TRAFFICKING IN AND $MUGGLING OF HUMAN BEING$ In a haze of legality
ANNUAL REPORT 2009
CENTRE FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND OPPOSITION TO RACISM INTRODUCTION 6
PART 1: EVOLUTION OF THE PHENOMENON AND THE COMBAT AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 10
Chapter 1: Recent developments in the legal and policy framework concerning the traf!cking in and smuggling of human beings 12
Chapter 2: Phenomenon analysis 14
!" #$%&\()*+, *+ -./%+ 01*+,2 &3$ 4-1 5.$53212 3& 216.%7 16573*4%4*3+ 16 1.1. General trends 16 1.2. The professionalisation of networks 16 1.3. Learning organisations: structures 17 !"8"!" 9%:%/2 17 !"8";" <1+4 18 !"8"8" =3,.2 217&>1/573?/1+4 18 !"8"@" RB-%/5%,+1 0%$2S 18 !"8"D" E$3+4 /1+ 19 !"8"F" <12*:1+(1 51$/*42 19 !"#" $%&'%()S +,-\/0) 19 !"@"!" G*+>H*+ 2*4.%4*3+2 19 !"@";" I*(4*/2 3& 73J1$03?2 20 !"@"8" K$.,>:151+:1+4 J*(4*/2 20 !"@"@" L*::1+ J*(4*/2 20 !"@"D" B.74.$1>0%21: 2.0/*22*3+ 21 !"@"F" K104 03+:%,1 21 !"@"M" E3$(1: 5$324*4.4*3+ 21 !"@"N" O+:1$>%,1: J*(4*/2 3& 5$324*4.4*3+ 22
;" #$%&\()*+, *+ -./%+ 01*+,2 &3$ 4-1 5.$53212 3& 7%03.$ 16573*4%4*3+ 23 2.1. General trends 23 2.2. Professional networks 23 1"2" $%&'%()S +,-\/0) 24 2.4. Sectors 24 ;"@"!" P,$*(.74.$1 %+: -3$4*(.74.$1 24 ;"@";" B3+24$.(4*3+ %+: $1+3J%4*3+ 24 ;"@"8" #-1 L3417 N <124%.$%+4 N B%41$*+, 21(43$ RLS 8" S4-1$ &3$/2 3& 16573*4%4*3+ 30 3.1. Begging 30 3.2. Coercion to commit offences 30 @" Z/.,,7*+, 3& -./%+ 01*+,2 31 4.1. Kurdish smuggling rings 31 4.2. Indo-Pakistani smuggling rings 31 AND SMUGGLING BEINGS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN 2 * 3 D" B%21 $1J*1H 32 5.1. Sexual exploitation 32 D"!"!" #.$)*2- 5*/52 %+: :$., 4$%&\()1$2 32 5.2. Labour exploitation 33 D";"!" #-1 $%, 4$%:1 33 D";";" B-*+121 $124%.$%+4 33 5.3. Smuggling of human beings 34 D"8"!" [+:*%+ 2/.,,7*+, 3& -./%+ 01*+,2 34 Chapter 3: Figures and statistics 38 !" Y37*(1 :%4% 40 ;" K%4% 3+ 5$321(.4*3+2 42 8" K%4% &$3/ 4-1 P7*1+2 S&\(1 44 @" K%4% &$3/ 251(*%7*21: J*(4*/ (1+4$12 45 D" \.:*(*%7 :%4% 46 Chapter 4: Overview of case law: 2009 – early 2010 48 !" T.$351%+ B3.$4 3& L./%+ <*,-42 49 ;" K1(*2*3+2 -%+:1: :3H+ $1,%$:*+, 216.%7 16573*4%4*3+ 50 8" K1(*2*3+2 -%+:1: :3H+ $1,%$:*+, 7%03.$ 16573*4%4*3+ 52 3.1. Champagne bars/cafés 52 3.2. Domestic workers 52 3.3. Construction/renovation 53 3.4. HORECA: debt bondage 54 3.5. Phone shop 55 3.6. HORECA: bogus self-employed workers 55 Chapter 5: Good and bad practices. Provisional conclusions 58 !" I*(4*/2 59 1.1. Detecting and assisting victims: the need for vigilance concerning drug-dependent victims 59 1.2. International victim coordination: detection and assistance abroad 59 ;" Y37*(1 60 2.1. Investigative capacity 60 2.2. Raising the awareness of the local police 60 2.3. Phone tapping 60 PART 2: TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF LABOUR EXPLOITATION 62 Introduction 64 Chapter 1: Traf!cking in human beings for the purposes of labour exploitation An image of complex legal structures 66 !" B%41,3$*12 3& H3$)1$2 (3+(1$+1:] (3+:*4*3+2 &3$ 71,%77? 161$(*2*+, % 5$3&122*3+%7 %(4*J*4? *+ =17,*./ 68 1.1. Workers that are citizens of the European Union: the free movement of persons and services 68 !"!"!" #-1 &$11 /3J1/1+4 3& 51$23+2 68 !"!";" #-1 &$11 /3J1/1+4 3& 21$J*(12 %+: 21(3+:/1+4 70 1.2. Workers that are third-country nationals 70 !";"!" T/573?/1+4 %+: H3$) 51$/*42 70 !";";" Z17&>1/573?1: H3$)1$2 %+: R5$3&122*3+%7 (%$:2S 72 1.3. Foreign workers residing illegally 72 ;" =3,.2 217&>1/573?1: H3$)1$2 75 8" Z1(3+:/1+4 3& H3$)1$2 78 3.1. Secondment and employees 78 8"!"!" Z1(3+:/1+4 %+: 7%03.$ 7%H 79 8"!";" Z1(3+:/1+4 %+: 23(*%7 21(.$*4? 71,*27%4*3+ 82 3.2. ‘Self- secondment’ of self-employed workers 84 2"2" 3,-4/0() -4)0,506 %7 '80 \0/6 85 8"8"!" #-1 T!X! (1$4*\(%41 %+: 4-1 :*&\(.74*12 3& J1$*&?*+, *42 %.4-1+4*(*4? 85 8"8";" E$%.: *+J37J*+, 21(3+:/1+42 87 Chapter 2: Good and bad practices in combating traf!cking in human beings for the purposes of labour exploitation 94 !" I*(4*/2 95 ;" [+251(4*3+ Z1$J*(12 97 8" #-1 \.:*(*%$? 100 @" [+41$+%4*3+%7 (377%03$%4*3+ 102 D" B%$3.2172 104 F" \3*+4 %+: 21J1$%7 7*%0*7*4? *+ 4-1 (3+24$.(4*3+ 21(43$ 105 PART 3: TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF LABOUR EXPLOITATION: VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS 106 !" B3+4$*0.4*3+ 3& 4-1 K.4(- V%4*3+%7 <%553$41.$ 3+ #$%&\()*+, *+ L./%+ =1*+,2 109 ;" B3+4$*0.4*3+ 3& 4-1 K.4(- Z3(*%7 [+4177*,1+(1 %+: [+J124*,%4*3+ Z1$J*(1 RZ[SKU 112 8" B3+4$*0.4*3+ 3& 4-1 [+41$+%4*3+%7 ^%03.$ S&\(1 R[^SU_ `1+1J% 115 CONCLUSIONS : RECOMMENDATIONS 122 4 *5 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS INTRODUCTION 98%) :77;:/ ,0+-,' -7 ',:<\&=%7> %7 :76 )(;>>/%7> -< 8;(:7 40%7>) 40%7>) 8;(:7 -< )(;>>/%7> :76 %7 ',:<\&=%7> -7 ,0+-,' :77;:/ 98%) :/)- ':=0) -7 '80 60 <:&'- ,-/0 -< R7:'%-7:/ ,:++-,'0;, -7 ',:<\&=%7> ',:<\&=%7> -7 ,:++-,'0;, R7:'%-7:/ -< ,-/0 <:&'- 60 '80 -7 ':=0) :/)- @07',0 '80 ,0+-,'? '8%) 98,-;>8 /0>%)/:'%-7" 4A @07',0 '80 '- ',;)'06 :>:%7)' '80 ',:<\&=%7> %7 :76 )(;>>/%7> -< 8;(:7 40%7>)? : ,0(%' 07 ,0(%' : 40%7>)? 8;(:7 -< )(;>>/%7> :76 %7 ',:<\&=%7> '80 :>:%7)' "&!'%!0%*.&"%\3.*$%6!*.%6>%=!)2&'3%=&*.&'%*.#%-#3(-%0)(4# dimen- multidisciplinary the enhance to tries Centre the that surprising not hence regarding is It regulations. (inter)national and level strategic a on both – beings human !0%*.#%+!46(*%(3(&'"*%*.#%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0% aspects different the in developments many so been never ,6-&".#5$%*.#)#%.(7#% !)*%=("% :&'+#%*.#%;#'*)#S"%\)"*%)# data thattheyhaveavailable. different authorities concerned to join forces and share the #+*8%9*%(%'(*&!'(-%-#7#-%*!!$%&*%&"%#""#'*&(-%0!)%*.#% *.&"%)#" in urgent and necessary is level European a at approach -!&*(*&!'$%4(2#"%&*%5&0\+,-*%*!%5#*#+*%7&+*&4"8%9%+!.#)#'*% ex- labour accompanies often which legality, of haze This beings iseverclosertobeingcrossed. -!&*(*&!'%('5%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%&"#5%0!)4"%!0%-(6!,)%#/ limitations related to inspections. The line between organ- and secondment on regulations Belgian and European in gaps of made is use that note we exploitation, labour of networks are becoming increasingly professional. In terms these that noted already have we reports, previous our In shortcomings. administrative as and judicial States’ Member well as services and persons of movement free the of aspects different by inspired ‘packaging’ administrative behind concealed is and methods fallacious on based is it cases all in However, sophistication. of degrees varying reach can workers non-European or European of tation beings for the purposes of labour exploitation. The exploi- ()*&+,-()%&'%*.#%+!'*#/*%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% !"#$%&'% This report presents the problems that these measures can before 1January2012. Bulgarian and Romanian workers are not likely to be lifted concerning measures transitional the 2004, in place took Union European the of enlargement extensive most the Whilst Europe. in services and persons of movement free the of terms in areas grey are procedure secondment the of abuse and issue workers’ self-employed ‘bogus The one. arbitrary an not was choice This exploitation. labour on focused approach, theme-based a takes report year’s This in humanbeings’. '--/ &:7 40 ;)06 '- :))0)) +,->,0)) :76 +,-5%60 %(+0';) <-, '80 \>8' '80 <-, %(+0';) +,-5%60 :76 +,->,0)) :))0)) '- ;)06 40 &:7 '--/ This Centre). the (hereafter: Racism to Opposition and portunities Op- Equal for Centre the by published series the in thirteenth the is - - *&+#"8%@*%".!,-5%6#%'!*#5%*.(*%(++#""%*!%*.#%+("#%\-#"%#'( prac- bad and good pinpoint we involved, actors the with -(=8%?.)!,3.%(%+()#0,-%('(->"&"%!0%+("#%\-#"%('5%4##*&'3"% this report, as well as providing an overview of recent case #'!'%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'% 9"%&'% )#7&!,"%>#()"$%*.#%;#'*)#%(-"!%('(->"#"%*.#% .#'!4 cases inwhichtheCentrehasbroughtcivilaction. &)#5%6>%#7('*%*!%(%=&5#)%(,5&#'+#8%?.#%*=!%\-4"%=#)#%&'" also aims to describe practical situations that could be rel- of *)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#%;#'*)#% issue the on attention experts’ focus to seeks Centre the León, Jorge by served] are [You servis’ êtes ‘Vous and )&!)&*>8%?.)!,3.%*.#%\-4"%RDE%4&',*#"S% &'3%(-"!%)#4(&'"%(% 9-!'3"&5#%*.#%3(*.#)&'3%!0%"*(*&"*&+(-%5(*($%(=()#'#""B)(&" an overviewofstatisticsfromtheactorsconcerned. by centres specialised in the reception of victims, presents contribution in this area, in this report the Centre, assisted a provide to order In level. European a at goal a is lection portunity to make additional progress. Improved data col- op- an missing still are we effectively, met are domain this &'% )#A,&)#4#'*"% &'"*&*,*&!'(-% 9-*.!,3.% *()3#*#58% 6#**#)% be to and impetus fresh given be to beings human of gling *.#-#""%(--!=%*.#%+!46(*%(3(&'"*%*.#%*)(0\+2&'3%('5%"4,3never- would statistics these of be analysis Further to desired. something leaves data statistical of gathering the that recognised be should it other the on but beings, man #/ #)*&"#%&'%*.#%\#-5%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0%., extensive acquired has and instruments, effective veloped de- has it that claim can Belgium side, one the On tistics. sta- is far thus neglected been has that point second The life shouldbecentralissues. normal a to return to possibility the and suffered, injuries of recognition victims, these for Compensation problems. residency no have who those or situation ‘win-win’ a placed in persons example for victims, of categories other aside leave not should solutions Such victims. these for in human beings and with suitable support and assistance )!)&(*#%"*(*,"%0!)%7&+*&4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3% .('5%=&*.%('%( +&\+%'(*&!'(-%!)%#*.'&+%!)&3&'$%#*+8%?.&"%".!,-5%3!%.('5%&'% spe- of persons staff, domestic minors, groups, vulnerable victims: of categories different the (*to paid now +-!"#)% is tention !-&+>$% =&*.% -&'#% @'% "*(*,"8% 7&+*&4% &"% \)"*% ?.#% remained unresolved. have issues two efforts, these Despite review. and studies encouraging and awareness, stimulating by also and ings, shortcom- are there where initiatives taking by and work ------6 *7 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 6-#"%*.#%('(->"&"%!0%*.#% .#'!4#'!'%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5% smuggling of human beings and the assessment of policy 6>%*.#%;#'*)#%*!%6#%\)4->%6("#5%!'%)#(-&*>8%@'%(55&*&!'%*!%(% summary of current policy on this issue, the Centre makes a series of recommendations aimed at a more targeted pol- icy. Finally, the international perspective of this report has been reinforced by including contributions from interna- tional stakeholders. We thank them very much for their participation. When this report is published, Belgium will have taken on *.#%F)#"&5#'+>%!0%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!'8%9%4,-*&5&"+& -&'()>% ( )!(+.%*!%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%=&--%6#%*.#%',+-#,"% of debate, particularly on the occasion of the 4th European 9'*&B?)(0\+2&'3%I(>%!'%DJ%K+*!6#)%LEDE8%K,)%#/ #)&#'+#% in Belgium has taught us that such a multidisciplinary ap- proach by specialised authorities leads to effective pros- #+,*&!'%!0%*.#%3,&-*>%('5%*.#% )!*#+*&!'%!0%7&+*&4"8%94!'3% the points to be dealt with are the importance of judicial ('5% !-&+#%+!! #)(*&!'$%"#&M,)#"%('5%+!'\"+(*&!'"%&'%!*.#)% Member States, collaboration with third countries, and the question of a cross-border approach and victim protec- tion in cases of exploitation concerning several countries. On the 2010 agenda, we should also note the partially com- -#*#5%('(->"&"%!0%N#-3&('% !-&+>%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% 6#&'3"8%9*%*.#%#'5%!0%:# *#46#)%LEDE$%*.#%(""#""4#'*%!0% the impact of the multidisciplinary Circular of 26 Sep- tember 2008 should be concluded. It will offer all parties concerned an opportunity for self-assessment. However, ongoing monitoring by Parliament remains necessary. I,)&'3%&*"% )#7&!,"%*#)4%&'%!0\+#$%*.#%:#'(*#%('(->"#5%N#- - 3&('% !-&+>%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%6>%4#('"%!0%(%",6B+!44&""&!'8% More than ever, a critical examination is essential in order *!%#'",)#%*.(*% !-&+>%*!%+!46(*%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,3 - gling of human beings is effective. %O#%.! #%*.(*%>!,%=&--%\'5%*.&"%)# !)*%.#- 0,-%('5%"*&4, - lating. Edouard Delruelle, Deputy Director Jozef De Witte, Director Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism 8 *9 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS PART 1: EVOLUTION OF THE PHENOMENON AND THE COMBAT AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS AND SMUGGLING BEINGS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN 10 * 11 Chapter 1: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK CONCERNING THE TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS man beings for the purposes of sexual exploitation by the by exploitation sexual of purposes the for beings man N%*.#%\)"*%I#+&"&!'%&"",#5%" #+&\+(-->%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%., 9'!*.#)%"&3'&\+('*%#7#'*$%*.&"%*&4#%+!'+#)'&'3%+("#%-(=% Union. the of presidency Belgian the during adopted be should and agreement political to subject be will Proposal The !0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8% ing to assist, support and protect children that are victims the basis of a new legislative initiativelegislative new a of basis the 2009, December 1 on Treaty Lisbon the of force into entry the Following victims. to assistance and protection tion, )#7#' ()*&+,-()->%&'%*#)4"%!0% \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$% traf- on policy comprehensive effective, more a implement 5 See on this point P. Le Cocq and C. Meulders, ‘Le statut des victimes de la traite des traite la de victimes des statut ‘Le Meulders, C. and Cocq Le P. point this on See 5 #%;!'7#'*&!'%\!%DQY%!'%9+*&!'%(3(&'"*%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$% ;!,'+&-%!0%G,)! [% March 29 of Council the of and Parliament European the of Directive a for Proposal 3 %:##%9)*&+-#"%YQ%('5%JX%!0%*.#%+!'"!-&5(*#5%7#)"&!'%!0%*.#%?)#(*>%!'%*.#%T,'+*&!'&'3%!0% L% Proposal for a Council Framework Decision of 25 March 2009 on preventing and com- 1 Decision. LEEL% *.#% )##(-&'3% 6#&'3"$% .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% !'% "&!'% Deci- Framework Council a for Proposal new a presented 9*%(%G,)! #('%H'&!'%-#7#-$%&'%P()+.%LEEQ%*.#%;!44&""&!'% should bementioned. prepared being currently projects of number a However, European orBelgianlevel. international, the at whether beings, human of smuggling ('5% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% *.#% !'% !-&+>% !)% -#3&"-(*&!'% )#3()5"% ("% 2010 early or 2009 in developments major no were There tims’ rightstims’ \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$%("%=#--%("%6#**#)%)#3()5%0!)%7&+ 0!)%(%I&)#+*&7#%+!'*(&'"$%&'*#)%(-&($%(%0,--#)%5#\'&*&!'%!0%*)(0 uoen alaet n o te Council the of and Parliament European the of Directive a for Proposal a of consists It 2010. March 9+*&!'%(3(&'"*%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"on Convention Europe of Council the by extent some to Inspired Proposal. year’s previous the to identical almost êtres humains’, in Ch.-E. Clesse et al., (for 2008 February N#-3&,4]%D%9,3,"*%LEEQ^81 on force into entered Convention This 2005. May 16 Warsaw, )# #(-&'3%T)(4#=!)2%I#+&"&!'%LEELUVLQUWR9$%;KPULEDEUQZU\'(-8% LEDE%!'% )#7#'*&'3%('5%+!46(*&'3%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$%('5% )!*#+*&'3%7&+*&4"$% through directivesinaccordancewiththeordinarylegislativeprocedure. areas in which the Council and the European Parliament may adopt measures by acting the European Union, "&!'%LEELUVLQUWR9$%;KPLEEQUDXVU\'(-8 6(*&'3%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$%('5% )!*#+*&'3%7&+*&4"$%)# #(-&'3%T)(4#=!)2%I#+& Dossiers de la revue de droit pénal et de criminologie, Brussels, La Charte, 2010, pp. 77-80.2010, Charte, La Brussels, criminologie, de et pénal droit de revue la de Dossiers 1 This Proposal has been prompted by a desire to desire a by prompted been has Proposal This 5 . It also examines more closely measures seek- measures closely more examines also It . O.J. %;%DDZ%!0%Q%P(>%LEEJ8%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&"%!'#%!0%*.#% Traite des êtres humains-Mensenhandel-Mensensmokkel 2 was laid down in down laid was 3 Is otn is content Its . 4 , the Proposal - - - - - , 9 this in below see practice, in application For 10/2009. COL of b. 4.2.2.2. section See 8 ate, changesmaybemade. currently being assessed and it is possible that, if appropri- in orsmugglinghumanbeings. )&(3#"%4(>%.(7#%-&'2"%=&*.%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3% mar- such cases some in that fact the to drawn is istrates mag- and actors front-line of attention the Circular, this or certain serious forms of smuggling of human beingshuman of smuggling of forms serious certain or *&!'%)#3()5&'3%7&+*&4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%('5U coopera- multidisciplinary of implementation the on 2008 *#46#)% 6#&'3%\'(-&"#58%@'%(55&*&!'$%*.#%;&)+,-()%!0%LV%:# !0%9**!)'#>"B_#'#)(-%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%=("% Board the and Minister Justice the from Circular joint a 2010), (June report this with press to went we as Lastly, European Court of Human Rights %%;&)+,-()%\!%;K`%DEULEEQ%!'%4())&(3#"%!0%+!'7#'&#'+#%&"",#5%6>%*.#%N!()5%!0%9**!) Y% Janu- 7 of Judgment Russia, and Cyprus v. Rantsev Rights, Human of Court European 6 eral on marriages of convenienceof marriages on eral K+*!6#)%LEEQ%!0%(%;&)+,-()%!0%*.#%N!()5%!0%9**!)'#>"B_#' \+2&'3%&'%!)%"4,33-&'3%!0%.,4('%6#&'3"$%*.#%(5! *&!'%!'%D% *)(0 *.#% *!% )#-(*#5% "#+&\+(-->% '!*% (-*.!,3.% N#-3&,4$% @'% below, PartI,Chapter4). (see law case to devoted report the of part the to readers ,6-&+(*&!'%&'%*.#%N#-3&('%K0\+&(-%_(M#**#8 !0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0%.,4('%6#&'3"%=&*.&'%L[%4!'*."%0)!4%*.#%;&)+,-()S"% prevention the for Unit Interdepartmental the by assessed be to it for provides cular Chapter 4,section4(p.72). and 47) (p. 3.2 section 38), (p. 1.4 section 36-37), (p. 1.3 section B, *#)%L$%9$% 32); (p. 3.5 section .#'!4#'!'S$%F()*%D$%;.( #!-#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% N%G'-&"*&'3% !)*%bTaU\`^%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3% *#)%L$%('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# ()*$%;.( ary 2010. 2009, is available on the website of the Belgian Federal Public Service (FPS) Justice website (FR/NL): www.just.fgov.be (FPS) Service Public Federal Belgian the of website the on available is 2009, #(-%;!,)*"8%?.&"%;&)+,-()$%=.&+.%#'*#)#5%&'*!%0!)+#%!'%DZ%K+*!6#)% '#>"B_#'#)(-%(*%9 Moniteur BelgeMoniteur / Belgisch Staatsblad Belgisch bN#-3&('%K0\+&(-%_(M#**#^$%XD%K+*!6#)%LEEJ8%?.#%;&) 8 7 should be mentioned. In mentioned. be should 6 . In this regard, we refer 9 is - - - - 12 *13 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 2: PHENOMENON ANALYSIS dustrial cleaningsectors)speaksvolumes in- and construction (the labourers illicit smuggling and '#*=!)2"^% G,)!#('% G("*#)'% ('5% b90)&+('% )!"*&*,*&!'% 5&00#)#'*%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$%#/ -!&*&'3% sent b;?@TB;T@^^%the Ministry no less than 227 cases @'0!)4(*#)=#)2&'3% \'('+&-#% 7!!)% ;#-% H'&*%b;#--,-#%5#%?)(&*#4#'*%5#"%&'0!)4(*&!'"%\'('+&#)"U Processing Intelligence Financial Belgian The factthatthe the most. labour exploitation is probably the aspect that will spread crisis, of climate current the to Due Union. European the in years few next the in diminish not will forms various *.#%!)&3&'%!0%*.#%&5#'*&\#5%0,'5" at activity criminal of forms serious most the for exercised ;?@TB;T@%*!%)#0#)%*!%*.#%F,6-&+%F)!"#+,*!)S"%K0\+#%&"%!'->% the of power the that reminder the by analysis the to ed 14 14 15 13 traf- of cases 60 labour’, illicit ‘smuggling of cases 111 referred CTIF-CFI the 2009, In 12 11 ("%)#3()5"%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3" In this chapter, we provide an overview of current changes 10 9++!)5&'3%*!%G,)! !-9++!)5&'3%*!%G,)! -(6!,)%(,5&*!)"$% !-&+#%!0\+#)"%('5%*.#%"!+&(-%&'" #+*!)(*#8 Prosecutors, Public with discussions informal and action, civil brought has Centre the which in cases are sources of democratic statesdemocratic of structures socio-economic ,'5#)3)!,'5%the of stability the to economy ('5% +)&4&'(-% *.#% !0% '#*=!)2"% \'('+&(-% !0% R?.&"%\'5&'3%&"%(%"&3'&\+('*%&'5&+(*!)%!0%*.#%3#',&'#%*.)#(*% #)&#'+#%&'%*.#%\#-5$%=()'"]% *)(*#%=&*.%"#7#)(-%>#()"%!0%#/ magis- a by chaired is which CTIF-CFI, the report, its In ,!!$ )0+&3 ' ,(%N&3%&%*# ,!#' '!] %G) - #)"#+ G,)!!-% (% H'&!']% G,)!#('% *.#% &'% N#&'3"% R,4('% &'% ?)(0\+2&'3% G,)!!-$% % V. ?T;@ ',- #!* EQ%?&% 6&(&' (%6%+',*5 (*% +!'",-*#5% 6#% +('% ,6-&+(*&!'% ?.&"% LEEQ8% a#!)*% 9'',(-% ;?@TB;T@% DV*.% % % T!)%0,)*.#)%&'0!)4(*&!'%!'%*.#% )!\-#"%!0%*.#%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"%&'7!-7#5$%"##%(-"!%:8% T!)%0,)*.#)%&'0!)4(*&!'%!'%*.#% % Ibid. ===8+*&0B+\86#% Ibid. #+,*!)S"%K0\+#8%@'%LEEJ$%*.#%',46#)%!0%+("#"%=("%%)#" #+*&7#->%XE$%VY%('5%[Q8 \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%('5%ZV%+("#"%!0%#/ -!&*(*&!'%!0% )!"*&*,*&!'%*!%*.#%F,6-&+%F)!" asp?page=publications&language www.europol.europa.eu/index.at consulted be can publication This 2009. June tive, gie, Brussels,LaCharte,2010,pp.35-70. humains-Mensenhandel-Mensensmokkel al., et Clesse Ch.-E. in mensenhandel’, van ‘Fenomeenanalyse Janssens, , p.5. .’14 11 In this case, further weight is add- is weight further case, this In $%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%&*"% , Dossiers de la revue de droit pénal et de criminolo- .15 12 10. in 2009 regarding Our information Our 13 inthisregard. Traite des êtres des Traite - - be locatedabroadoronBelgianterritory them as co-perpetrators and/or accomplices, whether they support another, or way one in who, those and organisers )!\*"%!0%*.#% -#'*%(+*&7&*&#"%&'+)#("#%"*&--%0,)*.#)%*.#%&--&+&*% fraudu- these of products The legislation. tax and system security social the prejudicing fraud serious with hand in hand goes networks these of victims of exploitation The 16 Ibid. .16 14 *15 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 1. Traf!cking in human beings for the purposes of sexual exploitation 1.1. General trends Prostitution has no borders. Prostitutes are moved from !'#%*!='%*!%('!*.#)$%(+)!""%0)!'*&#)"%b_#)4('>%N%N#-3&,4% 9++!)5&'3%*!%G,)! !- 17 $%*.#%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3% – The Netherlands). This modus operandi complicates po- in human beings that are active in carrying out sexual ex- lice work like tapping phones or carrying out surveillances. ploitation on EU territory are mainly Bulgarian, Romanian For this reason, it is essential that the judicial authorities and Nigerian prostitution networks. This corroborates the of different countries cooperate at an international level. In observations presented by the Centre in its previous re- practice however, things are not that easy. Criminal net- !)*%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8 18 %9-6('&('%'#*=!)2"% works use these shortcomings to their advantage. 23 have been less visible recently, but they are nonetheless present on the ground. In addition, ‘hidden’ prostitution The border region of Verviers, renowned as a base for crim- &"%"*&--%0!,'5%&'%9"&('%('5%?,)2&".%'#*=!)2"8%?.#"#%0!)4"% inal logistics’ operations, is a good example of this. Pimps !0%R.&55#'S% )!"*&*,*&!'%()#%5&0\+,-*%*!%5#*#+*%5,#%*!%*.#&)% of various nationalities are to be found there, whereas " #+&\+%+,-*,)(-%!)&#'*(*&!'%('5%*.#%5&0\+,-*>%!0%( )!(+. - *.#&)%+)&4&'(-%(+*&7&*&#"%*(2#% -(+#%&'%9(+.#'%b_#)4('>^% ing those involved. 19 or Heerlen-Maastricht (The Netherlands). On Belgian ter- ritory, they comply scrupulously with the law in order to The police from the town of Verviers also reported to us placate the Belgian justice system. the existence of Russian prostitution networks operat- ing very inconspicuously. They work through Bulgarian Exploitation may take many forms and be adapted to the pimps who deal with the young women in Belgium. The circumstances. Lately, police reports show that visible victims are women from former Soviet States such as Mol- forms of sexual exploitation are being transformed into 5(7&(%('5%_#!)3&(8%?.