DOCSLIB.ORG

The WORKS of VOLTAIRE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The WORKS of VOLTAIRE The WORKS of VOLTAIRE ~‘Betwecntwo servants of Humanity, who apjeared eighteen hundred years apart, tlrere is a mysterious reZation. * * * * Let us say it waZh a sentiment of profound resject: JESUS WEPT: VOLTAIRE SMILED. Of that divine tear ana’ of that human smile is composed the sweetness of the present civzhkatzbn.‘ VICTOR HUGO. h I @E HVNDREO&MXM-EIGHT DESICNS, COMPRISING REPROWCTIONS OF RARE OLD ENGRAVINGS, SEELPLRTES, PH@ TOGRAVURE5 & CURIOUS FAC-SlMlLE& COPYRIGHT,1901, BY E. R. DUMONT ifWNeD BY THEST. HUBERTGUILD NB-wY3RK VOLTAIRE SHORT STUDIES IN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN SUBJECTS VOL. XIX - PARTI1 Voltaire recorded his views upon the English people and government in a series of ‘‘ Philosophic Letters,” which were published in France and in England in 1733. Accord- ing to Parton, Lafayette declared that it was his reading of these letters that made him a republican at nine years of age, and to them Rousseau “attributed in great measure the awakening of his late-maturing intelligence.” The author had to tone the letters down to get them passed by the censor. His praise of English liberty of thought and speech even then proved too irritating to the authorities. The book was denounced as heretical, in May, 1734. Every known copy was confiscated. The publisher was sent to the Bas- tille; a lettre de cachet was issued against the author; his house was searched, and the Parliament of Paris had the book publicly burned by the executioner. A few later pieces have been included here. CONTENTS PAGE THEENGLISH PARLIAMENT . 5 THEENGLISH CONSTITUTION 9 ENGLISHCOMMERCE . 16 INOCULATION. 19 CHANCELLORBACON . 27 LOCKE . .... 33 SUICIDE. .. *. 39 ENGLISHTRAGEDY . 44 ENGLISHCOMEDY . .. 52 LEARNEDCOURTIERS . 75 ROCHESTERAND WALLER . 17 PRIOR, BUTLER,AND SWIFT . 82 POPE . .. 93 THELEARNED SOCIETIES . 96 CROMWELL . 103 THE MISFORTUNESOF CHARLES I. 111 ENGLANDUNDER CHARLES11. 114 THEENGLISH THEATRE . 122 HAMLET . 124 THEORPHAN .... 140 REVOLUTIONSIN THE TRAGICART 151 iv Contents. ON TRAGEDY . ... 174 THERELIGION OF THE QUAKERS. 192 THECHURCH OF ENGLAND. , 212 THEPRESBYTERIANS . .. 2x6 THE ANTI-TRINITARIANS. 2x9 THEPEOPLING OF AMERICA. 222 THECONQUEST OF PERU . .. 234 THENEGRO . ... 240 THEFRENCH IN AMERICA . .. 242 THEFRENCH ISLANDS . .. 251 THEENGLISH AND DUTCHPOSSESSIONS . 260 PARAGUAY . ... 269 THECHANGES IN OUR GLOBE . 279 LIST OF PLATES PART I1 ?AOE THALIA. , . Frontispiece WILLIAMPENN , . , . 210 SHORT STUDIES ON ENGLISH TOPICS. WITH NOTES ON THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT. THE MEMBERS of the English Parliament are fond of comparing themselves, on all occasions, to the old Romans. Not long since, Mr. Shippen opened a speech in the house of commons with these words : “The maj- esty of the people of England would be wounded.” The singularity of this expression occasioned a loud laugh; but this gentleman, far from being discon- certed, repeated the statement with a resolute tone of voice, and the laugh ceased. I must own, I see no resemblance between the majesty of the people of England and that of the Romans, and still less between the two governments. There is in London a senate, some of the members whereof are accused doubtless very unjustly-af selling their votes, on certain occasions, as was done at Rome ; and herein lies the whole resemblance. In other respects, the two nations appear to be quite opposite in character, with regard both to good and to evil. The Romans never knew the terrible madness of religious wars. This abomination was reserved for devout preachers 5 6 Short Studies. of patience and humility. Marius and Sulla, Casar and Pompey, Antony and Augustus, did not draw their swords against one another to determine whether the flamen should wear his shirt over his robe, or his robe over his shirt; or whether the sacred chickens should both eat and drink, or eat only, in order to take the augury. The English have formerly destroyed one another, by sword or halter, for disputes of as trifling a nature. The Episcopalians and the Presbyterians quite turned the heads of these gloomy people for a time ; but I be- lieve they will hardly be so silly again, as they seem to have grown wiser at their own expense; and I , do not perceive the least inclination in them to mur- der one another any more for mere syllogisms. But who can answer for the follies and prejudices of mankind ? Here follows a more essential difference between Rome and England, which throws the advantage en- tirely on the side of the latter; namely, that the civil wars of Rome ended in slavery, and those of the English in liberty. The English are the only people on earth who have been able to prescribe limits to the power of kings by resisting them, and who, by a series of struggles, have at length estab- lished that wise and happy form of government where the prince is all-powerful to do good, and at the same time is restrained from committing evil; where the nobles are great without insolence or lordly power, and the people share in the govern- ment without confusion. The English Parliament. 