Volume 6, Issue 4(1), April 2017 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research
Published by Sucharitha Publications 8-43-7/1, Chinna Waltair Visakhapatnam – 530 017 Andhra Pradesh – India Email: [email protected] Website: www.ijmer.in
Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Dr.K. Victor Babu Faculty, Department of Philosophy Andhra University – Visakhapatnam - 530 003 Andhra Pradesh – India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. S.Mahendra Dev Vice Chancellor Prof. Fidel Gutierrez Vivanco Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Founder and President Research Escuela Virtual de Asesoría Filosófica Mumbai Lima Peru
Prof.Y.C. Simhadri Prof. Igor Kondrashin Vice Chancellor, Patna University The Member of The Russian Philosophical Former Director Society Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary The Russian Humanist Society and Expert of Studies, New Delhi & The UNESCO, Moscow, Russia Formerly Vice Chancellor of Benaras Hindu University, Andhra University Nagarjuna University, Patna University Dr. Zoran Vujisiæ Rector Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institute Universidad Rural de Guatemala, GT, U.S.A Former Vice Chancellor Singhania University, Rajasthan Prof.U.Shameem Prof.K.Sreerama Murty Department of Zoology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Department of Economics Andhra University - Visakhapatnam Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana Dept. of Education, A.U. Campus Dr.V.Venkateswarlu Vizianagaram Assistant Professor Dept. of Sociology & Social Work Dr. Kameswara Sharma YVR Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur Asst. Professor Dept. of Zoology Prof. P.D.Satya Paul Sri. Venkateswara College, Delhi University, Department of Anthropology Delhi Andhra University – Visakhapatnam I Ketut Donder Prof. Josef HÖCHTL Depasar State Institute of Hindu Dharma Department of Political Economy Indonesia University of Vienna, Vienna & Ex. Member of the Austrian Parliament Prof. Roger Wiemers Austria Professor of Education Lipscomb University, Nashville, USA Prof. Alexander Chumakov Chair of Philosophy Dr. N.S. Dhanam Russian Philosophical Society Department of Philosophy Moscow, Russia Andhra University Visakhapatnam Dr.B.S.N.Murthy Dr.Ton Quang Cuong Department of Mechanical Engineering Dean of Faculty of Teacher Education GITAM University University of Education, VNU, Hanoi Visakhapatnam Prof. Chanakya Kumar Dr.S.V Lakshmana Rao Department of Computer Science Coordinator University of Pune,Pune A.P State Resource Center Visakhapatnam Prof. Djordje Branko Vukelic Department for Production Engineering Dr.S.Kannan University of Novi Sad, Serbia Department of History Annamalai University Prof. Shobha V Huilgol Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram Department of Pharmacology Off- Al- Ameen Medical College, Bijapur Dr. B. Venkataswamy H.O.D., & Associate Professor Prof.Joseph R.Jayakar Dept. of Telugu, P.A.S. College Department of English Pedanandipadu, Guntur, India GITAM University Dr.E. Ashok Kumar Hyderabad Department of Education North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong Prof.Francesco Massoni Department of Public Health Sciences Dr.K.Chaitanya University of Sapienza, Rome Department of Chemistry Nanjing University of Science and Prof.Mehsin Jabel Atteya Technology Al-Mustansiriyah University People’s Republic of China College of Education Department of Mathematics, Iraq Dr.Merina Islam Department of Philosophy Prof. Ronato Sabalza Ballado Cachar College, Assam Department of Mathematics Dr. Bipasha Sinha University of Eastern Philippines, Philippines S. S. Jalan Girls’ College University of Calcutta, Calcutta Dr.Senthur Velmurugan .V Librarian Prof. N Kanakaratnam Kalasalingam University Dept. of History, Archaeology & Culture Krishnankovil Tamilnadu Dravidian University, Kuppam Andhra Pradesh Dr.J.B.Chakravarthi
Dr. K. John Babu Assistant Professor Department of Journalism & Mass Comm Department of Sahitya Central University of Kashmir, Kashmir Rasthritya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati
Dr.T.V.Ramana Prof. R. Siva Prasadh Department of Economics, Andhra University Institute of Advanced Studies in Education Campus, Kakinada Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
® © Editor-in-Chief, IJMER Typeset and Printed in India www.ijmer.in IJMER, Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, concentrates on critical and creative research in multidisciplinary traditions. This journal seeks to promote original research and cultivate a fruitful dialogue between old and new thought.
