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THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION of SURINAM 1920-1970 to Norine VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE

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THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION of SURINAM 1920-1970 to Norine VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM 1920-1970 To Norine VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 65 THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM 1920 - 1970 A socio-demographic analysis H. E. LAMUR THE HAGUE - MAR TINUS NIJHOFF 1973 I.S.B.N. 90.247.1556.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish first and foremost to record my thanks to Professor W. Steigenga for his constant guidance and encouragement. I am also grateful to him for the freedom he allowed me, both as regards the framework of the investigation and the analysis of the data collected. His critical approach contributed in no small degree to the study being brought to a successful conclusion, and my only hope is that I have succeeded in making fuIl use of his commen tso I also wish to express my gratitude to Professor A. J. F. Köbben for his criticism and valuable suggestions. The data for the study were collected and partially processed by H. A. C. Boldewijn, W. J. Doest, D. P. Kaulesar Sukul, R. 1. Korsten, M. R. Kortram, A. R. Lamur and H. C. Limburg. Their enthusiasm, which never faltered even through the trying periods when the data were being gathered, afforded me great support. I owe them my warm est thanks. I am also grateful to Mr. J. Pinas for his assistance. For permis sion to collect the data for this study 1 wish to thank the District Commissioners, the Heads of the Offices for Population Administration and the Head of the Central Office for Population Administration. When subjecting some of the data to statistical analysis I enlisted the aid of Dr. M. A. J. van Montfort, for whose contribution I am extremely grateful. Miss A. Hakkenberg made many valuable sugges­ tions bearing on the interpretation of the statistical results, and I am indebted to her for her patience in eXplaining the mathematical prin­ ciples behind various statistical problems. For their readiness to discuss ideas with me and the stimulating conversations which ensued I am very grateful to H. A. de Gans, A. C. Kuijsten, S. E. Pronk and the other members of the academic staff of the Institute for Planology and Demography of thc University of Amsterdam. M y thanks, too, to the secretarial and library staff of the Institute and to Mr. van Groos for their assistance so readily given on numerous occaSIOns. I am also indebted to Professor C. F. A. Bruyning, K. de Jonge, VI DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM Professor H. Linnemann and Professor L. J. Zimmerman for their helpful and thought-provoking suggestions. I wish to record my gratitude to the Stichting Planbureau Suriname for granting me Ie ave to analyze the investigation data in the Nether­ lands. My sincere thanks are due to Professor D. H. van der Eist for thc speed and skill with which he translated the manuscript into English. The survey in Surinam and the analysis of the data in the Nether­ lands was made possible by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). While staying in the Netherlands the Foundation alsa awarded me a travel grant en­ abling me to carry out a supplementary survey in Surinam in June 1972. I am extremely grateful to all those connected with WOTRO who have contributed so much to the success of the study. My particular thanks in this respect go to Dr. E. Meerum Terwogt and Dr. J. Ruinaard. The translation and its publication were financed by the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology (KITLV) and the Foundation for Cultural Cooperation with Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (STICUSA), to whom I am very grateful. In conclusion, I wish to record my debt to my wife. Her patience and understanding played their own role in thc success of this investigation. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v J. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research goals and definitions of concepts 1 1.2 Research methods. 4 1.3 Techniques of data collection 5 1.4 The nature of the material . 5 1.4.1 Nature of the fertility data 5 1.4.2 Nature of the mortality data. 8 1.4.3 Nature of the migration data 9 1.4.4 Reliability of the material 13 1.5 A survey of the society 24 1.5.1 The country 24 1.5.2 Origins of the ethnic groups 24 1.5.3 Demographic survey . 26 1.5.4 Per capita income 26 1.6 Outline of the research 26 IJ. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILITY . 35 2.1 The development of fertility between 1922 and 1970 . 35 2.1.1 Public health . 40 2.1.2 N utritional status . 43 2.1.3 Mother's age at birth of first child 45 2.1.4 Age distribution 48 2.2 Ethnically differentiated fertility 61 2.2.1 Family structure . 