7 The house of lords and the house of commons divide the legislative power under the king; but the Romans had no such balance. Their patricians and plebeians were continually at variance, without any intermediate power to reconcile them. The Roman senate, who were so unjustly, so criminally, formed as to exclude the plebeians from having any share in the affairs of government, could find no other artifice to effect their design than to employ them in foreign wars. They considered the people as wild beasts, whom they were to let loose upon their neighbors, for fear they should turn upon their mas- ters. Thus the greatest defect in the government of the Romans was the means of making them con- querors ; and, by being unhappy at home, they be- came masters of the world, till in the end their divi- sions sank them into slavery. The government of England, from its nature, can never attain to so exalted a pitch, nor can it ever have so fatal an end. It has not in view the splen- did folly of making conquests, but only the pre- vention of their neighbors from conquering. The English are jealous not only of their own liberty, but even of that of other nations. The only reason of their quarrels with Louis XIV. was on account of his ambition. It has not been without some difficulty that lib- erty has been established in England, and the idol of arbitrary power has been drowned in seas of blood ; nevertheless, the English do not think they have purchased their laws at too high a price. Other 8 Short Studies. nations have shed as much blood; but then the blood they spilled in defence of their liberty served only to enslave them the more. That which rises to a revolution in England is no more than a sedition in other countries. A city in Spain, in Barbary, or in Turkey takes up arms in defence of its privileges, when immediately it is stormed by mercenary troops, it is punished by ex- ecutioners, and the rest of the nation kiss their chains. The French think that the government of this island is more tempestuous than the seas which surround it; in which, indeed, they are not mis- taken: but then this happens only when the king raises the storm by attempting to seize the ship, of which he is only the pilot. The civil wars of France lasted longer, were more cruel, and productive of greater evils, than those of England: but none of these civil wars had a wise and becoming liberty for their object. In the detestable times of Charles IX. and Henry 111. the whole affair was only, whether the people should be slaves to the Guises. As to the last war , of Paris, it deserves only to be hooted at. It makes us think we see a crowd of schoolboys rising up in arms against their master, and afterward being whipped for it. Cardinal de Retz, who was witty and brave, but employed those talents badly; who was rebellious without cause, factious without de- sign, and the head of a defenceless party, caballed % for the sake of caballing, and seemed to foment the civil war for his own amusement and pastime. The parliament did not know what he aimed at, nor what The English Constitution. 9 he did not aim at. He levied troops, and the next instant cashiered them ; he threatened ; he begged pardon ; he set a price on Cardinal Mazarin's head, and afterward congratulated him in a public man- ner. Our civil wars under Charles VI. were bloody and crue1,'those of the League execrable, and that of the Frondeurs ridiculous. s That for which the French chiefly reproach the English nation is the murder of King Charles I., a prince who merited a better fate, and whom his sub- jects treated just as he would have treated them, had he been powerful and at ease. After all, con- sider, on one side, Charles I. defeated in a pitched battle, imprisoned, tried, sentenced to die in West- minster Hall, and then beheaded ; and, on.the other, the emperor Henry VII. poisoned by his chaplain in receiving the sacrament; Henry 111. of France stabbed by a monk; thirty different plots contrived to assassinate Henry IV., several of them put into execution, and the last depriving that great monarch of his life. Weigh, I say, all these wicked attempts, and then judge. - THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. THISmixture of different departments in the government of England ; this harmony between the king, lords, and commons has not always subsisted. England was for a long time in a state of slavery, having, at different periods, worn the yoke of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and, last of all, the Nor- mans.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Estudos Da Tradução Intercontinentais Estudios De La Traducción
