DOCSLIB.ORG

Going on the Account: Examining Golden Age Pirates As a Distinct

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Going on the Account: Examining Golden Age Pirates As a Distinct GOING ON THE ACCOUNT: EXAMINING GOLDEN AGE PIRATES AS A DISTINCT CULTURE THROUGH ARTIFACT PATTERNING by Courtney E. Page December, 2014 Director of Thesis: Dr. Charles R. Ewen Major Department: Anthropology Pirates of the Golden Age (1650-1726) have become the stuff of legend. The way they looked and acted has been variously recorded through the centuries, slowly morphing them into the pirates of today’s fiction. Yet, many of the behaviors that create these images do not preserve in the archaeological environment and are just not good indicators of a pirate. Piracy is an illegal act and as a physical activity, does not survive directly in the archaeological record, making it difficult to study pirates as a distinct maritime culture. This thesis examines the use of artifact patterning to illuminate behavioral differences between pirates and other sailors. A framework for a model reflecting the patterns of artifacts found on pirate shipwrecks is presented. Artifacts from two early eighteenth century British pirate wrecks, Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718) and Whydah (1717) were categorized into five groups reflecting behavior onboard the ship, and frequencies for each group within each assemblage were obtained. The same was done for a British Naval vessel, HMS Invincible (1758), and a merchant vessel, the slaver Henrietta Marie (1699) for comparative purposes. There are not enough data at this time to predict a “pirate pattern” for identifying pirates archaeologically, and many uncontrollable factors negatively impact the data that are available, making a study of artifact frequencies difficult. This research does, however, help to reveal avenues of further study for describing this intriguing sub-culture. GOING ON THE ACCOUNT: EXAMINING GOLDEN AGE PIRATES AS A DISTINCT CULTURE THROUGH ARTIFACT PATTERNING A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology by Courtney E. Page December 2014 © Copyright Courtney E. Page, 2014 GOING ON THE ACCOUNT: EXAMINING GOLDEN AGE PIRATES AS A DISTINCT CULTURE THROUGH ARTIFACT PATTERNING by Courtney E. Page APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: _________________________________________________________ Charles R. Ewen, PhD. COMMITTEE MEMBER: ________________________________________________________ Tony Boudreaux, PhD. COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., PhD. COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing, PhD. CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY: ________________________________________________________ I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., PhD. DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: ________________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, PhD. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Charles Ewen, for his continued support, advice, and patience during my thesis writing and for the many opportunities I was provided as a student, particularly my assistantship with the Queen Anne’s Revenge Conservation Laboratory, which developed into this thesis and subsequently my career. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. Tony Boudreaux, Dr. I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., and Dr. Mark Wilde- Ramsing for their ideas, feedback, and above all patience throughout my research and writing. I appreciate the employees of the Queen Anne’s Revenge Conservation Lab past and present, including Sarah Watkins-Kenney, Mark Wilde-Ramsing, Shanna Daniel, Wendy Welsh, Terry Williams, Kimberly Kenyon, and Erik Farrell, for fielding my questions, discussions, and frustrations. I am grateful for the training and experience they have provided that has allowed me to develop into the professional I have become. I also want to acknowledge Dr. Linda Carnes- McNaughton for her archaeological guidance while developing my research, and David Moore, whose knowledge of both Queen Anne’s Revenge and Henrietta Marie were invaluable to this research. I would like to thank my fellow historical archaeology students, Amanda Keeny Stamper, Valerie Robbins, and Jennifer Gabriel, for experiencing this process with me and being an outlet for discussion and development of my thoughts. I particularly want to thank Amanda Keeny Stamper whose friendship has provided endless emotional support and continues to encourage me in work and in life. Most of all, I want to thank my parents, whose boundless care and concern for my education, wellbeing, and success, has meant more than I can ever express. The opportunities they have provided have encouraged me to love learning and taught me to never stop exploring and growing. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: PIRACY AND ARCHAEOLOGY ................................................................... 1 Pattern Recognition in Archaeology ........................................................................................... 2 Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO: THE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRACY .................................................................. 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 Buccaneers .................................................................................................................................. 7 Peter the Great ......................................................................................................................... 9 Pirates of the 1690s ................................................................................................................... 10 Captain William Kidd ............................................................................................................ 