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Caribbean Land and Development Revisited 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page i STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS edited by James Dunkerley Institute for the Study of the Americas University of London School of Advanced Study Titles in this series are multi-disciplinary studies of aspects of the societies of the hemisphere, particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology and the envi- ronment. The series covers a comparative perspective across the Americas, including Canada and the Caribbean as well as the USA and Latin America. Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan: Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times By Hal Klepak The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell Latin America: A New Interpretation By Laurence Whitehead Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina By Arnd Schneider America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives Edited by Jens R. Hentschke When Was Latin America Modern? Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart Debating Cuban Exceptionalism Edited by Bert Hoffmann and Laurence Whitehead Caribbean Land and Development Revisited Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life By Iván Jaksic Bolivia: Revolution and the Power of History in the Present By James Dunkerley Brazil, Portugal, and the Black Atlantic Edited by Nancy Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca, and David Treece The Role of Mexico’s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture By John King Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile 1831–1973 By Julio Faundez The Republican Party and Immigration Politics in the 1990s: Take Back Your Tired, Your Poor By Andrew Wroe Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico By Matthew Butler 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-0708:40PMPageii The Caribbean Region with Case Study Areas Starred Source: Revised and redrawn from J. Besson and J. Momsen (eds.), Land and Development in the Caribbean (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Caribbean, 1987), Map 1, p.xii. 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page iii Caribbean Land and Development Revisited Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page iv CARIBBEAN LAND AND DEVELOPMENT REVISITED © Jean Besson and Janet Momsen, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–7392–4 ISBN-10: 1–4039–7392–X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caribbean land and development revisited / edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen. p. cm. (“Studies of the America” series) ISBN: 1–4039–7392–X (alk. paper) 1. Land use––Caribbean Area. 2. Real estate development––Caribbean Area. 3. Agriculture––Caribbean Area. I. Besson, Jean, 1944– II. Momsen, Janet Henshall. HD403.2.C374 2007 333.7309729––dc22 2006033724 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2007 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page v To John (JB) Rick and Magnus (JM) This page intentionally left blank 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page vii Contents List of Figures ix List of Maps xi List of Tables xiii Preface xv Introduction 1 Jean Besson and Janet Momsen Part I Historical Perspectives on Land and Crop Production 1 The Importance of the 1897 British Royal Commission 17 Bonham C. Richardson 2 The Colonial Office and Soil Conservation in the British Caribbean, 1938–1950 29 Lawrence S. Grossman 3 Domestic Food Production in Guadeloupe in World War II 41 Glenroy Taitt 4 Cuba’s Farmers’ Markets in the “Special Period,” 1990–1995 53 Rebecca Torres, Janet Momsen, and Debbie A. Niemeier Part II Policy, Planning, and Management 5 Land, Development, and Indigenous Rights in Suriname: The Role of International Human Rights Law 69 Ellen-Rose Kambel 6 The Management of State Lands in Trinidad and Tobago 81 J. David Stanfield and A. A. Wijetunga 7 The Participation Paradox: Stories from St. Lucia 95 Jonathan Pugh 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS 8 Land Disputes and Development Activity in the Dominican Republic 107 Donald Macleod 9 Land Policy in Jamaica in the Decade after Agenda 21 119 Learie A. Miller and David Barker Part III Land for the Peasantry? 