#>%()#%)#+),&*#5%*!%6#+!4#%5!4#" - more dissimulated forms (for example in massage parlours, tic workers in Belgium and travel from Russia to Belgium saunas, private clubs, houses, private homes, through es- through Berlin. Once in Belgium, they are coerced into cort services and even on the Internet). 24 prostitution. If they refuse, their families are threatened in their country of origin. 1.2. The professionalisation of networks In its last report, in June 2009, Europol 20 indicated that the +)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%!'%(%-()3#% Criminal networks operate like business networks 25 . They are scale that are present in most Member States generally ‘learning organisations’ which adapt and become profes- 4##*% *.#% +)&*#)&(% =.&+.% 5#\'#% (% +)&4&'(-% !)3('&"(*&!' 21 . "&!'(-%7#)>%A,&+2->8%?.#>%+)#(*#%+!)), *%\)4"%('5%&'7#"*% Europol also states 22 that they operate in the form of small, in the economy. In some cases, they use the rules of the independent groups that work together and with other market economy to assume a position of strength through +)&4&'(-%3)!, "%6>% )!7&5&'3%" #+&\+%"#)7&+#"8% unfair competition. In cases where the Centre has brought civil action 26 , we 17 % %G,)! !-$%K;?9%LEEQ$%RGH%K)3('&"#5%;)&4#%?.)#(*%9""#""4#'*S8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('% be consulted at www.europol.europa.eu/index.asp?page=publications&language '!*#%*.(*%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%()#%4(' - 18 % %;#'*)#%0!)%GA,(-%K !)*,'&*&#"%('5%K !"&*&!'%*!%a(+&"4$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU aged by criminal entrepreneurs. They become specialised, \`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%N%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% .#'!4#'!'S$% establishing professional partnerships and setting up Chapter 2 (Phenomenon analysis), pp. 22-49. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). criminal business units % 0!)% " #+&\+% "#34#'*"8% :#)7&+#"% ()#% 19 % %:##%6#-!=%&'%*.&"%+.( *#)]%7&+*&4"S% )!\-#"$%.&55#'%7&+*&4"%('5%;.( *#)%Z]%_!!5% )(+ - tices (The value of proactive investigations). 20 % %G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-% #)" #+ - 23 % % ;#'*)#$% LEEJ% 9'',(-% a# !)*% bTaU\`^% RR,4('% ?)(0\+2&'3% N% G'-&"*&'3% #! -#% ('5% tive’, June 2009. This publication can be consulted at www.europol.europa.eu/index. )#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% .#'!4#'!'S$%F()*%L$%;.( *#)%D%b_!!5% )(+*&+#"$%"#+*&!'%Q$% asp?page=publications&language International collaboration, pp. 96-97). This publication can be consulted at www. diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 21 % %?.#%5#\'&*&!'%!0%(%R+)&4&'(-%!)3('&"(*&!'S%0!)%*.#%GH]%"##%\)"*% ()(3)( .%!0%9)*&+-#%D%!0% *.#%W!&'*%9+*&!'%!'%4(2&'3%&*%('%!00#'+#%*!% ()*&+& (*#%&'%(%+)&4&'(-%!)3('&"(*&!'%&'%*.#% 24 % %F!-&+#$%LEEY%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9+*&7&*>%a# !)*8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%bTaU\`^%+('%6#%+!' - P#46#)%:*(*#"%!0%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!'%bQJUYXXUWR9^]% ‘a criminal organisation shall mean a sulted at www.polfed-fedpol.be/pub/jaarverslag/pub_jaarverslag2007_fr.php. )',;&';,06 :))-&%:'%-7? 0)':4/%)806 -50, : +0,%-6 -< '%(0? -< (-,0 '8:7 'C- +0,)-7)? :&'%7> %7 &-7&0,' with a view to committing offences which are punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention order 25 % %;#'*)#$%LEEZ%9'',(-%a# !)*$%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%RN#-3&('%F!-&+>%!'%?)(0\+2 - -< : (:D%(;( -< :' /0:)' <-;, A0:,) -, : (-,0 )0,%-;) +07:/'A? C80'80, );&8 -<<07&0) :,0 :7 076 %7 ing in and Smuggling of Human Beings: Shadows and Lights’, pp. 89-106. This publica- '80()0/50) -, : (0:7) -< -4':%7%7> (:'0,%:/ 4070\') :76? C80,0 :++,-+,%:'0? -< %(+,-+0,/A %7];07&%7> tion can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). the operation of public authorities’. 26 % %;#'*)#$%LEEY%9'',(-%a# !)*$%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%R?)(0\+2&'3%('5%:4,33-&'3% 22 % %G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-% #)" #+ - !0%R,4('%N#&'3"$%F,6-&+%F!-&+>%("%:##'%6>%(%\(*&!'(-%a( !)*#,)S$%9%+("#%+!'+#)'&'3% tive’, June 2009. This publication can be consulted at www.europol.europa.eu/index. massage parlours in Liège, pp. 77-83. This publication can be consulted at www.diver- asp?page=publications&language= site.be (‘Publications’ section). Internet, butinthatcasethevictims’namesareused. using couriers. Sometimes the money is transferred via the origin the countryof to is transferred criminal provenance )%4)%50+-%*%"&# '%+!'\"+(*# ('5% "#&M#% *!% 5&0\+,-*% 4!)#% ()#% )!7 +)&4&'(-% enance are transferred to the country of origin, where they !0% 0,'5"% _#'#)(-->$% '(*&!'(-&*>8% N#-3&('% !6*(&'#5% ('5% 5#\'&*&7#->% N#-3&,4% *!% 4!7#5% .(7#% *(*&!'% exploi- the for responsible those is where cases in so mainly This place. takes exploitation the where country the in invested is activities criminal from income Sometimes, 28 inal system. The concept of ‘exploitation’ implies that one that implies ‘exploitation’ of concept The system. inal aspect invisible and conceal their own position in the crim- exploitation’ ‘sexual the make that structures of means by Prostitution networks use this subtlety to their advantage man beings. &'%!)5#)%0!)%5#0#'5('*"%*!%6#%+!'7&+*#5%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%., pre-requisite a is exploitation (attempted) that stipulates "#-7#"%*!%*.#%-(=%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#%`(=% them- adapted have networks criminal different police, *.#% *!% 9++!)5&'3% 6#&'3"8% .,4('% *)(0\+2&'3% !0% (+*&7&*&#"% %"*),+*,)#"%*!%+(4!,](3#%*.#&)% ;)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"%"#*%, Learning organisations: structures 1.3. agencies employment (3#'+&#"%and *)(7#-% ,% "#*% *.,"% 6#&'3"% .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% Networks network. criminal the of base functional the of hub the are organisations corporate these cases, some In activities. illegal their up cover to or money dirty launder ?.#"#%+)&4&'(-%!)3('&"(*&!'"%5!%'!*%,"#%-&+&*%\)4"%!'->%*!% tivities. Lawyersarealsorecruited. &'\-*)(*#%#/&"*&'3%\)4"%('5% #)0!)4%4!'#>B-(,'5#)&'3%(+ or themselves, companies form criminals The outsourced. 27 29 30 tivities. with Europolwith % %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%f&+*&4"%@'%*.#% %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# % % %G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-% #)"#+ !-% #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! %G,)! % % %;#'*)#$%LEEZ%9'',(-%a# !)*%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%RN#-3&('%F!-&+>%!'%?)(0 %;#'*)#$%LEEZ%9'',(-%a# % %:##%F()*%L$%;.( *#)%L$%_!!5% )(+*&+#"%b@'*#)'(*&!'(-%+!--(6!)(*&!']%"#&M,)#"^%('5%;#' % asp?page=publications&language= www.europol.europa.eu/index.at consulted be can publication This 2009. June tive’, tion network,pp.28-29. : !*-&3.*S$%9%a,""&('%#4 -!>4#'*%(3#'+>%=&*.%(%-&+#'+#$%! #)(*&'3%("%(%4(g!)% )!"*&*, lication canbeconsultedatwww.diversite.be(‘Publications’ section). \+2&'3%&'%('5%:4,33-&'3%!0%R,4('%N#&'3"]%:.(5!="%('5%`&3.*"S$% 8%JQBDEV8%?.&"% ,6 consulted atwww.diversite.be(‘Publications’section).be can publication This 96-97). pp. collaboration, International 9, section practices, *#)%D%b_!!5% .#'!4#'!'S$%F()*%L$%;.( #!-#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% N%G'-&"*&'3% *)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3% 28 30 , we have observed cases where money of money where cases observed have we , 27 o oca ter rmnl ac- criminal their conceal to 29 I common In . ------place. )!7#%*.(*%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&"%(+*,(-->%*(2&'3% to trying when judiciary the and investigators of work the complicates further still This alone. working are they that tual prostitution is broken. Prostitutes give the impression ac- the and pimps the between link direct the structures, these Through place. taken have to considered longer no is exploitation independent, be to seen is person a where with regard to another person, the exploiter. In a situation #'5#'+>% !"&*&!'%!0%5# #)"!'$%*.#%7&+*&4$%\'5"%&*"#-0%&'%(% 2 h pocie erig aaiy f ciia ognsto otn ed t profound to leads often organisation criminal a of capacity learning proactive The 32 31 pimps the structure, screen of kind this Through courts. ing handed over are a key element of objective proof for the be- money of photographs surveillance Police madam. the their by done collect now is This prostitutes. the longer from directly money no and techniques police to adapt Pimps contacts. col- with deal their and on bars over check watch leagues, are to have They who prostitution. prostitutes in (former) role crucial a play Madams 33 place. take networks criminal in changes structural profound that level this at is It fundamental. more therefore is level This conceptual. and creative is and learning, proactive at (% !-&+#%! #)(*&!'8%9%"#+!'5$%.&3.#)%-#7#-%&"%5&)#+*#5%)(*.#)% reacts to a sudden change in its environment, such as after network a where example for quickly, reacts and direct, is – re-adaptation – level lower The distinguished. are ing learn- of levels cartels different Two networks. drug prostitution and Colombian analysing in successfully used been has it fact in – here relevant very therefore is sation organi- ‘learning’ the of theory The past. the in committed errors from lessons learn They circumstances. changing to adapt and develop also can networks criminal However, 1.3.1. criminal networks. %:##%6#-!=%&'%;.(*#)%Z$%_!!5%)(+*&+#"%b?.#%7(-,#%!0% )!(+*&7#%&'7#"*&3(*&!'^8 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2 % site.be (‘Publications’ section). \+2&'3%K)3('&"(*&!'S$% Traf- Drug Columbian of Capacity Learning the Understanding State: the Out-smart +!)), *%\)4"%+!46&'&'3%-&+&*%('5%+)&4&'(-%(+*&7&*&#"8%:##%P8%d#''#>$%RO.#'%;)&4&'(-"% or front cover, as serve and over structure their of terms taking in law the with comply of that companies consist may changes These network. the in changes structural Criminology #)('5&S$% 4#'*"%('5%T&'('+&(-%P!5,"%K \+2&'3]%:*),+*,)(-%I#7#-! :##%(-"!%W8%`#4('%&'%:8%W('""#'"$%R9-6('&('%('5%F!"*B:!7&#*%N,"&'#""%&'%O!4#'%?)(0 networks: Bulgarian networks, p. 25. This publication can be consulted criminal at www.diver- Different phenomenon’, the combat to resources and people Enlisting – ing 31 32 9%:%/2 Here are a few examples of structures set up by up set structures of examples few a are Here , Volume5(4):433–451,1477-3708,2008. 33 Transnational Organized CrimeOrganized Transnational , Volume 5(1), Spring: 97-119, 1999. 97-119, Spring: 5(1), Volume , European Journal of Journal European - - 16 *17 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS no longer have to collect the money from the prostitutes ?.#%0!--!=&'3%#/(4 -#%&"%(%3!!5%&--,"*)(*&!'%!0%*.#%5&0\ - themselves. 34 +,-*>%!0% )!"#+,*&'3%",+.%+("#"%!'%+.()3#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'% human beings. The work of these madams is a grey area. On the one hand, they play the role of intermediary in the criminal system. In this case, a criminal known to the police oversees six When a prostitute disappears, for example, they contact a private bars in which he recruits Brazilian women who pimp themselves to obtain a new young woman in order to have false Portuguese papers. He sets the young women avoid loss of income. They also know all the pimps since up as self-employed. The women take advantage of the they work closely with them. On the other hand, they are fact that there is a three-month period to complete the a sort of protection for the prostitutes. They are attentive, administrative formalities for those creating their own ensure their safety and deal with their administrative af- enterprises. The criminal has various businesses. He signs fairs. cooperation agreements with these young women through these companies. Legally speaking, he is not liable for the illegal position of the young women since he thinks ‘in all 1.3.2. <1+4 good faith’ that he is working with licit workers, as their "*(*,"%("%"#-0B#4 -!>#5%=!)2#)"%"##4"%*!%5#4!'"*)(*#8%90 - Prostitutes pay a fee to rent a ‘window’ in the brothel and ter three months of working together, the young women are forced into the role of tenant of a room. 35 Since they go elsewhere, and are taken on by another company. The are seemingly room tenants, it appears that they work for +)&4&'(-%(4#'5"%*.#%P#4!)('5,4%('5%9)*&+-#"%!0%9""! - themselves without external control, which rules out any ciation of his company, declares that it is in liquidation &5#(%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%0!)%"#/,(-%#/ -!&*(*&!'8% and creates a new company. These manoeuvres are aimed Prostitutes pay their rent to the madams. In fact, they pay at confounding investigators and making the work of the a higher amount and pass on much of their income from social inspectorate more onerous. prostitution to the madams. The task of the police and the Belgian justice system, for whom the remittance of money @*%&"%5&0\+,-*%*!% )!"#+,*#%*.&"%#/ -!&*#)$%5,#%*!%(%-!! .!-#% &"%2#>%4(*#)&(-% )!!0%&'%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6# - in the law, namely that it is impossible to establish a link of ings, is therefore seriously obstructed. They must be able subordination or the illegality of the employment. to prove (and provide photos from surveillance if possi- ble), that the sums remitted are higher than the rent and in fact constitute income from prostitution. 1.3.4. RB-%/5%,+1 0%$2S Still other structures are the so-called ‘champagne bars’ 1.3.3. =3,.2 217&>1/573?1: H3$)1$2 36 (establishments in which customers are encouraged to drink), hotel room rental or bars, where prostitution is of- There are also structures where victims of prostitution fered to customers in a covert way and where, once again, work in a prostitution bar as bogus self-employed work- no direct link can be established between the bar opera- ers and own one or several shares in a company. In fact, tor and the prostitute. The young woman has to give the they are not aware of the nature of the documents that money to the operator. If she is caught with a customer, they have signed. The above emerges from statements the exploiter declares that she is working on her own and recorded by the police. Signatures are often obtained by that she has just rented a room from him. means of subtle coercion and the women have to redeem the shares through their prostitution work, thus creating In these ‘champagne bars’, the work of the young woman a debt bondage situation. !0\+&(-->%+!'"&"*"%!'->%!0%2## &'3%+-&#'*"%+!4 ('>8%@'%0(+*$% prostitution services are also offered discreetly, behind the scenes, to clients that are ‘trustworthy’. 34 % ;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2 - This also has repercussions on legal action. Some cases ing – Enlisting people and resources to combat the phenomenon’, Different criminal networks .$%9% )!0#""&!'(-%6,"&'#""%'#*=!)2%=&*.%(%=&'B=&'% )!\-#$% 8%XVBXY8 have led to acquittals. In other cases, the content of tel- 35 Ibid. ephone conversations recorded by the police has enabled a 36 See also Part 2 of this Report. that some would call ‘win-win’ situations. Victims pros- Victims situations. ‘win-win’ call would some that !"&*&!'"% ("*$%&'% \'5%*.#4"#-7#"$%4!)#%!0*#'%*.('%&'%*.#% )!\-#"%.(7#%+.('3#5%+!'"&5#)(6->8%f&+*&4"%'!=%f&+*&4"S% 1.4.1. pro!lesVictims’ 1.4. complicated. tain residence permits and police investigations are further ob- thus They illegally. Belgium in living victims for ience conven- of marriages organise exploiters cases, some In 1.3.6. tutes thattheyhavemarriedorwithwhomlive. prosti- former or community, ethnic own pimps’ the from trustworthy people be also may They payment. for change ex- in managers as appointed be and assistance welfare ments, who are offered the opportunity to abandon public environ- social marginalized from Belgians sometimes are ('&#"$%*!%!0\+&(-->%),'%*.#&)%6()"8%?.#>% 4('(3#4#'*%+!4 through men, front use pimps that note also police The 38 Seebelow,Chapter4 oncaselaw. 37 0 40 9 39 1.3.5. 1.3.5. 6#&'3"%&"%(-"!%5&0\+,-*%*!% )!7&5#%&'%)(+*&+#8 )!!0%+!'\)4&'3%+.()3#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%P(*#)&(-% investigation. the during collected proof of basis the on subsequently, this do only can they - immediately sition po- exploited their from them free to able not is police the labour exploitation. !00#'+#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%0!)%*.#% ,)!"#"%!0% as prosecuted only are exploitation sexual of purposes the @'%"!4#%5&"*)&+*"$%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%0!)% 6#%"#'*#'+#5%0!)%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8 to exploiters the and proved be to dependence of position % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%N%G'-&"*&'3% #!-#%('5%)# !)*%bTaU\`^%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%N%G'-&"*&'3% %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % 6,"&'#""%'#*=!)2%=&*.%(%=&'B=&'% )!\-#S$%8%XZBXY8 tions’ section). ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!'",-*#5%(*% 8%XVBXY8%?.&"% )!\-#$% )!0#""&!'(-%6,"&'#""%'#*=!)2%=&*.%(%=&'B=&'% .#'!4#'!'S$%9% "!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% Ibid. Ibid. G*+>H*+ 2*4.%4*3+2 G*+>H*+ 51$/*42 <12*:1+(1 /1+ E$3+4 $%I&00#)#'*%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"]%9"&('%+("#"%!0%5#6*%6!'5(3#$% 8%LV8$%I&00#)#'*%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"]%9"&('%+("#"%!0%5#6*%6!'5(3#$% %?# (#%R%N-(&' )"&,&' #=)%0!%f)(%(5 9 )!0#""&!'(-% R9% ('5% f()'(S% 0)!4% '#*=!)2% )!"*&*,*&!'% N,-3()&('% R9% +("#"% ?.#% $% 39 %_&7#'%*.(*%7&+*&4"%.(7#%)#"&5#'+#% #)4&*"$% %_&7#'%*.(*%7&+*&4"%.(7#%)#"&5#'+#% 37 40 www.diversite.be (‘Publica- www.diversite.be 38 - beings since they are no longer in an exploited position. exploited an in longer no are they since beings .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% !0% 7&+*&4"% ("% +!'"&5#)#5% 6#% +(''!*% )!"*&*,*#"%*.(*%@'%*.#"#%R=&'B=&'S%"&*,(*&!'"%=#%(-"!%\'5% to setanexampleandshow thattheymaketherules. violence extreme of acts to recourse have also may they er, Howev- authority. their restore to necessary where olence *.(*%*.#)#%&"%(%"#)&!,"%+!']&+*%=&*.%*.#%7&+*&4"$%*.#>%,"#%7& are enough candidates to go into prostitution. In the event Pimps barely need to have recourse to violence, since there respect tothepolice. with suspect seem not do they that so keep to them low al- pimps their that permits residence have women young *.#"#% !0% 9--% #)4&*"8% )#"&5#'+#% N#-3&('% -#3(-% .!-5&'3% '&(% ?.#)#%()#%(-"!%>!,'3%=!4#'%0)!4%O#"*%90)&+(%('5%9-6( Romania. from also and Bulgaria from mainly citizens, EU are situations ‘win-win’ so-called these of victims Many end, thevictimgetsnothingatall.the In deed. notarial the on pimp Bulgarian the of name rupt notary in Bulgaria replaces the name of the girl by the cor- a work, construction the of end the at However, ing. progress- is work that sees she Bulgaria, to returns victim the that time Each land. this on built being villa effectively is a prostitution, in active is victim the While name. ownership for a piece of land and a villa in Bulgaria in their of deed a receives victim the Initially, example. for garia, Bul- in villa beautiful a of building 0(-"#%the as such *.)!,3.% promises *)(0\+2#)"% N,-3()&('% !0% +-,*+.#"% *.#% &'*!% fallen have who women of cases known several are There !0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%+('%6#%6)!,3.*8 charges whether determine also conditions working bad 9 ()*%0)!4%*.#%0!)4"%!0%+!'*)!-% )(+*&"#5%6>%*.#%#/ -!&*#)$% exploitation. of question still is there cases several In bad. particularly often are which conditions in work to accept ised at the outset. The real winners are the pimps. Victims ly, in the end they are left with less money than was prom- *.#% )!"*&*,*&!'$%("%-!'3%("%*.#>% (>%(--%*.#&)%+!"*"8%9+*,(- the courts. Victims can keep almost half of the income from in- and police less the to statements incriminating make to clined also are latter The victims. cooperative and ing )!\*%=&*.%+!'"#'* )#(-&"#5%*.(*%*.#>%+('%4(2#%0()%4!)#% have and professional become have networks Prostitution able tohavealifestylethattheyconsiderbeacceptable. be to order in example, for years, two for life of way rary tempo- a as it consider and prostitution enter They knowingly fast. money earn to deliberately themselves titute - - - - 18 *19 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS In Eros Centers in Flanders, young women work either as he suggested that she could turn tricks. If she didn’t want dancers seconded 41 from companies based in Bulgaria, the to, he insisted. If he then felt that the girl was becoming Czech Republic or Hungary, or as self-employed dancers. unwilling to turn tricks, he would entrust her to pimps On the basis of 50-50 shares, in both cases they earn sev- that offer ‘high-class’ women. She would thus work in a eral thousand euros per month. more luxurious environment where she would also be of- 0#)#5% )!-#"% &'% !)'!3)( .&+% \-4"8% ?.#"#% !00#'+#"% +('% 6#% )!"#+,*#5%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%+.()3#"$%"&'+#%*.#%-(=%!'%-&(6&- - 1.4.2. I*(4*/2 3& 73J1$03?2 &*>%0!)%*)(0\+2&'3%.("%6##'%#/*#'5#5%*!%N#-3&('%7&+*&4"8% Pimps also have recourse to the well-known ‘loverboy’ 42 method in which they seduce young women and, after a 1.4.3. K$.,>:151+:1+4 J*(4*/2 46 time, exploit them in prostitution. Victims are generally young Belgian girls aged between 15 and 25 who have little ?,)2&".%('5%9-6('&('%'#*=!)2"%5#-&6#)(*#->%#'-&"*%>!,'3% or no self-esteem and seek love and security. This makes women of different nationalities that are particularly vul- them more susceptible to the attention of boys. Hence nerable because they are drug addicts. Pimps pay victims these victims do not always realise that they are being ex- &'%5),3%\/#"%"!%("%*!% -(+#%*.#4%&'%(% !"&*&!'%!0%*!*(-%5# - ploited or do not ‘feel’ exploited. 43 Recruitment by sexual pendence. This can in some cases lead to the death of a vic- partners is therefore a very effective way of controlling the tim, as we have already seen in one case. 47 women and ensuring that they do not run away or return to their own environment. 44 @'%*.&"%3)!, %!0%7&+*&4"%!0% )!"*&*,*&!'$%=#%(-"!%\'5%4('>% young Belgian girls who have been seduced by a loverboy ?.&"%-!7#)6!>%*#+.'&A,#%&"%4(&'->%,"#5%6>%9-6('&('%('5% (see above) and thus rendered drug-dependent. However, Turkish pimps, but for some time now it has also been generally the victims are already addicted to drugs, have adopted by Bulgarian, Italian and Belgian pimps. Victims family problems or have nowhere else to go. Pimps use a are young women from Belgium, Bulgaria and Romania as strategy that deliberately aims to place these young wom- =#--%("$%&'%*.#% ("*$%=!4#'%0)!4%9-6('&(8%@'%"!4#%g,5&+&(-% en in a position of dependence. They are encouraged to 5&"*)&+*"$% )!"#+,*&!'"%0!)%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%=&--% break away from their families, friends and acquaintances. only take place where a network is involved. They are thus completely isolated and depend completely on the pimp. @'% (% 7#)>% " #+&\+% +("#% &'% *.#% +&*>% !0% P!'"$% *.#% -!7#)6!>% *#+.'&A,#%=("%&5#'*&\#5%("%*.#%4!5,"%! #)('5&%!0%(%6()% !='#)8%T&)"*%!0%(--$%.#%&5#'*&\#5%>!,'3%N#-3&('%=!4#'%*.(*% 1.4.4. L*::1+ J*(4*/2 were dropping out of the school system or breaking away 0)!4%*.#&)%0(4&-&#"%('5U!)%+(4#%0)!4%(%5&0\+,-*%"!+&!B#+! - Some victims are in a situation of hidden prostitution, nomic background, often drug addicts, aged between 16 which is almost inaccessible for a general public and is in- and 21 years old. 45 When he found a girl that corresponded vestigated little or not at all by the social services and the *!%*.&"% )!\-#$%.#%"#5,+#5%.#)%('5%!00#)#5%.#)%0)##%(++!4 - police. Such a situation can easily lead to serious abuse. modation. Once he had gained her trust, he offered to give .#)%(%g!68%T&)"*%("%(%=(&*)#""$%*.