Volume 6 C O N IssueT E N 4 T(1 )S April 2017 S. Pg.
No No 1. The Power of Media : Shaping Japanese Women’s 1 Linguistic Behaviour Kadek Eva Krishna Adnyani and Made Budiarsa
2. Analysis AND Material Optimization of Friction Clutch 16 Plate of Piaggio APE A.Hari Kishan and P.Santi
3. Determinants of Adopting Agricultural Productivity 32 Enhancing Technologies and their Management Practices Focusing on Crop Production: The Case of Some Selected Woredas of Ilu Abba Bora Zone Alemayehu Abera and Mengie Belayneh
4. Dismantle the Empowerment of People with Disabilities 50 in the Fondation Senang Hati Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia Anak Agung Nyoman Sri Wahyuni
5. The Hikers Freedom: ‘Man is Condemned to be Free’ An 61 Exposition of Sartre’s Notion of ‘Freedom’ Anasuya Agarwala
6. School Libraries Role in Literacy Enhancement in 72 Secondary Schools of Illu Ababor Zone Andualem Mola,Yitagessu Regassa and Wubayew Dagne
7. Creation of New State: Law and Politics with Special 99 Reference to State of Andhra Pradesh Anil Kumar Dubey
8. Challenges and Opportunities of Political Participation of 96 Women in India Anjali Gaidhane
9. Sustainability of Banking Industry in Ethiopia: Review of 104 Financial Sector Asmamaw Argeta Algesso and Navjot Kaur 10. Effect of Academic Motivation and Scientific Attitude on 120 Achievement of Physical Science Brojogopal Chand, Bhim Chandra Mondal and Tuhin Kumar Samanta
11. The Contribution of Sri Vijayananda Gajapathi to 130 Separate Andhra Movement B.Syam Sundar Raju
12. A Study on the Creativity of Teachers in Relation to their 140 Job Satisfaction Between Male and Female Teachers in Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh N.Sujata
13. 148
14. Entrepreneurial Competencies and the Success of Small 152 and Medium Enterprises in Manufacturing Sectors Ammani Ammal and K.Malar Mathi
15. Role of Ecomysticism in ELT in Middle East 162 Haris. K
16. Review on Biofuels Production and Environmental 169 Impacts Prem Kumar Dara
17. Humanistic Element in Tagore's Gora 181 Podalapalli Babu and Shodavaram Swarnalatha
18. Effect of Yoga Practices on Emotional Intelligence among 189 Kabaddi Players E.Eswara Reddy and Gotlamitta Venkatramana Reddy 19. doXoîmw Am{VÏ`_² 198 नरे आय ः 20. 205
ISSN : 2277 – 7881 Dr. K. VICTOR BABU Impact Factor :4.527(2016) M.A.,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,PDF, (D.Lit) Index Copernicus Value: 5.16 Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Studies & Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research (IJMER) & Sucharitha: A Journal of Philosophy and Religion Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Pin - 530 003 , Andhra Pradesh – India
Editorial……
It is heartening to note that our journal is able to sustain the enthusiasm and covering various facets of knowledge. It is our hope that IJMER would continue to live up to its fullest expectations savoring the thoughts of the intellectuals associated with its functioning .Our progress is steady and we are in a position now to receive evaluate and publish as many articles as we can. The response from the academicians and scholars is excellent and we are proud to acknowledge this stimulating aspect. The writers with their rich research experience in the academic fields are contributing excellently and making IJMER march to progress as envisaged. The interdisciplinary topics bring in a spirit of immense participation enabling us to understand the relations in the growing competitive world. Our endeavour will be to keep IJMER as a perfect tool in making all its participants to work to unity with their thoughts and action. The Editor thanks one and all for their input towards the growth of the Knowledge Based Society. All of us together are making continues efforts to make our predictions true in making IJMER, a Journal of Repute
Dr.K.Victor Babu Editor-in-Chief
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THE POWER OF MEDIA : SHAPING JAPANESE WOMEN’S LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOUR
Kadek Eva Krishna Adnyani Made Budiarsa Doctoral Student Universitas Udayana Universitas Udayana Bali, Indonesia Bali, Indonesia Abstract