    Marie Helene C. Torres Organização Organização Marie Helene C. Torres C. Torres Helene Marie O presente livro coloca em diálogo estudiosos de diferentes países sob a ótica dos Estudos da Estudos da tradução intercontinentais Tradução. O fi o condutor das diferentes entrevistas apresenta convergências e é um rico material para os estudiosos de tradução, pois um dos aspectos que liga os entrevistados é o fato de terem contribuído Estudios de la traducción intercontinentales para a institucionalização e o fortalecimento dos Estudos da Tradução. Études de la traduction intercontinentales Studi di traduzione intercontinentale Intercontinental Translation Studies Estudos da tradução intercontinentais intercontinentais Estudos da tradução Estudos da tradução intercontinentais Brasil — Canadá — Romênia Comitê Científico: Alvaro Echeverri (Université De Montréal, Canadá) Amparo Hurtado Albir (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Espanha) Andréia Guerini (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil) Arvi Stepp (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Bélgica) Elizabeth Monasterios (University of Pittsburgh, EUA) Ilana Heineberg (Université Bordeaux Montaigne) Isabel Mociño González (Universidade de Vigo, Espanha) José Lambert (KUL, Bélgica / Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil) Marie Helene Catherine Torres (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil) Michel Riaudel (Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV) Philippe Humblé (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Bélgica) Walter Carlos Costa (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil) Xuefei Min (Peking
    [Show full text]
  • The Spirit of Nationality in the History of Brazil
    ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE SPANISH CLUB OF YALE UNIVERSITY, ON THE I5TH M AY, 1908 The Spirit of Nationality in the H istory of Brazil By JOAQUIM NABUCO Ambassador of Brazil The Spirit of Nationality in the History of Brazil Gentlemen oe the Hispanic Club oe Yale U niversity : It seems a natural sequence to speak on Brazil, after hav­ ing spoken on the Lusiads, as Brazil and the Lusiads are the two greatest works of Portugal. You knoilfthe prin­ cipal points and facts with regard to it. You well know that it is one of the largest countries in the world, as size is an important element in race psychology. I will only mention some òf the circumstances that enabled us to keep it united in our hands until to-day. That was the result of early national public spirit and of constant good fortune. National spirit grew in Brazil as here from very early times. The settlements on the coast, small and separated by long distances, learned as from instinct since the beginning to help each other. The original spirit was, of course, the Portuguese spirit, which would never swerve from fidelity to the King; but distance and abandonment to its own re­ sources, reliance on itself alone, engendered in every settle­ ment a feeling of separate nationalism, which shows itself very early already in the Colonial times. The different Capitanias had to deal with the Metropolis across the seas and so a different individuality, with a touch of particular­ ism, appears in all of them, Maranhenses, Pernambucanos, Bahianos, Paulistas, Mineiros, although they all feel a com­ mon, although yet secondary, tie.
    [Show full text]
  • "Play Your Fan": Exploring Hand Props and Gender on the Restoration Stage Through the Country Wife, the Man of Mode, the Rover, and the Way of the World
    Columbus State University CSU ePress Theses and Dissertations Student Publications 2011 "Play Your Fan": Exploring Hand Props and Gender on the Restoration Stage Through the Country Wife, the Man of Mode, the Rover, and the Way of the World Jarred Wiehe Columbus State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Wiehe, Jarred, ""Play Your Fan": Exploring Hand Props and Gender on the Restoration Stage Through the Country Wife, the Man of Mode, the Rover, and the Way of the World" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 148. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations/148 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications at CSU ePress. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSU ePress. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/playyourfanexploOOwieh "Play your fan": Exploring Hand Props and Gender on the Restoration Stage Through The Country Wife, The Man of Mode, The Rover, and The Way of the World By Jarred Wiehe A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements of the CSU Honors Program For Honors in the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In English Literature, College of Letters and Sciences, Columbus State University x Thesis Advisor Date % /Wn l ^ Committee Member Date Rsdftn / ^'7 CSU Honors Program Director C^&rihp A Xjjs,/y s z.-< r Date <F/^y<Y'£&/ Wiehe 1 'Play your fan': Exploring Hand Props and Gender on the Restoration Stage through The Country Wife, The Man ofMode, The Rover, and The Way of the World The full irony and wit of Restoration comedies relies not only on what characters communicate to each other, but also on what they communicate to the audience, both verbally and physically.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Miscellanies