10 “Squatting” as a Strategy for Land Settlement and Sustainable Development 135 Jean Besson 11 The Triumph of the Commons: Barbuda Belongs to All Barbudans Together 147 David Lowenthal and Colin Clarke 12 The Contested Existence of a Peasantry in Martinique: Scientific Discourses, Controversies, and Evidence 159 Christine Chivallon 13 The Waxing and Waning of Land for the Peasantry in Barbados 175 Janet Momsen 14 Agrobiodiversity as an Environmental Management Tool in Small-Scale Farming Landscapes: Implications for Agrochemical Use 189 Balfour Spence and Elizabeth Thomas-Hope Part IV Landscape, Migration, and Development 15 Arboreal Landscapes of Power and Resistance 207 Mimi Sheller 16 From the Pre-Colonial to the Virtual: The Scope and Scape of Land, Landuse, and Landloss on Montserrat 219 Jonathan Skinner 17 “Leave to Come Back”: The Importance of Family Land in a Transnational Caribbean Community 233 Beth Mills 18 Collateral and Achievement: Land and Caribbean Migration 243 Margaret Byron Notes on Contributors 255 Index 261 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page ix List of Figures 4.1 Exterior View of One of the 10 City of Havana Markets Represented in the Survey Sample 54 12.1 Genealogy and Kinship Structures of the Caplet District from around 1840 to 1988 165 12.2 Caplet: Genealogy of the Union Family (Patronymic Branch) 166 14.1 Conceptual Relationship between Agrobiodiversity and Agrochemical Use 199 16.1 Taskscape: A Ruined Stone Mill Again, Formerly the Island National Museum, 2005 224 16.2 Taskscape: Colonial Plantation Machinery in a Copse, Roche’s Estate, Eastern Montserrat, 1995 225 16.3 Mount Chance from Plymouth before the Volcanic Eruption, 1995 227 16.4 Mount Chance from Plymouth after the Volcanic Eruption, 2005 227 This page intentionally left blank 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page xi List of Maps The Caribbean Region with Case Study Areas Starred Frontispiece 7.1 The Soufrière Marine Management Area in 2003 97 9.1 Jamaica: Protected Areas 127 12.1 Landholdings in the Caplet District around 1840 163 12.2 Landholdings in the Caplet District around 1860–1875 164 13.1 The Distribution Pattern of Small Farms in Barbados, 1951 and 1964 177 13.2 The Distribution Pattern of Land in Small Peasant Farms in Barbados in 1951, 1964, and 1989 178 14.1 Location of the PLEC Rio Grande Demonstration Site 192 16.1 Montserrat—Post-Eruption Access Zones 223 This page intentionally left blank 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page xiii List of Tables 3.1 Guadeloupe: Some Major Food Imports, 1939–1945 43 3.2 Guadeloupe: Banana Cultivation, Production, and Exports, 1939–1945 43 3.3 Guadeloupe: Sugar Cultivation, Production, and Exports, 1939–1945 44 3.4 Guadeloupe: Sugar, Banana, and Domestic Food Crop Cultivation, 1939–1945 49 4.1 Percentage of Market Products by Production Sector (Observed and Reported Frequency of Offering) 58 6.1 Hectares Managed by State Agencies 88 6.2 Comparative Statistics of State Land Management 89 6.3 Time to Establish Leases 90 9.1 Selected Treaties and Protocols to which Jamaica is Signatory 123 9.2 Selected Policy Development after Agenda 21 123 9.3 Categories of Protected Areas in Jamaica 126 9.4 Jamaica’s Protected Areas 126 12.1 Evolution of the Urion District (Morne-Vert) Land Structures from its Creation to 1988 162 12.2 Landholdings in Martinique in 1935 168 13.1 The Waxing and Waning of Numbers and Acreage of Peasant Farms in Barbados, 1840–1989 179 14.1 PLEC: Elements of Agrodiversity 192 14.2 Species Richness by Land-Use Stages 194 14.3 Matrix of Crop Combinations on Small Farms in the Rio Grande Valley 197 14.4 Land-Use Stages and Associated Cropping Systems in Rio Grande 198 14.5 Pesticide Use at the Study Site 200 14.6 Utilization of Chemical Fertilizers at the PLEC Demonstration Site 200 14.7 Percentage Distribution of Total Pesticide Usage (Kilograms) per Season 201 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page xiv xiv LIST OF TABLES 14.8 Percentage Distribution of Total Fertilizer Usage (Kilograms) per Season 201 14.9 Cost of Agrochemicals by Land-Use Stage at the Study Site 202 9781403973924ts01.qxd 2-5-07 08:40 PM Page xv Preface In the 20 years since our first collaboration Jean Besson has moved from Aberdeen to London and Janet Momsen from Newcastle upon Tyne to California. However, new electronic communication has bridged the spatial distance. Face to face work was made possible by Jean’s leave from Goldsmiths College and Janet’s sabbatical leave in the United Kingdom in spring 2006. This meant that we could spend long hours working in Jean’s conservatory jointly editing and making decisions about the shape of the book.
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