This study describes and analyzes how media shaping Japanese Women’s Linguistic Behaviour with gendered characteristics in the language used. The Linguistic features I chose to focus on are those which are regarded as indexing certain social features, such as femininity. Qualitatively-approach, the research uses in-depth interview method to examine how media shaping Japanese Women’s Linguistic in general. To collect data, semi-structured oral interview was conducted with participants regarding their perception and experience concerning media and japanese women’s linguistics. The interview was audio recorded. The research subjects of this study were two Japanese women who had observed Japanese women’s linguistic behaviour for years. In shaping Japanese Women’s Linguistic Behaviour, what socially marked linguistic and textual features are used by media? And do the features used reflect the previous discourses of linguistic femininity? How do the features used affect Japanese Women’s Linguistic Behaviour? I argue that the magazines, TV shows, novels, and comics may have used Japanese Women's Linguistics norms to shape an idealized linguistic femininity for their readers/viewers.
Keywords : media, power, Japanese women, linguistics
Introduction
As a UNESCO report on the world’s women and the communication media has emphasized the hiring of women by the media is also an important concern within the general issue of promoting equality of
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women and men on television. In Japan, since around 1980, more women have appeared as newscasters and in 1986 female emcees began to be used on women’s magazine-style shows. Female producers and directors of dramas and documentaries also exist, as do female scriptwriters.
Since the first television broadcast in Japan took place in 1953, the relationship between television and people’s live has changed greatly. As television becomes more and more a part of everyday environment it becomes as indispensable to people as air. The women’s magazine-style shows (called “wide shows) which are information programs aimed at female audiences broadcast daily in the morning and afternoon, come on, providing housewives with steady information. They probably absorb most of it without being conscious they are doing so. The number of topics on a given women’s magazine-style show covered but two or three specific areas. The most common topic was the entertainment world. The next most frequently broadcast topic related to items of practical benefit: TV shopping and offers for free gifts, cooking and food tips, household tips, health and beauty advice, and information on hobbies. (Suzuki, 1995). With the fast-growing of media and its tight connection with everyday life in Japan, the consequence is, that it may affect how language is used among Japanese women.
Washi (2004) observes that the use of ”proper” women’s language was encouraged through media (e.g., radio, boooks, newspapers), especially before and during World War II in the context of rising nationalism, and that nyooboo kotoba (a language used among court ladies-in-waiting since the fifteenth century) was often given as a model language. Further, popular culture materials, such as films, televison dramas, novels, and cartoons, often show female characters, especially middle-aged women in the middle and upper-middle classes, using more honorifics than male characters. For example, in the comic strip Nono- chan, which appears daily in a major newspaper (asahi Shinbun) in
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Japan, honorifics are often used nonreciprocally from one of the main female characters to her husband.
The long-standing of joseigo (Japanese women’s register) can also be influenced by the existence of media. Some of the media adopt the element from utterances which stereotypically feminism when the listener or reader target are female. Female then use this linguistic form since this is what media expose to them. The existence of this joseigo can be observed in the magazine, romantic novel, manga, television, and anime. This opinion indeed has to be proven first through a research on how media affects to the Japanese women’s linguistic behaviour nowadays.
1. Literature Review
Previous study have examined gender differences in various Japanese media from different perspectives. Ueno (2008) examined Japanese women and men’s interactional patterns, focusing on interruptions, reactions to interruptions, and backchannels in mixed- sex conversations. Excerpts from a Japanese talk/variety TV shows were analyzed quantitatatively and qualitatively. Gender seems to be a significant componen in Japanese conversational behavior as well. Women were found more willingly to acknowledge supportive interruptions and to provide more backchannels than Japanese men. These result support the previous American findings showing that women tend to be supportive and cooperative in interactions.
