drive when your abilities are impaired by ill health, poor vision, prescribed/illegal drugs or alcohol • Make sure you fully understand the operating procedures of the vehicles you control • Know the site routes and follow them. Take care at pedestrian crossovers. • Understand the system of signals used on site • Visiting drivers: seek appropriate authority to enter the site and operate vehicles • Know the safe operating limitations of your vehicles ,particularly relating to safe maximum loads and gradients • Carry out daily checks on your vehicles and report all defects immediately to supervisors • Follow site procedures and comply with all Site rules • Do not drive at excessive speeds • Wear appropriate PPE when out of the cab • Ensure that windows and mirrors are kept dean and dear • Keep the vehicle tidy and free from items which may hinder the operation of vehicle controls • Do not allow passengers to ride on vehicles unless safe seating is provided • Park vehicles on flat ground wherever possible, with the engine switched off, the handbrake and trailer brake applied and where necessary use wheel chocks • Do not reverse without reversing aid or banksman assistance • Where visibility from the driving position is restricted, use visibility aids or a signaller. Stop if you lose site of the signaller or the visibility aids become defective. • Do not remain on vehicles during loading operations, unless the drivers position is adequately protected • Ensure loads are safe to transport • Do not attempts to get off moving vehicles • Do not make adjustments with the engine running and guards removed • Do not smoke during refuelling operations • Do not use a mobile phone whilst driving on site Performance No accidents or incidents. Indicator(s) ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 183 DRIVERS SAFE WORK PRACTICES Monitoring Daily briefings of drivers and contractors. Inspection of driving practices. Reporting Incident report for non-conformance of traffic movements. Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. Action(s) • Review controls and requirements ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 184 Table F32 Signalers/Banksman Practices SIGNALERS/BANKSMAN PRACTICES Objective(s) To minimize vehicle incidents through good driver behaviors and practices. Management Management controls. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Implementation of the following practices: Use relevant safety procedures and correct signalling systems Ensure drivers understand the correct signalling systems Signal instructions clearly Ensure you are visible to the driver and the driver is visible to you; if not, stop the vehicle moving Stand in a safe location at all times Warn pedestrians and make sure they are kept away from vehicle operations Wear appropriate protective clothing, including high-visibility clothing Report work hazards to supervisors Make sure you can get to and from your work location safely Do not ride on the vehicle you are directly unless you are in a designated safe position Do not direct vehicles if your ability is affected by alcohol or drugs Do not use a mobile phone whilst directing vehicles Performance No accidents or incidents. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily briefings of drivers and contractors. Inspection of driving practices. Reporting Incident report for non-conformance of traffic movements. Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. Action(s) • Review controls and requirements ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 185 Table F33 Other Plant and Equipment OTHER PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Objective(s) To minimize plant and equipment incidents through good operator behaviors and practices. Management Management controls. Strategy Responsibility Timing (Role) Control(s) Implementation of the following practices: Allow only competent people to drive site plant/equipment Provide stop blocks at the edges of excavations, pits, spoil heaps, etc. to prevent plant/equipment falling. The blocks need to be positioned a sufficient distance away from any unsupported edges and slopes to prevent the weight of the vehicle causing collapse Do not operate the site plant/equipment controls unless seated on the driving seat Do not carry passengers unless purpose built seats are provided Do not drive on gradients in excess of those safe for the plant/equipment (see manufactures instructions) Avoid manoeuvring on sloping ground Drive at appropriate speeds for site conditions Load on a flat ground with brakes applied Get off plant/equipment when it’s being loaded Ensure loads are distributed evenly and do not let them obscure your vision Securely fix loads which may cause danger if they move Stop the vehicle, take out of gear and apply parking brake, before tipping loads Do not drive around with the skip in the vertical discharge position Use the appropriate towing pins (not bent pieces of reinforcement bars) Do not leave the engine running when you leave the vehicle Be aware of the difference in performance of the site plant/equipment when loaded and unloaded, particularly speed, braking and stability on slopes Be aware of the different handling and braking characteristics of the vehicle in the wet or icy conditions Do not alter tyre pressures outside the manufacturers specifications Do not use a mobile phone whilst operating plant/equipment Performance No accidents or incidents. Indicator(s) Monitoring Daily briefings of drivers and contractors. Inspection of driving/operating practices. Reporting Incident report for non-conformance of plant and equipment movements. Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 186 Action(s) • Review controls and requirements OTHER PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Corrective • Investigate cause of any accident/incident/near miss. Action(s) • Review controls and requirements ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 187 APPENDIX G: WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN This Worker Health and Safety and Community Health and Safety Plan (WHS/CHSP) provides a working template that will be used by the construction contractor (the Contractor). It details the typical requirements and focus areas for health and safety, however it is recognized that the selected Contractor will have their own policies and procedures that will need to be inputted to this plan. It also recognizes that as the Contractor develops the Project designs, this will influence how construction will be undertaken, and these aspects will need to be integrated into this plan. Text in red are sections of the WHS/CHSP which the Contractor needs to complete. G-1. Introduction Overview The WHS/CHSP sets out the expectations of the MOPWTC and defines how the Contractor will implement and manage environmental matters. Objectives The WHS/CHSP will ensure that the Project is delivered in full compliance with legal requirements, and ensures: • All workers (including subcontractors are fully trained and experienced to do the tasks requested of them; • Implements measures to eliminate hazards, and where elimination is not possible, puts in place controls to ensure that hazards and risks are mininmized to acceptable levels; and • Ensures protection and well-being of the surround communities and visitors. • It is intended that through the implementation of this plan: • Identified Hazards that may be encountered during the project; • Assessments made to quantify the risk; and • Control measures that require being introduced to minimize the risks. The WHS/CHSP is a dynamic document that will change and develop throughout the project. The Plan will be reviewed monthly to ensure that the content reflects the needs of the project. Additionally, the Plan will be reviewed in the light of any unforeseen occurrence. G-2. Project Description This section needs to include specific details on the proposed works, duration relevant plans etc. The following provide guidance on what is needed. • Scope of Construction Works: Description of the full range of construction works / activities proposed (e.g. clearing of land, placement of piles, filter rock, geotextile fabric and armour rock; installation of piles; etc.). ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 188 • Description of the Construction (Disturbance) Footprint: Full description of the existing land / marine areas that will be disturbed by the construction works and those immediately adjacent; • Timing of Works: Provide a description of both the total duration of the works and the time of year they will occur. The latter would include consideration of expected climate during this time (e.g. anticipated rainfall / cyclone events, wind direction and speeds); • Site Plan: The project site plan would clearly show the full extent of the proposed works area of the construction project. This would typically include a map with the full construction boundary and disturbance footprint marked clearly over a current aerial photograph (i.e. including all construction activities, associated laydown areas etc.). It would also include site specific information, for example the location of any important waterways or adjacent vegetation to be protected, national heritage listed areas, or the location of sediment and erosion traps, electrical services etc. G-3. Site Conditions and Requirements Details must be presented clearly in this plan related to existing site conditions, security and restrictions. This should cover items such as: • Personal Protective Equipment Requirements - Safety footwear, dust masks, safety goggles, hi-vis vests appropriate gloves and hard hats will be provided and worn as set out by the specific work activities by all site operatives and visitors. • Existing Services – The Contractor will take all reasonable precautions including carrying out cable detection to avoid contact with live services. This will only be undertaken by competent persons. • Tree Protection - Temporary protective fencing will be installed if trees and/or vegetation is to be protected. • Ground Conditions - A Site investigation has not been completed, but will be prior to works commencing and the results will be fed into this plan. • Potential Risks to Construction Workers – to consider items such as: • The concentrations of contaminants at the site are understood to be low and are unlikely to require measures beyond that required for health and safety purposes on a construction site. But suitable precautions should be in place. • Health and safety measures for work in excavations and confined spaces below ground put in place. • Management of water ingress into excavations, and suitable fencing and protection where excavations are open. • Cross reference the requirements of the Construction Environmental Management Plan. • Site security will be maintained during the construction phase. Fencing will be erected to form a secure construction site to prevent entry by children, members of the public, ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 189 trespassers and vandals. Warning signage to be placed at strategic points on the perimeter fencing. Information signage to be placed at the site entrance. • The Contractor will liaise with the local residents and businesses prior to any works being undertaken to make them aware of works taking place and address any concerns by these affected