11 Pirates of 1716-1726 ................................................................................................................. 13 Blackbeard ............................................................................................................................. 14 End of the Golden Age .............................................................................................................. 19 A Pirate’s Life ........................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................ 23 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 23 Queen Anne’s Revenge .............................................................................................................. 23 Ship History ........................................................................................................................... 23 Discovery and Excavation ..................................................................................................... 28 Conservation and Curation .................................................................................................... 31 Whydah ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Ship History ........................................................................................................................... 32 Discovery and Excavation ..................................................................................................... 35 Conservation and Curation .................................................................................................... 38 HMS Invincible ......................................................................................................................... 39 Ship History ........................................................................................................................... 39 Discovery and Excavation ..................................................................................................... 42 Conservation and Curation .................................................................................................... 43 Henrietta Marie ......................................................................................................................... 44 Ship History ........................................................................................................................... 44 Discovery and Excavation ..................................................................................................... 45 Conservation and Curation .................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER FOUR: METHOD FOR DISCERNING A PATTERN............................................. 49 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 49 Artifact Groups .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial
    Navigating the Atlantic World: Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial Networks, 1650-1791 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Jamie LeAnne Goodall, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Margaret Newell, Advisor John Brooke David Staley Copyright by Jamie LeAnne Goodall 2016 Abstract This dissertation seeks to move pirates and their economic relationships from the social and legal margins of the Atlantic world to the center of it and integrate them into the broader history of early modern colonization and commerce. In doing so, I examine piracy and illicit activities such as smuggling and shipwrecking through a new lens. They act as a form of economic engagement that could not only be used by empires and colonies as tools of competitive international trade, but also as activities that served to fuel the developing Caribbean-Atlantic economy, in many ways allowing the plantation economy of several Caribbean-Atlantic islands to flourish. Ultimately, in places like Jamaica and Barbados, the success of the plantation economy would eventually displace the opportunistic market of piracy and related activities. Plantations rarely eradicated these economies of opportunity, though, as these islands still served as important commercial hubs: ports loaded, unloaded, and repaired ships, taverns attracted a variety of visitors, and shipwrecking became a regulated form of employment. In places like Tortuga and the Bahamas where agricultural production was not as successful, illicit activities managed to maintain a foothold much longer.
    [Show full text]
  • Captain William Kidd
    Captain William Kidd Name: William Kidd. Born: Dundee, 1654. Occupation: Sea captain. Defending English and American trade routes First ship: Antigua. He emigrated to New York in the 1680’s. Married: Sarah Bradley Cox Oort, a wealthy widow. On 6 September 1696, Kidd and 150 crew members went to capture a pirate called Robert Culliford in the Indian Ocean. aboard the Adventure Galley. His crew took over his ship on the way. This is called mutiny. Kidd was forced to become a pirate himself. In 1698, Kidd and his crew attacked and took a ship: the cargo was silk, muslin, calico, sugar, opium, iron and salt peter and a worth rumoured to be £70,000 . The Quedah Merchant, renamed the Adventure Prize, was kept by Kidd, as he was forced to abandon and sink his now leaking ship. Being a pirate was now against the law in England and America but Kidd did not know this on his return to America in 1699. He buried the treasure on his way to Boston in Gardiner Island and Block Island. The New England governor, Lord Richard Bellomont, had him arrested on 7 July 1699 in Boston. He was sent to England in February 1700. The trial started on 8 May and was completed the next day – the verdict was that Kidd was guilty of the murder of one of his crew and guilty of multiple acts of piracy. Captain William Kidd was hanged on 23 May 1701. His corpse was left to rot at the Thames River as an example to other would-be pirates.