65 2.2.2 Socio-religious factors 76 2.2.3 The sex ratio . 80 2.3 Factors related to fertility differentials 83 2.3.1 Hypothesis . 83 2.3.2 Description of basic concepts . 84 2.3.3 Research methods 86 2.3.4 Techniques of data collection and the nature of the data . 86 2.3.5 Results 87 2.3.5.1 The relationship among the explanatory varia bles . 87 2.3.5.2 Explanation of the fertility data from the other data. 90 lIl. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORTALITY 96 3.1 The developrnent of mortality from 1922 to 1970 . 96 3.1.1 Pneumonia . 100 VIn DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM Page 3.1.2 Congenital malformations and diseases of the newbom 104 3.1.3 Malignant tumors 105 3.1.4 Gastrointestinal disorders . 106 3.1.5 Infectious and parasitic diseases . 106 3.2 Differential mortality by ethnic group . 109 3.2.1 Medical-mindedness . 109 3.2.2 Occupation-domicile . 112 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRATION 116 4.1 The development of immigration from 1922 to 1970. 116 4.2 The distribution of the immigrants by sex, ethnic group, and age category . 119 V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMIGRATION . 124 5.1 The development of emigration from 1922 to 1970 124 5.2 The distribution of emigrants by sex, ethnic group, and age . 130 VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POPULATION . 135 6.1 The development of the population from 1922 to 1970 . 135 6.2 Differential population development by ethnic group 140 6.3 The results of the development of the population . 146 6.3.1 The effect of the population growth on per capita income 146 6.3.2 The effects of population growth on tht' working population 150 6.3.3 The effects of population growth on education 156 6.3.4 The effects of population growth on political relationship 158 SAMENVATTING (Summary in the Dutch language) 163 APPENDIX I Data collection . 167 APPENDIX II Computing the age-accuracy indices 169 APPENDIX III Sex ratio's 177 APPENDIX IV Combining the census tracts 180 APPENDIX V Class formation and ethnic divisions 188 ABBREVIATIONS 191 REFERENCES CITED . 192 INDEX 203 MAP CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION § 1.1. RESEARCH GOALS AND DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS Surinam has a heterogeneous ethnic population, developed mainly from voluntary as weIl as forced immigration. Especially since World War II, Surinam's multifaceted structure (the genesis of which is outlined in paragraph 1.5.2., below) has been the subject of sociological research. Various studies of ethnic populations have been completed and published. Such investigations, focusing as thcy do upon a single group without comparing it to others, carry both advantages and disadvantages. The danger lies in placing an unwarranted emphasis upon the ethnic factor. It may even be vicwed as the single most important variabie in social behavior, while the influence of such socio-economic factors as class, occupation, income, and urbanization is largely ignored. That these factors nevertheless play their role in Surinam is obvious, as evidenced for example in the growth of a class of Creole merchants and business­ men, a group whose interests are clearly different from those of the Creole laborers and farmers. A similar development has occurred in the Hindustani population. Among the Javanese - Surinam's third-Iargest ethnic group after the Creoles and the Hindustani - this process has not (yet) taken place. Class differences remain indistinet, and in some cases at least, because of the political and economic needs of certain groups, they have been kept at that stage. Since the realization of some form of social intcgration is seen as a national goal in Surinam, it is meaningful to focus the attention of social science upon whatever con­ ditions may further the sense of inter-ethnic solidarity among people with common interests. Litde is known, for instance, about the more­ or-Icss equivalent socio-economic positions and working conditions of laborers from different ethnic backgrounds, nor do we know whether their similar circumstances lead to feelings of unity. It is against this background that the relevance of the present work must be measured. Demographic-sociological research was conducted in Surinam from May 1969 to April 1971. lts purpose was to investigate which factors are significant in the demographic development of 2 DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM Surinam. The analysis compares the three largest ethnic populations. The reason for this attention to ethnicity is twofold: there is considerable information about Surinam's ethnic groups, and the subject itself is intrinsically interesting. But as the concluding chapter stresses, this is definitely not meant to imply th at ethnicity is the key component to Surinam's demography. The impact of socio-economic variables is traced in spite of the relative scarcity of information on such subjects.
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