parties. Access to the work sites will have secure gates will prevent entry to unauthorised persons. • Working hours will be generally 0800-1700 on weekdays, 0900- 1400 on Saturdays. No works will be permitted on Sunday’s or Bank Holidays. • Priority will be given to maintaining continuous safe access. G-4. Policy and Systems Outline the Contractors policy and management systems for the Project. G-5. Project Roles, Responsibilities And Contacts All positions across the project have health and safety responsibilities. These vary in relation to duties described in Table G34, but everyone has a base level duty of care to manage health and safety and avoid accidents and incidents. Table G34 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES LINE NAME CONTACT MANAGER DETAILS* Project Manager Site Supervisor Health & Safety Manager HSE Representative G-6. Training, Awareness and Competency Outline how health and safety training, awareness and competency will be delivered / assessed throughout the project, to ensure the relevant aspects of this WHS/CHSP CHSP are communicated to the project team and front line staff (including contractors and sub- contractors). Examples may include: • Site Health & Safety Induction • Daily Pre-Start Meetings • Health & Safety Toolbox Talks • Incident bulletins • Sub-contractors kick-off meeting • Contractor and client site kick-off meeting ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 190 The Contractor must also detail its organization and arrangements for the promotion of safety, health, and welfare. Overall responsibility for the site and its management will be the Contractor. On the first arrival at site, allowance must be made for: • Site induction for individuals, which will include ‘‘Site Safety Rules’‘. • Mandatory Booking in and out of site (includes lunch and breaks). • Registering workers with appropriate training and competency certificates where necessary. • Providing inspection and other certificates for equipment and machinery to be used safely. • Daily / weekly site briefing. • Demonstrating how contractors will monitor safety and its duration and issuing copies of these reports to the Site Project Manager. • Pre-existing health issues. G-7. Complaints A complaints procedure shall be outlined within the Contractor’s safety management system and shall be available and used whenever a member of the public wishes to raise a complaint. G-8. General Monitoring Arrangements Safety standards will be monitored by the Contractor through: • A continuous inspection process by the Site Project Manager is in force. A checklist for these inspections is included with the site safety records. These inspections will include all contractors working on the site and a report of all actions required will be given to the contractor’s foremen with instructions to rectify • non-conformance in a timely manner. • Once per week the Site Project Manager or appointed representative will inspect fire equipment, first aid equipment (and replenish if necessary), registers and site documentation. • Monthly by the Contract Manager or appointed representative, who will carry out an inspection of the site and produce a written safety inspection report for distribution. • The scheduled progress meeting chaired by the senior Contractor representative will as part of agenda discuss health and safety reports, and relevant discussions between the Client, the Contractor and other relevant stakeholders. G-9. Emergency Procedures The Contractor shall document emergency procedures covering the following: • On-site facilities and responsibilities e.g. First Aid kits and designated First Aiders. • Escalation procedures for incidents and accidents. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 191 • Numbers for local emergency services and details of nearby hospitals and other emergency needs. • Site evacuation procedures and an Emergency Plan for different types of emergencies e.g. fire, flooding etc. • Incident reporting requirements and accident investigation procedures. G-10. Health and Safety Risk Management This section will be completed by the Contractor to presents a summary of the key health and safety risks and controls that have been identified for the proposed construction project. The Contractor should determine what additional risks and proposed management controls are required based on their final design and work method statements. A project risk assessment or job hazard analysis for specific task(s) should be performed. The following table template should be used for each of the following health and safety risks: • Excavations • Working over and on water • Use of heavy plant and equipment • Use of and Contact with Power Tools • Working at Height • Manual Handling • Live Services • Tag out procedures • Noise, Vibration, and Dust • Hot Works • Confined Spaces • Spills • Traffic management and protection of neighboring communities/busineses. • Storage of Waste Materials • Temporary Works Note that this is not an exhaustive list, and it would be expected that Contractor develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. Contractor to develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 192 Table G35 Template H & S RISKS H&S Risk Identified Method statements and Either detail here or refer to separate document Risk assessment Management Strategy Responsibility Timing Control(s) PPE Requirements Performance Indicator(s) Monitoring Reporting Corrective Action(s) ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 193 APPENDIX H: DREDGED MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN This Dredged Materials Management Plan provides a working template that will be used by the selected