    [Show full text]
  • Lusardi 1999- Blackbeard Shipwreck Project with a Note on Unloading A
    The Blackbeard Shipwreck Project, 1999: With a Note on Unloading a Cannon By: Wayne R. Lusardi NC Underwater Archaeological Conservation Laboratory Institute of Marine Sciences 3431 Arendell Street Morehead City, North Carolina 28557 Lusardi ii Table of Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 1999 Field Season.................................................................................................................................1 Figure 1: Two small cast-iron cannons during removal of concretion and associated ballast stones. ...................................................................................................................................1 The Artifacts .........................................................................................................................................2 Ship Parts and Equipment...................................................................................................................2 Arms...................................................................................................................................................2 Figure 2: Weight marks on breech of cannon C-21..............................................................3 Figure 3: Contents of cannon C-19 included three iron drift pins, a solid round shot and three wads of cordage.........................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • The Pirates' Code
    The Pirates’ Code Scan to watch an instructional video! Components Legend Legend Legend Dread Legend Dread Dread Pirate Sure-fire Dread Pirate Sure-fire Pirate Sure-fire Pirate - Buccaneer Sure fire Buccaneer Buccaneer Buccaneer Swash 1 Market Mat Swash Buckler Swash Buckler Swash Buckler Buckler Corsair Corsair Corsair Corsair Pirate Pirate Pirate Pirate Sea Dog Sea Dog Sea Dog Repair Sea Dog Repair Repair Extort Repair Extort : Extort Cannons: Extort Cannons: Cannons: Rigging 1 Cannons Rigging 1 Rigging 1 1 Rigging 1 1 2 Port Tokens 1 1 4 Legend Mats 4 Helm Mats 16 Map Cards 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 1-4 1-4 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 . Cpt. Carmen RougeCpt Morgan Whitecloud FRONTS . Francisco de Guerra Cpt. Magnus BoltCpt BACKS 11 Merchant Cards 4 Double-Sided Captain Cards Alice O’Malice 1 Doc Blockley Lisa Legacy Sydney Sweetwater Buck Cannon Betty Blunderbuss Eliza Lucky Ursula Bane Willow Watch Taylor Truenorth Quartermaster Quigley Jolly Rodge Silent Seamus Lieutenant Flint Raina Rumor Black-Eyed Brutus Pale Pim 2 Salty Pete 2 Cutter Fang BACKS Sara Silver Jack “Fuse” Rogers Chopper Donovan Sally Suresight FRONTS Tina Trickshot 24 Crew Cards BACKS BACKS FRONTS 20 Search Tokens FRONTS 20 Order Tokens (5 in 4 colors) 2 4 Pirate Ships (in 4 colors) 2 Merchant Ships (in 2 colors) 1 Navy Ship 4 Captains (in 4 colors) 16 Deckhands 4 Legend Tokens 12 Treasures (4 in 4 colors) (in 4 colors) (3 in 4 colors) 1 Booty Bag 40 Booty Crates 4 Gold 3 Dice 12 Sure-fire Tokens (10 in 4 colors) Doubloons Prologue You helm a notorious pirate ship in the swashbuckling days of yore.
    [Show full text]
  • The Low Countries. Jaargang 11
    The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 bron The Low Countries. Jaargang 11. Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem 2003 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001200301_01/colofon.php © 2011 dbnl i.s.m. 10 Always the Same H2O Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands hovers above the water, with a little help from her subjects, during the floods in Gelderland, 1926. Photo courtesy of Spaarnestad Fotoarchief. Luigem (West Flanders), 28 September 1918. Photo by Antony / © SOFAM Belgium 2003. The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 11 Foreword ριστον μν δωρ - Water is best. (Pindar) Water. There's too much of it, or too little. It's too salty, or too sweet. It wells up from the ground, carves itself a way through the land, and then it's called a river or a stream. It descends from the heavens in a variety of forms - as dew or hail, to mention just the extremes. And then, of course, there is the all-encompassing water which we call the sea, and which reminds us of the beginning of all things. The English once labelled the Netherlands across the North Sea ‘this indigested vomit of the sea’. But the Dutch went to work on that vomit, systematically and stubbornly: ‘... their tireless hands manufactured this land, / drained it and trained it and planed it and planned’ (James Brockway). As God's subcontractors they gradually became experts in living apart together. Look carefully at the first photo. The water has struck again. We're talking 1926. Gelderland. The small, stocky woman visiting the stricken province is Queen Wilhelmina. Without turning a hair she allows herself to be carried over the waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories of the Severn Sea
    Stories of the Severn Sea A Maritime Heritage Education Resource Pack for Teachers and Pupils of Key Stage 3 History Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 4 1. Smuggling 9 2. Piracy 15 3. Port Development 22 4. Immigration and Emigration 34 5. Shipwrecks and Preservation 41 6. Life and Work 49 7. Further Reading 56 3 Foreword The Bristol Channel was for many centuries one of the most important waterways of the World. Its ports had important trading connections with areas on every continent. Bristol, a well-established medieval port, grew rich on the expansion of the British Empire from the seventeenth century onwards, including the profits of the slave trade. The insatiable demand for Welsh steam coal in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries gave the ports of south Wales an importance in global energy supplies comparable to that of the Persian Gulf ports today. There was also much maritime activity within the confines of the Channel itself, with small sailing vessels coming to south Wales from Devon and Somerset to load coal and limestone, pilot cutters sailing out to meet incoming vessels and paddle steamers taking Bristolians and Cardiffians alike for a day out in the bracing breezes of the Severn Sea. By today, most of this activity has disappeared, and the sea and its trade no longer play such an integral part in the commercial activity of places such as Bristol and Cardiff. Indeed, it is likely that more people now go out on the Severn Sea for pleasure rather than for profit. We cannot and must not forget, however, that the sea has shaped our past, and knowing about, and understanding that process should be the birthright of every child who lives along the Bristol Channel today – on whichever side! That is why I welcome this pioneering resource pack, and I hope that it will find widespread use in schools throughout the area.
