Hydrography, the Marine Environment, and the Culture of Nautical Charts in the United States Navy, 1838-1903
CONTROLLING THE GREAT COMMON: HYDROGRAPHY, THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, AND THE CULTURE OF NAUTICAL CHARTS IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY, 1838-1903 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jason W. Smith August 2012 Examining Committee Members: Gregory J.W. Urwin, Temple University Beth Bailey, Temple University Andrew C. Isenberg, Temple University John B. Hattendorf, United States Naval War College i © Copyright 2012 by Jason W. Smith All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation uses hydrography as a lens to examine the way the United States Navy has understood, used, and defined the sea during the nineteenth century. It argues, broadly, that naval officers and the charts and texts they produced framed the sea as a commercial space for much of the nineteenth century, proceeding from a scientific ethos that held that the sea could be known, ordered, represented, and that it obeyed certain natural laws and rules. This proved a powerful alternative to existing maritime understandings, in which mariners combined navigational science with folkloric ideas about how the sea worked. Hydrography was an important aspect of the American maritime commercial predominance in the decades before the Civil War. By the end of the century, however, new strategic ideas, technologies, and the imperatives of empire caused naval officers and hydrographers to think about the sea in new ways. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Navy pursued hydrography with increased urgency, faced with defending the waters of a vast new oceanic empire. Surveys, charts, and the language of hydrography became central to the Navy’s war planning and war gaming, to the strategic debate over where to establish naval bases, and, ultimately, it figured significantly in determining the geography of the American empire.
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