construction contractor (the Contractor). It details the specific mitigation requirements and focus areas identified through the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, but also recognizes that the selected Contractor will have their own policies and procedures that will need to be inputted to this plan. It also recognizes that as the Contractor develops the Project designs, this may influence how construction will be undertaken and progress, and these aspects will need to be integrated into this plan. Text in red are sections of the DMMP which the Contractor needs to complete. H-1. Introduction Overview This document is the Dredged Materials Management Plan (DMMP) for the World Bank Saramacca Canal Rehabilitation Project. It is configured in alignment with the IDB Paramaribo Adaptation Fund Project so MoPWTC can have a harmonized ESMP approach for both projects under its administration. The DMMP sets out the expectations of the MOPWTC and defines how the Contractor will implement and manage environmental matters. The designs for the Project will be finalized after World Bank Project approval and at an early stage of Project implementation. At that time the Contractor is required to submit and have approved the detailed DMMP as described here. Objectives The DMMP will ensure that the Project is delivered in full compliance with legal requirements, and also address the requirements of the World bank policies. Specifically, it will ensure the Project aligns with: • Emerging environmental legislation (if in place at the time of construction) being developed by the National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (NIMOS); and • Guidance Note NIMOS Environmental Assessment Process (2017), effective January 2018. H-2. Project Description This section needs to include specific details on the proposed works, duration relevant plans etc. The following provide guidance on what is needed. • Scope of Construction Works: Description of the full range of construction works / activities proposed (e.g. clearing of land, lining, unloading pad, siltation fences, security, use of heavy machinery; etc.). ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 194 • Description of the Construction (Disturbance) Footprint: Full description of the existing land / aquatic areas that will be disturbed by the construction works and those immediately adjacent; • Timing of Works: Provide a description of both the total duration of the works and the time of year they will occur. The latter would include consideration of expected climate during this time (e.g. anticipated rainfall / cyclone events, wind direction and speeds); • Site Plan: The project site plan would clearly show the full extent of the proposed works area of the construction project. This would typically include a map with the full construction boundary and disturbance footprint marked clearly over a current aerial photograph (i.e. including all construction activities, associated laydown areas etc.). It would also include site specific information, for example the location of any important waterways or adjacent vegetation to be protected, utility services etc. H-3. Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contacts All positions across the project have environmental responsibilities to some extent. These vary in relation to duties described in Table H36, but everyone has a base level duty of care to prevent environmental harm. Table H36 Project Roles, Responsibilities and Contact Details POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES LINE MANAGER NAME CONTACT DETAILS* Project Manager Site Supervisor Environment Manager HSE Representative H-4. Training, Awareness and Competency Outline how environmental training, awareness and competency will be delivered / assessed throughout the project, to ensure the relevant aspects of this DMMP are communicated to the project team and front line staff (including contractors and sub-contractors). Examples may include: • Site Environment Induction • Daily Pre-Start Meetings • Environmental Toolbox Talks • Incident bulletins • Sub-contractors kick-off meeting ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 195 • Contractor and client site kick-off meeting H-5. Environment Management This section presents a summary of the environmental risks and controls that have been identified for the proposed construction project. The Contractor should determine what additional risks and proposed management controls are required based on their final design and work method statements. A project risk assessment or job hazard analysis for specific task(s) should be performed. The following information is based on the ESIA and ESMP provisions as well as the World Bank Group Environmental, Health, And Safety Guidelines For Ports, Harbors, And Terminals. Note that this is not an exhaustive coverage of the ESMP provisions, and it would be expected that Contractor develop risk management strategies, controls etc. that suit the scale/nature of finalized construction project. H-6. Key Considerations The Dredging Management Plan should be tailored to the project and should define the dredging methodology; identify and assess dredged materials disposal options and sites; characterize the chemical and physical composition and behavior of the sediments to be dredged; characterize the environmental baseline where the disposal area will be located; define the area of influence with identification, assessment and modeling of sensitive ecological receptors; define mitigation measures to address adverse impacts and relevant environmental monitoring parameters and indicators. The following recommendations should be adopted to avoid, minimize, or