#'%("%(%"*)& #)$%('5%\'(-->% f&+*&4"%!0%.&55#'% )!"*&*,*&!'%+('%6#%0!,'5%&'%9"&('%4(" - sage parlours 48 , saunas, on the Internet via webcams, in 41 See below in Part 2. private studios or massage parlours with Brazilian victims, some Turkish community associations based in cafés, etc. 42 % %:##%(-"!%6#-!=%&'%*.&"%+.( *#)%*.#%+("#%)#7&#=%R?,)2&".% &4 "%('5%5),3%*)(0\+2#)"S% ('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%N%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#% In the city of Liège, there has even been a report of a Bul- and resources to combat the phenomenon’, Different Criminal Networks: Bulgarian Networks, p. 25. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ garian night shop where prostitution services are offered section). to Bulgarian clients in the back of the shop. 43 % % ?.#% I,*+.% \(*&!'(-% a( !)*#,)% !'% *)(0\+2&'3% &'% .,4('% 6#&'3"$% R?.&)5% a# !)*% !'% ?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"S$%?.#%R(3,#8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!'",-*#5%(*]% http:// english.bnrm.nl/ 46 See below, Chapter 5: Priority on detecting and assisting victims. 44 % %?.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%Rf&+*&4"%&'%*.#%" !*-&3.*S$%9 #'5&/$%('5% 47 % %:##%*.#%+("#%)#7&#=%R?,)2&".% &4 "%('5%5),3%*)(0\+2#)"S8 _8%f#)4#,-#'$%RP#'"#'.('5#-%&'%6##-5]%G#)"*#%2=('*(*#%#'%2=(-&*(*#%('(->"#%7('% Belgische slachtofferdata’, IRCP, Maklu, 2007. 48 % %;#'*)#$%LEEY%9'',(-%a# !)*$%R?)(0\+2&'3%('5%"4,33-&'3%!0%.,4('%6#&'3"$%F,6-&+% !- - &+>%("%"##'%6>%(%'(*&!'(-%)# !)*#)S$%9%+("#%+!'+#)'&'3%(%4(""(3#% ()-!,)%&'%N),""#-"$% 8% 45 See also below concerning under-aged victims. 90-91. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 1.4.5. 1.4.5. below). (see minors are them of Most permits. residence tuguese abuse of the voodoo ritual.voodoo the &"%of abuse 7&+*&4"% ,!'% )#"",)#% !0% 4#('"% \&3#)&('% *>&+(-->% 9% above).(see drug-dependency of question a often more is it victims, Turkish of case the In working. by territory the in entry as the victims have to pay back the costs of their smuggled !0%9"&('%7&+*&4"$%&*%&"%3#'#)(-->%(%A,#"*&!'%!0%5#6*%6!'5(3#% case the In commonplace. is violence where prostitution forced of situation precarious a in often are victims These 50 49 turn haveintroducednewvictimstoprostitution. managed to set themselves free. In order to do this, they in very system well. Most prostitution have worked in the system themselves the and have know often madams The and paytheirdebtsinordertolookafterfamilies. themselves prostitute to continue to prefer victims Many punished. being to subject debts, their repaid completely have they until break cannot girls the that bond a create and girls young the in anguish provoke thus madams The or evenkilled… mad sent sick, made be can someone ritual this (+to cording .(&)"$% 0#=% (% ('5% 6-!!5% "!4#% \'3#)'(&-"$% 0#=% (% O&*.% !)%5!#"%'!*%0,-\-%.#)%,'5#)*(2&'3"$%g,g,%!)%7!!5!!%&"%,"#58% correctly, them perform not does victim the If rituals. of series a with hand in hand go oaths These madams. their to debts their and costs travel their back pay to dertaken before leaving for the West. They or their families have un- oaths taken have women Nigerian young Many juju priest. or – – voodoo local the from advice for asked having after jointly taken are decisions Important culture. this in rooted deeply is supernatural the in Belief world. ‘visible’ unseen world is as important, or even more so, as life in the ".& %!0%*.#%,'"##'%=!)-58%@'%90)&+('%+,-*,)#"$%6#-�%&'%('% wor- of form a is Voodoo ‘juju’. is voodoo for term gerian Ni- The required. are notions anthropological some tims, #*#%LE%9'(%a )%ba\^ f+&" ' .%:!-3*$ &#&' 7!!5!!% \&3#)&('% :!*-&3.*S$% *.#% @'% Rf&+*&4"% bTaU\`^% a#!)*% 9'',(-% LEEV% ;#'*)#$% % % %:##%*.#%+("#%)#7&#=%R?,)2&".% &4"%('5%5),3%*)(0\+2#)"S8 % prostitution networks,p. 31. B.74.$1>0%21: 2.0/*22*3+ B.74.$1>0%21: 49 %9"%0!)%N)(M&-&('%7&+*&4"$%*.#>%.(7#%0(-"#%F!) 50 In order to understand vic- understand to order In - - in debt bondage situations and there may be hidden vic- hidden be may there and situations bondage debt in I&00#)#'*%]#/&6-#%0!)4"%!0%0!)+#5% )!"*&*,*&!'%+('%6#%0!,'5% code, theirownlifestyleandaparalleljudicialsystem. common own their have networks Roma region. their and same Roma origin. These networks are linked to their clan the have victims The countries. European Eastern other from come also may but Romania, with associated mainly are They women. young ‘disobedient’ reprimand to used In our 2006 Report2006 our In for Russianvictims. 1.4.7. the third month’swagesforthemselves. keep then can They country. the in arrive to curred (>%6(+2%*.#%5#6*"%*.(*%*.#>%.(7#%&'\)"*%*=!%4!'*."%*!% the for salary a receiving without work to have embassy), Swedish the by issued are which of (many visa tourist a The victims,whoarehiredataThaimassageparlourwith lead victimstopaybacktheirdebtsthroughprostitution. that bondage debt of practices workers, domestic namese Viet- of case in noted, also has police Brussels The tims. vic- Vietnamese for common very also is case latter The for transport,permitsandjoboffers. debts supposed their back pay to prostitution enter to en wom- young the forces system bondage debt The licences. ('8%?.#"#%(3#'+&#"%.!-5%!0\+&(-% (&'$%@")(#-%('5%W( @*(->$%: to become domestic workers in countries such as Belgium, offers job through women young recruited agencies ment &"%4!"*->%*.#%+("#%0!)%9"&('%7&+*&4" back their travel or other debts through prostitution. This pay victims where bondage, debt of cases many are There 1.4.6. 51 ‘Roma’.– networks Romanian from mainly are Victims common. still less becoming is term but exists, the of sense strict the in prostitution Forced 52 3 53 #*#%LE%9'(%a )$ ?(\2'%(5 43-'%!%R4' #'"%F,6-&+% N#&'3"$% R,4('% !0% :4,33-&'3% ('5% R?)(0\+2&'3% a#!)*$% 9'',(-% LEEY% ;#'*)#$% % % %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%Rf&+*&4"%@'%*.#% % section). (‘Publications’ www.diversite.be at consulted be can publication This 90-91. pp. sels, F!-&+>%("%:##'%6>%(%\(*&!'(-%a( !)*#,)S$%9%+("#%+!'+#)'&'3%(%4(""(3#% ()-!,)%&'%N)," Spotlight’, pp.28-29. This publicationcanbe consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’section). ing people and resources to combat the phenomenon’, Romanian case, pp. 40-41 and 61. Ibid. K104 03+:%,1 K104 E3$(1: 5$324*4.4*3+ E3$(1: $%a!4('&('%+-('B'#*=!)2$% 8%XLh%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"* 52 , we illustrated how Russian employ- Russian how illustrated we , 51 53 , and sometimes also sometimes and , Physical violence is violence Physical - - - 20 *21 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS tims, those who are drug-dependent or under the domina- tion of their culture (see above). Victims of Russian prostitution networks are afraid to speak out due to fear of reprisals involving their families in their country of origin. When interviewed by the po- lice, they state that they are not victims. If the police man- ages to confront them with reality, they eventually tell the truth. 1.4.8. O+:1$>%,1: J*(4*/2 3& 5$324*4.4*3+ Under-aged victims of prostitution 54 are also found mainly in Roma networks. 55 Each time that a case comes up in a Roma network, we note that victims come from very spe- +&\+%()#("%&'%a!4('&(8%?.#%0(+*%*.(*%*.#%a!4(%+!44,'&*>% &"% 5&0\+,-*% *!% (++#""% ('5% +-!"#5$% "-!="% 5!='% ('5% "!4# - times even completely blocks police investigations (this is even more the case for exploitation through begging, see 6#-!=^8%@'%!'#%" #+&\+%+("#$%*.#% !-&+#%+())%!,*%",)7#&- - lance on the basis of one victim’s account. However, the surveillance activities had to be curtailed because the of- \+#)"%=#)#%&5#'*&\#5%&'%*.#%"*)##*8%?.#% !-&+#%5&5%'!*%\'5% any other evidence to enable it to continue the investiga- tion. Under-aged victims have also been found in the loverboy victim group. 56 54 % % ;#'*)#$% LEEY% 9'',(-% a# !)*$% R?)(0\+2&'3% ('5% :4,33-&'3% !0% R,4('% N#&'3"$% F,6-&+% Policy as Seen by a National Rapporteur’, a case involving a minor, p. 101. This publica- tion can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 55 % %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%Rf&+*&4"%@'%*.#% : !*-&3.*S$%a!4('&('%+-('B'#*=!)2$% 8%XL$%('5%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('% ?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% .#'!4#'!'S$%a!4('&('% case, pp. 40-41 and 61. These publications can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Pub- lications’ section). 56 See also above - Victims of loverboys. most sectors.most -!&*(*&!'%!++,)"%&'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$%-(6!,)%#/ regards as that noted we report, annual previous our In workers during roadworks. asphalt of exploitation the – light to come has mental rights funda- of view of point the from with dealt is convenience of marriages of issue the our Report, Migration In annual 2009 convenience. of marriages combat to struments in- the strengthening by abuse this to reacted has Policy ience inordertoobtainaresidencepermit. conven- of marriage a into enter themselves who beings, *.#%-#(5#)"%!0%'#*=!)2"%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%!)%"4,33-&'3%.,4('% work to pay back their debts. This generally also applies to to constrained then are Belgium to move to entitled hence a marriage of convenience with an EU citizen and who are times in the various modus operandi. Those who enter into several up crop persons, of movement free the by offered Marriages of convenience, combined with the possibilities attendants. toilet and washing car cleaning, transport, of sectors the as well as shops, phone Indo-Pakistani and shops night of ples are bakers, Turkish and Bulgarian butchers, managers \)"*%"&3.*$%("%7&+*&4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%G/(4 sectors where illegal workers are not directly perceived, at 60 59 58 liain s acrig o Europol to according is, #/ploitation -(6!,)% 6#&'3"$% .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% *!% )#3()5% O&*.% General trends2.1. inhumanbeingsforthepurposesoflabourexploitation Traf!cking 2. 57 A,(-&\+(*&!'"8%9++!)5&'3%*!%G,)! !- few requiring work out carry Both victims. the among be to likely equally are women and Men work. domestic and *&!'$%*.#%.!*#-$%)#"*(,)('*%('5%+(*#)&'3%bRKaG;9^%"#+*!)% construc- agriculture, horticulture, sectors: following the % %G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-% #)"#+ !-% #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! %G,)! % %G,)!!-$%K;?9%LEEQ$%RGH%K)3('&"#5%;)&4#%?.)#(*%9""#""4#'*hS% 8%XV8 % % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #!-#%('5%)# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % %LEEQ%9'',(-%a# !)*$% % www.diversite.be (‘Publications’section).www.diversite.be at consulted be can publication This 26-34. pp. phenomenon’, the combat to sources asp?page=publications&language= www.europol.europa.eu/index.at consulted be can publication This 2009. June tive’, 59 60 %9*%*.#%4!4#'*%*.#)#%()#%(-"!%'#=$%(*> &+(-%%9*%*.#%4!4#'*%*.#)#%()#%(-"!%'#=$%(*> . Migration , p.118. 58 57 , a new development tpcly on in found typically , - - - - smuggling ofhumanbeingsandprostitution. exploitation, labour of combination a see we cases, some In victims. Vietnamese involving mainly – work domestic criminal organisations ploitation arisesinorganisedforms ,)!"#"%!0%-(6!,)%#/*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%0!)%*.#% 9 ()*%0)!4%(%0#=%&"!-(*#5%+("#"$%&*%"##4"%*.(*$%3#'#)(-->$% 2.2. Professional networks 61 62 63 65 64 6 SeebelowinPart2. 66 ads. tri- Chinese the to debt a have Chinese victims when in restaurants place takes generally This free. for working by costs travel their back pay to constrained is victim the where bondage debt of systems in exploitation, labour of This type of criminal organisation mainly emerges, in terms termthe of sense strict the in labour forced being actually this and constrained to work in inhumane conditions, without exploited bogus is labour foreign where using workers, self-employed and/or systems outsourcing up setting by +!4#*&*&!'% ,'0(&)% +!'5,+*% \)4"% `()3#% +&)+,4"*('+#"8% inhumane in working involve exploitation labour of poses ,) *.#% 0!)% 6#&'3"% .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% !0% 0!)4"% K*.#)% month residence three-permits granted to the EU citizens in abuse order to networks organised that note we tion, ac- civil brought has Centre the where cases different In victims isoftensubtleandcomplex. gus self-employed workersself-employed gus bo- involving and/or outsourcing through used are ment second- of systems end, this To costs. wage their reduce to seek that sectors economic legal by applied models ing to human dignity constitutes as a key element of outsourc- % %?.#%LEEJ%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9+*&7&*>%a# !)*%)#0#)"$%&'%*.#%"#+*&!'%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% %?.#%LEEJ%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9+*&7&*>%a# % %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%Rf&+*&4"%@'%*.#% % % %:##%&'*#) )#*(*&!'"%('5%5#\'&*&!'"%!0%0!)+#5%-(6!,)]%6#-!=%&'%F()*%X%&'%*.#%+!'*)&6, %:##%&'*#) % % %G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-%F#)" #+ !-%F#)" #('%H'&!']%(%G,)! !-$%R?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%&'%*.#%G,)! %G,)! % several districts. "%!0%+)&4&'(-"%*.(*%()#%(+*&7#%&'% ()#%(+*&7#%&'*#)'(*&!'(-->$%('5%*!%D[%&5#'*&\#5%3)!, 6#&'3"%0!)%*.#% ,)!"#"%!0%-(6!,)%#/ -!&*(*&!'$%*!%DV%&5#'*&\#5%3)!, "%!0%+)&4&'(-"%*.(*% asp?page=publications&language www.europol.europa.eu/index.at consulted be can publication This 2009. June tive’, www.diversite.be (‘Publications’section).www.diversite.be phenomenon’, the wok restaurant case, pp. 46-47. This publication can be consulted at #!-#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% : !*-&3.*S$%9%;("#%!0%I#6*%N!'5(3#%&'%*.#%RKaG;9%:#+*!)S$% 8%[E$%('5%*.#%LEEJ%9'',(-% pp. 73-74. RN#-3&('%F!-&+>%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%:4,33-&'3%!0%R,4('%N#&'3"]%:.(5!="%('5%`&3.*"S$% !)*$%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"% *&!'%4(5#%6>%*.#%@`K$%('5%;#'*)#$%LEEZ%9'',(-%a# 63 Ibid. 65 This is also the case at the moment in the context of context the in moment the at case the also is This . Labour exploitation in conditions that are contrary 62 . 66 . The constraint placed upon placed constraint The . 61 , sometimesinvolving 64 - - - - 22 *23 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS put them to work illegally and to exploit them at dumping with the transport and accommodation of the victims so as levels of wages. 67 Whilst it infringes the individual rights to have full control over them. of the illegal workers, this also threatens to degrade the Belgian socio-economic system, as the CTIF-CFI points @'%*.#%I#'5#)4!'5#%()#($% )(+*&+#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% out in its report. 68 beings have been observed in the past at Belgian mush- room growers. In this case, Belgian exploiters expressly recruited young Bulgarian female immigrants through 2.3. Victims’ pro!les Eurolines and illegally put them to work in Belgium. They were very badly paid and housed in deplorable conditions. It is mainly in situations of debt bondage that the question of forced labour arises. 69 In most cases of labour exploita- 9%'#=%5#7#-! 4#'*%.("%(-"!%#4#)3#5%&'%*.#%(3)&+,-*,)(-% tion, the so-called ‘win-win’ situation is the most common. "#+*!)%N%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%=&*.&'%*.#%"*(00%!0%*.#% Victims receive an offer that gives them much better in- poultry industry. In one case Polish people were recruited come prospects than in their country of origin. In practice, in an organised manner as bogus self-employed workers 70 this means that they come to work at dumping levels with ('5% -(+#5%&'%-&+&*% !,-*)>%\)4"8% respect to Western standards. Victims are seduced by the potential income and do not imagine for a moment that ?.#% !-&+#%.("%(-"!%)# !)*#5%!*.#)%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'% *.#>%()#%7&+*&4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8% human beings at poultry breeders managed by Turkish op- erators. 71 They illegally employ Bulgarian men of Turkish It is essential that magistrates should not be led astray by origin to look after their poultry. This was brought to light the subjective experience of victims when qualifying situ- in one case where local inhabitants had reported a slum (*&!'"%!0%#/ -!&*(*&!'%("%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%@*%&"% -('5-!)5% !0% =.!4% N,-3()&('% #! -#% =#)#% 7&+*&4"8% 90*#)% neither the treatment nor the income that the victim may questioning, it transpired that they were being exploited receive in their country of origin nor their wish to work in by the Turkish owners of poultry abattoirs. inhumane conditions or to be abused that should be the +#'*)(-% !&'*% !0% 5&"+,""&!'8% 9% )#+&"#% 5#"+)& *&!'% !0% *.#% 2#>%#-#4#'*"%5#\'&'3%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%".!,-5% 2.4.2. B3+24$.(4*3+ %+: $1+3J%4*3+ always form the basis of the enquiry. In some cases of illegal Brazilian workers, the court estab- -&".#5%+.()3#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%!'%*.#%6("&"% 2.4. Sectors of the following: abnormal working hours, wages lower than normal, paid irregularly or not at all, and the absence of social rights. 72 2.4.1. P,$*(.74.$1 %+: -3$4*(.74.$1 Different Brazilian networks are involved in cases of traf- ;("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%*.#%(3)&+,-*,)#%('5% \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%*.#%+!'"*),+*&!'%"#+*!)8 73 Most horticulture sectors mainly concern fruit picking. Indian Brazilians that are recruited come from the same regions, labour is in the majority, and they are obliged to work at _!&"%!)%P&'("%_#)(&"8%?.#%-(**#)%&"%=#--%2'!='%("%(%4& - dumping wage levels. In some cases, the ‘gangmasters’ sys- gration area 74 . These two areas subsist on money from the tem comes to light – they work with different fruit grow- 5&(" !)(8% 9*% ('% @KP% =!)2".! 75 , a Brazilian delegation ers and place their workers with them. These gangmasters #/ -(&'#5%*.(*%_!&"%=("%,'5#)3!&'3%('%#+!'!4&+%6!!4$% receive the wages of the illegal workers and only pass a small part on to them. Furthermore, the gangmasters deal 70 See below in Part 2. 71 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)# - sources to combat the phenomenon’, p. 30. This publication can be consulted at www. 67 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)# - diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). "!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% .#'!4#'!'S$%9%+!'"*),+*&!'%+("#$% 8%[XB[[8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'% can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 72 Ibid. , p. 66, and also below, Chapter 4 on case law. 68 % %:##%*.#%DV*.%;?@TB;T@%9'',(-%a# !)*$%LEEQ8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!'",-*#5%(*% 73 See also below, Chapter 4 on case law. ===8+*&0B+\86# 74 % %@KP$%R9=()#'#""%a(&"&'3%0!)%N)(M&-&('%('5%N#-3&('%(,*.!)&*&#"%!'%4('(3&'3%4&3)(*&!'% 69 % %:##%6#-!=%&'%F()*%X$%*.#%+!'*)&6,*&!'%4(5#%6>%*.#%@`K$%('5%;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# - 0)!4%N)(M&-%*!%N#-3&,4S$%L'5%9=()#'#""Ba(&"&'3%O!)2".! $%LVBLY%P(>%LEDE$%N),""#-"8 !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)#"!,)+#"%*!%+!46(*%*.#% .# - nomenon’, p. 67:Tongeren Criminal Court, 9 th Chamber, 9 May 2008. 75 Ibid. n ae 09 te TFCI ulse a ann about Brazilian networksofillicitworkers warning a published CTIF-CFI the 2009, late In networks represent15%oflabourexploitation. Brazilian Mons, In work. of place their to morning every commute and Brussels, in live Many towns. Belgian other Brazilians are not only put to work in Brussels, but also in Belgium legallyforthreemonths. in stay can They pocket. their in people Brazilian of bers num- telephone of series a with Brussels in points arrival ('5%=(3#"%7#)>%-!=8%?.#>%())&7#%&'%N#-3&,4%(*%7#)>%" #+&\+%deplorable are conditions working the that unaware are they but job, a offered are Brazilians Europe. to package’ ‘migration a offer that agents travel by organised generally *&!'%&'5,"*)>%&'%?,)2&".%+!'"*),+*&!'%\)4"8 renova- and construction the in place take exploitation labour of forms organised certain that emerges it action, civil brought has Centre the which in cases different In How does the Brazilian network function?network Brazilian the does How LE%*!%XE$EEE%4&3)('*"%()#%"(&5%*!%.(7#%)#*,)'#5%*!%_!&"8 some Europe, in and States United the in crisis economic the Following Brazil. in life of quality best the had town this that and 2008, in 28% of growth employment with 76 in a large case of Bulgarian prostitution involved names the of one that noted have we practice, In they dosmalljobsforotherTurkishpropertyowners. again, project large a on work to waiting whilst Belgium, to return they When site. same the on place their taken have to workers Bulgarian return other meantime, the then In Bulgaria. and months three for site construction large a on Belgium in work They worked. system the how statement a in explained workers Bulgarian these of One Belgium especiallyforthispurpose. to brought are who – Bulgaria of south the in established 6>%K**!4('%N,-3()&('"%N%(%"&3'&\+('*%?,)2&".%4&'!)&*>$% apartments into turned and renovated properties decrepit 79 78 Seebelow,Part2,Chapter 1. 77 % %:##%;.( *#)%[%!'%+("#%-(=$%('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3% *#)%[%!'%+("#%-(=$%('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# %:##%;.( % % %:##%(-"!%;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #!-#% !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% %:##%(-"!%;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % %;#'*)#$%LEEX%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%RF-#(5&'3%0!)%('% % ovation, p. 27. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ www.diversite.be at consulted be can publication This 27. p. ovation, and resources to combat the phenomenon’, Labour exploitation: Construction and ren- be (‘Publications’ section). ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!'",-*#5%(*% 8%LXBLZ8%?.&"% )!(+.S$% @'*#3)(*#5%9 tion can be consulted at www.diversite.betion canbeconsultedat (‘Publications’section). publica- This 43-44. pp. phenomenon’, the combat to resources and people Enlisting - section). 77 . 79 from 1999 to 2002 76 Transport is Transport 78 They have They www.diversite. onded #+&\+(-->%+("#"%!0%"#+ T!)%*.#%4!4#'*$%=#%'!*#%4!)#%" acquittals atcourt. )!7#%('5%!0*#'%-#(5"%*!% (+&*>$%&"%5&0\+,-*%*!% )#"#()+.%+( der to be able to work as bogus self-employed workers.self-employed bogus as work to able be to der or- in not) or Belgium (in involved company the in shares ,)+.("#% !0%('%&'"&3'&\+('*%(4!,'*%!)%()#%+!'"*)(&'#5%*!% They are registered in Romania, where they sign a contract ducted topayfortheirpitifulaccommodation. !)*&!'%&"%5# security. #)%.!,)$%!0%=.&+.%(% social ?.#>%)#+#&7#%\7#%#,)!"% and workers of safety and health ment, their work deviate completely from legislation on employ- and accommodation their of circumstances and location tension ofthesepractices. ex- an to lead may competition unfair This behaviour. this counter to resources enough have not does inspectorate duly registered entrepreneurs complain about this, but the Other agency. employment temporary a of intermediary #)%.!,)%('5%()#%)#+),&*#5%*.)!,3.%*.#%3&,4%0!)%\7#%#,)!"% of secondment and/or bogus self-employed workers system a through workers Romanian of exploitation the O#%(-"!%'!*#%&'%!*.#)%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$% exploitation of within economicsectorssuchasconstruction. forms of advantages the seen have then since and prostitution in specialised previously were that -!>4#'*%!0%+)&4&'(-%'#*=!)2"% 5&7#)"&\+(*&!'%('5U!)%)#5# *.#%\#-5%!0%+!'"*),+*&!'%&'%LEEV8%?.&"%&"% )!6(6->%(%+("#%!0% in exploitation labour Bulgarian of case a in appeared also 3 Seebelow,Part2. 83 Seebelow,Part2. 82 Seebelow,Part2. 81 Seebelow,Part2. 80 ployed workers !0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#%&"",#%!0%6!3,"%"#-0B#4charges on law criminal under prosecuted not are sector construction the in workers Polish illegal involving Cases scale cases. small-mainly are These Belgium. in illegally work and live who workers Moroccan of exploitation with beings man @'%7()&!,"%5&"*)&+*"$%*.