    y CKITICAL MISCELLANIES i fe-- CRITICAL MISCELLANIES BY JOHN MOELEY VOL. II. Hontion MACMILLAN AND CO. AND NEW YORK 1888 AU rights resemed SI I /.I I First printed \Z%(i i\ Reprinted iS88. ''^ < CONTENTS OF VOL. II. VAUVENARGUES. influence of Pascal ^^Nrvenargues holds the balance between him and the £\ votaries of Perfectibility 4 Birth, education, and hard life of Vauvenargues 4 Etfe in Paris, and friendship with Voltaire 10 His religious sentiment ...... 12 ' His delicacy, reserve, and psychagogic quality 15 Cei tiin inability to appreciate marked originality . 17 Criticisms on Moliere, Racine, and Corneille . 19 ppnjparison with English aphoristic \vi'iters and moralists 20 Character the key to his theory of greatness . 25 His txaltation of spontaneous feeliug, a protest against Rochefoucauld and Pascal 26 Hisjilea for a normal sense of human relation, the same 28 His doctrine of the Will connected with his doctrine of Character . 29 Ant^X^athy to ascetic restrictions .... 33 Two ways of examining character : that followed by Yauvenargues ....... 34 Bttamples of his style ...... 36 T^e beauty of his nature to be read in liis face 40 . VI CONTENTS. TUEGOT. I. PAGE Birth and family descent 41 His youth at the Sorbonne 147 Intellectual * training . 52 * His college friends : Morellet, and Lonienie de Brienne . 4 Turgot refused to become an ecclesiastic .... 56 His revolt against ' dominant sophisms of the time . 60 Letter to Buffon 61 Precocity of his intellect '65 Letter to Madame de GrafEgny 65 niustrates the influence of Locke sSi Views on marriage ........ 72 On the controversy opened by Rousseau .... ;.7a Turgot's power of grave suspense 'US U.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts
    Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Imprint Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Publisher: German Museums Association Contributing editors and authors: Working Group on behalf of the Board of the German Museums Association: Wiebke Ahrndt (Chair), Hans-Jörg Czech, Jonathan Fine, Larissa Förster, Michael Geißdorf, Matthias Glaubrecht, Katarina Horst, Melanie Kölling, Silke Reuther, Anja Schaluschke, Carola Thielecke, Hilke Thode-Arora, Anne Wesche, Jürgen Zimmerer External authors: Veit Didczuneit, Christoph Grunenberg Cover page: Two ancestor figures, Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, about 1900, © Übersee-Museum Bremen, photo: Volker Beinhorn Editing (German Edition): Sabine Lang Editing (English Edition*): TechniText Translations Translation: Translation service of the German Federal Foreign Office Design: blum design und kommunikation GmbH, Hamburg Printing: primeline print berlin GmbH, Berlin Funded by * parts edited: Foreword, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Background Information 4.4, Recommendations 5.2. Category 1 Returning museum objects © German Museums Association, Berlin, July 2018 ISBN 978-3-9819866-0-0 Content 4 Foreword – A preliminary contribution to an essential discussion 6 1. Introduction – An interdisciplinary guide to active engagement with collections from colonial contexts 9 2. Addressees and terminology 9 2.1 For whom are these guidelines intended? 9 2.2 What are historically and culturally sensitive objects? 11 2.3 What is the temporal and geographic scope of these guidelines? 11 2.4 What is meant by “colonial contexts”? 16 3. Categories of colonial contexts 16 Category 1: Objects from formal colonial rule contexts 18 Category 2: Objects from colonial contexts outside formal colonial rule 21 Category 3: Objects that reflect colonialism 23 3.1 Conclusion 23 3.2 Prioritisation when examining collections 24 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal and Moral Theological Literature and the Formation Of
    chapter 5 Jesuit Pragmatic Literature and Ecclesiastical Normativity in Portuguese America (16th– 18th Centuries) Gustavo César Machado Cabral 1 Introduction Studying the legal experience in colonial Brazil is not an easy task.1 A legal cul- ture strongly influenced by orality, a reduced sphere of institutionalised ju- risdiction, the absence of formal juridical education and the prohibition of printing books and journals are some of the most remarkable difficulties a le- gal historian faces when dealing with this period. Despite the reduced number of written sources, in which the learned legal culture somehow materialised, the few available texts constitute a possible way for analysing this juridical experience. To provide means for identifying how this erudite knowledge circulated in the colonial space is one of the purposes of this article. Ecclesiastical texts are probably the most useful sources in that respect, particularly the texts pro- duced by the priests of the Society of Jesus, the strongest religious order ac- tive in Portuguese America.2 Facing practical problems during the attempt of building a Christian society in the New World, the Jesuits had a relevant role in the shaping of the juridical framework of colonial Brazil. The writings to be analysed in this article were conceived to resolve practical problems: How can missionaries catechise the native population if they do not speak the same lan- guage? Which Christian values are essential for a neophyte to guide oneself in 1 Probably the best text about the elements of colonial law in Brazil is Hespanha, “Porque é que existe e em que é que consiste um direito colonial brasileiro”.
