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RIVERS, ENERGY, and the REMAKING of COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND by ZACHARY M

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RIVERS, ENERGY, and the REMAKING of COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND by ZACHARY M FLOWING POWER: RIVERS, ENERGY, AND THE REMAKING OF COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND By ZACHARY M. BENNETT A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of James Delbourgo And approved by New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Flowing Power: Rivers, Energy, and the Remaking of Colonial New England by Zachary M. Bennett Dissertation Director: James Delbourgo This dissertation considers how river energy was a source of authority in colonial New England. The caloric, kinetic, and mechanical energy people derived from rivers was necessary for survival in New England’s forbidding environment. During the initial stages of colonization, both Europeans and Indians struggled to secure strategic positions on waterways because they were the only routes capable of accommodating trade from the coast to the interior. European and Native peoples came into conflict by the late seventeenth century as they overextended the resource base. Exerting dominion in the ensuing wars on New England’s frontiers was directly tied to securing strategic river spaces since the masters of these places determined the flow of communication and food for the surrounding territory. Following British military conquest, colonists aggressively dammed rivers to satisfy the energy demands of their growing population. These dams eviscerated fish runs, shunting access to waterpower away from Native Americans and yeoman farmers. The transformation of New England’s hydrology was a critical factor in the dispossession indigenous peoples before the Revolution and essential in laying the legal groundwork for the region’s industrial future. This project shows that the groups which controlled waterpower drove the changes which reorganized the environment along a Native American, colonial, and finally industrial capitalist sense of natural order. ii Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 PART I: DIFFUSE POWER...................................................................................................... 16 Prologue: A “Well Watered” Country: Rivers and Precontact New England Society ........ 16 Precontact New England ........................................................................................................... 23 Rivercraft .............................................................................................................................. 34 Fish Runs .............................................................................................................................. 38 Precontact Europe ..................................................................................................................... 44 Transport ............................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 1: “Lords of Navigation”: Contact and Coexistence along New England’s Rivers 56 Food Power ............................................................................................................................... 65 Trade Power .............................................................................................................................. 71 The Fur Trade ........................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 2: Waterpower: Indigenous Responses to Mill Technology .................................... 92 Incompatibility ........................................................................................................................ 102 War .......................................................................................................................................... 111 PART II: CONTESTED POWER .......................................................................................... 122 Chapter 3: Porous Walls: Rivers as Spaces of Wabanaki Power ......................................... 122 First Wabanaki War, 1675–1678 ............................................................................................ 129 Second Wabanaki War, 1688–1699 ........................................................................................ 132 Third Wabanaki War, 1702–1713........................................................................................... 150 Chapter 4: Bridled Rivers: The English Conquest of New England’s Waterways ............ 157 Fourth Wabanaki War, 1722–1725 ......................................................................................... 170 Fifth Wabanaki War, 1744–1749 ............................................................................................ 181 Seven Years’ War, 1754–1759 ............................................................................................... 184 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 196 Chapter 5: Starved: How Indians Lost their Rivers.............................................................. 199 Southern New England ........................................................................................................... 201 iii Northern New England ........................................................................................................... 214 Chapter 6: Dammed: The Destruction of Colonial New England’s River Fisheries .......... 230 Fish in Colonial American Society ......................................................................................... 235 Unsustainable Practices .......................................................................................................... 240 Taunton ................................................................................................................................... 247 Fish and Mill Acts ................................................................................................................... 257 Vice, Intemperance, and Alewives ......................................................................................... 276 Revolutionary Aftermath ........................................................................................................ 283 Postscript: The Edwards Dam ..................................................................................................... 288 1999......................................................................................................................................... 293 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 301 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation took approximately four years to complete, yet it represents the culmination of at least a decade of my life. My time spent at Northern Michigan University in Marquette—the inhospitably frigid homeland of my ancestors—provided an ideal crucible for my career as a historian. William Bergmann invested much time in the raw initiate that I was. Russell Magnaghi gave me opportunities to research and publish few other undergraduates could dream of. I could have not asked for a better mentor to introduce me to the expectations of graduate school and the craft of teaching than the late Andrew Cayton at Miami University. Camilla Townsend was an even keel throughout my time in New Brunswick, and with her steady hands on the tiller offered reliable, sage advice based on years of institutional knowledge. Ann Fabian was immensely generous with her time, guiding me through the publication process as I turned my MA thesis into a journal article. Alastair Bellany was an ever- present advocate. James Delbourgo selflessly took the reins as my advisor and has been generous with his time writing recommendations, reading my chapters, and guiding me to graduation. I would like to thank most of the faculty in the history department at Rutgers for teaching me the virtue of self-reliance. I would also like to thank Dan Richter for agreeing to be on my committee. During the course of my graduate career I profited from several friendships and associations which broadened my intellectual horizons, and perhaps more importantly kept me sane. At Northern Michigan University it was my great fortune to encounter Derek O’Connell. Derek’s work ethic and zeal for an academic career was essential in pushing me to reach my own goals. Pete Francis, Andrew Richard, and Jonathan Smetters have been lifelong friends. At Miami University Ben Kern, Michael Haggerty, Timmothy [sic] Winstead, Joe Passaro, John v Herman, and Petr Podkopaev made time in rural Ohio pass enjoyably. At Rutgers, Peter Sorensen, Hugo Marquez Soljancic, Marlene Gaynair, Kaisha Esty, Marika Plater, Amy Zanoni, Ryan Tate, Kyle Williams, and William Kelly provided the intellectual and social comradery which made graduate school bearable.
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