#)#%()#%(-"!%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%., debt bondage. These shares must be paid for through work, thus creating 83 self-employed workers. They come to work in Bel- 82 %)#A,&)#"%"&3'&\+('*%)#"!,)+#"%&'%*#)4"%!0% 80 . The 81 - - - - 24 *25 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 2.4.3. #-1 L3417 N <124%.$%+4 N B%41$*+, 21(43$ restaurant building and are only allowed to sleep for 4 to RLS @'% *.#% +&*>% !0% P!'"$% ;.&'#"#% RKaG;9% +("#"% )# )#"#'*% 2.4.5. K3/124*( H3$) 10 % of labour exploitation. Chinese victims work illegally and receive EUR 500 per month on average for working ?)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%*.#%5!4#"*&+%=!)2%"#+*!)% seven days a week. They are housed in a small room in the &"%4!)#%5&0\+,-*%*!% &' !&'*8%?.&"%2&'5%!0%#/ -!&*(*&!'%&"% 84 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)# - 88 % %T#5#)(-%F!-&+#$%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9'',(-%a# !)*$%G+!'!4&+%('5%T&'('+&(-%;)&4#%I# ()* - sources to combat the phenomenon’, p. 64. This publication can be consulted at www. ment. This publication (FR/NL) can be consulted at: http://www.polfed-fedpol.be/ diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). pub/rapport_activites/rapports_act_fr.php 85 % %:##%6#-!=$%;("#%)#7&#=]%9%;.&'#"#%)#"*(,)('*8 89 See below, case review: The rag trade. 86 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%R;!46(*&'3%?)(0\+2&'3%('5%:4,33-&'3%!0%R, - 90 % %:##%6#-!=$%F()*%L$%;.( *#)%L$%_!!5% )(+*&+#"8 man Beings Using People and Resources’, p. 46. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 91 % %;#'*)#$%LEEX%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%RF-#(5&'3%0!)%('% @'*#3)(*#5%9 )!(+.S$% 8%L[BLY8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!'",-*#5%(*% www.diversite. 87 % %:##%F()*%L$%;.( *#)%L$%_!!5% )(+*&+#"8 be (‘Publications’ section). conditions. (>4#'*%('5%6(5%(++!44!5(*&!'% (>4#'*%!)%&'",0\+&#'*% no conditions, inhumane in week a days seven working 2.4.6. 2.4.6. organised networks. retract to their statements. We see here that these are them indeed get to accomplices by pressure to subject were families their or they how and families well-known in ers work- domestic as employed be to women young cruited In another case, we observed that employment agencies re- 94 93 y h following the by established are dignity human to contrary are that tions In transport cases, case law considers that working condi- for victimsisoftentoobtainhumanitarianaidstatus nal proceedings due to diplomatic immunity. One solution crimi- to rise given never have but auditors, labour the by opened been have work domestic to embassies, relating cases several to regard With involved. are contacts bassy -!4(*"%!)%#4 &"%#7#'%4!)#%5&0\+,-*%*!%&5#'*&0>%=.#'%5& ?)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%*.#%5!4#"*&+%=!)2%"#+*!)% lead toprosecution. never cases many reason, this For exploited. being were victims have been able to escape from the home where they after made only often are statements – obtain to easy not are they However, statements. victims’ the on exclusively In this type of case, the burden of proof is very often based \!)*.%90)&+('%+,-*,)#8% often found, on a smaller scale, in certain households in the 92 ers. employ- the of fantasies sexual the satisfy to was workers domestic as exploited being girls young of task main the smuggling of human beings referred to two cases in which !)*%!'%*.#%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5%?=!%>#()"%(3!$%*.#%('',(-%)# tic work have also concerned forms of sexual exploitation. Several cases of labour exploitation in the sector of domes- #*#%LE%9'(%a )$ ?(\2'%(5 43-'%!%R4' #'"%F,6-&+% N#&'3"$% R,4('% !0% :4,33-&'3% ('5% R?)(0\+2&'3% a#!)*$% 9'',(-% LEEY% ;#'*)#$% % % % %:##%!'%*.&"%",6g#+*%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B% %:##%!'%*.&"%",6g#+*%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #!-#%('5%)# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % 93 www.diversite.be (‘Publications’section).www.diversite.be at consulted be can publication This 68-69. pp. phenomenon’, the combat to sources Policy asSeenbyaNationalRapporteur’,pp.96-102. be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’section).be consultedat Enlisting people and resources to combat the phenomenon’, p. 19. This publication can #$%+253$4 94 asne f n mlyet contract, employment an of absence : 92 . - - working in the store without being paid.being without store the in working by debts travel their back pay to 6#have victims where .,4('% ings &'% *)(0\+2&'3% !0% "&*,(*&!'"% !6"#)7#% (-"!% O#% *&!'%&"%*.,"%6#'#\+&(-%6!*.%*!%*.#%#/ -!&*#)%('5%*.#%7&+*&48 situa- The permit. residence valid a receive and hall town the at register legally can victim the status, self-employed butions and easily grows his business. On the basis of their contri- security social avoids way, this in who, exploiter, tors of the company. In fact they are only front men for the 2.4.7. tions wereorchestrated. opera- where and worked staff administrative the where &'3%3!!5"%*!%G'3-('58%?.#%!='#)%.(5%('%!0\+#%&'%N#-3&,4$% &'3%0!)%N#-3&('$%_#)4('%('5%G'3-&".%5&" (*+.%\)4"%"#'5 ship- international with dealt mainly He Netherlands. the ('&#"%&'%_#)4('>$%F!-('5$%a!4('&($%N!"'&(%('5% !)*%+!4 trans- operated owner Belgian The drivers. truck Polish all workers, self-employed bogus 20 around with sation organi- international an up set company transport gian which the Centre has brought civil action illustrates how illustrates action civil brought has Centre the in which cases the of One involved. are organisations criminal ings 6# .,4('% &'% *)(0\+2&'3% !'% a#!)*% 9'',(-% LEEV% !,)% @'% in whichtheCentrehasbroughtcivilaction. " &)#"%0)!4%5&00#)#'*%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"% tran- This secondment. and workers self-employed bogus of organisations through observed been also have beings )(+*&+#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% !)*%"#+*!)$% @'%*.#%*)('" ers actuallyworkforaBelgiancompany. are also formed for this purpose in Russia, while the work- companies Transport drivers. truck Moldavian for ported re- mainly were irregularities inspections, police During 96 Seebelow,Part2. 95 work- ers self-employed bogus as exploited are they cases, often do not have a valid Belgian residence permit. In many shops phone and shops night of operators Indo-Pakistani 97 9 Seebelowinthischapter, Indo-Pakistanismugglingrings. 99 Seebelow,Part2. 98 % %;#'*)#%0!)%GA,(-%K !)*,'&*&#"%('5%K !"&*&!'%*!%a(+&"4$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU !"&*&!'%*!%a(+&"4$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*,'&*&#"%('5%K %;#'*)#%0!)%GA,(-%K % % %:##%6#-!=$%F()*%L%('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3% %:##%6#-!=$%F()*%L%('5%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# % 98 tion can be consulted at www.diversite.betion canbeconsultedat (‘Publications’section). publica- This 44-46. pp. phenomenon’, the combat to resources and people Enlisting - \`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%Rf&+*&4"%@'%*.#%: !*-&3.*S$%8%[XB[Z8 97 . They become shareholders and even, later on, direc- on, later even, and shareholders become They . $%!'#% ()*&+,-()%+("#%&--,"*)(*#"%*.&"% #)0#+*->8%9%N#- ()*&+,-()%+("#%&--,"*)(*#"%*.&"% $%!'#% V*,-4 2-352 %+: 5-3+1 2-352 5-3+1 %+: 2-352 V*,-4 95 99 In these cases these In 96 - - - - 26 *27 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS criminal organisations make use of the marriage of con- In these instances, case law considers that working condi- venience system on an international scale 100 . Marriages of tions that are contrary to human dignity are established convenience are organised in return for payment between by the following 104 : working seven days a week, for more Indian or Pakistani men and Portuguese women from un- than 12 hours work a day for a weekly salary of EUR 50- derprivileged areas of Portugal. Weddings take place in 60, non-payment of wages and bad accommodation condi- I#'4()2$%:=#5#'%!)%F!)*,3(-8%90*#)%*.#%=#55&'3$%*.#%4#'% tions (locked room, no bathroom or toilets, no heating or move to Belgium. Victims who have paid for a marriage of water). convenience then have to pay back their debt by working in the shop for scarcely any wage at all. Several of these unregulated night shops and phone shops are linked to In- 2.4.10. #-1 (71%+*+, *+:.24$? do-Pakistani smuggling networks. They are used as a place of transit and safe house 101 for the clients and as meeting Various reports, including federal police activity reports 105 , -(+#"$%('5%*!%-(,'5#)%*)(0\+2#)"S% )!\*"8% 3&7#%#/(4 -#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%*.#%+-#(' - ing industry through structures set up by a criminal or- ganisation. Firms employ illegal workers or bogus self- 2.4.8. B%$ H%2-12 #4 -!>#5%=!)2#)"%("%",6+!'*)(+*!)"%0!)%-()3#%\)4"8 106 The victims have to work without wages for several days as O#%(-"!%\'5%!)3('&"#5%0!)4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6# - (%*)&(-% #)&!58%@'%(55&*&!'%*!%90)&+('%&--#3(-%=!)2#)"$%('5% ings for the purposes of labour exploitation in the car wash particularly Moroccan workers, Brazilian women 107 also sector involving Pakistanis. The same modus operandi ap- number among the victims. These are deplorable practices plies as for night shops where the system of bogus self- which are spread throughout the country. Victims are em- employed workers is used 102 . ployed in very bad conditions and even in some cases with- !,*%('>%)#4,'#)(*&!'%=.(*"!#7#)8%9*% )#"#'*$%*.&"%*(2#"% Here however, there is no small-scale exploitation. These place mainly in the Liège area. are organised networks. Labour exploitation with rami- \+(*&!'"% (--% !7#)% N#-3&,4% =("% 6)!,3.*% *!% -&3.*% 5,)&'3% (% 9++!)5&'3%*!%*.#%;?@TB;T@ report on money laundering, coordinated operation by the central department of the &'% 4('>% +("#"% 0)!'*% +!4 ('&#"% ()#% ,"#5% =&*.% \+*&*&!,"% 0#5#)(-% !-&+#% 5#(-&'3% =&*.% *)(0\+2&'3% &'% .,4('% 6#&'3"$% )#3&"*#)#5% !0\+#% (55)#""#"8% ?.#>% (+*% ("% &'*#)4#5&()&#"% federal police departments of Turnhout, Mechelen and between the cleaning companies under contract and the Hasselt, and the social inspectorate. Following this case, a suspect subcontractors 108 8%9%",++#""&!'%!0%+!4 ('&#"$%*.#% \'('+&(-%#'A,&)>%=("%! #'#5%)#3()5&'3%+(".%]!="%('5%*.#% use of front men, personal accounts, operations that do not money laundering practices used. 103 correspond to the company’s objects or do not correspond *!%*.#%+!4 ('>S"%\'('+&(-%"&*,(*&!'%N%*.#"#%()#%"!4#%!0%*.#% methods reported by the CTIF-CFI. 109 Once again accord- 2.4.9. =%)1$*12 %+: 0.4(-1$2S 2-352 ing to the CTIF-CFI report, all of these indications lead to the conclusion that an organisation based on a criminal The police and inspection services have also noted evi- structure exists. 110 5#'+#% !0% *)(0\+2&'3% &'% .,4('% 6#&'3"% &'% 6,*+.#)"S% ".! "% ('5%6(2#)&#"8%?.#"#%()#%4(&'->%"4(--B"+(-#%+("#"8%9++!)5 - ing to the police, in some towns, shops associated with 104 % % ;#'*)#$% LEEY% 9'',(-% a# !)*$% R?)(0\+2&'3% ('5% :4,33-&'3% !0% R,4('% N#&'3"$% F,6-&+% *)(0\+2&'3% &'% .,4('% 6#&'3"% ()#% &'% *.#% .('5"% !0% +#)*(&'% Policy as Seen by a National Rapporteur’, p. 111. Turkish families. 105 % %F!-&+#$%LEEY%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9+*&7&*>%a# !)*%bTaU\`^8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!' - sulted at www.polfed-fedpol.be/pub/jaarverslag/pub_jaarverslag2007_fr.php 106 See below, Part 2. 100 % %T!)%"&4&-()%+("#B-(=$%"##%;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B% Enlisting people and resources to combat the phenomenon’, p.72. This publication can 107 % %@KP$%R9=()#'#""%a(&"&'3%0!)%N)(M&-&('%('5%N#-3&('%9,*.!)&*&#"%!'%P('(3&'3%P&3)( - be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). *&!'%0)!4%N)(M&-%*!%N#-3&,4S%L'5%9=()#'#""Ba(&"&'3%O!)2".! %LVBLY%P(>%LEDE$%N)," - sels 101 % %T!)%('%#/ -('(*&!'%!0%"(0#%.!,"#"$%"##%6#-!=%&'%*.#%"#+*&!'%(6!,*%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('% beings. 108 % % LEEJ% ;?@TB;T@% 9'',(-% a# !)*$% ?> !-!3&#"8% ?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'% +('% 6#% +!'",-*#5% (*% ===8+*&0B+\86# 102 See below, Part 2. 109 Ibid. 103 % %F!-&+#$%LEEY%T#5#)(-%F!-&+#%9+*&7&*>%a# !)*%bTaU\`^8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('%6#%+!' - sulted at www.polfed-fedpol.be/pub/jaarverslag/pub_jaarverslag2007_fr.php 110 Ibid. 2.4.13. the company employing them. Most cases relate to illegal to relate cases Most them. employing company the of name the know even not do they cases, many In stand. under- not do they to which of content obliged the documents are sign and status security social their of aware not are They deducted. are contributions security social with. complied their which from hour, per not euros 8 to 7 paid are Workers are protection on regulations the where work, paid badly and noisy dangerous, dirty, is It =("*#%0)!4%*.#"#%-()3#%\)4"8 to work as bogus self-employed workers The victims are Bulgarian or Turkish workers who are put legislation. social ",6+!'*)(+*!)"%with scrupulously comply not do They ("% (+*% processing waste for large Belgian enterprises in \)4"% the ports. N#-3!B?,)2&".% f()&!,"% crime organisedbytheSenate organized on Commission Parliamentary the to ago years !,*%*.#%+!,'*)>8%?.&"%&"",#%=("%\)"*%)# !)*#5%4!)#%*.('%DE% volves organised chains. Cases have been opened through- &'%in- it – exploitation small-scale not *)(0\+2&'3% is This beings. human !'% 6!)5#)&'3% "!4#*&4#"% +!'5&*&!'"$% 6(5% in work attendants Pump Pakistanis. by operated tions sta- petrol in exploitation labour of purposes the for ings O#%(-"!%\'5%!)3('&"#5%0!)4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6# onded sec- as means fraudulent through work to aliens put ters gangmas- where development, new a is This sector. toilet public the in exploitation labour of purposes the for ings O#%(-"!%\'5%!)3('&"#5%0!)4"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6# 2.4.11. 1 Seebelow,Part2. 111 2.4.12. 2.4.12. ment andservicestation. establish- each at teams in work Russian, generally iens, )#(5%*.)!,3.!,*%N#-3&,48%9)!,'5%\7#%!)%"&/%(- 4#'*"$%" establish- 22 around are There verbal. are stations service (-!'3%*.#%4!*!)=(>8%93)##4#'*"%=&*.%*.!"#%),''&'3%*.#% 1 Seebelow,Part2. 113 Report, Final Belgium, in crime organised investigating Commission Parliamentary 112 Parliamentary Documents G%241 5$3(122*+, G%241 24%4*3+2 Y14$37 21$J*(12 #3*714 111 self-employed workers in various service stations service various in workers self-employed , Senate,1998-1999session, 8December1998,No1–326/9. 112 . 113 and have to sort - - - in Slovakia. company a through Belgium to seconded workers Slovak are victims The organisations. criminal involving cases of masters have systematically been present in a whole series @'%*.#%4#(*% )!+#""&'3%&'5,"*)>%&'%*.#%_.#'*%)#3&!'$%3('3 2.4.14. victims. abandon exploiters injury, or accident work-related a of event the In workers. self-employed for due contributions security social the pay to promise their respect not do ally gener- and wage derisory already an from amounts bitant !0%\'#"%('5%*.)#(*#'%*.#&)%7&+*&4"8%G/ -!&*#)"%5#5,+*%#/!) system a apply exploiters that cases these from emerges It in humanbeings. =!)2$%6,*%"!4#%+("#"%.(7#%(-"!%6##'%! #'#5%0!)%*)(0\+2&'3% 1 Seebelow,Part2. 114 ment. .#-5%&'%*.#%g,53 !0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%=#)#%, charges case, one In work. illegal involve only cases Most *&4"$%*.#"#%()#%&'5##5%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8% vic- the against made are threats If gangmasters. bating #-1 /1%4 5$3(122*+, *+:.24$? 5$3(122*+, /1%4 #-1 114 Labour auditors concentrate mainly on com- - - - 28 *29 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 3. Other forms of exploitation 3.1. Begging In Charleroi, drug dealers work in the prostitution area near the exit of the town. Some drug dealers walk around In a number of cases of sexual exploitation, we have noted ()4#5%=&*.%2'&7#"%('5%\)#()4"8%?.#% !-&+#%+('%'!%-!'3#)% the problem of begging organised in the context of traf- carry out surveillance of this area discreetly because of- \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8 115 These cases are mainly found \+#)"%()#%&44#5&(*#->%&5#'*&\#5%6>%+)&4&'(-"8%P!)!++('% in Roma networks. 116 %9++!)5&'3%*!%*.#% !-&+#$%*.#%+-!"#5% dealers generally do not have a residence permit and all nature of this community complicates investigations in come from the same area of Morocco – the Rif. Most know these cases. very well that they have been recruited as drug dealers and that they can also earn a lot of money. However, several are recruited with the promise that they are going to come and 3.2. Coercion to commit offences work in the building trade. When they arrive in Belgium, they are constrained, in particular through debt bondage, F,)",('*%*!%*.#%LEEZ%`(=%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$% to work as drug dealers. coercion to commit a crime or offence falls under the new purposes of exploitation characterising the offence of traf- In our previous annual report 119 , this issue was illustrated \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.&"%)#+#'*%&"",#%.("%(-"!%6##'% by an important case of drug smuggling and dealing or- noted in other countries and by European authorities. In ganised by Moroccan nationals. This network recruited *.#%\#*.#)-('5"$%*.#%\(*&!'(-%a( !)*#,)%!'%*)(0\+2&'3% P!)!++('"%!)%9-3#)&('"%6>%4(2&'3%0(-"#% )!4&"#"%&'%*.#&)% in human beings has already discussed this issue in the country of origin or in Spain. In particular this organisa- +!'*#/*%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8 117 The Rapporteur tion used ‘workers’ that it brought over for the purposes &5#'*&\#5%"#7#)(-%+("#"%!0%0!)+#5%+)&4&'(-%(+*&7&*>$%",+.%("% of selling drugs via a chain of Moroccan emigrants living *.#0*%(*%3,' !&'*%('5%0!)3#)>%!0%5!+,4#'*"8%9++!)5&'3%*!% in Spain and arriving illegally in Belgium. When they ar- Europol 118 , Vietnamese and Chinese illegal workers who )&7#5% &'% N#-3&,4$% *.#&)% &5#'*&*>% ( #)"% =#)#% +!'\"+(*#5% still have to pay back their travel costs are constrained, by and they then had to deal drugs to pay their travel debts. means of debt bondage, to supervise cannabis plantations. Sometimes they had to attend a training course in France !)% &'% *.#% \#*.#)-('5"% 0!)% *.&"% ,) !"#8% 90*#)% *.(*% *.#>% Since 2006, the city of Charleroi has been confronted with came back to Charleroi where they had to sell drugs, both the issue of Moroccans without a residence permit who in the street and in ‘dealing houses’. are constrained to sell drugs. In this case, sometimes only legal action concerning ‘narcotics’ is initiated. In practice, This development has also been observed in the city of 7&+*&4"%*.#'%0(+#%4('>%5&0\+,-*&#"%*!%!6*(&'%*)(0\+2#5%7&+ - P!'"$%6,*%4!"*%+("#"%*.#)#%+!'+#)'%9-3#)&('"8 tim status. @'%*.#%+&*>%!0%9'*=#) $%*.#% !-&+#%&"%0(+#5%=&*.%;.&'#"#% Our meetings with the police have revealed that these are people who have accumulated large gambling debts in lo- not individual cases, but clearly a new strategy used by cal gaming houses belonging to the Chinese triads. In or- +)&4&'(-%!)3('&"(*&!'"8%9++!)5&'3%*!%*.#% !-&+#$%*.&"%&"%('% der to repay their gambling debts, victims are constrained, international issue to which very little attention is paid. through a system of debt bondage, to collaborate in deal- Coordinators are located in Morocco and from there they ing ecstasy for the Chinese triads and/or to work as smug- send people to Belgium. glers of human beings. 115 Reminder: the exploitation of begging forms part of the purposes of exploitation laid 5!='%&'%9)*&+-#%[XX quinquies %!0%*.#%;)&4&'(-%;!5#%=.&+.%5#\'#"%*.#%!00#'+#%!0%*)(0 - \+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"]%;#'*)#%0!)%GA,(-%K !)*,'&*&#"%('5%K !"&*&!'%*!%a(+&"4$% LEEZ%9'',(-%a# !)*$%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%RN#-3&('%F!-&+>%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%('5% Smuggling of Human Beings: Shadows and Lights’, pp. 10-16. 116 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)# - sources to combat the phenomenon’, pp. 40-41. This publication can be consulted at www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 117 % %T&0*.%)# !)*%!0%*.#%I,*+.%\(*&!'(-%a( !)*#,)%!'%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"$% 8%LDY8% This publication can be consulted at: http://english.bnrm.nl/ 119 % %;#'*)#$%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% #! -#%('5%)# - 118 % %G,)! !-$%K;?9%LEEQ$%RGH%K)3('&"#5%;)&4#%?.)#(*%9""#""4#'*S8%?.&"% ,6-&+(*&!'%+('% sources to combat the phenomenon’, p. 71. This publication can be consulted at www. be consulted at www.europol.europa.eu/index.asp?page=publications&language diversite.be (‘Publications’ section). 2 121 H'&*#5%d&'35!4%+!"*"%GHa%D$EEE8 +,"*!4#)"% %*!%*.#% *.#&)% &'%G-&"(6#*.%F()2%&'%d!#2#-6#)3%bN),""#-"^8%9%*)& )#+),&*% '#*=!)2"% "4,33-&'3% d,)5&".% altercations takeplaceinthesecarparks. 4!'*.->%)#'*8%d,)5&".%"4,33-#)"%()#%7#)>%7&!-#'*8%:#)&!,"% +-,5&'3%@'5&('"%('5%903.('"$%*!%,"#%*.#4%&'%#/+.('3#%0!)%(% in- networks, smuggling other allow They territory. their ()2"8%?.#>%+!'"&5#)%*.#4%*!%6#%*.#%d,)5"%+!'*)!-%*.#%+()% Currently, beings. human of smuggling the in role key a play still coast the towards motorways the on parks Car Kurdish smugglingrings4.1. &"%(%+.()(+*#)&"*&+%!0%?,)2&".%d,)5%"4,33-&'3%'#*=!)2"8 victim female the of honour the protect to Paying ghans. -#5%6>%@'5&('"%b:&2."^$%?,)2&".%d,)5"$%@)(A&%d,)5"%('5%90 are beings human smuggling networks active Currently, Smugglingofhumanbeings 4. 120 smuggling organisation. competing a damage to or holds already police the mation infor- and proof what know to order in police the to tion people present themselves as victims and pass on informa- !-&+#$%&*%(-"!%#4#)3#"%&'%"!4#%+("#"%*.(*%9++!)5&'3%*!%*.#% discontinued. and phone tapping have no further purpose and have to be surveillance as such operations low-key Hence, searches. out carry will and made is kind this of complaint a when ing carried out. They know that the police is obliged to act be- enquiries discreet the sabotaging appropriate, if and apparatus repressive the of reactions the studying and ing test- of consists which strategy counter a in police the to gling but the ‘smallfry’ of thesmugglingringwhoaresent \+2#5%7&+*&4%"*(*,"8%@'%0(+*$%*.#>%()#%'!*%7&+*&4"%!0%"4,3 the traf- for smuggler the to against complaint a lodge smuggling to police of victims alleged sending liberately de- of consisting operandi modus new a to recourse have Various police departments note that smuggling networks controls. failing of the Schengen area presents itself as regards travel pers to their smuggled customers. Here, the problem of the glers who make use of air travel and give the necessary pa- smug- other and networks Chinese note also should We %;#'*)#$%LEEV%9'',(-%a# !)*%bTaU\`^%!'%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"$%Rf&+*&4"%@'%*.#% % Spotlight’, TypologyChapter, 2.2.3.Turkishsmugglingbusiness-network. Ibid. $%L8X8D8%I#6*%6!'5(3#%&'%*.#%RKaG;9%&'5,"*)>8 121 120 - - debt bondageinnightshops organising through exploitation labour and convenience of marriages beings, human smuggling in active ticularly par- be to proved have Sikhs these years, few last the In *.