    [Show full text]
  • Moliere's Influence on Congreve
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1933 Moliere's Influence on Congreve Mildred Atkins Stern University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Stern, Mildred Atkins, "Moliere's Influence on Congreve. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1933. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3096 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Mildred Atkins Stern entitled "Moliere's Influence on Congreve." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. John C. Hodges, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: ARRAY(0x7f6ffe6ad080) Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) July 12, 1933 To the Committee on Graduate Study : -�� I submit herewith a thesis by M ildred Atkins Stern , "Mo liere 1 s Influence on Congreve", and recommend that it be accepted for nine quarter hours credit in fulfi llment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Ar ts , with a major in English.
    [Show full text]
  • Access Provided by the University of Guelph at 11/24/11 3:57PM GMT the NEO-COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE the Second Conquest of the Greater Caribbean, 1720–1930
    Access Provided by The University of Guelph at 11/24/11 3:57PM GMT THE NEO-COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE The Second Conquest of the Greater Caribbean, 1720–1930 Stuart McCook University of Guelph Abstract: The landscapes of the Greater Caribbean have been undergoing a process of ecological globalization since the arrival of European explorers and settlers in the late ! fteenth century. The character of this ecological globalization has changed over time. Models of commodity-led economic development drove, directly or indirectly, the neo-Columbian exchanges of the long nineteenth century (roughly 1720–1930). The neo-Columbian exchanges differed from the Columbian exchanges of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in several key ways: They were increasingly mediated by imperial and transnational scienti! c institutions. The geographical scope of the exchanges grew, and the Greater Caribbean saw many new direct introductions of people, plants, and ani- mals from Asia and the Paci! c, as well as from the eastern part of the Atlantic World. A parallel movement of pathogens from Asia and the Paci! c also introduced new epidemic diseases—especially crop diseases—to the Greater Caribbean. The neo-Columbian ex- change drove the region’s dramatic expansion in agricultural production, but this con- structed abundance came at the expense of ecological impoverishment and fragility. In 1723, the French captain Gabriel Le Clieu landed in Martinique after an arduous transatlantic crossing from Nantes. He carried with him a precious live coffee plant (Coffea arabica), from the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Just three decades before, coffee cultivation had been limited to the Arabian Peninsula, southern India, and Ceylon.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Fop in Residqration Drama 1
    A STUDY OF THE FOP IN RESIDQRATION DRAMA 1 AGRWUL Ti: I' L . , SEP 27 193" A STUDY OF THE FOP IN RESTORATION DRAMA By­ KATHERINE MORONEY 11 Bachelor or Science Oklahoma .Agrioul tural and Meehanioal College .. Stillwater, Oklahoma Submitted to the Department ot English Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College In Partial Fulfillment or the Requirements For the degree or MAST.ER OF ARTS 1938 . '") . .... • • i. .-. -· .,. ' . .' . ' . ., • J . • . .• . .. .: . .. .:.... C: • • ~ • . • • • t • .(,. ..• • . ~ .. .- ~ .. ; .: ; -.= ~ .... 11 ,,, ... 414.._ i APPROVED: Chairman or ihe !iigilsh Department 108568 111 To the Memory ot Nat P. Lawrence Teacher,. Scholar, Friend iy TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE 10P Pagel Engli.eh Anoeetors ot the Fop Bis Frenoh Cousins CH.AP?ER II. THE BESTORA'l'I ON FOP Page lV A Oharaot•r ot the !"op His sooial Oharaoter The Fop' a .Intellect CHAPTER III. OONOLUSION Page 60 INTRODUCTION: ORIGIN OF THE FOP English Ancestors£! l!!!, Fop To say that the fop was produced by mutation in seventeenth century literature would claim undue encomiums for the Restoration dramatists. The :fop is the clown, the :rool, the buffoon, the coxcomb of the Restoration stage. He is the man in whom the essence of most or the satire in the play is found in one comical character. However, in earlier comedies ean be found characters showing evidence that they must have influenced his creation enough to be called literary prototypes. "Comedy," wrote Aristotle over two thousand years ago, "is an imitation of characters of a lower type. It consists in some defect or ugliness which is not painful or destruc­ tive."1 For many centuries the comic character was a soeial interpretation of this quotation.