Yasumoto (2006) found that the Japanese language used in a foremost Japanese magazine is no longer traditionally bound to convey long-held views of female subordination as intrinsically embodied in its semantics. It collectively portrays increasingly ambivalent perceptions of women with women being progressively portrayed in a dominant role, in some cases with implicit superiority over men. The traditional role and identity of Japanese women is changing towards a more
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modern role. Some of the agencies of change are the 1946 Japanese Constitution, the Women’s Movement, the 1986 Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law, and ready access to international attitudes and developments through travel and internet.
Ueno (2006) reported that the projected image of young girls speech style in manga (Japanese comic) does not conform to cultural norms, while older adult women’s speech patterns in manga show that they follow the traditional feminine speech. Women’s use of masculine forms is associated with youth. At this point, it is not known if these young women will maintain their current speech style when they become “responsible adults with social obligations.”. The message emphasized in shojo manga (manga written for girls) and ladies manga certainly implies that they should.
2. Materials and Methods
Research method used in this research was semi-structured in- depth interview, while the subjects were two Japanese women who had observed Japanese women’s linguistic behaviour for years. The name of the subjects are made up for confidentiality and in this research will be called as Sakura (28) and Tamae (53).
During the interview, several questions (prepared advance) were given to the subjects.
(1) In your opinion, what socially marked linguistic and textual features used by media?
(2) Do the features used reflect the previous discourse of linguistic femininity?
(3) How do the features used by media affect Japanese women’s linguistic behaviour?
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The answers to those questions were then further developed into different questions to dig out deeper information about the subjects perception and experience related with media and Japanese women’s linguistics behaviour.
3. Result and Discussion
The data is presented in two parts: Sakura and Tamae. Both Sakura and Tamae are interviewed and also shown some Japanese Linguistic Aspects as following, and asked to mark which feature they recognise as Joseigo or use more often by women :
Table 1. Japanese Linguistic Aspects
No Aspect Words 1 Ninshoo Daimeshi (Pronouns) 1) Ichininshoo (first atashi, atakushi, ore, washi, boku, watashi, person pronouns) watakushi, uchi, jibun 2) Nininshoo anata, anta, kimi, omae (second person pronouns) 3) Sanninshoo ano hito, yatsu, koitsu, soitsu (third person pronouns) 2 Shuujoshi wa, no, nano, no yo, no ne, no, kashira, (Sentence Final deshoo, ze, yo, ike (imperative form), form Particles) ee (instead of ai dan oi, example : shiranee), oo ka (ikoo ka), iku (plain form of a verb), yo ne (agreement), ja nai, jan, kana, naa (example : ii naa). 3 Polite Prefix O and For example : Omizu, Obento, Gokekkon Go 4 Keigo (Honorifics Irrasharu, Itadaku, etc Expressions)
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Sakura
Sakura is a social anthropologist who investigates many issues on Japanese in the perspective of culture, social behaviour, language, and the life view. This moment Sakura is a Ph.D candidate in Australia. Interview with Sakura was conducted in July 2015 when Sakura was conducting a research in Bali. Sakura comes from Himeji, in which people in this area commonly use dialect of Kansai. Sakura’s friends sometimes make fun of Tokyo people because Tokyo men also often use SFPs (Sentence Final Particles) which in Himeji is commonly used by women, such as particle “ne”. According to Sakura, Joseigo is a particular style of speech for non Tokyo women (because in Tokyo, women and men speak almost the same). Sakura then formulates that the function of joseigo is to soften the sentences and attracting the empathy.
In Tokyo, Joseigo is not seen as feminine quality because it is not felt as feminine. When it is shown some features that commonly included in the characteristics of Joseigo, the following is Sakura’s comment : many Japanese are not really think about the women register because they do not have a standard rule or a strict division to joseigo. Particle Wa and Kashira are the particles which are Super feminine while particle No and Ye are Moderate feminine.