    [Show full text]
  • When We Now Think of a Pirate's Flag We Think Of
    Pirates with Ely Museum Pirate Flags When we now think of a pirate's flag we think of the "Skull and Cross Bones", however many pirates had their own unique designs that in their day would have been well known and would strike fear in the crew of a merchant ship if they saw it. To start with, many pirate ships did not have flags with designs on, instead they used different colour flags to say different things. A plain black flag had been used in the past to show a ship had plague on it and to stay away, so pirates started flying this to cause fear. However it also usually meant that the pirate would accept surrender and spare lives. Others used plain red flags, which dated back to English privateers who used it to show they were not Royal Navy, in pirate use this flag meant no surrender was accepted and no mercy would be shown! Over time pirates started adding their own designs to these plain coloured flags, these unique flags would soon become well known as the pirates reputation increased. Favourite things for pirates to have on their flags were skull, bones or sometimes whole skeletons, all meaning death and aiming to cause fear. They also often used images of swords, daggers and other weapons to show that they were ready to fight. An hourglass would mean that your time is running out as death was coming and a heart was used to show life and death. Jolly Roger Flag A flag would often be made up of one or more of those items and would sometimes include the Captain's initials or a simple outline of a figure depicting the Captain.
    [Show full text]
  • Flying the Black Flag: a Brief History of Piracy
    Flying the Black Flag: A Brief History of Piracy Alfred S. Bradford Praeger The Locations and Chronological Periods of the Pirate Bands Described in This Book 1. The Greeks (800–146 bc) 2. The Romans (753 bc to ad 476) 3. The Vikings (ad 793–1066) 4. The Buccaneers (1650–1701) 5. The Barbary Pirates (1320–1785) 6. The Tanka Pirates (1790–1820) 7. America and the Barbary Pirates (1785–1815) FLYING THE BLACK FLAG A Brief History of Piracy Alfred S. Bradford Illustrated by Pamela M. Bradford Contents Preface xi Part I. Greek Piracy 1. Odysseus: Hero and Pirate 3 2. Greeks and Barbarians 12 3. Greek vs. Greek 19 4. Greek vs. Macedonian 25 Part II. The Romans 5. The Romans Take Decisive Action 35 6. The Pirates of Cilicia 38 7. The Scourge of the Mediterranean 43 8. The End of Mediterranean Piracy 49 Part III. The Vikings 9. “From Merciless Invaders ...”57 viii Contents 10. The Rus 65 11. Conversion and Containment 71 Part IV. The Worldwide Struggle against Piracy 12. The Buccaneers 81 13. Tortuga and the Pirate Utopia 90 14. Henry Morgan 97 15. The Raid on Panama 105 16. The Infamous Captain Kidd 111 Part V. The Barbary Pirates 17. Crescent and Cross in the Mediterranean 121 18. War by Other Means 129 Part VI. Pirates of the South China Coast 19. Out of Poverty and Isolation 137 20. The Dragon Lady 144 Part VII. To the Shores of Tripoli 21. New Nation, New Victim 151 22. “Preble and His Boys” 160 23.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Age of Piracy Slideshow
    Golden Age of Piracy Golden Age of Piracy Buccaneering Age: 1650s - 1714 Buccaneers were early Privateers up to the end of the War of Spanish Succession Bases: Jamaica and Tortuga – Morgan, Kidd, Dampier THE GOLDEN AGE: 1715 to 1725 Leftovers from the war with no employment The age of history’s most famous pirates What makes it a Golden Age? 1. A time when democratic rebels thieves assumed sea power (through denial of the sea) over the four largest naval powers in the world - Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands 2. A true democracy • The only pure democracy in the Western World at the time • Captains are elected at a council of war • All had equal representation • Some ships went through 13 capts in 2 yrs • Capt had authority only in time of battle • Crews voted on where the ship went and what it did • Crews shared profit equally • Real social & political revolutionaries Pirate or Privateer? •Privateers were licensed by a government in times of war to attack and enemy’s commercial shipping – the license was called a Letter of Marque •The crew/owner kept a portion of what they captured, the government also got a share •Best way to make war at sea with a limited naval force •With a Letter of Marque you couldn’t be hanged as a pirate Letter of Marque for William Dampier in the St. George October 13, 1702 The National Archives of the UK http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhisto ry/journeys/voyage_html/docs/marque_stgeorge.htm (Transcript in Slide 57) The end of the War of Spanish Succession = the end of Privateering • Since 1701
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost Treasure of Tortuga