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48 to guarantees, with transport, provided who drivers hicle ve- heavy-goods of organisation Lithuanian a with rating collabo- were organisations these 2006, In Pakistan. and India both covers territory Sikh that Sikhs. rings transport mainly smuggling Indian also are there addition, In termediaries. in- of number a and stopovers several be also may There meantime. the in money the after looks who parties both by trusted intermediary an to arrival upon paid is balance The departure. before paid be to has trip the of cost the of Part 40,000. EUR EUR to rises cost costs the Canada, For 30,000. it States United the for 21,000; EUR for try tourist visa or student visa for a European Schengen coun- The second offer made to customers is a plane ticket and a to Europe.Frontiersalwayshavebecrossedonfoot. Moscow from cars and trucks in them transport then and together collected be to customers several for wait glers smug- The passports. their over hand to There, have often they smugglers. different to belongs house, safe generally a which to customer the takes smuggler The gler. smug- the for destined rose’, ‘blue or rose’ ‘white as such code a receive also customers ticket, their With airport. the at met are Customers represents. allegedly the customer that company a for visa business a is This Moscow. for ticket plane a and visa a supplying with deals which agency travel the to over handed be to has passport The passport. their on visa a gets customer The Russia. to visa business a for 11,000 EUR around paying customer the of +!,'*)&#"8%?.#>%.(7#%*=!%2&'5"%!0%!00#)"8%?.#%\)"*%+!'"&"*"% ->&'3%7&"("%0!)%0!)#&3'% )!\*"%6>%", ?.#>%(-"!%4(2#%-()3#% travel. sell only not do agents travel legitimate India, In 4.2. Indo-Pakistani smugglingrings 2 Seeabove,Labourexploitation: Nightshops. 122 122 . 30 *31 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 5. Case review In 2009, the Centre brought civil action in 12 cases of traf- *.#% 7&!-#'+#% *.(*% ".#% .(5% ",00#)#58% 9'!*.#)% 7&+*&4$% =.!% \+2&'3% &'% .,4('% 6#&'3"% b"#7#'% 0!)% "#/,(-% #/ -!&*(*&!'$% had been sold, was afraid to give details on the subject \7#%0!)%-(6!,)%#/ -!&*(*&!'^%('5%&'%*.)##%+("#"%!0%"4,3 - fearing reprisals against herself and her family. gling of human beings. Turkish pimps target young girls and get them addicted to @'%*.&"% ()*$%=#%=&--%('(->"#%(%',46#)%!0%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2 - +!+(&'#8%9*%*.#%!,*"#*$%*.#>%)#+#&7#%+!+(&'#%0)##%!0%+.()3#8% ing in and smuggling of human beings that the Centre was Once they are addicted, they are at the mercy of the ac- able to examine in detail as a result of its capacity to bring cused, who do with them as they wish and use them as civil action. In one of these cases, civil action was brought prostitutes. in 2009. The other reviews concern cases in which the Centre had already brought civil action previously but for They also recruit victims from the drug scene. They are of- which legal proceedings in the case took place recently or ten Belgian and Dutch women with a criminal record for are currently in progress. theft and drugs offences. Some victims evade the police or have escaped from an institution and are looking for a The review examines both the victims’ position and the roof over their heads. Pimps also supply cocaine to their criminal system. The case review is based on the minutes victims so that they prostitute themselves willingly. Fur- relating thereto. It includes a critical look at the summary thermore, this is carried out in organised groups. Clients minutes, in which investigators collect relevant informa- of the escorts are asked to buy drugs from the pimps for tion of the case, statements from victims, suspects and the young women. Drugs orgies are also organised, where witnesses, information minutes, reports relating to letters young women are obliged to have sexual intercourse with )!3(*!)>$%#*+8%: #+&\+%+("#%&'0!)4(*&!'%&"%#""#'*&(-%&'%!)5#)% clients and suppliers. In some cases, pimps consider the to analyse policy. It enables us to plot new trends and new victims as the objects of their personal fantasies, with modus operandi, to see how policy measures have been im- whom they can try out ‘little sexual games’. plemented in practice and to highlight stumbling blocks. The ‘good practice’ chapter, which summarises the policy One of the Belgian victims explained that at 16 years of age analysis, should therefore also be read in connection with she met a boy of Turkish origin with whom she started a this part. relationship. It turned out that he was a loverboy who had connections with drugs and who persuaded her to take drugs. When her parents noticed this, she had to leave 5.1. Sexual exploitation home. She then went to live with her boyfriend. Her lov- #)6!>%.(5%\'('+&(-% )!6-#4"%('5%0!)+#5%.#)%*!% )!"*&*,*#% .#)"#-0$%\)"*%!'->%0!)%.&"%0)&#'5"$%*.#'%0!)%"*)('3#)"8%?.#>% 5.1.1. #.$)*2- 5*/52 %+: :$., 4$%&\()1$2 123 had to pay EUR 50 a time. The victim didn’t dare disobey because he beat her. When she was 17 years old, he con- In a case from the city of Tongeren, the facts of which go strained her to go and work in bars, where she had to offer back to 2006-2008, the pimps were Turkish drug deal- herself to people. In this way she could earn up to EUR ers. Drugs are used as commodity money in exchange for 600 or 700. When she received this money from the bar prostitution. Some victims have to supply escort services owner, she had to give it all to her loverboy. The money to clients. Other victims are placed in bars. These pimps from the prostitution was used to buy drugs for herself and are extremely violent with victims and threaten co-de- her boyfriend. When she didn’t earn enough, she had to fendants in prison with death for having made damnatory prostitute herself to the drug dealers or his Turkish pimp statements. Many victims are interned in psychiatric in- friends to pay for drugs. However, she was not only used as stitutions or are in prison for other offences. One of the a means of payment for cocaine, she was also the victim of victims died from a drugs overdose. a gang rape in a forest in the context of punitive action to discharge a debt. Sometimes, she was abandoned in Maas- ?.#%7&+*&4"%=#)#%*.)#(*#'#5%"#7#)(-%*&4#"%=&*.%(%\)#()48% tricht (the Netherlands) after a purchase of drugs to pay K'#%!0%*.#%7&+*&4"%.(5%0)(+*,)#"%&'%.#)%\'3#)"%0!--!=&'3% back the debt in kind . 123 % %9"%*.&"%)# !)*%3!#"%*!% )#""%bXE%W,'#%LEDE^$%*.#%.#()&'3%!0%*.&"%+("#%.("%6##'%"#*%(*%*.#% Tongeren Criminal Court on 2 September 2010. mania. Ro- to back sent immediately were they because victims, Romanian female the with possible was confrontation No 0!)%*.#%"!-#% ,)!"#%!0%4(2&'3%(%)!\*8 promise, his keeping actually without legal, position their make to promised had and conditions deplorable in work them made workers, illegal the exploited had owner the 9--%!0%*.#"#%"*(*#4#'*"%+-#()->%5#4!'"*)(*#%*.#)#0!)#%*.(*% days. OnlyoneofthemhadreceivedEUR38. several for working been already had they although wage, their regards as agreement any have yet not did workers them had been promised a wage of EUR 40 per day. Other 6##'%+!'\"+(*#5%6>%*.#%!='#)%=.#'%*.#>%())&7#58%:!4#%!0%had tickets train their and other each to talk to allowed not were They day. a hours ten to nine from work to had they that transpired it statements, victims’ the From tus. sta- legal or contract any without illegally, completely ing The owner, of Syrian origin, admitted that they were work- ()#(%*.(*%+!,-5%6#%,"#5%("%(%+('*##'%!)%!0\+#8 any or toilet, or bathroom no heating, no was There days. few a for there working been only had They conditions. ('"%('5%!'#%9-3#)&('%=#)#%=!)2&'3%&--#3(-->%&'%&'.,4('#% 9%\)"*%7&"&*%#'(6-#5%*.#4%*!%5&"+!7#)%*.(*%*.)##%a!4('& '%*.#4%*!%&'" #+*%*.#%\)48 ( #+*!)(*#$%('%!0\+&(-%(++!4 &'3%+!'*(+*#5%*.#%"!+&(-%&'" -!>#5%(*%(%*#/*&-#%\)4%&'%(%.('3()8%90*#)%.(7#)"%=#)#%#4 goes tocourt. eventually case the when action civil in compensation or damages claim to able be not will addition, in and, status 2 SeealsoPart2,Chapter 2. 126 125 In 2008, the local policelocal the 2008, In 5.2.1. 5.2. Labour exploitation 124 #%6-=%;(*) $ '%F)%L%;(*) ] !5 )+&#] ##*'%7&+*&4"% I#*#+*&'3% )(+*&+#"]% _!!5% L]% ;.(*#)% L$% F()*% ('5% Z$% ;.(*#)% 6#-!=$% :##% % % % %9"%*.&"%)# !)*%3!#"%*!% )#""%bXE%W,'#%LEDE^$%*.#%.#()&'3%!0%*.&"%+("#%.("%6##'%"#*%(*%*.#% !)*%3!#"%*!% %9"%*.&"%)# % through thelocalpolice. Dendermonde CriminalCourton13September2010. #-1 $%, 4$%:1 $%, #-1 126 %?.#>%=#)#%.#'+#%'!*%#'*&*-#5%*!%*)(0\+2#5%7&+*&4% 124 125 learnt that several illegal work- illegal several that learnt - - - from employee an with 2007 December 12 on Turnhout of city the in police federal the to himself presented victim One 5.2.2. 127 128 cussed in our annual reports of 2004 and 2005.and 2004 of reports annual our in cussed case of smuggling involving the Chinese triads that we dis- ()#'*->$%.#%=("%!'#%!0%*.#%+,"*!4#)"%&'%(%-()3#% =#) 8%9 @'%N#-3&,4$%.#%"*(>#5%&'%(%"(0#%.!,"#%&'%*.#%+&*>%!0%9'* *!%*.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48 trip the for demanded usually 24,000 EUR the of instead 15,000 EUR pay to had only he here, From Belgium. as far as only it made but England, to go to wanted He status. travel companions were going to Spain to request resident and was made in a group of around ten people. Most of his %*!!2%*.)##%4!'*."% %6>%*)(&'8%?.#%*)& "*#)5(4%*!%9'*=#) 94 0)!4% =#'*% R#% \#*.#)-('5"8% *.#% *.#'% ('5% _#)4('>% weeks before leaving for the Ukraine, the Czech Republic, #)4&*%=("%+!'\"+(*#58%R#%"*(>#5%*.#)#%0!)%*=!%)#"&5#'+#% his Russia, In ‘snakeheads’. the by organised was trip His name. his in visa a with Beijing and Fujian via Russia for )!"#+*"%*!%\'5%(%3!!5%g!6%*.#)#8%R#%-#0*%;.&'(% .&4%0#=% offered this but training @'%general undergone had +.#08% he China, (% ("% *.#)#% =!)2% \'5% *!% d&'35!4% H'&*#5% *.#% *!% go to wanted he Initially, ‘snakeheads’. Chinese of work net- a via Belgium in arrived he 2003, In story. his is This "#-0%(%7&+*&4%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%&'%('!*.#)%+("#8 7&+*&4%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#%0)&#'5%=("%.&4a as friend, a of advice the following 2007, December 3 on *)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#%4('%+(4#%*!%F9_B9:9% &'%9'*=#) 8%9*%*.#%"*()*$%.#%#()'#5%GHa%XZE% #)%4!'*.8% )#"*(,)('*% 8%9*%*.#%"*()*$%.#%#()'#5%GHa%XZE% &'%9'*=#) ;.&'#"#% (% &'% >#()"% *.)##% 0!)% =!)2#5% \)"*% R#% 5,000. had arranged and paid for his trip. He still owed them EUR China to continue to pay back his travel debts. His parents in parents his the to earned he that of money the sent He quarter town. Chinese the in work for looked then He was arrested.Themanthenfoundhimselfonthestreet. house safe the of keeper the proceedings, legal large-scale % %9"%*.&"%)# !)*%3!#"%*!% )#""%bXE%W,'#%LEDE^$%.#()&'3%!0%*.&"%+("#%.("%6##'%"#*%(*%*.#% !)*%3!#"%*!% %9"%*.&"%)# % %;#'*)#$%LEEZ%9'',(-%a# !)*$%?)(0\+2&'3%&'%R,4('%N#&'3"%RN#-3&('%F!-&+>%!'%?)(0\+2 % one tohavebeendealtwithbythecourtsatthis time. only the is it but 2009, in action civil brought Centre the ,)!"#"%!0%where exploitations labour LEDE8%?.&"%&"%!'#%!0%*.#%\7#%+("#"%!0%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"%0!)%*.#% *#46#)% #+*#5%0!)%DX%:# ?!'3#)#'%;)&4&'(-%;!,)*%!'%D[%W,'#%LEDE8%9%g,534#'*%&"%#/ 9'',(-%a# !)*$%R9'(->"&"%0)!4%(%f&+*&4S"%F#)" #+*&7#%S$%8%DJBLJ%('5%8%[E8 2004 the and 91-93, pp. Lights’, and Shadows Beings: Human of Smuggling and in ing PAG-ASA B-*+121 $124%.$%+4 B-*+121 , a specialised reception centre for victims of 127 128 During - - - - 32 *33 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS For this, he had to work eight hours a day and six days @'&*&(-->$%*.#% ,6-&+% )!"#+,*!)S"%!0\+#%.(5%"#'*%*.#%+("#%*!% a week. He was laid off in March 2006 because the busi- the labour auditors. When the Centre brought civil action, ness was doing badly. The boss sent him to a caterer in the *.#% 4(3&"*)(*#% 0)!4% *.#% ,6-&+% )!"#+,*!)S"% !0\+#% =&*.% +&*>%!0%_.#'*8%?.#)#%.#%.(5%*!%"-## %&'%(%3()(3#%'#/*%*!%*.#% g,)&"5&+*&!'% )#A,#"*#5% *.(*% *.#% +("#% \-#% 6#% )#*,)'#5% ('5% kitchen, without heating. He worked seven days a week, (4#'5#5%*.#%+.()3#"%*!%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8%?.#% 6#*=##'%DE%('5%D[%.!,)"%(%5(>$%0!)%GHa%ZEE%(%4!'*.8%90 - labour auditor in Turnhout is only prosecuting for illegal *#)%"#7#'%4!'*."$%.#%-#0*%*.#%+(*#)&'3%\)4%!0%.&"%!='%7!-& - #4 -!>4#'*8%?.#%!00#'+#"%!0%,'-(=0,-%+!'\'#4#'*%!0%('% *&!'8%R#%=#'*%*!%0)&#'5"%&'%9'*=#) %=.!%".!=#5%.&4%(% &--&+&*%=!)2#)%=#)#%'#7#)*.#-#""%",0\+&#'*->%"#)&!,"%*!%6#% job offer that had been published in a Chinese newspaper A,(-&\#5%#/ -&+&*->%("%*)(0\+2&'3%&'%.,4('%6#&'3"8 130 for a restaurant in the city of Westerlo. The owner of this )#"*(,)('*%.(5%4('>%(+A,(&'*('+#"%&'%9'*=#) $%=.#)#%.#% was very well respected. 5.3. Smuggling of human beings ?.#% 7&+*&4% )#"#'*#5% .&4"#-0% ('5% =("% *(2#'% !'8% 9*% *.#% start, the man earned a wage of EUR 400, which was in- 5.3.1. [+:*%+ 2/.,,7*+, 3& -./%+ 01*+,2 131 creased to EUR 450. He worked six days a week for 14 hours a day. He stayed in the house above the restaurant, 9'% @'5&('% +)&4&'(-% !)3('&"(*&!'% "4,33-#"% @'5&('"% 0)!4% !'%*.#%\)"*%]!!)8%?.#%!='#)%&"%('%&'7#*#)(*#%3(46-#)%('5% @'5&(%*!%G'3-('5%*.)!,3.%a,""&($%H2)(&'#$%@*(->$%9,"*)&($% spends all his money on gambling. He very soon did not Belgium or France. Customers of the smuggling ring are have the means to pay the victim. When the victim asked transported from Brescia (Italy) in private cars, vans, for his money, his situation got worse – fearing that he trucks or by public transport. When they arrive in Bel- would escape, his access was restricted to the bedroom gium, they are grouped together in safe houses, mainly in and kitchen. The owner locked the connecting door and N),""#-"$%=.#)#%*.#>%"*(>%0!)%(%=.&-#8%9%"(0#%.!,"#%&"%(+ - the back door. He could only leave the house when accom- commodation (an apartment) rented (or owned) by the panied by his boss. He did not really feel threatened, but organisation and which houses dozens of customers. They his boss kept him at his mercy by withholding his wages, are also given food but their freedom of movement is re- under-feeding him, not giving him access to the street and stricted. This accommodation often does not comply with by threatening to give him up to the police. In the end, the the safety and sanitary standards in force in Belgium. From victim managed to get to the garden using a ruse and es- the safe houses, the organisation takes them to different caped by climbing over a wall. car parks along the E40 motorway, where they are loaded &'*!%*),+2"%*.(*%*(2#%*.#4%*!%*.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48% ?.#% ,6-&+% )!"#+,*!)S"%!0\+#%!'->%&'7#"*&3(*#5%*.#%)#"*(, - rant in Westerlo. No investigative judge was appointed. 129 Two kinds of transport are offered from Brussels to the When a search was made (with consent) in the two bed- H'&*#5%d&'35!4%N%=&*.%!)%=&*.!,*%3,()('*##$%&'%7()&!,"% rooms of the restaurant in Westerlo, the victim showed different forms. Transport with a guarantee involves an investigators a secret hiding place where he had to hide obligation of results and payment is made upon arrival in if there was a police inspection. Two illegal workers were *.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48 also found there. The investigators could not gain access to the other rooms – since there was no investigative judge, _,()('*##5%*)('" !)*%+('%*(2#% -(+#%&'%*=!%=(>"8%@'%*.#% they did not have a search warrant. \)"*% +("#$% +,"*!4#)"% !0% "4,33-&'3% )&'3"% ()#% .#- #5% !'% board the trucks by members of the smuggling organisa- The victim still has a claim of EUR 2,000, like another tions, who accompany them throughout the trip and sub- victim, a woman, who is owed even more money. The res- "#A,#'*->%)#*,)'%0)!4%*.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48%@0%&'*#)+# *#5$% taurant owner swore, in his statement, that he didn’t owe the customers are once again grouped together and resume anything to the victim: ‘I don’t owe him anything because the trip until it is successful. In the second case, custom- he worked for board and lodgings only’. ers are transported with the connivance of the truck driver 130 See below, Part 2, Chapter 2. 131 This case was heard on 15 June 2010 by the Brussels Criminal Court. Serious convic- tions were pronounced. The case will however be heard again in appeal by the Brussels 129 See below, Part 2, Chapter 2. ;!,)*%!0%9 #(-8 and adapts the rent according to the number of custom- of number the to according rent the adapts and house safe a owns He shops. the of one in shareholder a as or driver a as support logistic provides shop, night sels Brus- a of owner Pakistani the includes which cell, One visa, theyaskforEUR25,000. a with Europe to India from directly person a get to order specialists in forged documents or in selling clean visas. In example, for are, There specialised. more are cells Some and injured. involved been have rings smuggling of customers during which altercations violent to led has past the in which ly replaced by others. There is strong rivalry between cells, quickly following legal action and the smugglers are rapid- reformed be can latter the cells, small of up made is sation other – their only link is the coordinator. Since the organi- an- one from independently less or more operate cells The to obtainaresidencepermit. entered into a marriage of convenience in Portugal in order and man front a through Brussels in He shop night a acquired cells. separate six run to has coordinator The work. ,*>^%(*%*.#%.#(5%!0%*.&"%*)(0\+2&'3%'#* 5&'(*!)%b('5%(%5# coor- a is there that case this of review a from emerges It etc. areas, service motorway E40 the to customers accompany who those houses, safe of keepers strict: is organisation this in tasks of allocation in The competition. them of position places a or cooperate to them forces sometimes =.&+.% '#+#""&*>$% ('5% -!+(*&!'% !'% 5##'5&'3% ]#/&6-#% ()#% networks smuggling The organisations. smuggling other with collaborates it where countries other from lines ply sup- various has ring smuggling This organisations. gling smug- other with competition in @'5&('% is #0\+&#'*% that ('5% ring smuggling -()3#)% (% !0% ()*% ()#% "4,33-#)"% ?.#% that theypayonlyentitlesthemtooneattempt. price the However, in. climb to customers the helps and initiative. In the other own case, the smuggler their selects the trucks on trucks into climb to have and parks car in =(>"8%@'%*.#%\)"*%+("#$%+,"*!4#)"%()#%-#0*%*!%*.#&)%!='%0(*#% two in place take also can guarantees without Transport der thedriver’sbedinrearofcab. un- purpose this for built place hiding special a in hidden who receives payment for his participation. Customers are 3 Seeabove,Indo-Pakistanismugglingrings,and Labourexploitation:Nightshops. 132 132 - oes n h Dnemne nin mgln cs in case smuggling 2007. Indian Dendermonde the in tomers cus- former themselves are them of Three beings. human of smuggling of cases previous in sentenced been already have network smuggling Indian this of members Several 500 perclientwhopassedthroughtheservicearea. 400-EUR paid then It 7,000-8,000. EUR for month one for E40 the along areas service rent to network smuggling @'5&('%"4,33-&'3%)&'3%4(5#%(3)##4#'*"%=&*.%*.#%d,)5&".% The payment. for return in organisations smuggling other as its own territory. They ‘make available’ their territory to place takes transport illegal where E40 the along areas ice serv- motorway the controls and manages that ganisation K'#%!0%*.#%+!4 #*&'3%"4,33-&'3%'#*=!)2"%&"%(%d,)5&".%!) ()#%5&0\+,-*%*!%*)(+#%('5%#7#'%4!)#%5&0\+,-*%*!%*( 8% the store he has various telephone lines at his disposal that in since avail, no of be would person this of surveillance telephone shop, phone a operates accused the of one that given example, For result. intended the produce not do or !-&+#%&'7#"*&3(*&!'%4#*.!5"%()#%'!*%",0\+&#'*%*)(5&*&!'(-% several competitors at different transit points. In addition, of presence the given wary particularly are ring smuggling This complicates police investigations. The members of the car parks: public transport, private cars, taxis or even vans. housed. Different methods are used to get customers to the are customers smuggled where place the change regularly suspects never use the same mobile phone The number for very long and mobile. very is organisation network The 3,()('*##5%*)('" !)*%&'*!%*.#%H'&*#5%d&'35!48% provide to accept who English, preferably drivers, vehicle lived in Belgium deals with recruiting foreign heavy-goods 9%d,)5&".%(++!4 -&+#%=.!%-&7#"%&'%G'3-('5%('5% )#7&!,"->% through abankaccounttoanothernightshop. ers staying there. The money from smuggling is transferred 133 This case is an extension of the Indian case of smuggling of human beings discussed beings human of smuggling of case Indian the of extension an is case This 133 threats. "*(*#4#'*"$%*.#>%6)('5&".#5%(%\)#()4%=.#'%4(2&'3%*.#&)% *!% 9++!)5&'3% +-&#'*"8% *.#&)% *.)#(*#'&'3% =.#'% '!*.&'3% (*% stopped who smugglers being of reputation a themselves made they meantime, the In themselves. smugglers come be- to *)(0\+2&'3%clients these persuaded reward *.#% of lure The market. &'% 3(% (% -#0*% +("#"% +!,)*% ?.#% +,"*!4#)"8% smuggling be to known are and raid police a during house www.diversite.be (‘Publications’ section).www.diversite.be at consulted be can publication This 47. p. phenomenon’, the combat to resources and #!-#% !)*%bTaU\`^$%RR,4('%?)(0\+2&'3%B%G'-&"*&'3% &'%*.#%;#'*)#S"%LEEJ%9'',(-%a# 133 These three people were arrested in the same safe same the in arrested were people three These - 34 *35 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS On the basis of confessions, we note that at least 100 to 150 was already aware of most of this information. However, persons were smuggled in this case. The clients had to pay when the police asked them additional questions about EUR 16,000 for the trip from India to Italy and EUR 500 their notes, they didn’t remember what they had written. for the journey from Italy to Brussels. For the last trip from The magistrate then requested that the police should not N),""#-"% *!% *.#% H'&*#5% d&'35!4$% *.#>% .(5% *!% (>% GHa% yet grant them victim status and the Indians were allowed 3,000 with guarantees or EUR 1,500 without guarantees. to leave. When the magistrate subsequently decided to grant them victim status, the Indians had disappeared. Some Indian smuggling clients were intercepted by the One month later, one of the two victims sought to lodge police near the city of Mons. 134 %9++!)5&'3%*!%+!'7#)"(*&!'"% another complaint concerning a death threat against him recorded during telephone surveillance it seems that these and his family. The friend with whom he had come forward customers were thrown out of the vehicles in Mons. The to lodge the complaint had informed the defendants in the drivers who were dealing with their transport had arrived case and had threatened the other Indian man’s family. &'%N#-3&,4%&'%*.#%4!)'&'3%('5%=('*#5%*!%(7!&5%*.#%*)(0\+% jams in Brussels for security reasons. They then refused to drive into Brussels and told their customers to get off in Mons and La Louvière, generally near motorway exits or railway stations. The customers were then ordered to take the train to Brussels Midi where they were awaited by an- other smuggling cell. Several clients lodged complaints against the smugglers and claimed to be victims. They contacted the federal po- lice via the local police. 135 Some victims had serious inju- ries due to the physical violence that had occurred during an argument with the smugglers, or had been threatened with weapons. The victims explained the payment terms. Half of the transport price has to be paid in advance by the family to the smuggling leader in India. In some cases, the latter also works in a bank. If the family does not pay the balance relatively quickly, the victim is kidnapped during the trip and the family is threatened with reprisals against their children. When they arrive in Europe the victims have to \'5%=!)2%("%A,&+2->%("% !""&6-#%&'%!)5#)%*!%6#%(6-#%*!% (>% back their debt to their family. It emerges from a statement that the police sometimes wonders about the real intentions of some people who come forward as victims. Once, two Indian people wanted *!%-!53#%(%+!4 -(&'*%(3(&'"*%"!4#%"4,33-#)"8%9%5&"+)##*% police investigation was actually in progress regarding these very smugglers, involving phone tapping and visual surveillance. 136 When the Indians lodged their complaint, they declared that they had analysed and noted every as- pect of the organisation of the smuggling ring. The police 134 See Chapter 3, Statistics. 135 See Chapter 5 (Collaboration between local and federal police). 136 See above, Indo-Pakistani smuggling rings 36 *37 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 3: FIGURES AND STATISTICS '(#!)