Tokyo Dialect is a standard dialect (and it spreads among foreigner who learns Japanese from their female teacher). In her hometown, Himeji, a lot of women use joseigo. Women use joseigo is a normal thing. Factor affecting the use are where you from and the daily community language. According to Sakura, joseigo is a language to make friends because it emphasizes on the empathy, and invite others to confirm an agreement. When using it with friends, joseigo can be used. Nevertheless when talking to elders: so desu ne, hence it is added by kopula ”desu”
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No kids use it: since joseigo is commonly learned as long as the growing age. Sakura seldom hears people use particle wa and kashira anymore. Adverbial such as zenzen, zettai, sugoi, according Sakura is used more by younger people and the elder use all of them added by chotto, yappari, sukoshi. Older people use more choices of adverb, but avoid absolute term like sugoku or zettai. Imperative form -nasai is usually used by parents and not feminine. Respectful prefix and go: older people use it more. Maybe it is slightly feminine. Sakura mentioned that the more educated you are, the more you use joseigo as a woman.
Sakura suggests to see Takara Zuka Theatre: the players are only women, hence they use joseigo and danseigo (Japanese Man Language) as the difference. More educated woman use respectful prefix o and go. Because it is a polite form, men use it only in a formal situation. Women are usually more polite than men are; use more often honorific alternatives of words, for example: itadaku, irrasharu. Emotive particle assigned to women speech are araa and maa.
Lexically, indeed there are some differences of word used by men and women. When they mention “stomach” , men use the word hara dan women use the word onaka. When they mention the word meal box, men use the word bento, while women use the word obento. Women say omizu, oishii, taberu (instead of what are usually used by men such as the word mizu, umai, kuu, which means water, delicious, and eat). But formal educated men use the more polite form too, as what are usually used by women.
When asked about language used in Media, Sakura mentioned that news language is different from drama, because news used more formal language than everyday language. Drama can be anything from formal to very informal. But again, within drama it varies. Talk show will be in standard Japanese, which is the one spoken in Tokyo. Sakura argued
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that the language used by people in various media will affect the audience. Meaning the audience will copy certain terms and use it in everyday life. Sakura mentioned the examples, which is Hayarigo. Hayarigo is a popular word used by a media person and becomes a trendy word for that year. Like the word “ohitorisama” which is even became part of Japan’s culture.
Hoffman (2014) mentioned the edition of Shicho 45 magazine profiled several Japanophile foreigners about what do they like about Japan. One of them, Swiss-born TV personality, Haruka Christine, praised “ohitorisama culture”. Ohitorisama refers to people living and doing things alone. Japan seems to be spawning the trend faster than other countries. In Japan, people dine out alone, sing karaoke alone, and increasingly live alone. Thirty-two percent of all households nationwide are single-occupant.
The term ohitorisama coined in 1999 by the late journalist Iwashita Kumiko, is popular lexicon of words used to describe single woman. On her website, Iwashita defined ohitorisama as an adult woman with an established individual identity. She also challenge popular feminine ideals, by being career-focused rather than domestically inclined, or being active in pursuing romance (Dales, 2015).
Regarding women speech, Sakura argued that female TV personnel’s burikko language influence some girls speech. Novels, magazines, comic books, and television inundate Japanese-speaking subjects with images of “suitable” feminine or masculine behavior. Miller (2004) mentioned that the word burikko derived from the term buru ‘to pose, pretend, or act” and the suffix-ko, used for “child” or “girl”. A combination of linguistic, prosodic, paralinguistic, and nonverbal features contributes to an interpretation of speech as burikko-like. The most readily associated traits are the falsetto voice
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and a glissando movement through a pitch range. Additional features include a nasalized delivery, use of a baby-talk register, a sprinkling of amusing coinages, and mannerism such a covering the mouth when smilling or laughing. In popular media and in interviews, burikko are characterized as both shallow airheads and crafty flatterers. People often say a distinctive feature of burikko talk is that they always utter hazukashii “I’m embaraassed” even though it’s clear they aren’t the least bitmortified.
The features of burikko style often featured in media by some Japanese women celebrities are as following (Ken, 2012):
- Refers to herself by her first name
- She sticks out her tongue when she makes a mistake
- She adds da mon to the end of sentences
- When in high spirits she always screams “Waaai” (Yayy!!)
