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Homeland, Identity and Media: a Study of Indonesian

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Homeland, Identity and Media: a Study of Indonesian HOMELAND, IDENTITY AND MEDIA: A STUDY OF INDONESIAN TRANSNATIONAL MUSLIMS IN NEW YORK CITY A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Putut Widjanarko June 2007 This dissertation entitled HOMELAND, IDENTITY AND MEDIA: A STUDY OF INDONESIAN TRANSNATIONAL MUSLIMS IN NEW YORK CITY by PUTUT WIDJANARKO has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the Scripps College of Communication by Drew McDaniel Professor of Telecommunications Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, Scripps College of Communication WIDJANARKO, PUTUT, Ph.D., June 2007, Telecommunications HOMELAND, IDENTITY AND MEDIA: A STUDY OF INDONESIAN TRANSNATIONAL MUSLIMS IN NEW YORK CITY (415 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Drew McDaniel This dissertation describes an attempt to understand the complex process of how Indonesian Muslims in New York City negotiate their cultural identities. This dissertation gravitates around the concept of transnationalism, which perceives that contemporary immigrants form and maintain multi-stranded social and cultural transnational links to the societies of the country of origin, chiefly thanks to advancement of media, communication and transportation technologies. Applying the non-obvious multi-sited ethnography approach (Marcus, 1999), I explore the dynamic process of how the deterritorialized Indonesians strive to reterritorialize their culture in the new cultural context, such as manifested in the establishment of the Indonesian mosque with its various Islamic activities and the reenactment of Indonesian cultural practices. Subsequently I explain how various forms of media are produced, circulated, and consumed in the Indonesian Muslim community. The study concludes with several important points. First, media (ranging from the printed to electronic media to the Internet) have not played a central role, largely due to the small number of Indonesian Muslim community members. The negotiation of identity and transnational ties preservation take place in various forms of “smaller media,” such as personal videos and cassettes, photographs, the public gatherings of ethnic and religious associations. Second, instead of using Habermas’ (1989) unitary and singular public sphere, it is more useful to describe the sphere created by media and other venues as, following Gittlin (1989), multiple and fragmented public sphericules, in which the transnationals find their voice, maintain connection with the homelands, and express the struggle against marginalization. Third, the strength of the centripetal force of Indonesian and ethnic identities lead to my questioning of the heuristic ability of the widely used notion of hybridity. Lastly, I conclude that despite the centrality of ummah (the community of believers transcending nation-states and ethnicities) concept, currently it does not translate to a unified and solid sense of community among Muslims. Therefore I suggest that the possibility of the formation American Muslim identity depends on subsequent generations of Muslims. Approved: Drew McDaniel Professor of Telecommunications To Elin, Faikar, Hanum and Ranti Acknowledgments Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds. Without His blessing, I would not have been able to finish this dissertation. I would like to convey my deepest thanks and sincere appreciation to my academic advisor, Dr. Drew McDaniel, for his guidance, cooperation, expertise, and understanding throughout my study at Ohio University. His encouragement throughout the writing of this dissertation has forced me to keep moving forward. I would also like to express my gratitude to the members of my committee: Dr. Karen Riggs, Dr. Bob Stewart, and Dr. William Frederick. I would like also to thanks to Dr. “Ibu” Elizabeth Collins, Dr. Don Flournoy, Dr. Gene Amarell and Dr. Joe Slade who in one way or another have shaped my intellectual interests. I also owe my thanks to all my Indonesian friends in Athens—you are all like my family to me. In New York, I would like to thank Malik Gismar for introducing me to the Indonesian community there and the enlightening discussions. Special thanks to all of my informants who have shared their experiences with me. My heartfelt gratitude to my patrons at Mizan Publishing, Pak Abdillah Toha, Pak Anis Hadi, and Mas Haidar Bagir, who have given me the opportunity to study in the United States. Especially to Mas Haidar Bagir, my sincere appreciation for taking over my jobs while I am “in-exile.” I also would like to thank my colleagues at Mizan Publishing for their support. I am greatly indebted to my parents for their love and who kept my family and me in their prayers. May Allah reward them with the best of rewards and grant them mercy. Also, I would like to thank my parent-in-law whose support has been another source of strength for me and my family. Special thanks to each one of my brothers and sisters, as well as my in-laws. There is no doubt that my work would not have been possible without the unconditional love, patience, support, sacrifice and deep understanding of my wife, Elin Driana, and my children, Muhammad Faikar Widjanarko, Thahira Hanum Sekarmewangi, and Tasnima Ranti Weningtyas. They have given me continuous comfort, joy, and happiness. To them I dedicate this dissertation. 