    The Lost Treasure Of Tortuga CAlliope Theatre Company Study Guide The Lost Treasure of Tortuga Welcome to The Lost Treasure of Tortuga by Calliope Theatre Company. Our touring production of The Lost Treasure of Tortuga, an original one hour presentation, has been designed to “Educate, Enlighten & Entertain!” In this study guide, developed by professional educators and English-language teachers, you will find Pre- and Post-Performance Activities and Discussion Topics, as well as teacher and student resources. For students who are learning English we have also included key vocabulary so that your students will get the most out of our performances. This study guide may be reproduced and distributed to students. It can be found on our website https://www.calliopetheatrecompany.pt/the-lost-treasure-of-tortuga Calliope Theatre Company’s The Lost Treasure of Tortuga is an interactive performance and we encourage your students’ participation and we will be asking a number of your students to join us on stage. Calliope Theatre Company welcomes your opinion & suggestions on our performances and Study Guides, so that we can continue to provide teachers and students with the finest in- school, educational theatre experience. We love hearing from students and teachers. Please encourage your students to leave a comment on our Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/calliopetheatreportugal/ , follow us on Twitter or write us letters and tell us what you thought of the show! Sincerely, Meg and Matthew Calliope Theatre Company 2 The Lost Treasure of Tortuga TABLE OF CONTENTS The Vocabulary and Activities that are highlighted in red are the most important in ensuring that your students understand and enjoy The Lost Treasure of Tortuga.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasons in Hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis Phillip James Johnson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 Seasons in hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis Phillip James Johnson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Phillip James, "Seasons in hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis" (2004). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3905. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3905 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SEASONS IN HELL: CHARLES S. JOHNSON AND THE 1930 LIBERIAN LABOR CRISIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Phillip James Johnson B. A., University of New Orleans, 1993 M. A., University of New Orleans, 1995 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first debt of gratitude goes to my wife, Ava Daniel-Johnson, who gave me encouragement through the most difficult of times. The same can be said of my mother, Donna M. Johnson, whose support and understanding over the years no amount of thanks could compensate. The patience, wisdom, and good humor of David H. Culbert, my dissertation adviser, helped enormously during the completion of this project; any student would be wise to follow his example of professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • People of the Dawnland and the Enduring Pursuit of a Native Atlantic World
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE “THE SEA OF TROUBLE WE ARE SWIMMING IN”: PEOPLE OF THE DAWNLAND AND THE ENDURING PURSUIT OF A NATIVE ATLANTIC WORLD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By MATTHEW R. BAHAR Norman, Oklahoma 2012 “THE SEA OF TROUBLE WE ARE SWIMMING IN”: PEOPLE OF THE DAWNLAND AND THE ENDURING PURSUIT OF A NATIVE ATLANTIC WORLD A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ______________________________ Dr. Joshua A. Piker, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Catherine E. Kelly ______________________________ Dr. James S. Hart, Jr. ______________________________ Dr. Gary C. Anderson ______________________________ Dr. Karl H. Offen © Copyright by MATTHEW R. BAHAR 2012 All Rights Reserved. For Allison Acknowledgements Crafting this dissertation, like the overall experience of graduate school, occasionally left me adrift at sea. At other times it saw me stuck in the doldrums. Periodically I was tossed around by tempestuous waves. But two beacons always pointed me to quiet harbors where I gained valuable insights, developed new perspectives, and acquired new momentum. My advisor and mentor, Josh Piker, has been incredibly generous with his time, ideas, advice, and encouragement. His constructive critique of my thoughts, methodology, and writing (I never realized I was prone to so many split infinitives and unclear antecedents) was a tremendous help to a graduate student beginning his career. In more ways than he probably knows, he remains for me an exemplar of the professional historian I hope to become. And as a barbecue connoisseur, he is particularly worthy of deference and emulation.
    [Show full text]