- Her scream is “Gyah!” etc. Tamae
Tamae is a Japanese woman of 53 years old born in Osaka and has a master degree. From her college she has been working part time as a reporter and an MC of a television and a radio. After she has graduated, she has ever hosted a program in a Japanese National channel with the theme of food, morning talks, and education. During 2001 - 2015, she has a position as the city council member, besides she is still active as the host. The interview was conducted in September 2015 when Tamae together with her friends from Non-Profit Organization was conducting an activity in Bali. Related to the language she uses everyday, Tamae is shown the Japanese Linguistic Aspects Table and she marked some features which are commonly marked as joseigo features like sentence final particles yo ne and na no. It is seen that she uses many features of
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Joseigo. This answer then is supported by investigating Tamae’s video in hosting the programs.
Tamae uses many features in Joseigo since she imitates her mother’s language. According to her, the language used by her mother is a very polite language. Therefore, Tamae often relates Japanese women language with politeness. These are the few examples of polite words which often used by Tamae’s mother :
- oitte irrashaimase (welcome)
- omeshi agare (please eat it)
In hosting a program, Tamae often uses respectful prefixes o- and go-. It is because when she is hosting a program, it is indeed commonly used formal register. In fact, sometimes, the language that is used is so polite that it will be odd when it is used in the daily. For example in the sentences: "ohanashi ni naremashita".
The language she uses daily is different from that she uses in hosting a program. The language she uses in hosting a program is more polite and formal. Since the national TV channel commonly centred in Tokyo, hence the host and hostess are commonly Tokyo people or people domicile in Tokyo. It is automatically that the language being used for the broadcasting is the dialect register of Tokyo people. The area of Tokyo itself is known as the place where Joseigo is developed.
Language strategy used by Tamae when hosting a program usually does not use features of joseigo since the script is prepared before the news program. Nevertheless, when she is hosting a talk show and she becomes the MC, sometimes she uses features of joseigo.
Tamae explains with the existence of language register division according to gender known in Japan, they are Joseigo (women register) and Danseigo (men register), raises a new phenomenon namely nyuuhaafu (Japanese slang derived from the English terms "new" and
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"half" in reference to the fact that half of the person's appearance and persona has been changed in terms of gender. A transsexual, transgender or transvestite performer, typically male to female) who uses oneekotoba. Oneekotoba (older sister speech) is an effeminate Japanese language used by gay men.
Joseigo and danseigo in the media, such as in dorama Japan, anime, film, and TV shows commonly use to confirm the characters of the figures. The feminine character (both women and men) are described using joseigo, while the masculine character (both women and men) are described using danseigo. Although in the daily life nowadays, the border between men and women is not as far as what is shown in some films, dorama, etc. Such condition in the media leads the transgender or gay to use oneekotoba hence it sounds more feminine. The features of feminine language they use in fact can be more feminine than the ordinary young women do in the same age.
When Tamae is hosting a cooking program that is watched by mostly mothers, in fact she has no intention to use joseigo. Nevertheless women chef in this program commonly use joseigo, therefore Tamae uses joseigo to respond them. Sometimes she meets a woman chef who is as feminine as princess (Tamae call it with the term ojoosama sensei) which uses features of very feminine language. When she is asked about her impression she gets of ojoosama sensei, Tamae answers that she considers that as a cute thing, but it also feels that there is a distance made between speaker and the partner.
There is also a moment when Tamae meets a woman who uses danseigo (men register). Tamae feels that since joseigo is suteki kotoba (a beautiful language) then it should be made everlasting. Women should keep using joseigo. When she hears a woman uses danseigo, she feels uncomfortable and wants the woman not to use danseigo. She also feels surprised and thinks that it is not appropriate for women.
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When Tamae hosts political speech, she use a standard polite language register, and does not use a particle in the end of the sentence that is common in joseigo or otokoppoi kotoba (masculine words). In the daily politic world, there are also women who use danseigo to show their power. Tamae knows them and she observes in the media that they use danseigo to show the power but in the daily life they use joseigo, good in cooking and is very feminine.
