Taman Nasional Wasur, Mengelola Kawasan Konservasi Di Wilayah Masyarakat Adat

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Taman Nasional Wasur, Mengelola Kawasan Konservasi Di Wilayah Masyarakat Adat Media Konservasi Vol. 17, No. 1 April 2012 : 6 – 15 TAMAN NASIONAL WASUR, MENGELOLA KAWASAN KONSERVASI DI WILAYAH MASYARAKAT ADAT (Wasur National Park, Management of Conservation Area in Indigenous Community Land) NANDI KOSMARYANDI Bagian Manajemen Kawasan Konservasi, Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor Diterima 10 Mei 2011/Disetujui 18 Agustus2011 ABSTRACT Indonesia has established 50 national parks as part of its protectedarea. Considerations ofthe establishment of national parks by the government were based on the conditions of native ecosystems and biodiversity conservation targets. Consideration was also as sociated with the development of recommendations made in the IUCN's World Park Congresses. It is a fact that some national parks were occupying some indigenous lands, such as Wasur National Park which occupied indigenous territories of Kanum, Marind-Kondo, Marori Men-gey and Yeinan Ethnics. These indigenous peoples have established natural resource management systems that were intimately associated with their traditions and beliefs. Discrepancy between government policies on conservation are as with the pattern of arrangement on indigenous peoples as owners of the area led to the emergence of conflict and marginalization of indigenous peoples’ rights. Realizing the error in the perspective of conservation area management related to indigenous peoples, in the 5th World Park Congress in Durban, South Africa in 200, a recommendation was agreed on the importance of collaboration in the equality and mutual benefit between parks’ managers with indigenous peoples, and positioning indigenous peoples' rightsasan important part in conservation area management system today and the future. Keywords: national parks, indigenous peoples, wasur PENDAHULUAN taman nasional dan mendorong gerakan pembangunan taman nasional selanjutnya pada skala dunia yang luas. Taman nasional di Indonesia merupakan bentuk Pada kongres kedua di Yellowstone National Park kawasan pelestarian alam yang mulai diterapkan sejak (Amerika Serikat) pada18 - 27 September 1972, agenda Kongres Taman Nasional Sedunia ke-3 tahun 1982 di yang didiskusikan meliputi perencanaan dan Bali yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 11 - 22 Oktober manajemen, kepariwisataan di taman nasional, problem- 1982. Dimulai dengan pembentukan lima taman problem lingkungan di kawasan dilindungi, peluang- nasional pertama, yaitu Gunung Gede Pangrango, peluang pelatihan internasional dan peningkatan sistem Komodo, Ujung Kulon, Gunung Leuser dan Kerinci taman global, serta kebutuhan dan manfaat dukungan Seblat. Sampai dengan tahun 2010 ini sudah terdapat 50 masyarakat bagi taman nasional dan kawasan taman nasional yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah perlindungan sejenis. Dalam kongres ketiga di Bali Indonesia, dengan luas total 16.384.194 ha. Pengertian (Indonesia) tahun 1982, fokus bahasannya adalah peran taman nasional di Indonesia tercantum dalam UU No. 5 kawasan dilindungi dalam keberlanjutan masyarakat. tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Kongres keempat di Caracas pada tanggal 10 - 21 Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, yaitu taman nasional adalah Februari 1992 mengambil tema ‘Taman untuk kawasan pelestarian alam yang mempunyai ekosistem Kehidupan’. Dalam kongres ini muncul agenda-agenda asli, dikelola dengan sistem zonasi yang dimanfaatkan kawasan dilindungi, diantaranya memunculkan isu-isu untuk tujuan penelitian, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan politik melalui partisipasi menunjang budidaya, pariwisata, dan rekreasi. dan kesetaraan proses pengambilan keputusan, Pengelolaan taman nasional dilaksanakan oleh konservasi biodiversiti, konservasi pada skala regional, pemerintah melalui unit manajemen balai besar taman pendanaan kawasan dilindungi dan membangun nasional ataupun balai taman nasional. konstituensi yang lebih kuat untuk konservasi. Tujuan Kebijakan pengelolaan taman nasional yang yang ingin dicapai dari rencana aksi yang dimunculkan dihasilkan mulai dari kongres taman dunia (World Park dari kongres ini adalah memperluas jaringan kawasan Congress/WPC) pertama pada tahun 1962 sampai dilindungi untuk mencapai sekurangnya 10% dari setiap kongres keempattahun 2004, masih difokuskan pada biome utama pada tahun 2000. pemantapan dan pembangunan taman nasional pada Kepentingan masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan skala dunia yang lebih luas. Hal ini terlihat dari tujuan kawasan dilindungi secara tegas dihasilkan pada WPC yang ingin dicapai pada kongres pertama yang kelima di Durban (Afrika Selatan) pada 8-17 September diselenggarakan di Seattle (Amerika Serikat) pada tahun 2003. Salah satu deklarasi hasil kongres ini adalah tanggal 30 Juni - 7 Juli 1962, yaitu untuk memantapkan bahwa semua kawasan dilindungi, baik yang sudah ada pemahaman internasional yang lebih efektif mengenai maupun yang akan datang, harus dibangun dan dikelola 6 Taman Nasional Wasur, Mengelola Kawasan Konservasi dengan menghormati hak-hak masyarakat adat, masyarakat adat terhadap pemanfaatan sumberdaya mengadopsi sistem adat dan membayarkan restitusi dari alam yang menjadi sumber penghidupannya. penggunaan sumberdaya alam yang digunakan. Untuk itu setiap negara harus mulai melaksanakan identifikasi masyarakat adat dan peraturan perundangan yang terkait METODE PENELITIAN dengan pengelolaan kawasan dilindungi dan masyarakat adatnya. 1. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian Oleh karena adanya perkembangan kebijakan Lokasi penelitian adalah kawasan Taman Nasional pengelolaan taman nasional, pemerintah Indonesia perlu Wasur, Kabupaten Merauke, Propinsi Papua. Untuk menyesuaikan, bahkan mungkin me-redesain sistem penelitian aspek sosial budaya dilakukan di Kampung pengelolaan taman nasionalnya karena kebijakan dan Kuler, Kampung Onggaya dan Kampung Yanggandur. peraturan perundangan yang digunakan belum bisa Waktu penelitian lapang dilaksanakan pada 16 – 23 mengakomodir hasil deklarasi WPC ke lima tersebut. Oktober 2008 dan 7 – 12 Juni 2010. Dalam peraturan perundangan yang terkait dengan pengelolaan taman nasional, seperti UU No. 5 tahun 1990, UU No. 41 tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan dan PP 2. Metode No. 68 tahun 1998 tentang Kawasan Suaka Alam dan Data primer diperoleh dengan metode observasi Kawasan Pelestarian Alam, hak-hak dan keberadaan lapang untuk memperoleh gambaran umum lokasi serta masyarakat adat belum menjadi bagian dari sistem metode wawancara dengan informan pemuka pengelolaan taman nasional padahal peluang terjadinya masyarakat dan pengelola taman nasional. Sedangkan singgungan maupun tumpang tindih kawasan konservasi data sekunder diperoleh melalui penelurusan pustaka di dengan wilayah masyarakat adat cukup besar. Kantor Taman Nasional Wasur, WWF Indonesia Berdasarkan peraturan perundangan tersebut, suatu Region Sahul Papua dan penelusuran data melalui kawasan ditunjuk sebagai kawasan taman nasional internet. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis apabila telah memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut: secara kualitatif. a. Kawasan yang ditetapkan mempunyai luas yang cukup untuk menjamin kelangsungan proses ekologis secara alami; b. Memiliki sumber daya alam yang khas dan unik HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN baik berupa jenis tumbuhan maupun satwa dan ekosistemnya serta gejala alam yang masih utuh 1. Gambaran Umum Taman Nasional Wasur dan alami; Taman Nasional Wasur berada di bagian tenggara c. Memiliki satu atau beberapa ekosistem yang masih Provinsi Papua. Wasur sebenarnya nama salah satu desa utuh; yang berada di dalam taman nasional, yang berasal dari d. Memiliki keadaan alam yang asli dan alami untuk kata Waisol, yang dalam bahasa Marori berarti kebun. dikembangkan sebagai pariwisata alam; Kawasan Taman Nasional Wasur sebagian besar e. Merupakan kawasan yang dapat dibagi ke dalam tergenang air selama 4 - 6 bulan dalam setahun, dan zona inti, zona pemanfaatan, zona rimba dan zona merupakan perwakilan lahan basah yang paling luas di lain yang karena pertimbangan kepentingan Papua. Lahan basah di kawasan ini memegang peranan rehabilitasi kawasan, ketergantungan penduduk yang sangat penting, terutama sebagai habitat burung sekitar kawasan, dan dalam rangka mendukung migran. Siklus airnya merupakan pemelihara upaya pelestarian sumber daya alam hayati dan keseimbangan dan integritas habitat. Pada musim ekosistemnya, dapat ditetapkan sebagai zona kering, airnya surut membentuk rawa-rawa permanen tersendiri. yang satu dengan lainnya dihubungkan oleh parit-parit Dalam pelaksanaannya, pada situasi dimana yang mengalirkan airnya ke laut. Rawa-rawa disini kawasan taman nasional yang ditetapkan berada pada merupakan pendukung kehidupan makhluk hidup yang wilayah masyarakat adat, tidak pernah dimunculkan hidup di kawasan ini. dalam dasar pertimbangan/konsideran-nya tentang keberadaan masyarakat adat yang ada di wilayah a. Lokasi tersebut. Bila melihat kriteria pada PP 68 huruf e, secara eksplisit mengandung pengertian bahwa di dalam Secara geografis, kawasan Taman Nasional Wasur (TNW) terletak antara 140o 29' – 141o 00' Bujur Timur kawasan taman nasional tidak ada penduduk, sehingga o o pengelolaan taman nasional hanya mempertimbangkan dan 08 04' – 09 07' Lintang Selatan. Berdasarkan ketergantungan penduduk sekitar kawasan. Oleh karena administratif pemerintahan terletak di bagian tenggara kriteria dalam PP 68 tersebut kurang memper- Pulau Papua dalam wilayah administratif Kabupaten timbangkan aspek sosial budaya masyarakat adat Merauke dan 4 kecamatan/distrik, yaitu Merauke, mengakibatkan dalam pelaksanaan terjadi kekurang Jagebob, Sota dan Naukenjarai (Gambar 1). Kawasan
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