    [Show full text]
  • Care of Collections from Colonial Contexts IMPRINT
    Guidelines for German Museums Care of Collections from Colonial Contexts IMPRINT Guidelines for German Museums Care of Collections from Colonial Contexts 3rd Edition 2021 Publisher: German Museums Association Text: see “Contributors” English Translation: TechniText Translations Editing (English Edition): TechniText Translations Editing (German Edition): Sabine Lang Design: MATTHIES WEBER & SCHNEGG, Berlin Print: medialis Offsetdruck GmbH Cover photo: Provenance researcher Ndzodo Awono with a leopard figurine from Cameroon, Übersee-Museum Bremen Photograph: Volker Beinhorn The content of these Guidelines has been revised and these Guidelines thus replace all previous editions. The Guidelines are also published in German and French. Funded by © German Museums Association, Berlin, February 2021 ISBN 978-3-9819866-6-2 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY These Guidelines are a practical aid for all German museums on the care of col- lections from colonial contexts. They additionally provide an information base for international professional colleagues, political decision makers, as well as represen- tatives of post-colonial initiatives and diaspora communities. The Guidelines do not represent a position paper or legally binding instructions, however. The Guidelines enhance sensitivity Those in positions of responsibility at the museum should be aware that most of the items in their collections were not created or produced as a ‘museum exhibit’. They are a testimony of different cultures, with their own significances anchored in their communities of origin. In colonial contexts, the acquisition or creation of collection items can be associated with the use of force and/or pronounced dependency relationships. In addition, collection items which can be assigned to colonial contexts can reflect discriminato- ry representations and colonial or racist ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Preview
    HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-I Dr. Hemanta Kumar Mohapatra M.A., Ph.D Retd. Associate Professor of History Odisha Education Service ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED © Author No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First Edition : 2018 Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., “Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004. Phone: 022-23860170, 23863863; Fax: 022-23877178 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.himpub.com Branch Offices : New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002. Phone: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286 Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018. Phone: 0712-2738731, 3296733; Telefax: 0712-2721216 Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road, Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre, Bengaluru - 560 020. Phone: 080-41138821; Mobile: 09379847017, 09379847005 Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027. Phone: 040-27560041, 27550139 Chennai : New No. 48/2, Old No. 28/2, Ground Floor, Sarangapani Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 012. Mobile: 09380460419 Pune : “Laksha” Apartment, First Floor, No. 527, Mehunpura, Shaniwarpeth (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030. Phone: 020-24496323, 24496333; Mobile: 09370579333 Lucknow : House No. 731, Shekhupura Colony, Near B.D. Convent School, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 022. Phone: 0522-4012353; Mobile: 09307501549 Ahmedabad : 114, “SHAIL”, 1st Floor, Opp. Madhu Sudan House, C.G.
    [Show full text]
  • French Guiana, an Outermost Region of the European Union: Issues and Challenges in the XXI Century
    Dossiê LIMA-PEREIRA, Rosuel. French Guiana, an Outermost Region of the European Union: issues and challenges in the XXI century 2177-2940 French Guiana, an Outermost Region of the European Union: issues and challenges in the XXI century https://doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v24i2.53475 Rosuel Lima-Pereira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-4843 Université de Guyane, Guyane Française. Email: [email protected] French Guiana, an Outermost Region of the European Union: issues and challenges in the XXI century Abstract: The Outermost Regions, ORs, are external borders of the European Union, EU. These borders are located in the Caribbean region, in the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Indian Ocean. This study proposes to approach the place of Guiana as a French Outermost Region in three aspects. From a legal point of view, what are the treaties, conventions, protocols adopted by the European Union, and therefore by France, in which Guiana is included as an outermost region. Under the economic and national security aspects, what are the neighborhood relations between Guiana, Brazil and Suriname. Finally, what kind of integration can Guiana aim for on the Guiana Shield given its historical past and geopolitical location. Essentially, our study proposes to analyze the challenges that Guiana has to face in a globalized and socially changing world in the XXI century. Key words: Immigration; Border; Guiana Shield; Geopolitics; Brazil. Guiana Francesa, uma Região Ultraperiférica da União Europeia: questões e desafios no século XXI Resumo: As Regiões Ultraperiféricas, RUP, são fronteiras externas da União Europeia, UE. Essas fronteiras se situam na região do Caribe, no Oceano Atlântico e no Oceano Índico.
    [Show full text]