Many people imitate dorama, anime, etc. When there is a person who wants a feminine impression she can imitate joseigo that she listens to the media. Nevertheless, there are also people use strong joseigo for joke. Words that are feminine such as suteki dana are widely used not only by girls, but also by pretty boy (utsukushii dansei). There are also special words used by only women such as the word of "bijin" (pretty). Regarding the impact of joseigo used by Japanese woman, there is even a phenomenon in which a foreign man who lives in Japan and has a relationship with a Japanese women, use a lot of feminine sentence final particles such as sou yo ne, da wa, and yo since he learns Japanese from his girlfriend.
According to Sakura, joseigo is made everlasting through its existence in the media.
“Mada nokoru kotoba wa tsukawaranakattara, kotoba wa nakunatte shimau. Nanode, media de tsukaitsustukereba, sono kotoba wa nokoru.” (If the remaining vocabularies are not used anymore, then the words will be gone. Nevertheless since it is used in the media, the words will remain).
For example when she suddenly hears in the television that there are people or host utter the words they do not listen for a long time, Tamae will laugh while yelling “furuii” (old). This is a proof that media make the words become everlasting.
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4. Conclusion
Socially marked linguistic and textual features used by media in shaping Japanese women’s linguistics behaviour can be observed through the quantity of Joseigo (Japanese women language) and danseigo (Japanese man language) which commonly used in the media, such as in dorama Japan, anime, TV shows and film to confirm the characters of the figures. The feminine character (both women and men) are often described using joseigo, while the masculine character (both women and men) are often described using danseigo.
This features used by feminine character in media reflect the previous discourse of linguistic femininity in Japan. For example, in the case of Tamae, sometimes she meets a woman chef who is as feminine as princess (Tamae call it with the term ojoosama sensei) which uses features of very feminine language. On the other hand, from her experience in the daily politic world, Tamae also observes some women who use danseigo in front of public and media to show the power and masculinity but in the daily life they use joseigo, good in cooking and is very feminine.
The features used in media affect Japanese women’s linguistic behaviour in some ways like how in Sakura case, the women celebrities who use burikko style and language are copied by their girl viewers and influence those girl speech. The existence of language register division in media according to gender known in Japan, Joseigo and Danseigo also raises a new phenomenon, oneekotoba. Oneekotoba (older sister speech) is an effeminate Japanese language used by gay men. The transgender or gay tend to use oneekotoba to make they sounds more feminine. The features of feminine language they use in fact can be more feminine than the ordinary young women do in the same age.
In conclusions, Japanese women linguistic behaviour are more or less affected by media even though in the daily life nowadays, the
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border between men and women is not as far as what is shown in some films, dorama, etc. Another important point found in this research is how Japanese women language is made everlasting through its existence in the media. Like Tamae said, “If the remaining vocabularies are not used anymore, then the words will be gone. Nevertheless since it is used in the media, the words will remain.”
Bibliography
Burch, Alfred Rue. 2003. Feminine Language in Japanese : A Study of Usage Among Japanese Graduate Students Residing in Hawaii. [cited 2012 Sept. 15]. Available from URL : www2.hawaii.edu/~abu rch/Femi nine%20Language.html. Dales, Laura. 2015. “Suitably Single? Representations of Singlehood in Contemporary Japan.” In : Configurations of Family in Contemporary Japan. Aoyama, Tomoko, Laura Dales, and Romit Dasgupta. New York : Routledge. Hoffman, Michael. 2014. Why marry, or Worry, When We Can Be Alone Together in Ohitorisama Japan? [cited 2012 Sept. 22]. Available from URL : www.japantime s.co.jp/new s/2014/03 /01/nati onal/media-national/wh y-mar ry-or-worr y-wh en-we-ca-b e-alone- together-in-ohitor sama-ja pan/#.VgSEgREaySN Ken, Y.N. 2012. Characteristics of A Sickly Cute “Burikko”. [cited 2012 May. 12]. Available from URL : whatjapanthinks.com/ 2012/09/03/ charac teristics-of-asickly-cute-burikko/ Miller, Laura.2004. “You Are Doing Burikko! Censoring/Scrutinizing Artificers of Cute Femininity in Japanese.” In : Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology. Okamoto, Shigeko and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 148- 165. Okamoto, Shigeko. 2004. “Ideology in Linguistic Practice and Analysis” In : Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology. Okamoto, Shigeko and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 38-56. Suzuki, Midori Fukunishi. 1995. “Women and Television : Portrayal of Women in the Mass Media.” In Japanese Women : New Feminist Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future, ed. Kumiko Fujimura
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Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda. New York : The Feminist Press. p. 75 – 90 Ueno, Junko. 2008. Gender Differences in Japanese Conversations. [cited 2012 Sept. 25]. Available from URL : web.uri.edu/I aics/files 08-Junko-Ueno.pdf Ueno, Junko. 2006. Shojo and Adult Women: A Linguistic Analysis of Gender Identity in Manga (Japanese Comic). [cited 2012 Sept. 21]. Available from URL : www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/ling563/d emos /uen o2 006_m a nga-particles.pdf Washi, Rumi. 2004. “Japanese Female Speech and Language Policy in the World War II Era” In : Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology. Okamoto, Shigeko and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 76 - 91 Yatsumoto, Seiko. 2006. The Representation of Women in Japanese Written Media. Journal Ilha Do Destero No. 50, p. 99 -126.