#")H(1'(%.)&!*).#%<)I5*(1(&,)*&'&>) recep- the in specialised centres from data prosecutions, F"\1<>)G(!&,,-B),(2<),&.')-<&$B)@<)&$<)$<=$#*51(!3)\35$<.)#!) A,<.>)E<)&$<)#!1<)&3&(!)1('(!3).#%<)*&'&)"$#%)';<)+,()D!,(2<),&.')-<&$B)@<)&$<)$<=$#*51(!3) &') *&'&) =$<.)+.),&.')-<&$B)@<)&$<)$<=$#*51(!3)*&'&)"$#%).#%<) #@!) ';<($) ;#,*) 1#,,&A#$&'(#!) %5,'(*(.1(=,(!&$-) ')3#<.)@(';#5').&-(!3)';&')';<)*(""<$) strategic other the on and data, of sharing and centralisation collection, the hand one the on – performed "&($.)?(!(.'<$>)/@#)<..)/;<)7 4%533,(!3) &!*) /$&"\12(!3) (!) +!&,-.(.) &!*) !"#$%&'(#!) for Centre a up setting 2004 May 16 of Decree Royal the of implementation the since beings, human of smuggling !"#$%& '(")*" !*)+(,-)!"+$%,- !&"-)"-.$"-+,*\01 !&" !",!2" data of centralisation operational no is there time, this At BNG ) managed ) 38 *39 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 1. Police data According to the BNG, 191 of the 2,758 offences of labour ")@<),##2)&')?&=)KB)@<)1&!).<<)';&')';<)RSN)#"" (Source ANG) !"#$%#&''()*(+#,'#-.!'\*01)2#1)#345!)#6(1)2+#1)#$778#69#54)1*1"!:1-9;#<)=>?@A# (Source ANG) Map 1: Offences oflabourexploitationin2009bymunicipality(n=2758) . . Offences labourexploitation2009 Offences THB2009 /9V)"#$)';<)=5$=#.<)#"),&A#5$) 9<$<)@<)=$<.) 4'&'(.'(1&,) &!&,-.'.) &') ';<) Board of Attorney-Generals have gathered and analysed information from several cases referred to the Belgian Pub- ,(1)Y$#.<15'#$S.)#"\1<.) B4.1)2#$778 >)E<);&H<)&,.#)(*)/;<)*&'&) 1#%<.)"$#%)';<)G<*<$&,)Y$#.<15'(#!)4<$H(1<)&!*)KO)Y5A,(1) Y$#.<15'#$S.)F"\1<.>)/;<$<)(.)!#)*&'&)1#!1<$!(!3)#"")F"") /;<)'&A,<)(.)=$<.)/;<).&%<)3#<.)"#$).,5%),&!*,#$*.)6^^7:>) G(!&,,-B),<')5.)% /;<)5!('.)5.<*);<$<)&$<)!5%A<$.)#")1$(%(!&,)1&.<.>)8&1;) case may concern one or several persons and one or more #"")/;<)1&.<.)(!1,5*<*)(!)';<)"#,,#@(!3)'&A,<.);&H<) A<)_&.',-B)$<=$#*51(!3)';<)\35$<.)"#$)KLLW)&!*) KLLM)&,,#@.)(!('(&,)1#%=&$(.#!.)'#)A<)%&*<> $778I#69#*3!.2(+#!)B#69#J4.1+B1*-1,)#< C!6:(#@%#D456(.#,'#*!+(+#1)#-.!'\*01)2E+5422:1)2#,'#345!)#6(1)2+#.('(..(B#-,#F46:1*#F.,+(*4-,.S+#&'\*(+#B4.1)2#-3(#9(!.+#$77H#!)B# G8d8e+_) /F/+_ YeF487D - ?FT4 _ 8X8 GHENT VeD448_4 +T/E8eY TOR’ 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 - - % % % % % % - % - - % % - % % % % - - % - - 1 - 2 - 106 5 - - 2,911 7 9 189 29 7 11 141 10 1 9 1 12 - 18 18 59 - n 26 22 - 11 8 - n - 7 42 785 - n - 564 22 42 - n 1 22 260 - n - 24 1 n 1 1 n - 61 1,969 n 2 27 8 n 1 6 n 14 58 1 n 24 2 n - n 1 n >LLP NW NP NP NL>WK NN>PR SN>PR NN>WP L>PN L>KL L>MK >LLP >WW>RLP K>RP L>PS WO>OR R>PW L>PS L>WL >PLN >RP>KRS O>L^ R>SM PR>SK P>LR L>NO L>RP >OLK >MO>NKW >SLL >RM>^^ L>^R L>LR P>^S K>WL OS>WN P>MM L>KS L>PO >PLP >MR>RKM M>^P K>ML RR>RR K>PM L>PN L>NP >NLK >RO>SKW >OLL >RNL>MN L>OR L>LK P>OO K>WN OS>^S R>RR L>KW L>SN L>NN >NLK >^M>RNL >NLL >RR>KW L>KR L>L^ N>ON N>LS MN>LR N>K^ L>KW N>NN 29C: Exploitation of begging 6+$'>PRR)'<$)77: >KN>L^>SN>SM>PM NK>RS ^W>LS NN>OL L>KK KM8`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)N) >SRP WM >LR>PO N>NL WW>MS R>PO L>NS R - - Exploitation of begging Source: DatabaseoftheBoardAttorneys-General–Statisticalanalysis) 6+$'>PRR)b5(!b5(<.)"NBK:)77: ^L SS >RW>RR W>RR NS>SO K^>LL K^ WO>^L NK>^L >KM>KNK >SLN >RL>^O N>LR L>NN K>LS N>KS ML>LK P>WK >P^>RWK KS>SN W>KS ^P>NR O>RP RO_`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)N) >SO>W^K M>PW ^>KN OS>OW S>NS RKSR ^R 8212 9-4 - 69 21 241 18 NR R 4 RLN ^^+)`)_&@)N^>NK>WL)#!)+,()PRR)*<1(<.B) PRR)5!*<1(<.B)PRR)*5#*<1(<.)77: ^^d`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)N) NOR PR ^R Exploitation through employment 6+$'>PRR)b5(!b5(<.)")NBR)77: ^^8`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)N) - - - - 11 8 ------71 5 1 20 1 Illicit removal of organs 6+$'>PRR)b5(!b5(<.)"NB^):)77: >LPL>SL L>^L >SO>^N L>SS >^N>PK L>M^ >^^L>SK L>^^ ^^G`)`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)N) >RRR>RR W>RR >PN>NL N>OP >RK>KP N>SR >OP>^O L>NO >RL>MK N>WR RN R RP R R Coercion to commit offences 6+$'>PRR)b5(!b5(<.)"NB^)77: 462 RSK RSS ^^X`)/$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.) 80 80 R 6+$'>OO)A(.B'<$B)b5&$'<$B)b5(!b5(<.),&@)#") N^>NK>NMWL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL NLL>LL PBKRR RBOML KBNSR 1,752 1,752 490 SRP P^R 872 OKR 109 211 12 8 /F/+_ 42 *43 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 3. Data from the Aliens Of!ce The MINTEH )F"\1<)6?(!#$.Cf(1'(%.)#")/$&"\12(!3)(!);5 - e<3&$*(!3)5!*<$)&3<*)H(1'(%.B)@<)@#5,*),(2<)'#)=#(!')#5') %&!)A<(!3.:)(.)1#%=#.<*)#")'@#)5!('.B)<&1;)$<.=#!.(A,<)"#$) that the majority of the victims of labour exploitation are &).=<1(\1)&$<&>)F!<)5!(')&!&,-.<.)&!*)*<&,.)@(';)1&.<.)#") included in these tables as children of adult victims of traf- unaccompanied foreign minors ( MENA ), that do not apply \12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)"#$)';<)=5$=#.<.)#"),&A#5$) !) KLLSB) ';<) \$.') 1&.<.) #") H(1'(%.) #") ,&A#5$) In 2009 B)';<$<)@&.)&)3)4<1'#$.)(!)@;(1;) C!6:(#$%#C9"(#,'##(K":,1-!-1,)#!)B#!2(#.!)2(+#<$778A Beg- 4%53 - Prosti- ?(.1> _&A#5$ Total ging gling tution <18 1 5 5 1 12 18-25 2 8 7 16 RR KSQRL 15 R 14 RK gRL 1 RN 2 NR 47 Total 4 59 17 44 124 NRO) 7;&='<$) fB)+,( in 2009 C!6:(#N%#D(M#!++1+-!)*(#+*3(5(+#1)1-1!-(B#1)#+"(*1!:1+(B#*()-.(+# -3(#\.+-#3!:'#,'#$7@7 $778#!)B#)(M#!++1+-!)*(#+*3(5(+#1)1-1!-(B#B4.1)2# C!6:(#>%#L++1+-!)*(#+*3(5(+#"(.#+"(*1!:1+(B#*()-.(#'.,5#$77?#-,# #")KLNL>) "#$)!<@)&..(.'&!1<).1;<%<.)(!('(&'<*)*5$(!3)';<)\$.');&,") @&.)1#%=,<'<*)#!)RL)h5!<)KLNL>)E<)&,.#)=$<.) 1)F").%533,(!3)@(';)&33$&H&'(!3)1($15%.'&!1<. Total f(1'>/9V)"#$)';<)=5$=#.<.)#"),&A#5$) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Y+XQ+4+ 0620 0820 1stsemester2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 87 55 22 50 65 74 68 05 85 52 60 44 4 2 129 146 7 7 9 5 80 158 196 179 172 7 8 584 578 ‘09 NR 2 ^R R7HS 29 &#<4 $-& Y&-#2< L RNK RLP 128 64 27 45 46 ‘09 RM SR NPR RRN SR S7H 64 9 158 196 45 46 PRS RP 656 46 4 8 ‘09 2 76 124 S7H 2 Total ‘09 44 *45 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 5. Judicial data 9<$<)@<)3(H<)&).<,<1'(#!)#")';<)\35$<.)';&')';<)7$(%(!&,) /;<)'&A,<)';&')@<)=$<.)/;<.<) @(';) ';<) '&A,<) =5A,(.;<*) ,&.') -<&$>) G#$) ';<) %#%)4#%<).)/;(.)-<&$B) PRR quinquies )6';<)_&@)#")KLL^:)%&-);&H<)A<) ')@&.)#!,-)"$#%)KLNL)';&')&!)&*&='<*)!#%) !)#5$) <'1:>)/;<)15$$) \12(!3)(!)&!*).%533,(!3)#");5%&!)A<(!3.> Table 5: Sentences passed Decision 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 KLLR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 F.1+,)#+()-()*( 199 @?P 220 249 305 >?$ 332 289 $?H 212 181 <5 years 175 154 200 209 257 RLK 271 252 KRW 169 157 G$#%)^)'#),<..)';&!)NL)-<&$. KR 12 21 40 49 62 66 RM RP PR 24 10 years or more 00000000000 &-3(.#+()-()*(+ G(!< 179 151 202 KRP KOR RR^ RLN 262 248 NMR 160 Community service 0 0 0 0 1 R 4 8 2 10 2 4=<1(\1)1#!\.1&'(#!) 0 0 0 19 112 111 NKR 108 117 59 62 _#..)#")1<$'&(!)$(3;'. 175 NRO 166 180 205 262 269 214 209 NSR 151 Removal of title, grade or 00000010010 position Banned from exercising a 16 KR R 15 26 25 7 12 2 R 4 certain profession/activity Placed at the Government’s 00010111211 disposal Total 202 171 $$? 258 RLS RWP RPS RLR 282 226 188 N?#Q#NP TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF CASE LAW: 2009 – EARLY 2010 R)#-31+#!))4!:#.(",.-I#-3(#S()-.(#3!+#B(*1B(B#-,#".(+()-#!#)456(.#,'#+12)1\*!)-#.4: - 1)2+#3!)B(B#B,M)#1)#$778#!)B#(!.:9#$7@7;#C3(#T4.,"(!)#S,4.-#,'#U45!)#V123-+# (K!51)(B#',.#-3(#\.+-#-15(#!#*!+(#,'#-.!'\*01)2#1)#345!)#6(1)2+#',.#-3(#"4.",+(+#,'# +(K4!:#(K":,1-!-1,)#<+(*-1,)#@A;#W(#M1::#-3()#".(+()-#+(X(.!:#B(*1+1,)+#3!)B(B#B,M)# 69#-3(#Y(:21!)#*,4.-+I#6,-3#,)#-.!'\*01)2#1)#345!)#6(1)2+#',.#-3(#"4.",+(+#,'#+(K4!:# exploitation (section 2) and on labour exploitation (section 3). @&-.>)G($.'B)A<1&5.<)';<)1#5!'$-);&*)!#')=5')(!)=,&1<),< ';<)=#.('(H<)#A,(3&'(#!.)A-)H($'5<)#")';(.)=$#H(.(#!)(!)'@#) @(';) 1#%=,-) !#') *(*) 7-=$5.) ';&') 1#!1,5*<*) 7#5$') /;<) #A,(3&'(#!.)$<.5,'(!3)"$#%)+$'(1,<)P)';5.)(!'<$=$<'<*> violating for particular in Russia and Cyprus condemned ') '$&"\12<$.>) =5!(.;(!3) &!*) H(1'(%.) =$#'<1'(!3) \12(!3B) "<1'(H<,-B)'&2(!3)%<&.5$<.)&')';$<<), 139 2.1. Hasselt Criminal Court, 19 March 2010 ,&'(!3)'#)';<)H(1'(%>)/;<)H(1'(%)@&.)3$&!'<*)8De)KBLLL)#!) a provisory basis, and the court ordered that the case be +)-#5!3)e5..(&!)@#%&!)@&.)$<1$5('<*)(!)m-$3-k.'&!)A-) adjourned until 15 October 2010 in order that the damages &)1#%=&'$(#')&!*)@&.)=$#%(.<*)@#$2)&.)&!)&5)=&($)3($,)#$) 5!*<$)1(H(,)&1'(#!)1#5,*)A<).=<1(\<*>) &.)&)*#%<.'(1)@#$2<$)(!)';<)T<';<$,&!*.>)F!1<).;<)&$$(H<*) (!)';<)T<';<$,&!*.)6+535.')KLLO:B);<$)=&=<$.)@<$<)1#! - 2.2. Liège Court of Appeal, 28 June 2010 \.1&'<*)A-)';<).&%<)%&!)&!*).;<)@&.)#A,(3<*)'#)@#$2)&.) &)=$#.'('5'<)(!). The court established aggravating circumstances – the !)&!)F$*<$)#")KW)h5!<)KLNLB)';<)_( 3<)7#5$')#")+==<&,)6W th abuse of a vulnerable situation and the use of violence, Chamber) nevertheless set aside these rulings due to pro- ';$<&'.)#$)1#<$1(#!>)/;<)-#5!3)@#%&!)@&.)(!*<<*)(!)&)H5, - 1<*5$&,)(..5<.>) ')*(*B);#@ /;<)-#5!3)@#%&!)$ NRM) )9&..<,')7$(%(!&,)7#5$'B)NM)?&$1;)KLNLB)NW';)7;&%A<$>)4(!1<)';<)*<" &==<&,B)';(.)1&.<)(.)'#)A<);<&$*)&3&(!)A-)+!'@<$=)7#5$')#")+==<&,)6 NPR) )+!'@<$=)7$(%(!&,)7#5$'B)KN)d<1<%A<$)KLLMB)7;&%A<$)P7> &!*)5!*<$)';$<&')#")=;-.(1&,)H(#,) drugged, being sometimes costs, travel so-called the burse &!*).;<);&*)'#)=$#.'('5'<);<$.<,")&3&(!.');<$)@(,,)'#)$<(% "&,.<)=$<')9<$)%#A(,<)=;#!<);&*)A< in a boarding-house), then forced them to prostitute them- %&!(&)5!*<$)"&,.<)=$<')/;(.)*<1(.(#!)@&.)1#!\$%<*) ) )/;(.)(.)&).'$&'<3-)'#)1($15%H &!&,-.(.B)4 7#!1<$!(!3)';<)'$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.)"#$)';<)=5$ - /;(.)'(%<)(')1#!.(*<$<*)';&')';<)@#$2(!3)1#!*('(#!.)@<$<) =#.<.) #") Y#,(.;)@#%) 149 ) )7)1('>B)=>)SM> 150 ) )+!'@<$=B)K^)?&$1;)KLNLB)NP';)7;&%A<$)6';<)%&(!)*<" &==<&$)&!*)@<$<)I5*3<*)A-)*<"&5,'B)';<)#';<$)*<" 147 ) )+!'@<$=B)KP)h5!<)KLNLB)NP';)7;&%A<$> 151 ) ) +!'@<$=B) KL) ?&-) KLNLB) NP';) 7;&%A<$) 6.(!1<) ';<) %&(!) *<") 148 ) )/#!3<$)4(!1<)#!<)#")';<)*<" ,#*3<*)&!)&==<&,B)';<)1&.<)(.)'#)A<)$ sector, a number of inter- -3 - - - - ber A#35.).<,"Q<%=,#-<*)@#$2<$. #")';<)&1'5&,)@#$2<$).'&'5.>) !)"&1')';<($).'&'5.)@&.)';&')#") application avoid to order in shareholder of status the to #$)=$<1&$(#5.).('5&'(#!.)@<$<)"#5!*)';<$<>)/;<-)*<1,&$<*) #")*(""<$)Y<$.#!.)(!)(,,<3&,) $<,&'(!3)'#)';<)'@#)\$.')*<")4=<1(\1&,,-B)';<-)@<$<)=$#.<15'<*) charges the of all for defendants the convicted court The N^)d<1<%A<$)NMWL)&!*)+$'(1,<)PRR ';<)\$.')=&$&3$&=;)#")';<)"#$%<$)+$'(1,<)OO in described as manoeuvre fraudulent a constituted ';<)sites #") H&3&$(<.) ';<) '#) &11#$*(!3) 1#%%('% 3.3.3. 3.3.3. #")&A5.<)#")';<)@#$2<$.S)=$<1&$(#5.).('5&'(#!>) "#$%(!3)@#$2)@<$<).&!1'(#!<*)A-)!#!Q=&-%) @;(1;)(!)$<&,('-)*(*)!#') 156 155 > B)&!*)$&(.<*).#%<)@#$2<$.) quinquies bis bis of the Criminal the of 158 )#")';<)_&@)#") investigation )#")';<)_&@)#") -3 S3!5 # -3 - - - 52 *53 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS that they had carried out various building, renovation or =5$1;&.<)#! !)&**('(#!)'#)';<)1;&$3<.)$<,&'(!3)'#).#1(&,)1$(%(!&,),&@B) T#'@(';.'&!*(!3B)(!)&) J4B25()-#,'#$$# !.*3#$7@7 161 , the ';<)1#5$')&,.#)5=;<,*)1;&$3<.)#")'$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A< - court partially upheld this charge in another case against (!3.>) /;<) 1#5$') '##2) (!'#) 1#!.(*<$&'(#!) A#';) ';<) "#$%<$) Y#$'535<.<) *<") d<'&(,<*) .'&'<%) +A5.<) #") ';<($) H5,!<$ - ';<-)@<$<)@#$2(!3>) &A,<).('5&'(#!);&*)';<$<"#$<)'&2)G5$';<$%#$ 162 ) )4<<)&,.#)&A#H @?N +3," >)F!,-)1;&$3<.)5!*<$).# > <$)A)'< _( 3<) ';<) A-) ;<&$*) ) restaurant by the by \3()-# )/;(.)>) ------ment] had not been madebeen not had ment] ?FT+)p*<1,&$&'(#!)#")<%=,#-=<$%(')&!*)"#$)@;#%)&)d of employment #!<)#")';<)7;(!<.<)@#$2<$.)6@;#)*(*)!#');&H<)&)$<.(* im- illegal abetting and aiding and smuggling beings, man .'5*)/;<-)@<$<)&,.#)=$#.<15'<*)"#$)'$&"\12(!3)(!);5 some and minor one including illegally, restaurant their in nationals Chinese some employed having for prosecuted !)';(.)1&. As for the charges of smuggling and aiding and abetting (,,<3&,) (%%(3$&'(#!B) ';<) *<") ')@&.)';<$<"#$<)!#')=$#H) ]?#Q#]P TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 5: GOOD AND BAD PRACTICES. PROVISIONAL CONCLUSIONS O))7!$B LW !5, <#')6eT:)R5&)/&\2!)Q !('!)=#,)&!*) =<#=,<) 8!,(.'(!3) Q) /$&"\12(!3) R95%&!) 6GeCT_:B) e<=#$'B) +!!5&,) KLLW) 7 1$(%(!&,),&@)&!*)@;(1;);&H<)'&2 order for their rights to compensation to be upheld during '$&"\12(!3)(!);5%&!)A<(!3.>)/;<),&''<$)(.)(!*(.=)T 2.1. Investigative capacity The police has prepared a program aimed at better com- A(!(!3)';<)@#$2)#")';<)"<*<$&,)=#,(1<)*<=&$'%)/;(.)(.)#") * In several urban local police departments, investigations 2.3. Phone tapping $<,&'(!3) '#) '$&"\12(!3) (!) ;5%&!) A<(!3.) &$<) !#) ,#!3<$) &) =$(#$('-) .(!1<) ';<) =#,(1<) $<"#$%) (!) @;(1;) %&-#$.) @<$<) Y;#!<) '&==(!3) '<1;!(b5<.) %&-) =$#H<) '#) A<) <..)9#@ 174 ) )7)MLQMN)&!*)=>)NNK>)/;(.)=5A,(1&'(#!)1&!)&,.#)A<) 1#!.5,'<*)&')@@@>*(H<$.('<>A<)6RY5A,(1&'(#!.S).<1'(#!:> 175 ) )4<<)Y&$')KB)7;&='<$)N)#!)&)1&.<)#").<1#!*%)RW:B)&!*)e<1#%%) /;(.)=5A,(1&'(#!)1&!)&,.#)A<)1#!.5,'<*)&')@@@>*(H<$.('<>A<)6RY5A,(1&'(#!.S).<1'(#!:> 176 ) )4<<)7;&='<$)KB)Y; 178 ) )7)WS>)/;(.)=5A,(1&'(#!)1&!)&,.#)A<)1#!.5,'<*)&') T_:B)R95%&!)/$&"\12(!3)Q)8!,(.'(!3)=<#=,<)&!*)$<.#5$1<.)'#)1#%A&')';<)=;*(H<$.('<>A<)6RY5A,(1&'(#!.S).<1'(#!:> ==>)MLQMN>)/;(.)=5A,(1&'(#!)1&!)&,.#)A<)1#!.5,'<*)&')@@@>*(H<$.('<>A<)6RY5A,(1&'(#!.S) .<1'(#!:> 179 ) )fe/)6G,<%(.;)e&*(#)&!*)/<, )+.)$<3&$*.). (the > - - - - - "#$)';<)=5$=#.<.)#"),&A#5$) TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF LABOUR EXPLOITATION: AN IMAGE OF COMPLEX LEGAL STRUCTURES \<,*. '#)2!#@)%#$<)&A#5')';(.)'#).=<1(&,(.')=5A,(1&'(#!.)(!)';<.<) ! » » » » » » » » » » » » » » 4#1(&,).<15$('-)"$#%)';<)1#5!'$-)#")#$(3(! No ’professionalcard’ 4#1(&,).<15$('-)"$#%)';<)1#5!'$-)#")#$(3(! Belgian employmentlegislation T#)@#$2)=<$%('>) <3&).1&).1$')o 1#!'$(A5'(#!.) o) .<15$('-) .#1(&,) V<,3(&!) d<1,&$&'(#!)#")$<3(.'$&'(#!)@(';)';<)%5 T#)S=$#"<..(#!&,)1&$*S> ")@#$2(!3`)V<,3(&!),&A#5$)&!*).#1(&,).< 4&%<)@#$2(!3)1#!*('(#!.)&!*).#1(&,).< Employers are subject to criminal penal- criminal to subject are Employers d<1,&$&'(#!)#")$<3(.'$&'(#!)@(';)';<)%5 T#)$(3;')'#)@#$2)"#$)e#%&!(&!.)&!*)V5, # #2 <%' J<' 53$&. &!*) V5,3&$(&!.) 4#1(&,).<15$('-)"$#%)';<)1#5!'$-)#")#$(3(! Belgian employmentlegislation T#)@#$2)=<$%(')61#!*('(#!.:> <('&(! (; ;)%!1=,')o <(<1)=$()(. =<$%(') $<.(* ")@#$2(!3`)V<,3(&!),&A#5$)&!*).#1(&,).<15$('-),<3(.,&'(#!)&= Employers are subject to criminal penalties or administrative or penalties criminal to subject are Employers T#)$(3;')'#)@#$2 <('&(! (; ;)%!1=,')o <(<1)=$()(. =<$%(') $<.(* +"\,(&'(#!)'#)&)V<,3(&!).#1(&,).<15$('-)#$3&!(.&'(#!> V<,3(&!)@#$2(!3)1#!*('(#!.)&!*).#1(&,).<15$('-> \!<. .5<*)A-)';<)+,( .5<*)A-)';<)+,( The conditions for legally exercising a professional activ- D8$ (#3103()$ 31 5834 \$)2 34 58&5 =13"1 0353;$14 '&B '"-$ ity in Belgium differ according to the status of the migrant !#$$)B /358"75 -34&4 N !"# & ($#3"2 1"5 $%0$$2316 58#$$ @#$2<$) &!*) ';<) '-=<) #") &1'(H('-) 1&$$(<*) #5'>) F!) ';<) #!<) '"1584 N 31432$ 58$ =13"1+ D8$B 0&1 &)4" "K5&31 & #$43 - ;&!*)';<)@#$2)%&-)A<)&.)&!)<%=,#-<<)#$)&.)&).<,"Q<%=,#-<*) dence permit for more than three months under certain @#$2<$>)F!)';<)#';<$B)';<)%(3$&!')@#$2<$)%&-)A<)&)1('(k!"# $%&'()$ /"#:316 &4 &1 $'()"B$$ "# & 4$)!E #")';<)85$#=<&!)D!(#!)6;<$<&"'<$`)8D:B)"$#%)';<)85$#=<&!) $'()"B$2 /"#:$#* 188 + D8$ /"#:$# 34 $1535)$2 5" 45&B 31 58$ Economic Area (hereafter: EEA) 184 )#$)"$#%)';($*)1#5!'$(<.>) 8"45 0"715#B &!5$# 58$ ($#3"2 "! $'()"B'$15+ D8$B &)4" G5$';<$%#$ 184 D8$ <7#"($&1 <0"1"'30 G#$& >< 187 D8$ !#$$ '"-$'$15 "! $'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 34 $45&K)348$2 KB G#530)$ Lb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l$# D8$#$ \#'4+ 5#&14("#5 315$#1&53"1&) 4$-$#&) 74$2 X7$15)B conse- that countries various in members active different 8&-$ K$$131353&5$2+ -3053'4 Q")348 "! 0&4$4 !7#58$# 1" /"#:$#4. Q")348 !"# 53"1 "K)36&($#'35 /"#: 58$ "! )3!5316 58$ !"))"/316 58&5. 235"# H310$ 58$1. 35 8&4. 8"/$-$#. K$$1 0"1\#'$2 KB & )&K"7# &7 4'&)) _"K4!"#"58$#D7#:348(#"($#5B"/1$#4+ 2" 58$B &6&31. (#"_$05 )$ & "1 /"#: 5" /&35316 /83)45 S$)637'. 5" #$57#1 58$B k8$1 435$+ K73)2316 4&'$ 58$ "1 ()&0$ 58$3# 5&:$ /"#:$#4 S7)6&1 "58$# '$&153'$. 58$ F1 45#7053"1 435$ !"# 58#$$ '"1584 &12 58$1 #$57#1 5" S7)6&+ 0"1)$ & "1 /"#: D8$B 0"145#7053"1+ 31 6&16'&45$# & !#"' 2&B 1$%5 58$ !"# 0"15#&05"#4 D7#:348 !"# "#2$#4 0$3-$ #$5" (' b &5 58$#$ 0"))$05$2 /"#:$#4 58$ "! G)) S#744$)4+ 31 &##3-$2 58$B /8$1 0&! 4 D7#:348 58$ "! "1$ 31 )$!5 /$#$ /"#:$#4 58$ N $%()&31$2 /"#:$# S7)6&1 & /8&5 34 D834 194 theming $%()"35 /$#$ &12 3))$6&))B 2#3-$#4 Q")348 $'()"B$2 0"'(&1B 8&2 S$)63&1 & "! 23#$05"#4 D7#:348 58$ /8308 31 )B (#$-3"740&4$ & #$("#5$2 &)4" /$ 4$05"# 5#&14("#5 58$ F1 sector Transport 2. 9 195 !#&727)$15 '&1"$7-#$4*+ &12 58#$&54 "! $%345$10$ 58$ #$'71$#&53"1. 3147!\03$15 "# #$'71$#&53"1 "! &K4$10$ 8"7#4. &K743-$ /358 /$$: & 2&B4 4$-$1 /"#:316 0"15#&05. $'()"B'$15 "! >&K4$10$ K$3164 87'&1 31 5#&!\0:316 "! "!!$10$4 0"1453575316 236135B. '&1 875" 0"15#&#B /$#$ 58&5 0"12353"14 /"#:316 31 ()"B$2 $'/$#$ 2#3-$#4 Q")348 58$ ($#'354. /"#: 8&-316 1"5 5" H$$ g$15#$. A\\c G117&) T$("#5 "1 D#&!\0:316 31 P7'&1 S$3164 >MT^NO*. Q ?. Q >MT^NO*. S$3164 P7'&1 31 D#&!\0:316 "1 T$("#5 G117&) A\\c g$15#$. H$$ g8&(5$# AS.4$053"1A+C+A+ g&4$f+>((+LLELb*+ Ibid. . g&4$)&/.((+[cE[]+ 194 + D834 0#3'31&) "#6&134&53"1 /&4 0"'("4$2 "! 0"'("4$2 /&4 "#6&134&53"1 0#3'31&) D834 + ?]b+ n addition In ------56#7#58 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS B. 9":$;"&+:'<"=#>'%?"%, ,1 58$ "1$ 8&12 35 0"10$#14 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 /8" &#$ R"1 4$0"12'$15S !#"' 58$3# 0"715#B "! #$432$10$ 5" D8$ 4357&53"1 "! 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 34 !712&'$15&))B 0"'$ &12 /"#: 5$'("#)B 31 &1"58$# J$'K$# H5&5$ &12. 23!!$#$15 5" 58&5 "! $'()"B$$4+ G)) =13"1 0353;$14 /358"75 "1 58$ "58$#. <7#"($&1 0"'(&13$4 /8" 0"'$ 5" (#"-32$ exception are entitled to come and establish themselves 4$#-30$4 31 & 0"715#B "58$# 58&1 58$ 0"715#B /8$#$ 58$B freely in Belgium to carry out or start up a business as a self- 8&-$ 58$3# #$6345$#$2 "!\0$ &12 !"# 5834 (7#("4$. 5#&14!$# employed worker /358"75 8&-316 5" "K5&31 & 5#&2$ )30$10$ 196 + $'()"B$$4+ F1 5834 )&55$# 0&4$. 58$ 4$0"12$2 /"#:$# '&B K$ H$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 !#"' 1$/ J$'K$# H5&5$4 &#$ 5874 & 0353;$1 "! 58$ =13"1 K75 5834 34 1"5 1$0$44)B 58$ 0&4$ 1"5 47K_$05 N 71)3:$ $'()"B$$4 N 5" & 5#&1435"#B ($#3"2+ G4 >$+6+9 &1 F5&)3&1 0"'(&1B /8308 4$124 354 =:#&313&1 /"#: - 4""1 &4 58$3# H5&5$4 &00$2$2 5" 58$ <7#"($&1 =13"1 N #$ - ers on secondment to carry out the provision of service on spectively on 1 May 2004 197 and 1 January 2007 198 – they & 0"145#7053"1 435$ 31 S$)637'*+ D8$ 4$0"12$2 /"#:$#4. /$#$ 58$1 &K)$ 5" (#"-32$ 4$#-30$4 &4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#: - /8&5$-$# 58$3# 1&53"1&)35B. 2" 1"5 1$$2 & /"#: ($#'35 201 + $#4 /358"75 (#3"# &758"#34&53"1 199 + The secondment and fraud that are carried out in practice D8$4$ 1&53"1&)4 '745 8"/$-$# (#"-$ 5" 58$ '71303(&)35B &#$ $%&'31$2 K$)"/ >4$$ 4$053"1 C*+ F1 4"'$ 0&4$4. 5#&!\0: - that they are carrying out an economic activity as self-em- 316 31 87'&1 K$3164 34 &)4" 31-")-$2+ ()"B$2 /"#:$#4 &12 8&-$ )$6&) #$432$10$ 45&574 &4 0353;$14 "! 58$ =13"1+ D8$B &#$ &)4" 47K_$05 5" S$)63&1 4"03&) 4$07 - 1.2. Workers that are third-country nationals rity and have to pay their social security contributions in S$)637'+ 1.2.1. @&+:'<&")*#4)=#>'%?#+"%&2*, F1 #$0$15 B$. /$ 8&-$ 4$$1 & #34$ 31 58$ 17'K$# "! 4$)!E The freedom to move to another country in the Europe- $'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 58&5 &#$ 1&53"1&)4 "! 58$4$ 1$/ J$'K$# &1 =13"1 5" /"#: 58$#$ /358"75 & /"#: ($#'35 34 & #3685 H5&5$4 &12 /8" K$0"'$ &053-$ 48&#$8")2$#4 31 & S$)63&1 /8308 34 "1)B #$0"6134$2 !"# 0353;$14 "! 58$ <= &12 1&53"1 - company 200 + F1 4"'$ 0&4$4. 8"/$-$#. 35 5#&14(3#$4 58&5 58$ &)4 "! F0$)&12. O3085$145$31 &12 N"#/&B >0"715#3$4 /8308 4357&53"1 34 58&5 "! K"674 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$# 45&574 &12 &#$ ( "! 58$ < 197 M"# 58$ !"))"/316 0"715#3$49 <45"13&. O&5-3&. O3587&13&. Q")&12. 58$ g;$08 T$(7K)30. Nevertheless, in certain cases European regulations gov- H)"-&:3&. P716&#B &12 H)"-$13&+ $#1 58$ 4357&53"1 "! /"#:$#4 !#"' 583#2 0"715#3$4 A\C + F1 198 M"# T"'&13& &12 S7)6&+ (ᒻ)&# /$ 0&1 035$ 583#2E0"715#B 1&53"1&)4 58&5 &#$ 199 k$ 48"7)2 1$-$#58$)$44 1"5$ 58&5 1&53"1&)4 "! 4"'$ 1$/ J$'K$# H5&5$4 &)#$&2B 8&2 &00$44 5" 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$# 45&574 K$!"#$ 58$3# H5&5$4 &00$2$2 5" 58$ =13"1. 58#"768 g< 216 H"'$ 0&5$6"#3$4 "! &)3$14 &#$ 8"/$-$# $%$'(5$2 !#"' 8")2316 & (#"!$443"1&) )30$10$. either due to the nature of the activity, or due to the type of residence, or pursuant to In Europe, the number of immigrants residing illegally is 315$#1&53"1&) 5#$&53$4+ H$$ 31 5834 #$6 58$ T"B&) R$0#$$ "! C M$K#7&#B A\\C $%$'(5 - ing certain categories of aliens from holding a professional licence in order to carry out 4&32. &00"#2316 5" 4"'$ $453'&5$4. 5" K$ K$5/$$1 A+c &12 & 4$)!E$'()"B$2 (#"!$443"1&) &053-35B. S$)63&1 ,!\03&) l&;$55$. L J A\\C+ [ '3))3"1. #$(#$4$15316 K$5/$$1 ?? &12 AC o "! 58$ 5"5&) 217 H$$ 58$ O&/ "! ?] M$K#7&#B ?][b "1 58$ $%$#034316. KB &)3$14. "! 4$)!E$'()"B$2 (#"!$4 - number of immigrants 219 + 43"1&) &053-353$4+ M"# 2$5&3)$2 31!"#'&53"1 &K"75 58$ 0"12353"14 &12 (#"0$27#$ 5" K$ !"))"/$2. 4$$ 58$ /$K435$ "! 58$ S$)63&1 M$2$#&) Q7K)30 H$#-30$ >MQH* <0"1"'B. HJ<4. J322)$ 0)&44$4 &12 <1$#6B &5 5834 )31:9 855(9^^45&5K$)+!6"-+K$^!#^$15#$(#34$4^#$6)$'$1 - 5&53"1m2$m'$^G75"#34&53"14m<0"1"'3X7$4^g$m(#"!$443"11$))$m$5#&16$#4^31 - 2$%+_4( 218 H$$ 58$ T"B&) R$0#$$ "! A G76745 ?]cb 3'()$'$15316 58$ O&/ "! ?] M$K#7&#B ?][b "1 219 FO,. RO&K"7# 314($053"1 31 <7#"($9 712$0)&#$2 /"#:. '36#&53"1. 5#&!\0:316S. l$1$-&. 58$ $%$#034316. KB &)3$14. "! 4$)!E$'()"B$2 (#"!$443"1&) &053-353$4+ e&17&#B A\?\. (+ Ac+ 0#3'31&) 0"7#5+ mits, justify prosecution, by the labour auditors, before the ($#/"#: 1"# '"1584 58#$$ 58&1 '"#$ !"# ($#'354 2$10$ #$431$358$# 8&-$ /8" /"#:$#4 58#$$ "! $'()"B'$15 58$ &12 K$3164 87'&1 31 5#&!\0:316 "! "!!$10$4 58$ K"58 H". (")30B+ 0#3'31&) "! (#3"#35B & /"#: 3))$6&) &6&3145 \685 58$ 58$ S" "! G55"#1$BEl$1$#&)4 "! ?c e&17&#B A\\h '&:316 5&:$ "! C^A\\h 1 &)4" g3#07)&# #$6 5834 31 /3)) '$153"1 74 O$5 ()&0$+ K$3164 87'&1 31 5#&!\0:316 !"# $0753"1 (#"44$#3"74. (ᒻ)&#)B &#$ "!!$10$4 58$ 3! M7#58$#'"#$. 1$#&53"1. 1"5'&:3162$0)&#&53"145"58$ #$'7"! 1"1E(&B'$15 >$+6+9 )&/ 0#3'31&) 4"03&) 712$# $4 offenc- for applicable, if prosecuted, be also may employer offences concerning the employment of foreign labour, the "! /"#: ($#'35 K75 )$6&) #$432$10B)$6&) K75 ($#'35 /"#: "! &K4$10$ "# #$432$10B 3))$6&) &12 ($#'35 /"#: 1" )"/3169 AAC 222 221 Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 June 2009 pro- 220 3))$6&))B+/"#:316 58$'4$)-$4 \12 58$' "! '&1B 1&53"1&)4. 583#2E0"715#B !"# employment to access of conditions restrictive the Given ')B# 5& 8# (#"4 387 #421B 45&574 #$432$10B /358"75 ($#4"14 83#$ 58&5 $'()"B$#4 &6&3145 H5&5$4 J$'K$# 31 &(()30&K)$ '$&47#$4 &12 &)53$4 pen- the concerning standards common minimum setting at aimed adopted, been recently has Directive European A S$)63&1 /"#:$#4+ $'()"B$2 )$6&))B &4 0"12353"14 /"#:316 &12 4&)&#B 4&'$ 58$ 5" $1535)$2 8$10$ &#$ D8$B $'()"B$#+ 58$3# /358 5#&05 a by bound fact in are persons 31 5834 \$)25834 31 specialised is that unit a has country the in province Each 314($05"#&5$+ 4"03&) 58$ KB "75 0&##3$2 '&31)B &#$ /"#:$#4 foreign of employment the into investigations Belgium, In tional thathasbeenemployedillegally 1&583#2E0"715#B 58$ 5" /&6$4 71(&32 &)) (&B 5" K"712 34 $'()"B$# 58$ 58&5 $147#$ (ᒻ)&#. 31 &)4". '745 H5&5$4 J$'K$# &22353"1. F1 \1&103&)+ '&31)B &#$ ($1&)53$4 D8$4$ G#530)$["!58$R3#$053-$+ H$$ 58$ A\\h G117&) T$("#5 "! 58$ S$)63&1 M$2$#&) Q7K)30 H$#-30$ >MQH* H"03&) H$07H"03&) >MQH* H$#-30$ Q7K)30 M$2$#&) S$)63&1 58$ "! T$("#5 G117&) A\\h 58$ H$$ #35B. (+?b+ A\ e7)BA\??&558$)&5$45+ KB 5#&14("4$2 K$ '745 R3#$053-$ D834 &758"#353$4+ 0"'($5$15 58$ /358 0""($#&5$ /8" 3''36#&53"1. 3))$6&) !&03)35&5$ 5" &053"1 &1 "! 