control impacts from dredged materials, as part of a Dredging Management Plan. Dredge Planning Activities The timing of dredging activities should consider seasonal factors such as migration periods if relevant (e.g., of marine mammals, fish, birds and turtles and periods of reduced ecosystem resilience (e.g., after extreme weather events). Prior to initiation of dredging activities, materials should be sampled and characterized for their physical, chemical, biological, and engineering properties to inform the evaluation of dredged materials behavior once re-suspended, and to inform their reuse or final disposal. The number, distribution, frequency, and depth of sampling stations should be representative of the area to be dredged, the amount of material to be dredged, and the variability in horizontal and vertical distribution of potential contaminants. The planning activities should consider modeling2of conditions expected during dredging operations to evaluate short- and long-term effects of dredging, especially in case of contaminated sediments. Dredging Techniques Several dredging methods are commonly used depending on the depth of the sediments, and to address site specific environmental concerns. Excavation and dredging methods should be ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 196 selected to minimize suspension of sediments, minimize destruction of benthic habitat, increase the accuracy of the operation (to minimize impacts to areas adjacent to dredging zones), and maintain the density of the dredged material, especially if the dredge area includes contaminated materials. Consideration should be given to: the rate of removal of material, as slower dredging speeds may reduce impacts; limiting the speed of the cutter head to reduce the amount of material entering the water column; changing dredging schedules based on tide, wind, and background/natural turbidity to minimize effects due to increases in turbidity levels; avoiding “overflow” dredging by transporting the dredge/barge to the disposal zone once the hopper is at capacity. Additional techniques and equipment to minimize adverse impacts on aquatic life from dredging and the re-suspension of sediments, include (where practicable) barriers/sheet piles, silt or bubble curtains/screens, and contained sediment transport systems (e.g., pipeline placement). Inspection and monitoring (such as feedback or adaptive monitoring) of dredging activities should be conducted regularly to evaluate the impact of operations, the effectiveness of mitigation measures, and the need for technical adjustments to avoid and minimize impacts to identified sensitive aquatic receptors. The frequency of monitoring should be determined based on site specific considerations. Reuse and Disposal of Dredged Material Consideration should be given to a hierarchy of management options, including: (i) avoidance or minimization or dredging; (ii) the maximization of beneficial re-use options for uncontaminated dredged material, such as for wetland creation or enhancements, habitat restoration, land reclamation, or creation of public access and recreational facilities, among other beneficial uses; and (iii) when beneficial re-use options have been maximized to the extent practicable and especially in case of contaminated dredged materials, use of a comparative risk assessment to determine which final disposal option is optimal, including confined land-based disposal (e.g., in a confined disposal facility or landfill), and/or confined aquatic disposal (e.g., confinement in the aquatic environment beneath a cap of clean sediment), and/or use of open sea disposal. The comparative risk assessment should weigh each option in the context of relevant criteria, which typically include: human health risks (e.g., resulting from consumption of contaminated fish); environmental impacts and ecological risks (e.g., sediment toxicity and concentration-time exposure considerations affecting benthic production and biodiversity); safety hazards (e.g., the potential for navigation accidents because navigable depths are not maintained in channels or at disposal sites); economic/financial feasibility; and exclusion of future uses (e.g., adverse impacts on nearby fisheries or recreational areas). Treatment of contaminated dredged materials (e.g., using physical, chemical, and biological methods) should be evaluated as part of each management option to reduce/control impacts to human health and the environment based on the characterization of dredged materials and ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 197 the comparative risk assessment. Treatment of dewatering liquids may be required to remove contaminants prior to discharge. Site-specific discharge quality standards should be considered depending on the type and toxicity of the effluents and the discharge location. Selection of suitable land-based sites for the beneficial use of uncontaminated dredged materials, or the final disposal of contaminated dredged materials, should consider the waste management guidance for non-hazardous and hazardous waste addressed in the Waste Management Plan. Where confined disposal facilities, either near-shore or on land, are used for disposal of contaminated dredged material, the confined disposal facilities should include liners or other hydraulic containment design options to prevent leaching of contaminants into adjacent surface or groundwater bodies. Capping of sediment containments with clean materials should be considered. Level bottom capping or a combination of borrow pits and dikes with capping reduces the underwater spread of contaminated material. ESIA/ESMP Saramacca Canal System Rehabilitation Project Page 198