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ANALYSIS AND MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION OF FRICTION CLUTCH PLATE OF PIAGGIO APE
A.Hari Kishan P.Santi Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Chaitanya Engineering College Chaitanya Engineering College Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract— In automobiles friction clutches are widely used in power transmission applications. To transmit maximum torque in friction clutches selection of the friction material is one of the important tasks. In this project a model of Piaggio Ape clutch plate has been generated in Pro-Engineer and analysis done in ANSYS for power transmission applications. We have conducted structural analysis by varying the friction surfaces material and keeping base material aluminum same.
By seeing the results, Comparison is done for both materials to validate better lining material for Piaggio Ape clutch plate by doing analysis on clutch with help of ANSYS software for find out which material is best for the lining of friction surfaces. Structural, Modal and Fatigue Analysis is used for Validate the Friction Material. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design.
ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of user- designated size) called elements.
Index Terms—Piaggio Ape, Solidworks, Finite Element Analysis.
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1.Introduction
Clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation, which can be engaged and disengaged. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one shaft is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. Let us take an instance where one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed (engaged), or be decoupled and spin at different speeds (disengaged). Depending on the orientation, speeds, material, torque produced and finally the use of the whole device, different kinds of clutches are used. The clutch in itself is a mechanism, which employs different configurations and different principles in various models available. In the following lines, we have provided the different kinds of clutches that are available.
1.1 Plate friction material
Different special friction materials are available for wet and dry running clutches and brakes. The friction material used represents the most important part of each friction combination, which effectively consist of, in addition, the counter frictional surface and, in the case of wet-running, the oil. The friction combination influences the behavior of the clutch or brake when being engaged and disengaged, the permissible thermal loading, the behavior in terms of wear and thereby the required size of the clutch or brake. Only when these important properties are known can the optimum friction combination for a given application be selected in order to give the desired behavior and service
life. In order to provide understanding of the application selection of friction combinations, the following sections will describe the characteristic properties and main areas of use of our different standard friction combinations, namely steel/steel, steel/sintered lining and steel or cast iron/organic friction lining, all of which
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have proved themselves in use over many years. Should you have special requirements with regard to the dynamic torque, the static torque or the lubricant to be used, please contact us. For such cases, special friction materials such as plates coated with molybdenum are available.
2. Calculations of Clutch and Friction Specifications: Power = 13.8 BHP @ 8500 rpm
Torque = 13.4 N-m = 13.4 × 10 − Material used is pressed asbestos on cast iron or steel µ = 0.3 Maximum operating temperature 0C = 150 – 250 Maximum pressure N/mm2 = 0.4
r1 and r2 outer and inner radius of friction faces r1 =109mm and r2 = 90 mm n = no of pairs of contact surfaces
n = n1 + n2 – 1
where n1 and n2 are no of disc on driving and driven shaft
n1 = 5 and n2 = 4 ; n = 4 R = mean radius of friction surfaces