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HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-I Dr. Hemanta Kumar Mohapatra M.A., Ph.D Retd. Associate Professor of History Odisha Education Service ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED © Author No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First Edition : 2018 Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., “Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004. Phone: 022-23860170, 23863863; Fax: 022-23877178 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.himpub.com Branch Offices : New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002. Phone: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286 Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018. Phone: 0712-2738731, 3296733; Telefax: 0712-2721216 Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road, Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre, Bengaluru - 560 020. Phone: 080-41138821; Mobile: 09379847017, 09379847005 Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027. Phone: 040-27560041, 27550139 Chennai : New No. 48/2, Old No. 28/2, Ground Floor, Sarangapani Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 012. Mobile: 09380460419 Pune : “Laksha” Apartment, First Floor, No. 527, Mehunpura, Shaniwarpeth (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030. Phone: 020-24496323, 24496333; Mobile: 09370579333 Lucknow : House No. 731, Shekhupura Colony, Near B.D. Convent School, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 022. Phone: 0522-4012353; Mobile: 09307501549 Ahmedabad : 114, “SHAIL”, 1st Floor, Opp. Madhu Sudan House, C.G. Road, Navrang Pura, Ahmedabad - 380 009. Phone: 079-26560126; Mobile: 09377088847 Ernakulam : 39/176 (New No. 60/251) 1st Floor, Karikkamuri Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011. Phone: 0484-2378012, 2378016; Mobile: 09387122121 Bhubaneswar : Plot No. 214/1342, Budheswari Colony, Behind Durga Mandap, Bhubaneswar - 751 006. Phone: 0674-2575129; Mobile: 09338746007 Kolkata : 108/4, Beliaghata Main Road, Near ID Hospital, Opp. SBI Bank, Kolkata - 700 010. Phone: 033-32449649; Mobile: 07439040301 DTP by : Shailaja S. Kadam Printed at : M/s. Aditya Offset Process (I) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. On behalf of HPH. PREFACE European powers predominated world politics till the World War-I through their military strength, colonial wealth and favourable trade and commerce. But after this devastating armogeddon, the power and predominance of the European powers waned and gradually there was the growth of two new power centres namely the USSR and the USA. In the Western capitalistic world the USA emerged as a leading power and for the past one hundred years (1918-2018), it remained so with its military arsenal and material prosperity through industrial advancement. During the World War-II, the USA played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers predominated by fascist and imperialist forces. It brought to an end the Japanese hegemony in the Far East and silenced the world by dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After World War-II, a new world order emerged. This new world order was characterized by the declining of imperialism and liberation of Asiatic and African countries, the establishment of communistic government in China and the growth of a bipolar world with the USA and USSR as two super powers. The aftermath of the second world war was predominated by cold war scenario and race of armaments. The world was divided into two power blocs under NATO and Warshaw Pact. The third world countries mostly followed a policy of non-aligned by not aligning with any power bloc. With the Perestroika and Glasnost of Gorbachev, the USSR disintegrated in 1992 and the world became unipolar. The predominance of the USA as a world power continued and it is said that an era of neo-imperialism got initiated with the USA at the apex. The superpower tag to the USA is even relevant today and the world is looking towards it for guidance and leadership. So, naturally, the study of history of such a great nation, which achieved tremendous prosperity in last two hundred and thirty five years (1783-2018) is interesting and most cherished. This part of the book entitled “History of the United States of America (1776-1945)” is planned and prepared to bring to the limelight the background of such a great nation which is practising democratic republicanism with sound material advancement. The people of the thirteen colonies of America started a remarkable war of liberation in 1776 and achieved independence in 1783 AD. From then onwards till now, the United States of America has an eventful history of two hundred and thirty five years. During this period, the Americans had to pass through many hurdles to establish democracy, federalism, republicanism and unity. They took scores of years to fight many odds which challenged the basis of humanism and were able to ascertain human dignity. For the emancipation of the black American Africans, a civil war was fought and in the mid of the nineteenth century that was the worst challenge to the unity of the Americans. The secessionists were ultimately defeated and the unionists led by President Abraham Lincoln became victorious. By a process of Reconstruction, the damage of the civil war was healed and the USA has progressed towards political stability and great economic prosperity. In the colonial era as well as during the first half of the 19th century, American society and economy was very much influenced by the plantation economy and the black slaves working in it. Towards the last decade of the 18th century, industrialisation started in America and industrial revolution occurred in the USA mainly in two different phases. In both the phases, private capital, indigenous entrepreneurship and immigrant labour played prominent role to shape American economy. The other issues which influenced the socio-political life were the issues of franchise rights to the blacks and the women as well as the question of trade unionism. The present text book is prepared taking into account of the CBCS courses specified for the history honours students as Discipline Specific Elective (DSE). In DSE, the history of the USA (1776-1945) has two papers, and in this book, we have dealt with the chapters specified for DSE- Paper-I. For the convenience of the students, boxes are inserted to clarify certain fundamental terminologies as well as issues. In the introductory chapter vivid description has been made on the physical features and demography of colonial America. Discussions are also made on the settlement pattern and colonisation process in America. Social structure and political features of the then America are also discussed. Subsequent chapters deal with topics like American war of independence and making of American constitution. Development of Federalism, Jeffersonianism and Jacksonianism, growth of political parties, American judiciary and Supreme Court are also included in the body of this book. The problems of the blacks and women are also discussed. Under the caption of capitalism, we have discussed various stages of industrialisation, immigration problem, labour issues and labour movement in the USA. Before discussing the civil war, due narrative has been given on plantation economy, slave society, slave resistance and the growth of republicanism. Chapters are also added to highlight the issues of civil war, emancipation of slaves and the personality of Abraham Lincoln. In preparing this book, I have taken the help of classical as well as the contemporary books on the topics. I have also gone through different websites dealing with the subjects. I am aware of the fact that our students are stranger to the history of the United States of America. Efforts are made to provide them with the fundamentals and educate them with the basic features of American history. This part of the History of the United States of America (1776-1945) is naturally an incomplete discussion on the composite history of the USA. The leftout topics shall be discussed in the second part of this book. I am happy that the first part of the book is being published. On this occasion, I thank to Mr. Niraj Pandey and Vijay Pandey of Himalaya Publishing House. I am also thankful to Mr. Bijay Kumar Ojha for his interest in the publication of this book. Finally I have a request to the readers. Their suggestion on the errors and improvement of this book shall be solemnly acknowledged and the author will try his best to include the constructive and relevant suggestions in the next edition of the book. I hope that this book shall be useful for the students and teachers. Dr. Hemanta Kumar Mohapatra SYLLABUS [DSE - I For History (Hons.) Students under CBCS Pattern] Unit I The Background (1) The Land and Indigenous People: Settlement and Colonisation by Europeans. (2) Early Colonial Society and Politics: Indentured Labour － White and Black. Unit 2 Making of The Republic (1) Revolution, Sources of Conflict: Revolutionary Groups, Ideology. (2) The American War of Independence – Causes and Consequences. (3) Process and Features of Constitution Making. Unit 3 Evolution of American Democracy (1) Federalists: Jeffersonianism: Jacksonianism, Rise of Political Parties － 1840-1960: Judiciary － Role of the Supreme Court. (2) Limits of Democracy Blacks and Women. Unit 4 Early Capitalism (1) Beginnings of Industrialisation. (2) Immigrants and Changing Composition
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