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From Open Pompano Trachi A PreliminaryStudy of the SummerFeeding Habits of JuvenileFlorida Pompano Trat:Itinotuscttrolintss! from Open aud Protected Beaches of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico KERSTEN N. WHEELER, CLINTON C. STARK, and RICHARD W. HEARD Departmentof CoastalSciences Universityof SouthernMississippi Gulf CoastResearch Laboratory Campus OceanSprings, Mississippi 39566-7000 USA ABSTRACT Relativelylittle informationis availableon thefeeding habits of theFlorida pompano Trachinotus carolinus! &om the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.The productiveshallow water habitats of coastalbarrier islands in this regionof the Gulf ofFera diversearray of potentialprey items for this commerciallyimportant fish.During July 2000 the digestive tracts of 78juvenile pompano were collected &om barrier island habitatsin Mississippi Horn, Ship, and Petit Bois Islands!, Alabama Dauphin Island!, and West Florida SantaRosa Island!, preserved, and examinedfor food items, Comparisonsof the prey organismsfound were made based on fish size and collection site e.g. open beachesof the Gulf or the protectedbeaches of thebay/sound! &om the four islands. Of the78 juvenile pompanoexainined all but threecontained identifiable food items,which representedat least 32 differentprey items. Crustaceans, primarily juvenile mole crabs Emeritaspp!, werethe dominantfood itemsof thejuvenile pompano, Molecrabs occurred at all butone of theeight collecting sites. Diet diversity was slightlyhigher for fish&um open beach habitats than for fish&om the protected beachesof thebay or soundsides of theislands P4ississippi Sound/ Mobile Bay/ PensacolaBay]. Fishcollected &om the protected north sides of the islandsfed on moreestuarine organisms e.g., Neanthes succinea, Corophium louisianum! thanthose fish examined&om open beach Gulf habitats.Our preliminary data indicatethat duringthe sununermonths, juvimiie pompanoare opportunistic feedersutilizing the most readily available food resources within the habitats they forage,Juvenile pompano &om open beach habitats appear to feedon juveniles of preyspecies Donm spp., Emerita spp.! known &om the diet of adults. KEY WORDS:Juvenile pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, feeding, Gulf of Mexico INTRODUCTION TheFlorida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus Linneaeus!, a member of the familyCarangidae, is a commonnearshore species ranging &om Cape Cod to northeasternBxazil. Our study was designedto determineand comparethe diIVerencesin preyselection of juvenilepompano 4 - 94 mm! &omopen and Page 680 Wheeler, K.N. et al. GCFI:53 2002 protected beacheson four bamer islands in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. TheFlorida poinpano, referred to hereas "pompano," is an importantfood and game fish along the coast of the southeasternUnited States,with Florida havingthe largestconunercial landings Pattillo,et al. 1997!. Most of the previousreports dealing with the biologyof pompanohas been summarized by Pattilloet al. 997!. Juvenilepompano are reported to be abundantin the surf zone Gunter1958, BeHinger and Avault 1971,Benson 1982!. Bothjuveniles andadults are known to exhibitschooling behavior Benson 1982! Spawningtakes place offshore in earlyspring to late sununerand all life stagesare &ee swimming Pattillo et al. 1997!. Accordingto Ditty et al. 988!, pompanophmktonic larvae are present in theGulf of Mexico&om May through August.Ibe fish areconsidered juveniles when they reach a standardlength SL! of 7 mm. Juvenilesarrive in thesurf zone when they are about 10 - 15mm total lieth and leavefor deeperwater when they reach75 - 150 mm. Juvenilesare foundin the shallowwater beaches of thenorthern Gulf &omApril to October, andthey move south along the coastin responseto colderwinter temperatures Pattillo et aL 1997!. Pompanooccur in bothin oceanicand estiiarine wats andare reported to feedon benthic and epibenthic oqpnisms Armitage and Alevison 1980, Bellinger andAvault 1971, Fields 1962, Finucane 1969, Modde.aud Ross 1983!. Juvenile pompanoare known to exploit food sourcesin or adjacentto the swashzone of northernGulf beaches Modde and Ross 1983!, however they are also reported to feedin peripheralestuarine habitats BeHingerand Avault 1971,Finucane 1969!. Theyhave been reported to be diurnalfeeders Modde and Ross 1983, Pattilio et. al. 1997!,and adultshave been reported to feed duringthe day primarily on benthic bivalves Pattillo et al. 1997!. The adults have well developedpharyngeal plates, which allow them to feed on bard-shelleditems suchas bivalvesand inole crabs Finucane1969, Bellinger and Avault 1971!. Juvenilepompano are oplxntunistic feedersthat o&enutiTize the surf zoneto feed on prey iteruswhich becomedislodged or disorientedby wave action and vulnerableto predation Pattillo et al. 1997!. The smaller fish feed