47K_$05 58$ K$$1 8&-$ /8" "# K$3164 '&1 58$ #$432$10$ ($#'35 3447$2 5" "1 583#2E0"715#B 1&53"1&)4 /8" A\\L^c?^ <-$1 3! 58$B &#$ /"#:316 3))$6&))B. 58$4$ 3))$6&))B. /"#:316 &#$ 58$B 3! <-$1 de factode AAC + F1 &22353"1 5" 58$4$ 5" &22353"1 F1 + 221 employment con- employment + ONSS . $50+*+ 220 ------+ residing in a country illegally: aliens of group vulnerable the of situation the to tentive attention to the necessity, for inspection services, to be at- 2#&/4 &)4" >FO,* ,#6&13;&53"1 O&K"7# F15$#1&53"1&) D8$ 224 58"#353$4 5"&2$X7&5$)B$1!"#0$4&1053"14+S &7/358 0#3'31&)_74530$ 0"))&K"#&5$ 5" /"#:$#4 &12 58"4$ !"# &44345&10$ 5" &00$44 !&03)35&5$ 5" ()&B 5" #")$ :$B & 8&-$ 314($05"#4 O&K"7# $40&($+ 5" 23!\07)5 35 \12 58$B /8308 grants, can thus end up in a situation of forced labour from '33##$67)&# (ᒻ)&# of 31 J36#&154. retention 2"07'$154+ 32$1535B or movement of freedom the of restriction measures, such as threats of violence, psychological abuse, 0"$#03-$ "58$# /358 0"'K31$2 &#$ 2$27053"14 /&6$ 3))$6&) "# /&6$4 "! 1"1E(&B'$15 0&4$4. "! 17'K$# & F1 58$3# $㍬+ 0"))$05 0&1 /"#:$#4 K$!"#$ 2$("#5&53"1 &12 &##$45 tion enforcement authorities just before payday to prompt 3''36#& 5" /"#:$#4 "/1 58$3# 2$1"710316 dis- p430q 0#$5$)B then and migrants hiring employers unscrupulous "! 31!#$X7$15 1"5 &#$ T$("#54 -7)1$#&K)$+ (ᒻ)&#)B &#$ FO,. RO&K"7# F14($053"1 31 <7#"($9 =12$0)&#$2 k"#:. J36#&53"1. D#&!\0:316S. k"#: 316 R"07'$1517'K$#h. e&17&#BA\?\.((+A]EC\+ R Migrants in irregular status 224 - - - - 72 *73 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS ed in the chapter devoted to the phenomenon analysis AC\ , /$ 1"5$2 58&5 4"'$ -3053'4 8&2 &)#$&2B K$$1 $'()"B$2 !"# 4$-$#&) 2&B4 /358"75 &1B &6#$$'$15 &K"75 /&6$ 0"123 - Illustrations: 53"14+ F1 &22353"1 35 /&4 !"#K322$1 !"# 58$' 5" 5&): /83)45 58$B /"#:$2+ F1 & 0&4$ 2$40#3K$2 31 "7# (#$-3"74 #$("#5 AC? , -.#RC"D*#D')=4E"S#14,",#2)#*!"#FGH@/I#,"1*'% 58$ Q&)$45313&1 &12 HB#3&1 -3053'4 K$1$\5$2 !#"' -3053' 45&574 712$# 5#&!\0:316 31 87'&1 K$3164+ F1 R5#&!\0:316 31 87'&1 K$3164S 0&4$4. 3))$6&) /"#: 0&##3$2 out by nationals of third countries outside the European =13"1 34 '&31)B !"712 31 2$K5 K"12&6$ 0&4$4. 31 /8308 g831$4$ 1&53"1&)4 &#$ '&2$ 5" /"#: 3))$6&))B 31 g831$4$ #$45&7#&154 5" #$(&B 58$3# 5#&-$) 2$K54+ F1 6$1$#&) 58$B 8&-$ 5" /"#: 43% 2&B4 "75 "! 4$-$1. !"# )"16 8"7#4 &12 !"# & 2$#34"#B /&6$. !#"' /8308 58$ 2$K54 &#$ "!5$1 2$2705$2+ F1 (#$-3"74 #$("#54 /$ 8&-$ 2$&)5 4$-$#&) 53'$4 /358 4708 cases 225, &12 /358 58$ 0"7#5 2$0343"14 8&12$2 2"/1 31 5834 \$)2 AA[+ k$ &)4" #$!$# #$&2$#4 5" 58$ 08&(5$# 2$-"5$2 5" 58$ phenomenon analysis AAh+ D8$4$ /"#:$#4 &#$ 6$1$#&))B #$432316 3))$6&))B &12 2" 1"5 8&-$ & /"#: ($#'35 228 + D8$B 4"'$53'$4 8&-$ !&)4$ (&($#4+ F1 "1$ "! 58$ 0&4$4 2$&)5 /358 31 "7# (#$-3"74 #$("#5 229 , a /"#:$# 8&2 & /"#: ($#'35 K75 /&4 1"5 2$0)&#$2 5" 58$ 4" - 03&) 4$07#35B@ &1"58$# /&4 45&B316 31 S$)637' 3))$6&))B K75 /&4 2$0)&#$2@ &12 )&45)B 5/" "58$#4 /$#$ $'()"B$2 /358 - "75 &1B &758"#34&53"1 5" /"#: /8&54"$-$#+ J.#9"1')=;!4)=#1:'*!",#,'%*2)E#14,",K#*"L*2:"#,"1*'% This type of case also involves employing illegal labour /358"75 #$432$10$ ($#'354 "# /"#: (&($#4+ H$0"12E8&12 0)"58$4 &#$ 4"#5$2 31 (ᒻ)&#)B (#$0"74 /"#:316 0"12353"149 /"#:316 45&12316 7( !"# ?\ 5" ?? 8"7#4 & 2&B. /358"75 8$&5316 &12 /358 \%$2 (#"27053"1 X7"5&4+ D8$ /"#:$#4 &#$ "! -"74 1&53"1&)353$4. 6$1$#&))B !#"' 583#2 0"715#3$4 "75432$ 58$ =13"1+ F1 58$ #&6 5#&2$ 0&4$ (#$4$15 - 225 H$$ g$15#$. A\\[ G117&) T$("#5. D#&!\0:316 31 P7'&1 S$3164. Rn3053'4 F1 58$ H("5 - )3685S. e7)B A\\h. g8&(5$# A. 4$053"1 A+C+?9 O&K"7# $%()"35&53"19 M"#0$2 )&K"7#9 R$K5 K"12&6$ 31 58$ P,T 226 H$$ 58$ g$15#$S4 A\\h G117&) T$("#5. RD#&!\0:316 &12 H'766)316 "! P7'&1 S$3164. Q7K)30 Q")30B &4 H$$1 KB & N&53"1&) T&(("#5$7#S. Q C. ,-$#-3$/ "! 0&4$ )&/ A\\[E A\\h. 4$053"1 A >O&K"7# $%()"35&53"1*. (+ ??\. &12 58$ A\\c G117&) T$("#5. g8&(5$# L. 4$053"1 A+? >P,T 227 H$$ &K"-$. Q ?. g8&(5$# A+ 228 D834 /&4 4" 31 58$ 0&4$ "! 2$K5 K"12&6$ 2$40#3K$2 31 !""51"5$ c[+ F1 5834 0&4$. 58$ S#76$4 g#3'31&) g"7#5 /8308 #7)$2 "1 5834 0&4$ &5 \#45 3145&10$ 1"5$2 31 354 _726'$15 "! ?] e71$ A\\h 58&5 58$ 2$!$12&154 /$#$ $'()"B316 4$-$#&) ($#4"14 31 58$3# #$45&7#&15 58&5 232 1"5 8&-$ #$432$10$ ($#'354 &12 8&2 1" 32$1535B (&($#4+ D8$B /$#$ 5"5&))B 2$ - AC\ H$$ &K"-$. Q ?. g8&(5$# A >Q8$1"'$1"1 &1&)B434*+ ($12$15 "1 58$ 2$!$12&154+ AC? g$15#$. A\\c G117&) T$("#5 "1 D#&!\0:316 31 P7'&1 S$3164. Q ?. g8&(5$# A. S+A+A 229 g$15#$. A\\c G117&) T$("#5 "1 5#&!\0:316 31 87'&1 K$3164 >MT^NO*. Q ?. g8&(5$# >5$%53)$4*. (+ LC &12 g8&(5$# L >g&4$ )&/*. 4$053"1 A+L >5$%53)$^0)"58$4 4"#5316 /"#: - A. S+A+L P,T ,!\03&) l&;$55$.AcR$0$'K$#A\\[+ A\?\+ s)7/$#. k&5$#)"". 312 ($12&10$S. !&744$ RO& k3))$'4. l+ S#7%$))$4@ 2$ K&##$&7 _$71$ 27 <2353"14 ?]]?. G(#3) A\ "1 63-$1 )$057#$ 312 ($12&154S. !&7% RO$4 S&$#2$'&:$#. R$ T+ g)$44$. e+ k&153$;. g+ A\\\@ O&K"7#. &12 <'()"B'$15 "! J31345#B M$2$#&) S#744$)4. J ,#3$15&53"14. A\\]. ((+ ?E?? 312 ($12&10$S. &12 G(#3) A\\]. ((+ ?E]@ s+ n&1 R$1 !&744$ O&16$1K$#68. O$4 !&7% 312 ($12&154. )& 2$ !#"153 #$4 RG7% g)$44$. g+E<+ A\\b@ 2 ($12&154 "7 &7% !#"153 #$4 2$ )& !&744$ 312 ($12&10$. n")+ F &12 FF. S#744$)49 s)7/$#. AAc(@ g+E<+ g)$44$. OS&447_$55344$'$15 )& 4 07#35 4"03&)$ 2$4 5#&-&3))$7#4 4&) 4 $5 31A\\c. F15$#4$153&. G15/$#(. -$#8"72316 \1&)35$35. 4"03&&)#$085$)3_:$ 2$ $1 Sk ??CL 6$4(&11$1 5:$) 5744$1 R$ >4083_1*;$)!45&1236$8$32+ "'5#$15 T$0854>"1*;$:$#8$32 $'()"B'$15dO&167&6$a 240 S$)63&1 ,!\03&) l&;$55$. Ac R$0$'K$# A\\[+ 2$-"5$2 5" 58$ (8$1"'$1"1 &1&)B434. 8"/ K"674 4$)!E employment is used in various sectors to exploit migrant 241 H$$ G#530)$ CCL+ D" 2&5$. 8"/$-$#. 1" #"B&) 2$0#$$ 8&4 K$$1 3447$2+ G1 3))745#&53-$ )345 "! 0#35$#3& 58&5 0"7)2 K$ 74$2 31 5834 /&B 34 63-$1 31 G#530)$ CCL. "C9 ("443K3)35B "! 83#316 /"#:$#4 KB '$&14 "! 87'&1 5#&!\0:316+ k$ &)4" '$1 - 45&!!@ /"#:316 31 )"0&53"14 &12 /358 $X73('$15 "/1$2 KB 58$ /"#:$#@ ($#4"1&) &12 47K45&153&) 31-$45'$15 "! "1$S4 "/1 !7124 31 58$ K7431$44@ 47K45&153&) (ᒷ(&53"1 31 58$ K7431$44S4 (#"\54 &12 )"44$4. $50+ 246 G#530)$ CCA "! 58$ Q#"6#&''$ O&/+ 242 G#530)$ CC? "! 58$ Q#"6#&''$ O&/+ 247 M"# "!!$10$4 #$6ऌ $'()"B'$15 "! !"#$361 /"#:$#4. 35 34 1"5 1$0$44&#B 5" (#"-$ 58&5 ALC H$$ G#530)$ CCC "! 58$ Q#"6#&''$ O&/+ 58$#$ 34 & )31$ "! 47K"#231&53"1+ H$$ "1 5834 ("315 g+<+ g)$44$. RO& 2 \1353"1 27 5#&-&3) - )$7# 3140#35$ 2&14 )& )"3 27 C\ &-#3) ?]]] $5 )S&##5 #"B&) 27 b 1"-$'K#$ A\\A 3145&7#&15 244 H$$ G#530)$ CC? "! 58$ Q#"6#&''$ O&/+ D8$#$!"#$ 58$ !#$$ /3)) "! 58$ (5$4 34 63-$1 71$ 2 0)&#&53"1 3'' 23&5$ )S$'()"3S. 1"5$ 712$# g+G+ J"14. T+R+Q+g+. 1"+ b. A\\]. ((+ (#3"#35B+ D8$ 2$ !&05" /"#:316 #$)&53"1483( 0&1 "1)B K$ 63-$1 0"1432$#&53"1 31 4$0"12 [ALE[C\+ ()&0$+ 248 f+ e"#$14 &12 D+ n&1 S7B12$#. <%($#5 T$("#54. H$)!E$'()"B'$15 &12 S"674 H$)!E$' - 245 H$$ G#530)$ CCC. "C "! 58$ Q#"6#&''$ O&/+ ()"B'$15 31 58$ g"145#7053"1 F12745#B 31 S$)637'. M$K#7&#B A\\]. (+ ?A+ This phenomenon is also to be found in the in found be to also is phenomenon This Another important sector is the is sector important Another :1"/ 58$1&'$"!0"'(&1B58$B&#$/"#:316!"#+ $-$1 1"5 2" 58$B "!5$1 n$#B 0"15$154+ 58$3# 712$#45&12316 /358"75 2"07'$154 4361 5" "K)36$2 &#$ &12 45&574. 4"03&) 58$3# "! &/&#$ 8)B &#$ D8$B 0"15#3K753"14+ 4"03&) 58$3# system is used and out of that amount they still have to pay ($1&)5B G 8"7#+ &1 $7#"4 hEc "! /&6$ & !"# 0"'(&13$4 )$ S$)63&1 \#'4 31 58$ ("#5 &#$&+ D8$4$ /"#:$#4 4"#5 /&45$ !"# )$ !"# 47K0"15#&05"#4 &4 /"#: 58&5 0"'(&13$4 D7#:348 S$)6"E KB /"#:$#4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 K"674 &4 $'()"B$2 &#$ In the K"674 4$)!E$'()"B$2/"#:$#4&40)$&131645&!!+ use companies, large by other each against off played tors, 47K0"15#&058&5 1"5$2 8&-$ /$ 312745#B. 0)$&1316 58$ F1 251 sector the in practice this of presence the tioned 250 249 in a case recently heard by the Charleroi Criminal Court ment or at the end of a temporary secondment, the Bel- the secondment, temporary a of end the at or ment the 4$0"1258$ /358 (#"K)$'4 in "! $-$15 58$ F1 up 0"715#B+ 8"'$ set company construction a from employees seconded of status the under subcontractors as Belgium 31 5$'("#)B /"#:316 "75 45$2 /"#:$#4 (&45. 58$ 31 58&5. 1"530$2 8&-$ /$ 5#&!\0:316*. 87'&1 &12 ()"B'$15 4$)!E$' K"674 4$0"12'$15. K$)"/9 4$053"14 3))745#&53"1 58$ 31 #$-3$/ 0&4$ 58$ (ᒻ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a for exchange in outplacement of form illegal an of means 4" 232 &12 K7431$44$4. ("7)5#B )$6&) /35831 /"#:$#4 &154 R31 &1 "#6&134$2 &12 0"15317"74 '&11$# ()&0$2 Q")348 defend- the that deemed type, this of case a hear to upon H$$ &K"-$. Q ?. g8&(5$# L9 ,-$#-3$/ "! 0&4$ )&/ 9 g8&#)$#)"3 g#3'31&) g"7#5. ?] g"7#5. g#3'31&) g8&#)$#)"3 9 )&/ 0&4$ "! ,-$#-3$/ L9 g8&(5$# ?. Q &K"-$. H$$ D"16$#$1 g#3'31&) g"7#5. ] J&B A\\c. ]58 g8&'K$#+ D834 #7)316 8&4 K$$1 (7K)348$2 K$$1 8&4 #7)316 D834 g8&'K$#+ ]58 A\\c. J&B ] g"7#5. g#3'31&) D"16$#$1 H$$&K"-$.Q?.g8&(5$# A.58$("3150"10$#1316)&K"7#$%()"35&53"1+ J A\?\+ "1 58$ g$15#$S4 /$K435$9 ///+23-$#435$+K$+ "1 58$g$15#$S4/$K435$9 249 waste processing + D874. 58$ D"16$#$1 g#3'31&) g"7#5. /8$1 0&))$2 /8$1 g"7#5. g#3'31&) D"16$#$1 58$ D874. + 4$05"#. S7)6&1 &12 D7#:348 -3053'4 construction industryconstruction 250 poultry breeding poultry cleaning sectorcleaning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to permit legal no have sector shop night the in persons 4$)!E$'()"B$2 K"674 58$4$ 8"/$-$#. 0&4$4. 4"'$ F1 '35+ per- residence a receives and municipality his at register )$6&))B 0&1 /"#:$# 58$ 45&574. 4$)!E$'()"B$2 834 "1 S&4$2 5#3K753"14 &12 0&1 $&43)B $%(&12 58$ 40"($ "! 834 K7431$44+ ()"35$#. /8"5874&-"3248&-3165"(&B4"03&)4$07#35B 0"1 $%58$ !"# '$1 !#"15 K75 &#$ 58$B #$&)35B. F1 0"'(&1B+ 58$ facilities "! "($#&5"#4 2"EQ&:345&13 1"5$2 0&4$4 "! K"674 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 &'"16 58$ F1/$ &1&)B434. (8$1"'$1"1 58$ 5" 2$-"5$2 4$053"1 58$ F1 + '745. 8"/$-$#. "K5&31 & 5#&2$ ($#'35 >($#'35 5#&2$ & "K5&31 8"/$-$#. '745. '&B &)4" 4$55)$ 31 S$)637' &4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4+ D8$B 1&53"1&)4 >1"1E<=* 583#2E0"715#B '$153"1$2. &)#$&2B G4 The 53"1+ subordina- of relationship a under hired are they reality in /83)$ $15#$(#$1$7#. S$)63&1 58$ KB "/1$2 0"'(&1B. \#45 58$ !"# /"#:$#4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 K"674 &4 /"#: 5" 0"15317$ 0"'(&1B 58&5 8&4 K$$1 5&:$1 "-$#. 58$ !"#$361 /"#:$#4 0&1 0"145#7053"1 58$ 31 48&#$8")2$#4 G4 48&#$4+ !$/ & /"#:$#4 (#3103(&) 48&#$8")2$#+ D8$ 0"'(&1B 58$1 "!!$#4 58$ !"#$361 over another Belgian construction company, becoming the X730: 4")753"1 34 "1$ /8$#$ 58$ S$)63&1 $15#$(#$1$7# 5&:$4 G #$57#1+ 58$3# 7("1 /"#:316 0"15317$ 5" 58$' &))"/ 5" or situation their regularise to offered entrepreneur gian 252 M"# !7#58$# 2$5&3)4. 4$$ g$15#$. RG117&) T$("#5 "1 D#&!\0:316 31 P7'&1 S$3164S A\\[. S$3164S P7'&1 31 D#&!\0:316 "1 T$("#5 RG117&) g$15#$. 4$$ 2$5&3)4. !7#58$# M"# $%()"35&53"1. 4$$((+LCELb+ g8&(5$# A. ("315 A+C+A+ ,1 <7#"($&1 5#&14("#5 0"'(&13$4 &4 &1 &5E#34: 4$05"# !"# )&K"7# transport sector transport + They are made shareholders or, later, managers of managers later, or, shareholders made are They 34 &)4" "1$ /8$#$ /$ \12 58$ (8$1"'58$ \12 /$ /8$#$ "1$ &)4" 34 Institut national d’assurances sociales -#67+' 7!( 0'(7!-&' 7!( '$-.'"$*'8$ 7' 7!('$-.'"$*'8$ 7!(0'(7!-&' -#67+' *+ carte professionnellecarte 252 + ) ------ O5#7#OO TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 3. Secondment of workers The issue of secondment, if occurring in the context of 530$* 8&4 8&2 58$ "(("#57135B 5" $%&'31$ 58$4$ X7$453"14 58$ !#$$ (#"-343"1 "! 4$#-30$4 /35831 58$ <7#"($&1 =13"1. in depth on several occasions 256 + 2$4$#-$4 4$(&#&5$ &55$153"1 K$0&74$ "! 354 0"'()$%35B+ F5 48"7)2 K$ 1"5$2. 8"/$-$#. 58&5 58$ (#&0530$4 "! 87'&1 D8$ 6#"/316 713\0&53"1 "! <7#"($ &12 58$ #$47)5316 #34$ 5#&!\0:316 &#$ '"#$ 58$ $%0$(53"1 58&1 58$ #7)$ &4 #$6 31 '"K3)35B "! /"#:$#4 34 #$]$05$2. 1"5&K)B. 31 &1 310#$&4$ 4$0"12'$15+ 31 58$ 17'K$# "! 4$0"12$2 /"#:$#4+ S$5/$$1 58$ K$631 - 1316 &12 58$ '322)$ "! 58$ ?]]\4. 58$#$ /$#$ 8&)! & '3))3"1 F1 (#$-3"74 #$("#54 /$ 8&2 &)#$&2B '$153"1$2 58$ (#"!$4 - 4$0"12$2 /"#:$#4 "# '36#&154 4$15 5$'("#)B KB 58$3# 43"1&)34&53"1 "! 58$4$ 1$5/"#:4+ F1 58$ 0"15$%5 "! 5#&!\0: - $'()"B$#4 5" /"#: &K#"&2 257 + ing of human beings for the purposes of labour exploita- 53"1. /$ 1"5$ 58&5 (#"!$443"1&) 1$5/"#:4 &#$ 2$4361316 k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R4$0"12'$15 0&#"74$)4S+ n"74 '$&47#$4 » Q#"K)$'4 "K4$#-$2 31 58$ \$)2 >("315 C+C* 8&-$ K$$1 5&:$1 5" 0"'K&5 5834 (8$1"'$1"1 >4$$ g8&(5$# A "! 5834 ( "1 6""2 &12 K&2 (#&0530$4*+ 3.1. Secondment and employees In addition to the construction sector, the meat process- =12$# G#530)$ b[ >$%EG#530)$ L] D AbC H$$ &)4" 58$ \1&) #$0"''$12&53"14 31 5834 #$("#5+ 256 D8$ g"7#5 0"12$'14. &4 & #7)$. &1B 1&53"1&) '$&47#$ 58&5 '3685 K$ )3:$)B 5" 3'($2$ "# #$45#305 58$ $%$#034$ "! 5834 !#$$2"' 31 58$ 8"45 0"715#B+ D8$ 8"45 0"715#B '&B. 8"/ - 254 The service provider must be able to perform his services, on a temporary basis, in the $-$#. 712$# 0$#5&31 0"12353"14 2$'&12 58&5 )"0&) #7)$4 K$ !"))"/$2 31 #$4($05 "! /"#: 0"715#B 31 /8308 58$ !#$$ (#"-343"1 "! 4$#-30$4 34 "!!$#$2 712$# 58$ 4&'$ 0"12353"14 &4 ($#!"#'$2 5$'("#)B "1 354 5$##35"#B+ H$$ "1 5834 '&55$# 58$ 315$#$45316 Ȓ)$ KB 58"4$ /8308 58$ 0"715#B 3'("4$4 "1 354 "/1 1&53"1&)4+ Q+ J&-#3234. RR 5&08$'$15 2$4 5#&-&3))$7#4 2&14 )S=13"1 $7#"( $11$9 )$ _76$ 1&53"1&). &#K35#$ "7 4"7'34 &7 (#3103($ 27 (&B4 2S"#3631$ ` g"''$15&3#$ 47# )S&##5 s3$#$ 2$ )& 255 D874 35 34 & X7$453"1 "! $147#316 58&5 0"'(&13$4 58&5 03#07)&5$ !"# 58$ (7#("4$4 "! g"7# 2$ _74530$ >A[ e&17&#B A\\[. g&4$ gEA^\b*S. e+D+D+ 1"+ ]Lc. A\\[. ((+ AAbEACC+ $0"1"'30 &053-35B &#$ 1"5 3'($2$2 KB &1B #$67)&53"1 31 58$ 8"45 0"715#B+ D" (#$-$15 58$ 4$#-30$ (#"-32$# !#"' 74316 834 45&!! 5" !7)\) & 0"15#&05 "K5&31$2 31 &1"58$# J$' - 257 FO,. RO&K"7# F14($053"1 31 <7#"($9 =12$0)&#$2 k"#:. J36#&53"1. D#&!\0:316S. l$ - K$# H5&5$ R2340#3'31&5$4 &6&3145 58&5 ($#4"1 31 #$)&53"1 5" 834 0"'($535"#4 $45&K)348$2 1$-&. e&17&#B A\?\. (+A\+ 31 58$ 8"45 0"715#B /8" &#$ &K)$ 5" 74$ 58$3# "/1 45&!! /358"75 #$45#3053"1S > ------» » » » &6#$$'$154 "# &#K35#&53"1 &/ "! 6$1$#&) &(()30&53"16$1$#&) "! &/ &#K35#&53"1 "# &6#$$'$154 or administative provisions – or in some cases in collective 8 075B 8# 5$ ": 4 $1 (#"'2 a 8"45 country) >a ($#!"#'$2 K$316 34 /"#: 58$ /8$#$ 0"715#B 58$ in protection minimum of rules mandatory of nucleus sic K&& /358 0"'()B '745 H5&5$ J$'K$# &1"58$# "! #35"#B 5$#58$ "1 K&434 5$'("#&#B & "1 /"#: 5" "#2$# 31 /"#:$#4 4$0"124 58&5 H5&5$ J$'K$# & 31 $45&K)348$2 g"'(&13$4 4$0"12'$15+ 58$ "! 27#&53"1 58$ !"# '&315&31$2 K$ '745 /"#:$# "12$2 4$058$ &12 $'()"B$# K$5/$$1 #$)&53"1483( /"#:316 D8$ 265 264 266 269 268 267 /8$#$ 58$0"145#7053"14$05"#340"10$#1$2 plied ap- be may these origin, of country the in favourable more &#$ (&B'$15 "! 5$#'4 &12 0"12353"14 /"#:316 58$ 3! 58&5 !"#'&53"1 0"10$#1316 58$3# /"#:316 &12 $'()"B'$15 0"1 in- to access and cooperation administrative of area the in '$&47#$4 5&:$ 5" #$X73#$2 &)4" &#$ H5&5$4 J$'K$# M31&))B. ing D8$ 170)$74 "! '313'7' #$67)&53"14 0"10$#14 58$ !"))"/ » » » provided for in certain cases R$#"6&53"14 !#"' 5834 170)$74 "! #$67)&53"14 &#$. 8"/$-$#. G#530)$C."?"!R3#$053-$ ][^h?^ 78 *79 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS ditions 270 , something that has proven to be problematic in conditions, and their violation is a criminal offence 277 + M&3) - (#&0530$+ 7#$ 5" 0"'()B /358 58$4$ 0"12353"14 34 &'"16 58$ $)$'$154 5&:$1 315" &00"715 KB S$)63&1 _72303&) &758"#353$4 /8$1 F1 S$)637'. 5834 R3#$053-$ /&4 5#&14("4$2 KB 58$ O&/ "! 2$5$#'31316 /8$58$# & 63-$1 0&4$ 34 "1$ /8$#$ /"#:316 5 March 2002 271 + D834 )&/ 2$\1$4 58$ 1"53"1 "! 4$0"12 - conditions are contrary to human dignity, thus constitut- ment 272 &12 58$ /"#:$#4 5" /8"' 35 &(()3$4+ D8$4$ &#$ 316 87'&1 5#&!\0:316 278 + $'()"B$$4. 58&5 34. ($#4"14 /8" 712$# 0"15#&05 (#"-32$ their labour in exchange for remuneration and under the authority of the company that is seconding them AhC + k"#: - B. C2$\10:*2",#%":4*2)E#*'#*!"#2&+:"&")*4*2')#'$#C2%"1 - $#4 4$0"12$2 KB & 0"'(&1B $45&K)348$2 31 & J$'K$# H5&5$ *2("#853O-3@/#4)=#*!"#%",*%21*2("#2)*"%+%"*4*2')#'$#*!"# of the European Economic Area (EEA) are, regardless of European Court of Justice their nationality, exempted from the obligation of obtain- 316 & /"#: ($#'35+ F! 58$ 4$0"12$2 /"#:$#4 &#$ 1&53"1&)4 <7#"($&1 R3#$053-$ ][^h?^ 270 H$$ G#530)$ L "! R3#$053-$ ][^h?^ 271 O&/ "! b J A\\A 5#&14("4316 R3#$053-$ ][^h?^ FO,. RO&K"7# 314($053"1 31 <7#"($9 712$0)&#$2 /"#:. '36#&53"1. 5#&!\0:316S. k"#:316 ,1 5834 ("315. 4$$ FO,. RO&K"7# F14($053"1 31 <7#"($9 =12$0)&#$2 k"#:. J36#&53"1. k"#:. =12$0)&#$2 <7#"($9 31 F14($053"1 RO&K"7# FO,. 4$$ ("315. 5834 ,1 H$$ "1 5834 '&55$# 58$ T$("#5 KB 58$ g"''3443"1 45&!!. g,J>A\\[* ?b] \1&). ((+ ?\E((+ \1&). ?b] g,J>A\\[* 45&!!. g"''3443"1 58$ KB T$("#5 58$ '&55$# 5834 "1 H$$ 1 $' " 0"$&31 $/$ 15"& &2'31345#& 1&53"1&) K$5/$$1 0""($#&53"1 "! 5$#'4 31 as regards the procedures for access to information on information to access for procedures the regards as (see Chapter2ongoodandbadpractices) 4357&53"1 8&-$. 58$ 3'(#"-$ 5" "#2$# '$&47#$4 31 5&:$1 K$$1 n"74 8"/$-$#. \$)2*+ 58$ 31 "K4$#-$2 )$'4 by the Directivethe by governed domains the in inspections labour and tions H5&5$4 J$'K$# 8"45 31 0"12353"14 $'()"B'$15 &12 /"#:316 D#&!\0:316S. k"#:316R"07'$15 17'K$#h.e&17&#BA\?\.(+A\EAC+ >A\\[^A\Cc>FNF*+/"#:$#4 "! ("45316 58$ "1 ][^h?^ 287 , the Commission none- 286 + F1 + 291 ------+ 80 *81 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS In its resolution, the Parliament exhorts the Member ($&1 =13"1 $15$#$2 315" !"#0$9 T$67)&53"1 N" ccC^A\\L 297 H5&5$4 &12 58$ g"''3443"1 5" 5&:$ '$&47#$4 &6&3145 and its implementing Regulation No 987/2009 298 + D8$4$ &K74$4 &12 31 (ᒻ)&# &6&3145 R)$55$#K"% 0"'(&13$4S. Regulations replace the previous ones as regards the re- /8308 0"12705 1" #$&) &053-35B 31 58$ 0"715#B "! "#3631 K75 )&53"14 &'"16 <= J$'K$# H5&5$4+ G 5#&14353"1&) ($#3"2 /$#$ 0#$&5$2 31 "#2$# 5" &-"32 8&-316 5" &(()B 58$ #7)$4 8&4 K$$1 (#"-32$2 !"#. 8"/$-$#. 31 /8308 58$ ($#4"14 0"1 - of the host country, notably as regards salaries and living cerned remain subject to the social legislation determined conditions 292 + k$ /3)) #$57#1 5" &22#$44 58$4$ !#&727)$15 31 &00"2&10$ /358 58$ (#"-343"14 "! 58$ !"#'$# T$67)&53"1. secondments in greater detail under the point devoted to 7( 5" & '&%3'7' ($#3"2 "! 5$1 B$. 58&5 34. 7153) C\ G(#3) (#"K)$'4 "K4$#-$2 31 58$ \$)2. &4 /$)) &4 31 58$ 08&(5$# "1 2020 299 + Q$#4"14 31 5834 4357&53"1 '&B. 8"/$-$#. #$X7$45 & 6""2 &12 K&2 (#&0530$4+ 08&16$ 31 &(()30&K)$ )$634)&53"1+ Evidence that one has maintained one’s membership in the 3.1.2. 9"1')=&")*#4)=#,'124:#,"10%2*<#:"E2,:4*2') social security scheme of one’s home country is provided KB '$&14 "! 58$ G? 712$# 58$ 1$/ T$67 - As regards social security, the fundamental principle is )&53"1*+ F1 (#&0530$. 58$ 314($053"1 4$#-30$4 '&B !"# '&1B 58&5 & /"#:$# /8" '"-$4 &#"712 58$ <7#"($&1 =13"1 34 more years encounter persons subject to either the old or 47K_$05 5" & 4316)$ 4"03&) 4$07#35B )$634)&53"1+ D8$ (#$-&3) - 58$ 1$/ #$67)&53"1. 2$($12316 "1 58$ 4357&53"1+ D834 34 1"5 ing principle is that of the unity of the applicable legisla- 6"316 5" !&03)35&5$ 314($053"14. (ᒻ)&#)B /358 #$6 5" 53"1+ =153) ? J&B A\?\. 35 /&4 <= T$67)&53"1 N" L\c^h? A]C 0$#5&31 (#"K)$'4 )31:$2 5" 58$ 4$$ ("315 that set out the rules applicable in this area, supplemented C+C+? K$)"/*+ by implementing Regulation No 574/72 294 + D8$ T$67)&53"1 applies to legislation governing the traditional branches of J"#$"-$#. 58$ 1$/ T$67)&53"1 (#"-32$4 $%(#$44)B !"# $)$0 - social security 295 + 5#"130 $%08&16$ "! 2&5& &'"16 58$ J$'K$# H5&5$4+ D834 4B45$' 8&4 B$5 5" K$ (75 31 ()&0$+ >4$$ K$)"/ g8&(5$# A "1 As a rule, the applicable social security legislation is the 6""2 (#&0530$4*+ "1$ 31 !"#0$ 31 58$ H5&5$ /8$#$ 58$ /"#:$# ($#!"#'4 834 activity 296 + D834 34 :1"/1 &4 58$ (#3103()$ "! R lex loci laboris S+ N$-$#58$)$44. 58$ (#"K)$'4 32$153\$2 &12 58$ (#&0530&) 3) - H$0"12'$15 34 &1 $%0$(53"1 5" 5834 K&430 (#3103()$+ F1 5834 )745#&53"14 #$)&5$2 5" 58$ (#$-3"74 T$67)&53"1 /3)) K$ 58$ 0&4$. 58$ &3' 34 5" $147#$ 58&5 58$ ("45$2 /"#:$# 0"15317$4 '&31 !"074 "! "7# &55$153"1+ 5" K$1$\5 !#"' 58$ 4"03&) 4$07#35B 408$'$ "! 834 0"715#B "! origin, in order to avoid having to pay social security con- 5#3K753"14 5/30$+ H310$ ? J&B A\?\. 5/" 1$/ T$67)&53"14 0""#231&5316 58$ 4"03&) 4$07#35B )$634)&53"1 "! J$'K$# H5&5$4 "! 58$ <7#" - 292 H$$ ("315 CA "! 58$ T$4")753"1+ A]C Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of the Council of 14 June 1971 on the application of social 4$07#35B 408$'$4 5" $'()"B$2 ($#4"14 &12 58$3# !&'3)3$4 '"-316 /35831 58$ g"''7 - 135B. ,+e+ O ?L] "! b e7)B ?]h?+ D834 T$67)&53"1 >&12 354 3'()$'$15316 #$67)&53"1* /$#$ )&5$# &'$12$2 &12 7(2&5$2 4$-$#&) 53'$4+ M"# & 0"14")32&5$2 -$#43"1. 4$$ 58$ /$K435$9 ///+0)$344+!# 294 T$67)&53"1>< prior membership in the social security scheme: before scheme: security social the in membership prior (#"83K353"1 "1 #$()&0$'$159 & /"#:$# '&B 1"5 K$ 4$15 K$ 1"5 '&B /"#:$# & #$()&0$'$159 "1 (#"83K353"1 '&315$1&10$ "! &1 "#6&134&53"1&) )31:+ R7#316 58$ 4$058$ R7#316 )31:+ "#6&134&53"1&) &1 "! 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T$67)&53"1 ?L\c^h?* &12 Q#&0530&) #$'&31. 5" 6#&15 &1 $%$'(53"1 !"# 5" & )"16$# /348$4 ($#3"2. /8$58$# !"# /"#:$# (7#("4$4 "! 58$ $'()"B'$15 )$634)&53"1 /8"4$ 712$# H5&5$ J$'K$# 58$ "! &758"#35B ($5$15 C\A C\\ + : ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=1848&langId=en C\? + G1 $%$'(53"1 !"# & )"16$# & !"# $%$'(53"1 G1 + ------is stillregisteredasunemployedinhisorhercountryoforigi +#-6'$**$-6&;&-+0' 7$((&-'+7$+'$'8!*:&*0'87#%&'8!*:#-6'8#+7#-'$'(! !' #\&.A'1+';#67+'$% +#-6'"!;($-=';#67+'<&'9$% # '$((%#"$<%&'+!'+7&'(! tion certifying a worker’s enrolment in a social security scheme which +$-"&0'+7&'.&"%$*$ !"#$%'9*$).A'B!*'#- '!9' +#+)+&'9!*; %#:&8# &'"!- +&C+'!9'(! +#-60'.#99&*&-+'9!*; '!9')-.&"%$*&.'8!*:';#67+'!"")*'87#"7' take part in the domestic market where they are registered. In the con- not considered legal since entities such as letter box companies do not workers were employed as opposed to posted. These arrangements are %!8&*'8$6& '$-.' !"#$%'<&-&\+ '"!;($*&.'+!'+7! &'+7$+'8!)%.'$((%='#9' offering and workers ‘posting’ of purpose the for created sometimes 0'9!*'&C$;(%&0'$*&' +'"!)-+*=A'L&++&*' This condition applies to any situation of secondment, and not only, as before, to cases 83#316 4"'$"1$/358&-3$/5"4$0"12'$15. & 0"15317"744$#3$4"!4$0"12'$154+ R"07'$15 17'K$#h.e&17&#BA\?\.(+A\+ T$67)&53"1 ccC^A\\L&12 G#530)$?L"!T$67)&53"1]ch^A\\]*+ "! ?A G#530)$ >4$$ 23#$05)B 58$' 4$0"12 5" "#2$# 31 /"#:$#4 #$0#735 /8" $'()"B$#4 "! C\b + J"#$"-$#. /8$#$ /"#:$#4 &#$ 83#$2 31 "#2$# 5" K$ 5" "#2$# 31 83#$2 &#$ /"#:$#4 /8$#$ J"#$"-$#. + n C\C 304 + f$5 + AQ ------82 *83 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS month, and must continue to maintain an organisational 631*. #$6)$44 "! 58$ 1&57#$ "! 58$ /"#: >&4 &1 $'()"B$2 )31: /358 58$ ("45316 0"'(&1B C\[ + /"#:$# "# 1"5* K$316 ($#!"#'$2 5$'("#)B 31 58$ "58$# J$'K$# H5&5$+ The practice of a series of successive postings refers to a 4357&53"1 /8$#$ & ("45$2 /"#:$# &5 & 0"'(&1B 31 58$ 8"45 D" K$ &K)$ 5" K$1$\5 !#"' 58$ 4$0"12'$15 #7)$. 58$ g"7#5 country is then further seconded by the original company 4($03\$2. 8"/$-$#. 58&5 58$ ($#4"1 31 X7$453"1 '745 to one or more other companies in the same destination R1"#'&))BS$16&6$ 31 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#: "1 58$ 5$##35"#B "! 0"715#B+ D8$ 4&'$ 34 5#7$ /8$1 & /"#:$# 0&##3$4 "75 /"#: & J$'K$# H5&5$+ D8$ ($#4"1 '745 58$#$!"#$ &)#$&2B 8&-$ successively in different host countries C\h + 0&##3$2 "75 834 &053-35B !"# 4"'$ 53'$ K$!"#$ 8$ /348$4 5" 31-":$ 58$ #7)$4 6"-$#1316 4$0"12'$15+ P$ '745 &)4". !"# the entire period of the secondment, continue to main- 3.2. ‘Self-secondment’ of self-employed 5&31. 31 834 H5&5$ "! "#3631. 58$ 1$0$44&#B '$&14 5" 0&##B workers on his activity so as to be in a position to pursue it upon his return C?? + D8$4$ '$&14 0"14345. !"# 3145&10$. "! 58$ 74$ H$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 $45&K)348$2 31 &1"58$# J$' - "! "!\0$4. (&B'$15 "! 4"03&) 4$07#35B 0"15#3K753"14 &12 "! K$# H5&5$ "! 