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(Rapolasa Mackonisa) I Życie Literackie Wilna Lat Międzywojennych

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(Rapolasa Mackonisa) I Życie Literackie Wilna Lat Międzywojennych Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Polonistyki Kamil Pecela Twórczość Rafała Mackiewicza (Rapolasa Mackonisa) i życie literackie Wilna lat międzywojennych Praca doktorska Promotor: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Romanowski Kraków, 2014 Podziękowania Chciałbym serdecznie podziękować wszystkim tym, bez których napisanie niniejszej pracy byłoby niemożliwe. Panu Profesorowi Andrzejowi Romanowskiemu, promotorowi i nieocenionemu redaktorowi tej pracy. Pani profesor Jolancie Dudek za opiekę naukową i motywację w pierwszych latach pisania. Doktor Beacie Kalębie i doktorowi Pawłowi Bukowcowi za wsparcie. Mindaugasowi Kvietkauskasowi, dyrektorowi Instytutu Literatury i Folkloru Litewskiego w Wilnie, za umożliwienie przeprowadzenia niezbędnych badań i inspirację. Almie Lapinskienė za konsultacje i przekazane materiały. Rūcie Pleskačiauskienė, Virginijusowi Gasiliūnasowi i Augustinasowi Vitėnasowi, pracownikom biblioteki i archiwum Instytutu Literatury i Folkloru Litewskiego, za życzliwą pomoc w trakcie kwerend. Rodzinie i Bliskim za wsparcie, zaufanie, wyrozumiałość i cierpliwość. 2 Spis treści Wstęp...............................................................................................................................................5 1. Ramy chronologiczne życia literackiego międzywojennego Wilna..........................................20 2. Mapa środowisk literackich w międzywojennym Wilnie.........................................................22 Polacy.......................................................................................................................................24 Żydzi.........................................................................................................................................42 Białorusini.................................................................................................................................48 Rosjanie....................................................................................................................................65 Tatarzy......................................................................................................................................70 Karaimi.....................................................................................................................................71 Międzywojenna literatura wileńska?........................................................................................75 3. Litwini w międzywojennym Wilnie..........................................................................................78 Literatura litewska w międzywojennym Wilnie.......................................................................84 Literatura litewska do połowy lat dwudziestych..................................................................86 Lata 1924-1938....................................................................................................................90 Vienkartininkowie................................................................................................................98 4. Biografia Mackonisa...............................................................................................................101 Dzieciństwo............................................................................................................................102 Gimnazjum wileńskie.............................................................................................................110 Lata 1924 – 1939....................................................................................................................121 Lata wojenne i powojenne......................................................................................................129 5. Pisarstwo Rapolasa Mackonisa w międzywojennym Wilnie..................................................138 Teksty manifestujące światopogląd autora.............................................................................138 Milda..................................................................................................................................138 Sulaukė...............................................................................................................................145 Szarzy bohaterowie............................................................................................................154 W walce o mowę ojczystą..................................................................................................192 Doktor Jonas Basanavičius................................................................................................194 Ciernista droga...................................................................................................................196 Teodor Narbutt...................................................................................................................199 Teksty dokumentujące współczesność autora.........................................................................202 Los......................................................................................................................................202 3 Cmentarz............................................................................................................................205 Działacze społeczni............................................................................................................207 Ciężka droga......................................................................................................................208 Teksty propagandowe.............................................................................................................210 Liepto galas........................................................................................................................210 Tu nasza ziemia..................................................................................................................210 Listy do młodzieży.............................................................................................................211 Co robić?............................................................................................................................214 Pozostałe broszury propagandowe.....................................................................................215 Pisarstwo Rapolasa Mackonisa w literaturze litewskiej.........................................................219 6. Rapolas Mackonis wobec Polaków.........................................................................................221 Próby nawiązania dialogu.......................................................................................................221 Polakożerca.............................................................................................................................225 Środy Literackie i Żagary w oczach Mackonisa.....................................................................233 Apel do polskich sumień........................................................................................................243 7. Twórczość Mackonisa na mapie literackiej Wilna..................................................................251 8. Apendyks. Twórczość Mackonisa po 1939 roku.....................................................................256 9. Bibliografia..............................................................................................................................277 4 Wstęp W niniejszej pracy prezentuję i analizuję międzywojenne pisarstwo Rafała Mackiewicza (Rapolasa Mackonisa) w kontekście życia literackiego międzywojennego Wilna. Twórczość najbardziej płodnego literata i publicysty litewskiego traktuję jako pryzmat, który pozwala na nowe spojrzenie na literacki układ sił w grodzie Giedymina lat międzywojennych. Celem tego działania jest po pierwsze przedstawienie nieznanego w Polsce litewskiego pisarza, którego aktywność stanowiła bezpośredni kontekst dla kultury polskiej. Jego pisarstwo zdominowało najdłuższy i najbardziej stabilny okres funkcjonowania literatury litewskiej w międzywojennej Polsce1 – był zatem Mackonis najważniejszym potencjalnym partnerem komunikacji literackiej. W jego twórczości problematyka stosunków kulturowych zajmowała poczesne miejsce, co tym bardziej zachęcało do analizy jego tekstów. Zwłaszcza że – po drugie – celem niniejszego tekstu jest również poszukiwanie w tekstach literackich międzywojennego Wilna reprezentacji wielokulturowego ducha miasta. Ten drugi cel wynika po części z faktu, że istnieje znacząca dysproporcja między przeświadczeniem o istnieniu takiego ducha, a znikomą ilością tekstów i zjawisk polskiej literatury międzywojennego Wilna, które by za tym przemawiały. Nieufność wobec rodzącego się mitu „wielokulturowości” z jednej i ciekawość, jak literatura litewska litewska weryfikuje ten mit z drugiej strony, były motywacją w pracy. Choć przedsięwzięcie wydaje się usprawiedliwione, wymaga jednak kilku przypisów. Przede wszystkim należy stwierdzić, że międzywojenne Wilno wielokulturowe nie ma jeszcze swojego studium w języku polskim. Dostępny jest natomiast szereg tekstów poświęconych fenomenom literackim poszczególnych narodów międzywojennego Wilna. Najważniejsze z nich 1 Chodzi tu właśnie o literaturę litewską Wilna, nie zaś o literaturę litewską w ogóle (literaturę Litwy). W latach międzywojennych te dwa nurty rozwijały się odrębnie, stanowią osobne zjawiska literackie. 5 to: Życie literackie i literatura w Wilnie XIX-XX wieku2; Poezja i poeci w Wilnie lat 1920-19403; Wilno literackie na styku
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