on benthic andpelagic invertebrates including polychaetes, calanoid copepods, amphipods, gaslxopodlarvae, and insect3. Studiesby Hildebrandand Schroeder928!, Berryand Iverson 967!, andBellinger and Avault 971! indicatedthat the diversityof thesefood items decrease as the fish grows,probably indicating that adultfish aremore selective in theirchoice of prey. Moddeand Ross 983! are the only authorsto presentinformation on the diet of pompanoin the northeasternGulf of Mexico HornIsland, Mississippi!, however, little detailed informationon the specificidentification of preyitems was reported. The most extensive feeding study of juvenile pompano in the Gulf of Mexico was conductedby Bellingerand Avault 971!. Their studywas basedon the examinationof 899juvenile fish collected&om two Louisianabeach sites west of the MississippiRiver. However,with few exceptions,most of the food items wereonly identifiedto majortaxonomic categories e.g., class and order!. Two 53" Qug and Cat1bbeanFiaheriea institute Page661 otherrelevant studies are those of Armitageand Alevizon 980!, who studied juvenileand adult fish &omthe eastcoast of centralFlorida, and Fields 962! who examinedjuveniles &om the coastof Georgia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Juvenilepompano were collected&om four barrier islandsalong the coasts of Mississippi,Alabama, and West Florida seeFigure 1!. In addition,a few adultspecimens were collected using hook and line &omWest Ship Island to be usedfor comparisonof diet with thejuveniles, The sevencollecting sites for juvenileswere ! thesouthwest tip of HomIsland, ! northside of HornIsland middle!, ! south side Horn Island middle!, ! north Petit Bois Island, ! northside of DauphinIsland, ! southside of DauphinIsland, ! northside of SantaRosa Island, and 8! SouthSanta Rosa Island. F ure 1. Tiachinotus carolinus collection sites durin June 2000. The fish were collected with a 7 foot diameter cast net with '/v inch mesh, a 10 foot diametercast net with '/i inch mesh,and a 20foot seine. When feasible,a miniinum of 10 fish &om each collection site were collected and examined. The numberof fish specimens&om eachstation was takenby availability. The salinity,air, and water temperature were taken at eachstation. Once coll~ thefish were preserved in 10/oformalin on site,and after a minimumof six days theywere transfemed to 70/oethanol. In thelaboratory, the standard length SL! of eachfish wasrecorded, The entire digestive tract of eachfish wasremoved. Utilizingboth dissectingand compound microscopes, prey items from the entire digestivetract were countedand identifiedto lowest possibletaxon. To compensateforthe large differences in size and number of eachof theprey items, Page 882 Wheeler, K.N. et al. GCFI:83 2002 the itemswere taken as a percentageof eachfishes' total stomach contents. The percentageof prey items for each individual fish was calculated, the averages for all fishexamined were combined, and this value was divided by thetotal number of fish examined. Thesepercentages are reflectedin Figures2 - 10. All calculations,graphs, and tables were madeusing Microsoft Excel 2000. Pish with emptystomachs were not includedin calculationsof dietcomposition, The nuscellaneouscategory encompasses all prey organismsthat composed2% or less of the diet. RESULTS Seventy-eightjuvenile pompano wrxe collected &om eightdifferent brurier islandcollections sites during July 2000 Tablel!.'Ihe digestivetracts of only threefish, two Som the north side of SantaRosa Island station 7! andone Som the southwesttip of Hom bland station 1! containedno food items. The digestivetracts of the75 juvenilepompano containing food material yielded a total of 1046 recognizableprey organismsrepresenting at least 32 different speciesof invertebratesand fish AppendixA!. Thesummer feeding habits of juvenilepompano prey composition varied with collectionsite. Figures2 and3 indicatethe simdaritiesand differences in the preyconsumed by pompanofiom the north pro~ beaches!and south openGulf beaches!sides of the barrier islandsduring our study. The diet of the fish collectedon the northside was composedof 22 differentprey items, the smallburrowing isopod Exosphearorrra dirrrinuta,being the mostabundant prey organism recovered Figure 2!. The diet of fishcollected Som the southsides of theislands was composed of 26 different preyitems with Emeritaspp. being the most abundant prey item Figure3!. Tablef. Location,date of collection,temperature, salinity, and number of juvenilepompano collected during July 2000 Air Temp WaterTernp Sak ¹ of Sile ¹ Coltectton Site Date 'C..'C %e Fish 1 SW Tip of Hom Ishnd 07/11/2000 34 32 33 1B 2 North Hom Island mid 07/200000 31 34 10 3 South Hom Island mid! 07/20I2000 34 25 35 10 4 North Pelt Bois lshnd 07/07/2000 34 32 5 5 Norlh DauphinIsland 07/23/2000 33 31 31 5 B South DauphinIsland 07/23/2000 31
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