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Improving Plant-Based Diets for Florida Pompano, Trachinotus Carolinus

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Improving Plant-Based Diets for Florida Pompano, Trachinotus Carolinus Improving Plant-based Diets for Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. by William Cody Stites A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama May 1, 2021 Keywords: Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, soybean meal, lysine Copyright 2021 by William Cody Stites Approved by D. Allen Davis, Chair, Alumni Professor, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences William H. Daniels, Professor, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences Ian A.E. Butts, Assistant Professor, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences Abstract Florida pompano aquaculture is a growing enterprise in the United States and production is increasing. Success of Florida pompano production is dependent on the supply of cost-effective diets that promote optimal growth and contain alternative plant proteins as the primary protein sources with reduced dependence on fishmeal. However, increased inclusion of plant protein sources in diets presents problems such as anti-nutritional factors, non-starch polysaccharides and imbalanced amino acid profiles. In order to increase digestion of plant proteins, supplemental carbohydrase and improvements in amino acid profiles can provide solutions. To facilitate the development of sustainable and cost-effective diets for Florida pompano, two studies evaluating dietary lysine requirement and supplementation of commercial carbohydrase enzymes endo-1,4- ß-xylanase and endo-1,4-ß-glucanase in plant-based diets was conducted. In the first study, an experimental growth trial was conducted where a combined eight diets (40% protein and 8% lipid) were formulated with graded levels of lysine (1.42-2.43% DM) and fed to juvenile pompano. The second research trial was conducted with iso-nitrogenous (40%) and iso-lipidic (8%) test diets containing 0, 0.015, 0.030, and 0.045% of commercial carbohydrase enzymes endo-1,4-ß-xylanase and endo-1,4-ß-glucanase. Results from the lysine work indicated significant differences in final weight, percent weight gain (PWG), thermal growth coefficient (TGC) and feed conversion ratio between fish reared on the basal diet and the rest of the experimental diets. Survival was variable among all treatments and significant differences existed between pompano fed the 2.12 and 1.57% lysine diets. No significant differences were observed in whole body proximate compositions of fish, but significant differences were observed in a few of the amino acid levels of whole fish including: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine. The 4-parameter saturation kinetic model was used to model TGC ii to determine the dietary lysine requirement. A quantitative lysine requirement was determined to be 1.67% of the dry diet. In the second experimental trial, no significant effects of dietary enzyme supplements were found for initial growth, final growth, PWG, FCR, feed intake, survival (%), apparent net protein retention (ANPR) and apparent net energy retention (ANER). However, TGC was significantly higher in fish fed the 0.015% carbohydrase diet compared to the 0.030% carbohydrase diet. Additionally, no significant differences were identified in mean apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM) and apparent digestibility of energy (ADE). The diet supplemented with 0.030% carbohydrase had significantly higher mean apparent digestibility of protein (ADP) compared to the basal diet without supplement. An additional 3.37% protein on the basis of digestible protein was available to Florida pompano fed experimental diets containing any amount of carbohydrase. Based on the results from the two growth trials, Florida pompano fed plant-based diets require a small amount of lysine (1.67%, dry weight) and commercial carbohydrase (0.015%) to optimize growth, feed utilization and protein digestibility. iii Acknowledgments First off, I give thanks to my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ for blessing me with the opportunities and people I have been able to meet and have the privilege of working with thus far in my life. I always give a big thanks to my parents Colleen Stites and John David Stites for their love, continued encouragement, advice and moral support. I would also like to give thanks to my siblings, Bryant Stites and Avery Stites, and my friends, Nicholas Cuellar, John Herrmann, Joao Torres Reis, Michael Coogan, Benjamin Prior and Aaron Fewell, for their endless support during my time at Auburn University. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my major professor, Dr. D. Allen Davis, for accepting me as a graduate research assistant in his lab and for his continuous support, guidance and knowledge during my research study. I have learned invaluable lessons in his lab that will carry on with me forever in my future endeavours. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my committee members, Dr. Bill Daniels and Dr. Ian A. Butts, for their knowledgeable input, expertise and corrections needed in my research projects. I offer my special thanks to Melanie Rhodes, Joao Torres Reis, Alexis Weldon, Samuel Walsh and Paulo Ito for their gracious assistance and hard work over the past two summers in Gulf Shores, Alabama. I could not have completed my research without you all. Moreover, I would like to extend my gratitude to the professors and colleagues at Auburn University in the School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences for their expertise and knowledge given and taught to me during my research tenure. Assistance provided by the Auburn research station laboratory crew over my 2 years is immensely appreciated. I extend my sincere gratitude to Bobby Davis for assisting me with my statistical analysis of my research projects. Again, I give thanks to everyone who played a crucial role in molding me into a better aquaculturist over my master tenure. iv Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix Chapter I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 References ................................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter II: QUANTITATIVE LYSINE REQUIREMENT FOR JUVENILE FLORIDA POMPANO Trachinotus carolinus FED PLANT-BASED DIETS ............................................. 12 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 13 2. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 15 3. Results ............................................................................................................................... 19 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 21 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 25 References ............................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter III: EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE GROWTH AND APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS IN FLORIDA POMPANO, Trachinotus carolinus ............................................................................................. 41 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 41 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 42 2. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 44 3. Results ............................................................................................................................... 47 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 48 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 52 v References ............................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 61 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................. 63 vi List of Tables CHAPTER II Table 1. Composition of diets containing graded levels of lysine added into the basal diet and fed to juvenile Florida pompano for
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