8 Table of Contents Page Abstract .………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………… 6 List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………... 14 List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Chapter I Introduction: Mapping the Terrain …………………………………………... 16 The Personal Odyssey ………………………………………………………… 17 Overview ………………………………………………………………………. 25 Indonesians in the United States: Demographic Status ……………………….. 29 Indonesians in New York City: From General Patton’s Cook to Tonny Bennet’s Favorite Limousine Driver …………………………… 36 New York: The Quintessential Immigrants City ………………………………. 42 Outline of the Dissertation ……………………………………………………... 45 Chapter II Transnationalism, Media and Religion: A Theoretical Framework ………... 50 The Logic of Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization and the Issue of Identity in Transnationalism .………………………… 50 Transnationalism ≠ Diaspora? …………………………………………. 58 Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization: The Double Movement in Transnational Lives ……………………………………………. 62 The Durability of Transnational Lives and the Issue of Assimilation … 66 Transnationalism, Media and Information and Communication 9 Technologies (ICTs) …………………………………………………… 70 Taxonomy of Media in Transnational Context ……………………….. 73 Media and Transnational Public Sphericules ………………………….. 75 Imagined Communities and Banal Reminders? ……………………….. 80 Transnationalism and Islam: An Oxymoronic Amalgamation? ……………….. 85 Muslims in the United States ………………………………………….. 88 Deterritorialized Islam and the Emergence of New Muslim Identities .. 95 Another Side of Deterritorialized Islam ………………………………. 99 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 102 Chapter III Indonesian Proto-Transnationalism: The History and the Contexts ……... 107 The Historical Perspectives of Indonesian Transnationalism ………………… 108 Some Indonesian Transnationals, Today …………………………………….. 122 South Africa: Reinventing the Nexus ………………………………… 123 Suriname: To What Direction Is the Prayer, West or East? ………….. 125 The Netherlands: The Waning Diaspora and the Twice Migrants …… 130 Sri Lanka: Malay-izing the Ja-minissu? ……………………………… 134 Madagascar: The Cousins from Beyond the Sea …………………….. 136 Run and Manhattan: The Tale of Two Islands ……………………………….. 137 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 141 Chapter IV Notes on the Methodology ………………………………………………..144 Establishing Ethnographic Authority ………………………………………….147 10 Media Ethnography: Cannot Be Everywhere but Must Write from Somewhere ……………………………………………… 147 Issues on Native Ethnography ………………………………………... 152 On Fields: Exoticizing New York City? ……………………………… 161 Multi-sited Ethnography for Transnationalism Studies ………………. 165 Narrative Ethnography and Self Reflexivity …………………………. 170 Avoiding the Curse of Blietzkrieg Ethnography……………………... 173 Experiencing the Field ………………………………………………………. 178 Chapter V A Mosque of Their Own: Transnational Indonesian Muslims and Their Cultural-Spiritual Mooring …………………………………………………… 187 Masjid Al-Hikmah: Calling the Mankind unto the Sustainer’s Path with Wisdom ………………………………………………………….. 189 Activities at Masjid Al-Hikmah: Looking for Signs of the Deterritorialized Islam ……………………………………………….. 200 Ritual Activities ……………………………………………………… 201 Pengajian Activities ………………………………………………….. 203 Education Activities ………………………………………………….. 204 Other Social Services …………………………………………………. 205 Interfaith Activities …………………………………………………… 207 Syamsi Ali and His Journey from Pakistan to Manhattan …………………… 209 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 214 Chapter VI The Dialectic of Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization of 11 Transnational Lives …………………………………………………………... 220 Performing Identities and the Cultural Practices …………………………….. 221 Ethnic Associations as Transnational Lives Support System ………… 223 The Devil of Comparisons ……………………………………………. 225 Rites of Passage in Transnational Lives ……………………………… 230 Childbirth …………………………………………………….. 231 Wedding ………………………………………………………. 232 Death ………………………………………………………….. 236 Return Migration, or Return to the Ultimate Home …………………. 238 Gendered Transnational Experiences: Indonesian Women in New York City …………………………………………………….. 243 Their Own
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