58$ <7#"($&1 =13"1 '&B &)4" $15$# &1"58$# 5&%$4. $50+. 31 58$ H5&5$ "! "#3631+ 0"715#B 5$'("#)B 5" 0&##B "75 /"#: "1 K$8&)! "! & 0"E 0"15#&05"#. &12 5874 5" (#&0530$ R4$)!E4$0"12'$15S+ G4 #$ - These conditions are formulated more explicitly in the gards social security, they remain subject to the legisla- 1$/ T$67)&53"1 &(()30&K)$ !#"' ? May 2010 C?A + J"#$"-$#. tion of their country of origin provided the period of their 58$ 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$# '745. 31 "#2$# 5" K$ 4$0"12$2. 4$0"12'$15 2"$4 1"5 $%0$$2 ?A '"1584 >#$1$/&K)$ "10$* ($#!"#' /"#: "! 58$ 4&'$ 5B($ 31 58$ 8"45 0"715#B C?C + >AL '"1584 712$# 58$ 1$/ T$67)&53"1* C\c + G4 31 58$ 0&4$ "! $'()"B$2 /"#:$#4. 35 34 ("443K)$ 5" "K5&31 2$#"6&53"14 F1 (#&0530$. 8"/$-$#. 35 34 "!5$1 58$ 0&4$ 58&5 R4$)!E4$0"12 - 58&5 &))"/ !"# & )"16$# 4$0"12'$15+ O3:$/34$. '&315&31 - $2S 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 /8" 0"'$ 5" /"#: 31 S$)637' ing one’s membership in the social security scheme of the 31 !&05 ($#!"#' 58$3# /"#: 712$# 58$ &758"#35B "! &1 $' - country of origin is demonstrated by means of the E101 cer- ()"B$# &12 \12 58$'4$)-$4 31 & 4357&53"1 "! K"674 4$)!E 53\0&5$ >G? 712$# 58$ 1$/ T$67)&53"1*+ $'()"B'$15+ C?L ,1$ "! 58$ 23!\07)53$4 58&5 "$4 /358 58$ 4$0"12'$15 "! k$ 8&-$ &)#$&2B '$153"1$2 31 5834 #$6 58$ OFJ,HG 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 8&4 5" 2" /358 58$ 2$\1353"1 "! system of mandatory prior declaration, in effect since 1 R/"#:S 74$2 5" 2$5$#'31$ 58$ &(()30&K)$ )$634)&53"1+ D8$ G(#3) A\\h+ D834 4B45$'. &(()30&K)$ K"58 5" 4$0"12$2 $' - European Court of Justice has already had occasion to ()"B$$4 &12 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$#4 C?b , appears to be one #7)$ "1 58$ '&55$#+ D874. 31 & _726'$15 2&5$2 C\ J "! 58$ /&B4 5" (#$-$15 /"#:316 &4 & K"674 4$)!E$'()"B$2 2000 C\] . 35 4($03\$2 58&5 58$ 0"10$(5 "! /"#: '745 K$ /"#:$# 712$# 58$ !#$$ '"-$'$15 "! 4$#-30$4 &12 5" 0"' - 63-$1 & -$#B /32$ 315$#(#$5&53"19 58$ 5$#' &(()3$4 /358 - bat social fraud and dumping practices C?[ + M"# 4$0"12$2 "75 234531053"1 5" &1B ($#!"#'&10$ "! /"#:. /8$58$# &4 $'()"B$$4. 58$ $'()"B$# '&:$4 5834 2$0)&#&53"1 $)$05#"13 - an employee or as a self-employed person C?\ + D834 '$&14 31 (#&0530$ 58&5 & 4$)!E$'()"B$2 /"#:$# 0&1 5&:$ &2-&15&6$ C?? H$$ R+ l8&3)&13. "(+035+. (+ A\+ of provisions governing secondment (and thus to remain a C?A D8$ #$X73#$'$15 58&5 & ($#4"1 8&4 (7#47$2 834 &053-35B !"# 4"'$ 53'$. &12 58&5 58$ member of the social security scheme in his country of ori- ($#4"1 0"15317$4 5" !7)\) 58$ #$X73#$'$154 !"# 58$ (7#4735 "! 834 &053-35B 31 58$ 8"'$ H5&5$ 34 5874 0)$&#)B !"#'7)&5$2 >4$$ G#530)$ ?L. C "! T$67)&53"1 ]ch^A\\]*+ C?C G#530)$ ?L. L "! T$67)&53"1 ]ch^A\\] 5874 4($03\$4 58&5 "1$ 1$$24 5" 5&:$ 315" 0"1 - C\[ Decision A2 of 12 June 1999 of the Administrative Commission for the Coordination of sideration the real nature of the activity, and not its designation as employed or self- H"03&) H$07#35B HB45$'4 0"10$#1316 58$ 315$#(#$5&53"1 "! G#530)$ ?A "! T$67)&53"1 > C?\ D834 34 &)) 58$ '"#$ #$)$-&15 /8$1 58$ /"#: 0&##3$2 "75 KB 58$ ($#4"1 31 X7$453"1 34 C?[ RD#&-&3) 312 ($12&15 $5 !&7% 5#&-&3) 312 ($12&15 2&14 )$ 4$05$7# 2$ )& 0"145#7053"1 &7 0"1432$#$2 1"5 5" K$ $'()"B'$15 31 58$ \#45 H5&5$ K75 &4 $'()"B'$15 31 58$ "58$# 4$31 2$ )S=13"1 $7#"( $11$. =1$ 572$ 0"'(&#&53-$ 2$ ?? <5&54 '$'K#$4F. "(+035+. (+C\+ H5&5$+ H$$ &)4" g8&(5$# A "1 6""2 (#&0530$4+ at thenationalandEuropeanlevel’ &2'31345#&53"1 (7K)30 "! 71354 "58$# /358 48&#$2 K$ 57#1 31 0&1 /8308 2&5&K&4$4. "# #$6345#3$4 0""#231&5$2 "! '$15 '&1&6$&12 0#$&53"1 58$ '$&14 D834 /"#:$#4*+ '36#&15 move- '$15 "! &2 8"0 0&5$6"#3$4 "! /"#:$#4 >$+6+ ("45$2 /"#:$#4. the and enterprises on information accurate and appropriate collecting to dedicated human) and nancial >\#$4"7#0$4 310#$&4$ R5" 8"/$-$#9 #$0"''$124. FO, D8$ /"#:$#4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 4$0"12'$15 K"674 "!5$1 &#$ 58$4$ 58&5 4$$'4 F5 408$'$+ & 712$# 4" 232 A\\c 31 S$)637' 31 8&-316 /"#:$2 /"#:$#4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 "! 17'K$# )$ G 53"14+ 2$0)&#&&)) "! o c &#"712 !"# &00"715 /"#:$#4 $'()"B$2 H$)!ET"'&13&14+ &12 S7)6&14 Q")$4. 58$ /$#$ /"#:$#4 represented nationalities among the foreign self-employed X73#$'$15 5" :$$( 0$#5&31 4"03&) #$0"#244"03&) 0$#5&31 :$$( 5" X73#$'$15 5 #41. 8# 3 & #K$ /5 401$ 4$)!E$' 4$0"12$2 /358 ()"B$2 ($#4"14 /8" 0"'$ 5" /"#: (#"K)$' 31 58$ 0"145#7053"1 4$0 & 34 58$#$ (#$4$15. G5 Illustration: the to cally ? FO,. RO&K"7# F14($053"1 31 <7#"($9 =12$0)&#$2 k"#:. J36#&53"1. D#&!\0:316S. k"#: C?] R=<9 O& S$)63X7$ &0074 $ 2S$15#&-$4 &7% 312 ($12&154F. O$ H"3#. D87#42&B. C e71$ A\?\+ C?c H$$G#530)$4?LA5"?Lc "!58$Q#"6#&''$O&/ AhR$0$'K$#A\\[+ C?h CAA D8$ #$("#5 >3K32+. (+?C\* 1"5$4 31 5834 #$6 58&5 58$ (5$4 $15$# 315" & 0"15#&05 58&5 0"15#&05 & 315" $15$# (5$4 58$ 58&5 #$6 5834 31 1"5$4 (+?C\* >3K32+. #$("#5 D8$ CAA H$$ >?\L*+ 315$#14 4$)!E$'()"B$2 &12 >?+\Cc* 315$#14 0"10$#1 0&5$6"#3$4 "58$# D8$ CA? CA\ the freedomtoprovideservices this on '&55$#. _726316 58&5 Justice 35 /&4 58$#$KB ()&0316 & #$45#3053"1 "1 of Court the before Belgium challenged #$0$15)B g"''3443"1 <7#"($&1 D8$ S$)637'+ 31 &053-353$4 K$631 0&1 /"#:$# 4$)!E$'()"B$2 58$ K$!"#$ '&2$ K$ '745 to cally $)$05#"13'&2$ 34 2$0)&#&53"1 5834 /"#:$#4. 4$)!E$'()"B$2 1 ?.] 4)E')B2 /"#:$#4 4$)!E$'()"B$2 ?].c][ &12 ($#4"14 $'()"B$2 /$#$ A\C.c[h /8308 "! 4B45$'. J,HG OF 58$ 315" $15$#$2 /$#$ 2$0)&#&53"14 AAL.]\b A\\c. F1 58$ OFJ,HG4B45$'&4&1$%&'()$"!6""2(#&0530$ /"#:$#4 &4/$))'"135"#316 "!/"#:3160"12353"14&12#$'71$#&53"1+ does not correspond to reality in order to evade administrative obligations imposed for H"03&) R3&)"67$.(+?A]E?C\+&12 O&K"7# <'()"B'$15. MQH T$("#5 G053-35B A\\c H$#-30$. F14($053"1 O&/4 H"03&) (+?h]E?c\+J36#&53"1. "1 #$("#5 A\\] g$15#$S4 58$ 31 )S$%()"35&53"1S 0"15#$ )755$ $5 0"1"'3X7$ 316 R"07'$1517'K$#h.e&17&#BA\?\.(+b+ Ibid. . (+?\ &12 ?b+ F1 58$ 4&'$ -$31. 4$$ &)4" 58$ 0"15#3K753"1 KB O72" S$0: RJ36#&53"1 S$0: O72" KB 0"15#3K753"1 58$ &)4" 4$$ -$31. 4&'$ 58$ F1 ?b+ &12 (+?\ . CAA INASTI + ONSS F (30($ 53 $$5"3 2$0)&#&53"1 $)$05#"130 5834 (#3103()$. F1 + + P$ 34. &4 & #$47)5. $%$'(5$2 !#"' 58$ #$58$ !#"' $%$'(5$2 #$47)5. & &4 34. P$ + C?c + C?] CA? + F5#$!$#4$%()3035)B5" D$ "5 /32$)B '"45 D8$ + C?h + M"# 4$0"12$2 M"# + CA\ + ------3.3.1. 3.3.1. 3.3. inthe!eldProblems observed 58$4$ 4"#54"!(#&0530$4#34:8&#'316$-$B"1$+ 0"'($5353"1. 71!&3# #$47)5316 58$ "! S$0&74$ (8$1"'$1"1+ 5834 /358 2$&) 5" 8$)()$44 "!5$1 34 F14($05"#&5$ H"03&) 58$ K75 5834. &K"75 0"'()&31 #7)$4 58$ !"))"/ /8" 5#$(#$1$7#4 <1S$)637'+ 5" 4$0"12$2 K$ 5" "#2$# 31 ($#4"14. ()"B$2 self-em- as arrangement subcontracting a of context the in Germany in or Netherlands the in agency employment 5$'("#&#B & KB #$0#735$2 &#$ D8$B 8"7#+ &1 b <=T !"# 5"# A Q#&0530&) l732$ !"# 58$ Q"45316 "! k"#:$#4 31 58$ J$'K$# H5&5$4 "! 58$ <7#"($&1 =1CAL bL@ &12 bC ("3154 FEA\\b. (+ T$0+. . "58$#4 &12 S&1:4 gE?hc^]h. A\\\. J C\ CC? D834 34 58$ G2'31345#&53-$ g"''3443"1 !"# 58$ 4"03&) 4$07#35B "! '36#&15 /"#:$#4+ F1 practice, it seems that this administrative commission does not play its role of mediator >RD#&-&3) 312 ($12&15 $5 !&7% 5#&-&3) 312 ($12&15 2&14 )$ 4$05$7# 2$ )& 0"145#7053"1 &7 4$31 2$ )S=13"1 $7#"( $11$. =1$ 572$ 0"'(&#&53-$ 2$ ?? <5&54 '$'K#$4S. KB f+ e"#$14. =13-$#435B "! l8$15. A\\]. (+AC*+ CAb F1 5834 #$6. 4$$ g+ n34 2$ S"0&#'$. RQ"7# 71$ (")353X7$ 315 6# $ 2$ )755$ 0"15#$ CCA Ibid. . (+Ab+ )& !#&72$S. "($1316 4($$08 !"# 58$ #$"($1316 "! 58$ O&K"7# g"7#5 "! O3 6$. e+D+D+. A\\c. (+Lb]+ CCC f+ e"#$14 &12 D+ n&1 S7B12$#. <%($#5 T$("#54. RH$)!E$'()"B'$15 &12 K"674 4$)!E $'()"B'$15 31 58$ 0"145#7053"1 312745#B 31 S$)637'S. M$K#7&#B A\\]. (+ ?\+ n"74 CA[ H$$ 58$ M35;/3))3&' > L >0&4$#$-3$/*.("315A+L+. (+[cE[]+ 43$# S >0&4$ "! &1 F5&)3&1 5#&14("#5 0"'(&1B )31:$2 5" 58$ '&\&*. ((+ LAELC &12 g8&(5$# 53"14 "!5834#$("#5+ Ibid. . (+ ?h+ H$$ &)4" g8&(5$# A "1 6""2 (#&0530$4. &4 /$)) &4 58$ \1&) #$0"''$12&\1&) 58$ &4 /$)) &4 (#&0530$4. 6""2 "1 A g8&(5$# &)4" H$$ ?h+ (+ . CCh + D834 /&4 & /&4 D834 + CC[ + ------posed’ im- sanction the and conducted is inspection the time the K$5/$$1 $%345 5" P0$&4$4Q $15$#(#34$ 58$ /8$1 34 08&))$16$ G1"58$# 408$'$+ )3&K3)35B _"315 1" 34 58$#$ 4310$ K753"14 contri- security social unpaid of recovery the for actions (#$-$154 47K0"15#&05316 /8$#$ 3145&10$. !"# S$)637'. 31 0&4$ 58$ K$$1 8&4 D834 0"'()3&10$+ &-"32316 "! (7#("4$ very the for subcontracting in engage might enterprises RH"'$ 58&59 #$6 5834 31 1"5$4 FO, D8$ /"#:$#4+ '36#&15 of exploitation the facilitate to and practices dubious ous -%( 0"-$# 5" 4$#-$ 5874 0&1 /"#:$#4*. 4$)!E$'()"B$2 evcs f eprr epomn agencies employment temporary of services the using subcontracting subcontracting, of chain long a as (such arrangements complex most the under often ers, $'1 #18 F g'&3 >5)* 4-#) \05353"74 0"'(&13$4 /$#$!"712.&)))31:$25"$&08"58$#+ 4$-$#&) >F5&)B*. g&'(&13& F1 K#&108+ l$#'&1 the by spotted irregularities of grounds the on launched /&4 31-$4536&53"1 F5&)3&1 D8$ '3))3"1+ L <=T involving 58&1 '"#$ fraud on light shed Italy in investigation The 5&% &758"#353$4+ F5&)3&1 58$ "! 0"'($5$10$ 58$ 34 3145&10$. !"# !#&72. nGD )&/+ F5&)3&1 5" 47K_$05 &)) &#$ D8$B S$)637'+ 31 0"''355$2 K$$1 8&-$ 5" !"712 /&4 "!!$10$ 5&% 1" S75 &758"#353$4+ 5&% inspector (inspector )&K"7# D8$ 0"'($5353"1+ 71!&3# "! 6#"7124 "1 0"'()&315 & )"26$2 K&1:#7(5. (#&0530&))B 34 /8308 0"'(&1B. G1"58$# C A\\c G053-35B T$("#5 "! 58$ H"03&) O&/4 F14($053"1 H$#-30$ "! 58$ S$)63&1 MQH <'()"B CCc in practices of social dumping engaged be to companies foreign these consider even can /$ 0&4$4. 4$-$#&) F1 0"'($5353"1+ 71!&3# "! !"#'4 -"74 /358 8&12 31 8&12 6"$4 "!5$1 (8$1"'$1"1 D8$ S$)637'+ /358 & 45$&2B 310#$&4$ 31 &053-353$4 KB !"#$361 0"'(&13$4 31 !&0$2 /$#$ 4$#-30$4 314($053"1 58$ B$. !$/ (&45 58$ F1 3.3.2. CL\ FO,. RO&K"7# F14($053"1 31 <7#"($9 =12$0)&#$2 k"#:. J36#&53"1. 5#&!\0:316S. k"#:5#&!\0:316S. J36#&53"1. k"#:. =12$0)&#$2 <7#"($9 31 F14($053"1 RO&K"7# FO,. CL\ /8". O3587&13&1. & 5" 47K0"15#&054 $15#$(#$1$7# (#3103(&) Q"#5767$4$ & 3145&10$. M"# CC] '$5&) '&17!&057#316. /$ &)4" \12 ("45$2 /"#:$#4 31 58$ 31 /"#:$#4 ("45$2 \12 &)4" /$ '&17!&057#316. '$5&) &12 4$05"# 0"145#7053"1 58$ 5" &22353"1 F1 4$0"12'$15+ "! f$5 '"#$ &12 '"#$ 4$05"#4 &#$ 31-")-$2 31 58$ (8$1"'$1"1 -3& & Q")348 5$'("#&#B &6$10B. $16&6$4 31 /"#: "1 & S$)63&1 0"145#7053"1 435$ /358 435$ 0"145#7053"1 =:#&313&1 /"#:$#4+ S$)63&1 & "1 /"#: 31 $16&6$4 &6$10B. 5$'("#&#B Q")348 & -3& '$15. O&K"7#&12H"03&)R3&)"67$.(+??h+ 316 R"07'$1517'K$#h. e&17&#BA\?\.(+?]+ T%40=#2)(':(2)E#,"1')=&")*, CL\ + auditeur de travailde auditeur ) has submited the case to the to case the submited has ) CCc + D8$ 4$0"12'$15 "! /"#: CC] r bogus or - - - - 65#7#6O TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS HORECA industry, in agriculture and horticulture, secu- false E101 is produced during inspection, it is not easy rity services, cleaning and heavy-goods vehicle transport CL?+ 5" 2$5$05 58$ !#&72+ D834 /"7)2 8&-$ &4 & 0"14$X7$10$ 31 S$)637' >58$ 0"715#B /8$#$ 58$ /"#: 34 ($#!"#'$2* !"#$'0%#&42)#$'%&,#'$#$%40=#2)(':(2)E#,"1')=&")* 58&5 58$ /"#:$# /3)) K$ 0"1432$#$2 5" K$ K$1$\5316 !#"' social security in his country of origin, even though the ,1E435$ 08$0:4 8&-$ #$-$&)$2 -"74 (#"K)$'4+ M#&72 31 - (&B'$15 !"# 58$ /"#: 34 0"'()$5$)B 712$0)&#$2+ volving secondment is one of these CLA+ In some cases this 0+ H($03&) &##&16$'$1549 58$4$ &#$ !#&727)$15 4$0"12'$154 6&-$ #34$ 5" 31-$4536&53"14 "! 87'&1 5#&!\0:316 >4$$ 3))74 - via companies and subsidiaries that are established in 5#&53"1 K$)"/*+ F1 (#&0530$. 35 57#14 "75 58&5 4$0"12'$15 23!!$#$15 <7#"($&1 0"715#3$4+ D834 !#&72 6"$4 8&12 31 2"$4 1"5 &)/&B4 '$$5 58$ 0"12353"14 4$5 "75 31 T$67)&53"1 8&12 /358 !#&72 31-")-316 58$ 2$0)&#&53"1 "! /"#: ($# - (EEC) No1408/71 and Directive 96/71/EC, because the sec- !"#'$2+ >H$$ \67#$ "1 58$ 1$%5 (&6$+* "12$2 /"#:$# 34 1"5 R1"#'&))BS $'()"B$2 31 834 0"715#B "! 2+ M305353"74 4$0"12'$159 31 5834 0&4$. /"#:$#4 !#"' &1 - "#3631. "# 58&5 8$ 1" )"16$# 8&4 &1 "#6&134&53"1&) )31: /358 "58$# <= J$'K$# H5&5$ )3-$ ($#'&1$15)B 31 S$)637' 834 $'()"B$#+ >$+6+ '&1B Q")348 &12 Q"#5767$4$ 1&53"1&)4*. K75 &#$ \05353"74)B #$6345$#$2 /358 & !"#$361 0"'(&1B+ D8$B &#$ Moreover, the social security authorities may have serious 5874 4$0"12$2 5" S$)637' 712$# !&)4$ (#$'34$4+ H"'$ - grounds to believe that social security contributions are 53'$4 58$4$ 0"'(&13$4 &#$ 43'()B R)$55$# K"% 0"'(&13$4S K$316 $-&2$2. K75 8&-$ !$/ '$&14 5" )"": 315" 5834 !#&72 31 "# &#$ \05353"74)B K&4$2 &K#"&2+ F1 0$#5&31 40$1"4. the country of origin and put an end to it CLC + k$ 8&-$ &)4" these may be companies created abroad by a Belgian mentioned the problems related to verifying the E101 cer- 1&53"1&) 31 "#2$# 5" R4$)!E4$0"12S /"#:$#4 /8" &#$ 1"5 53\0&5$4+ F1 0&4$4 /8$#$ & 4$0"12'$15 8&4 K$$1 0&10$))$2 2$0)&#$2 &1B/8$#$+ by the issuing institution, the employer should be respon- 43K)$ !"# '&:316 58$ 0"15#3K753"14 31 58$ 0"715#B /8$#$ T2E0%"R#,'0%1"R#I))04:#H"+'%*#JSS6#'$#*!"#9'124:#U4>,#V),+"1 - 58$ /"#:$# 34 ($#!"#'316 /"#: >3+$+ 31 S$)637'*+ F1 5834 *2')#9"%(21"#'$#*!"#M":E24)#TW9#@&+:'<&")*K#U4D'0%#4)=#9'124:# C24:'E0"#X+.-J6Y 0&4$. /"#:$#4 '&B ($#8&(4 $1_"B #36854 31 S$)637'. K75 this does not necessarily mean that social security contri- butions are being paid CLL + In its 2008 Activity Report CLb . 58$ H"03&) O&/4 F14($053"1 H$#-30$ >gOH* 23453167348$2 !"7# 23!!$#$15 !"#'4 "! !#&72 involving secondment: &+ F10"'()$5$ 2$0)&#&53"1 "! 58$ /"#: ($#!"#'$29 58$ 4$0 - "12'$15 34 &##&16$2 0"##$05)B. K75 1"5 &)) 8"7#4 /"#:$2 are reported to the social security or tax authorities in 58$ /"#:$#S4 0"715#B "! "#3631+ D8$ 712$0)&#$2 /"#: 34 (&32 712$# 58$ 5&K)$+ K+ D8$ 4$0"12'$15 34 !&)43\$29 31 5834 0&4$. 58$#$ 34 1" &4 - 47#&10$ 58&5 58$ CL? A\\c G053-35B T$("#5 "! 58$ H"03&) O&/4 F14($053"1 H$#-30$. "(+ 035+. (+?AL+ CLA ,!! 48"#316 34 &1"58$# (#"K)$'+ F1 5834 0&4$. S$)63&1 0"'(&13$4 "($#&5$ 408$'$4 KB 0#$&5316 & 47K4323&#B 31 "1$ "! 58$ 1$/ <= J$'K$# H5&5$4. /358 58$ &3' "! #$270 - 316 58$3# "/1 S$)63&1 45&!! >$4($03&))B 31 58$ 315$#1&53"1&) 8$&-BE6""24 -$830)$ 5#&14 - ("#5 4$05"#*+ D8$ !"#$361 47K4323&#B 58$1 83#$4 /"#:$#4 /8" &#$ 4$0"12$2 5" S$)637'. 47(("4$2)B 31 "#2$# 5" /"#: 58$#$ &4 47K0"15#&05"#4 !"# 58$ S$)63&1 (&#$15 0"'(&1B+ P"/$-$#. 58$ /"#:316 0"12353"14 &12 5$#'4 "! (&B'$15 58$4$ 4$0"12$2 /"#:$#4 !&0$ &#$ "!5$1 )$44 &2-&15&6$"74 58&1 58"4$ "! 58$ S$)63&1 $'()"B$$4 /8" /"#: &)"16432$ 1 = execution of the contract in Belgirum 58$' >A\\c G053-35B T$("#5 "! 58$ H"03&) O&/4 F14($053"1 H$#-30$. "(+ 035+. (+??c*+ !"!#$[&'()!&#*+,(&+#,!-!./0)#1.,!2#*)1!0#3+!(4,.33!'*!56"! CLC As the employment is situated outside the borders of the country of origin, these insti- 5753"14 8&-$ 1" ("/$# "! "-$#43685+ > Ibid. . (+ ?A?*+ [&+'#*7!81!).(4!91!:;+& CLL Ibid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»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bid. -.= (:>RRJ>(E15+&8(1"!+$'&(+4:;"<+!,(:0<(0(%0$;<(0;;")0&3+(KR:+!(%$+4SL(5905(30&(!@&(0,( >( -./ $(1!$& ,3&4&(\4S($& \!4,S8( R,+3"&%4+&5( 1"!+$'&( #$0( ( -MN >(O+58(0,()+(90#+(,++&8(59+(+4 -.H H! : - -.J> - - - - » » 1#6#!I*64:%:#2# -M. (T>(I@+;+&,(0&%(T>(?$+;+40&8(":>(3$5>8(:>(SR> -M-( (SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5("1(59+(F"3$0;(B0),(C&,:+35$"&(F+!#$3+8(":>(3$5>8(:>RSN> -MS( -MR 43#-! &8! '2! ,+3"&%4+&5( $&#";#$&'( W!0@%( !$&',>( ;0Q"@!( I!0V$;$0&( 5$&+( ,6#2#(4#9! 3+,,$&'([&$5(K^?CWY^WCL(:@Q;$,9+%(0(&"5$3+("&(3;0&%+, 1*67#62! !"G5(59+(+&%("1(SNNJ8(59+(I+;'$0&(W$&0&3$0;(C&5+;;$'+&3+( "6'M&$&'(! &$$#%'$! *8! L&(%! Illustrations: n cniin ta ae otay o ua dgiy and dignity 3"@;%(3"&,5$5@5+(9@40&(5!01\3*$&' human to contrary are that conditions ing I+;'$0&(0@59"!$5$+,(5"(%+5+!4$&+()9+59+!(59+!+(0!+()"!* )"!*(+&#$!"&4+&58(0!+(0;;(+;+4+&5,(50*+&($&5"(033"@&5(Q<( ?+!4,("1(:0<4+&5(0&%()"!*$&'(3"&%$5$"&,8(0,()+;;(0,(59+( place Q<(!+'@;05$"&,("&()+;;YQ+$&'8(,01+5<(0&%(9+0;59($&(59+()"!* %+5+!4$&+%( 3"&%$5$"&,( 59+( )$59( 3"4:;<( &"5( %"( 5905( ,$5@05$"&,( $&( :@5( "15+&( 0!+( )"!*+!,( ,+3"&%+%( D"!+"#+!8( ]"!*$&'(5$4+A(C&(59$,(!+'0!%8(59+(F"3$0;(B0),(C&,:+3 F"3$0;(%"3@4+&5,A($&(:!035$3+8(59+,+(0!+("15+&(0Q,+&5>(C1( be mandatory to declared been have that agreements collective toral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b@F++( Ibid. -M- 8(:>(SN> > -MR> -MS> -M. > ------88 *89 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS is one of the many types of fraud being practiced in these sector but do not pay either company taxes or social con- 3$!3;+,>( 5!$Q@5$"&,>(?9+$!()"!*+!,(0!+(3;0&%+,5$&+()"!*+!,($;;+'0;;<( !+,$%$&'($&("@!(3"@&5!<>(?9+(3"&,+P@+&3+,("1(59+,+(1!0@%@ - ]+(P@"5+(9+!+($&(1@;;(59+(&"5$3+($&(P@+,5$"&(50*+&(1!"4(59+( lent structures are, notably, unfair competition and social ^?CWY^WCS,(0&&@0;(!+:"!58()9$39(0;,"(0::;$+,(5"(30,+,("1( %@4:$&'( K;")( ,0;0!$+,8( 0Q@,+,8( +\:;"$505$"&( "1( )"!*+!,8( 9@40&(5!01\3*$&'A( %0&'+!"@,()"!*$&'(3"&%$5$"&,L>(E&3+(59+(&@4Q+!("1(59+$!( 3!+%$5"!,( '!"),( 0&%( 59+( &"",+( Q+'$&,( 5"( 5$'95+&( 0!"@&%( RI!0V$;$0&(3;0&%+,5$&+()"!*+!(!$&',(40*+(@,+($&(:0!5$3@ - 59+,+(3"4:0&$+,8(59+<(0!+(+4:5$+%("@5>(?9+(%$!+35"!,i40& - lar of false documents and the fraudulent use of compa- 0'+!,(59+&(50*+("#+!("59+!(+\$,5$&'(3"4:0&$+,8(@&%+!(0& - &$+,>(I!0V$;$0&,(!+,$%$&'($;;+'0;<($&(I+;'$@4(0!+(!+3!@$5+%( other false Portuguese identity, so that the cycle can start $&("!%+!(5"()"!*("&(Q@$;%$&'(,$5+,($&(Z@!":+>(?9+,+($;;+'0;( 0;;( "#+!( 0'0$&>( ?9+( 033"@&5,( "1( 59+,+( 3"4:0&$+,( 0!+( 1+%( )"!*+!,( 0!+( ,+&5( 5"( "!5@'0;( )9+!+8( Q0,+%( "&( ;+0,+,( !+ - mainly by payments corresponding to the invoices for the ;05$&'(5"(%)+;;$&',($&(,40;;( "!5@'@+,+(5")&,(59+<8()$59( )"!*(:+!1"!4+%>(?9+,+(1@&%,(0!+()$59%!0)&($&(30,98(59@,( 59+(9+;:("1(59+$!(+4:;"<+!,8(!+'$,5+!()$59(59+( "!5@'@+,+( 40*$&'($5($4:",,$Q;+(5"(5!03+(59+$!(\&0;(%+,5$&05$"&(0&%( D$&$,5!<( "1( W$&0&3+>( G,( ,""&( 0,( 59+<( 0!+( !+'$,5+!+%8( 59+( +&0Q;$&'(59+(3"4:0&<(5"(:0<(59+(3;0&%+,5$&+()"!*1"!3+>( $;;+'0;( I!0V$;$0&( )"!*+!,( !+3+$#+( 0( P,"3$0;( ,+3@!$5<( 30!%Q( The latter, for its part, generally uses money remittance K^ W(30!%L(40%+("@5($&(59+$!(;+'0;(&04+>(]$59(59$,(30!%8( \!4,(5"(,+&%(4"&+<(9"4+(5"(I!0V$;>S -M/ 59+($;;+'0;(I!0V$;$0&()"!*+!,(!+5@!&(5"(I+;'$@4(Q+1"!+(Q+ - $&'(,+&5(5"()"!*("&(59+(Q@$;%$&'(,$5+,>(C&(I+;'$@48(Q0,+%( "&(59+$!(5!@+(I!0V$;$0&($%+&5$5<8("&+("!(4"!+(3"@&5+!1+$5+!,( ;$&*+%( 5"( 59+( +4:;"<+!( %!0)( @:( 0( 10;,+( "!5@'@+,+( !+,$ - %+&3+(:+!4$5($&5+&%+%(1"!(@,+(Q<(59+()"!*+!,>(?9$,(10;,+( N&%34&(%!86':9 %"3@4+&5($,(59+(PG@5"!$V03 "(%+(X+,$%&3$0(:+!40&+&5+Q( (permanent residence permit for foreigners), in this case C&(0%%$5$"&(5"(59+(%$1\3@;5$+,(!+;05$&'(5"(59+(#+!$\305$"&("1( 3"&50$&$&'( 59+( ,04+( $&1"!405$"&( 0,( 5905( )9$39( 0::+0!,( 59+(ZRNR(3+!5$\305+8(59+!+(0!+("59+!(,"!5,("1(:!"Q;+4,8(,@39( "&(59+$!(I!0V$;$0&(:0,,:"!5,>(G&(+4:;"<4+&5(3"&5!035($,( 0,( 5905( "1( ;0&'@0'+8( )9$39( 40*+( #+!$\305$"&( %$1\3@;5( 5"( %!0)&(@:(1"!(+039($;;+'0;(I!0V$;$0&()"!*+!()$59(0( "!5@ - carry out -M= >(C5($,(&"5("&;<(0(4055+!("1(59+(;0&'@0'+(,:"*+&( guese company (one created for this purpose) and in some Q<(59+(+4:;"<+!,(0&%(+4:;"<++,8()9$39(40*+,($&5+!#$+) - cases subcontracting documents are provided (authentic $&'(59+4(%$1\3@;58(Q@5(0;,"(59+(;0&'@0'+("1(59+(%"3@4+&5,8( documents from the Portuguese social security services or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of forged documents that nevertheless contain true iden- 5905(3";;0Q"!05$"&()$59(1"!+$'&($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,($,(&"5( 5$5$+,8(3"4Q$&+%()$59(59+(@,+("1(0&(0@59+&5$3( "!5@'@+,+( 0;)0<,()$59"@5($5,(")&(:!"Q;+4,> social security card and documents attesting to a second- 4+&5(9+;:(5"(3"#+!(59+$!(5!03*,> -MM ?9+(F505+(F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+(W$'95(0'0$&,5( W!0@%(90,(:!":",+%(0(#0!$+5<("1(4+0,@!+,($&("!%+!(5"(\'95( X@&&$&'( :0!0;;+;( 5"( 59$,( :!035$3+( )+( ,++8( $&( 3"&e@&35$"&( 0'0$&,5(\35$5$"@,(,+3"&%4+&5,>(C&(9$,(#$+)8(04+&%$&'(59+( )$59( 59$,( "!'0&$,+%( 1!0@%( 0&%( 4"&+ -M/( (R/59(G&&@0;(X+:"!5("1(59+(I+;'$0&(W$&0&3$0;(C&5+;;$'+&3+( !"3+,,$&'([&$5(K^?CWY^WCL8( SNNJ>(?9$,(:@Q;$305$"&(30&(Q+(3"&,@;5+%(05()))>35$1Y3\>Q+>( -MM( (W+%+!0;( ";$3+8(RW$;$ !+,(Q! ,$;$+&&+,S8(^+&5!0;(F+!#$3+("&(b@40&(?!01\3*$&'(KF+!#$3+( -M=( (SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5("1(59+(F"3$0;(B0),(C&,:+35$"&(F+!#$3+(KF+!#$3+(^"&5!;+(%+,(B"$,( 3+&5!0;(?!0$5+(%+,(5!+,(9@40$&,L8(I@;;+5$&(%S$&1"!405$"&8(W+Q!@0!<(SNNJ> ,"3$0;+,L8(":>(3$5>8(:>(RSM> fraud, false signatures, bearing illegal arms, illegal employ- 5905(59$,(I+;'$0&(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!()0,(*&")&(1"!(59+158( "1(59+(#$;;0>(G15+!(3"&,@;5$&'(:";$3+(%050Q0,+,8($5(5@!&+%("@5( to the nature of their employment and the terms of tenancy as heard be developer property Belgian the and intepreter, ";$,9()"!*+!,8($&(59+(:!+,+&3+("1(0&( !+P@+,5+%(5905(59+( "&(390!'+,("1(+&'0'$&'($&(,;@4(;0&%;"!%(:!035$3+,>(b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l@!$&'(59+($&,:+3 0( 1"!( )"!*$&'( )+!+( 59+<( 5905( :";$3+( 59+( 5";%( ";+,( ,:+35"!05+(5"(!+:"!5(59+(:!035$3+,("1(,;@4(;0&%;"!%,>(?9+( 90Q$50Q;+(%)+;;$&'>(?9+(:";$3+(3"&5035+%(59+(9"@,$&'($& a of standards basic the meet not did that villa lapidated ";$,9( R-( )"!*+!,($&(59+(3"&,5!@35$"&($&%@,5!<()+!+(;$#$&'($&(0(%$ 5905( !+'$,5+!8( :":@;05$"&( 59+( $&( +&!";( 5"( P@+,5( ?9+(;"30;(:";$3+(&"5$3+%8(%@!$&'(0(39+3*(!+;05$&'(5"(0(!+ P':()3&(%!43#!&(5#24&%'4&*( +4:;"<+%()"!*+!,>( self-and employees seconded both included victims The 59+( Q+1"!+( ,@44"&+%( 3!$4$&0;(3"@!5(1"!("11+&3+,(3"44$55+%($&(SNN.(0&%(SNNM>( )+!+( %+1+&%0&5,( 59+( 0;;( 4"&%+8( C&(59+(1";;")$&'(30,+8()9$39(0!",+($&(59+(3$5<("1(l+&%+! O#)*(9+#(4C!;*%:2!2#$8E#+,$*-+#(4!'(9!3:+'(!46'8 Illustrations: 0&%(Q0%(:!035$3+,L> '""%( "&( S( ^90:5+!( Q+;")8( K,++( F505+,( D+4Q+!( the Z[( and &+)( countries neighbouring to mainly applies This "1(%050()$59(Z@!":+0&(3"@&5!$+,($&#";#+%($&(,+3"&%4+&5>( \)7&(% ------:0!5&+!("1(0(&@4Q+!("1(3"4:0&$+,> 1"!(1!0@%>(?9+<(0;,"(&"5+%(5905(9+()0,(0(40&0'+!(0&%i"!( 4+&5(0&%(5905(9+()0,(59+(,@Qe+35("1(0(e@%$3$0;($&#+,5$'05$"&( :0!5&+!,> ";$,9( 90%()"@&%(@:(59+(3"4:0&<(@&Q+*&")&,5(5"(59+( developer property Belgian the as company, the uidated 0&%(m+;+>(G(1+)(4"&59,(;05+!8(59+(3"44+!3$0;(3"@!5(;$P ,+;,8(F$&5Yj$*;00,8(b044+8(l+&%+!4"&%+8(G,,+8(m"55+'+4( ";$,9()"!*+!,(:+!1"!4+%()"!*($&(59+(5")&,("1(I!@,?9+( ,$#+(")&+!,>(I@5(59+(I+;'$0&(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!(!+1@,+%> all the shares in the company in order to become the exclu- 3+$#+(=(,90!+,>(?9+( ";+,(%$%(&"5(0'!++>(?9+<()0&5+%(5"(Q@<( )0,(:!+,+&5>(b+(+\:;0$&+%(5"(59+4(5905(59+<()"@;%(+039(!+ $&5+!:!+5+!( &"( 0&%( l@539( $&( @:( %!0)&( )+!+( 4+&5,( 59+(%"3@4+&5,(0&%(0,*+%(59+4(5"(,$'&(59+4>(?9+(%"3@ E&+(+#+&$&'8(59+(I+;'$0&(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!(0!!$#+%()$59( 1 May2009) K+%$5"!S,(&"5+A($&(10358(59+<()+!+(&"5(1@;;<(":+&+%(@:(@&5$;( ";+,>(?9+<()+!+("&;<(":+&+%(@:("&(R(D0<(SNN/( ":+&(5"( 59+(Q"!%+!,(1"!(59+(1!++(4"#+4+&5("1()"!*+!,()+!+(&"5(<+5( '$#+(59+4(0&<(1@!59+!(%+50$;,>(G5(59+(5$4+8(5905($,8($&(SNNM8( )0<8(59+$!()"!*(,$5@05$"&(3"@;%(Q+(!+'@;0!$,+%>(b+(%$%(&"5( 5$4+8(9+(:!":",+%(50*$&'("#+!(0(I+;'$0&(3"4:0&<>(C&(59$,( 59+4($&( ";0&%>(F$&3+(59$,(:!"e+35()0,(;$*+;<(5"(50*+(0(;"&'( ?9+(%+#+;":+!(59+&("11+!+%(5"(3!+05+(0(e"$&5(3"4:0&<()$59( 3"4:0&<>( ";$,9( 59+( #$0( %+#+;":+!( :!":+!5<( I+;'$0&( 59+( ";+,(59+&(!+1@,+%(5"(3"&5$&@+()"!*$&'(1"!( 10;,$\+%>(?9+( Q++&( 1035( $&( 90%( 1"!4,( ZRNR( ?9+( $;;+'0;;<>( )"!*$&'( )+!+( !$#0;>(l@!$&'($&,:+35$"&8($5(5@!&+%("@58(9")+#+!8(5905(59+<( 1"!4(5905(59+<(90%(,@Q4$55+%(5"(59+(5")&(90;;(@:"&(0! E101 the and contract employment Polish their on based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in Belgium to come had they that stated Poles The Q&)4&+2S!24'4#+#(42 -MH As managers, they have self-employed status and could already at that time settle in settle time that at already could and status self-employed have they managers, As I+;'$@4(0,(,+;1Y+4:;"<+%()"!*+!,> -MH > ------90 *91 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS R*67&(%!)*(9&4&*(2 59+( )"!*+!,( +#+!( 90%( 5"( :0<( 59$,( ,@48( )9$39( $&%$305+,( 5905(59+(3"&5!035()0,(1!0@%@;+&5(0&%(5905(59+(+4:;"<++,( C&(:!035$3+8(59+( ";+,()+!+(+&5$!+;<(05(59+(,+!#$3+("1(59+(I+; - )+!+(&+#+!(:0!5&+!,(05(0;;>(C&%++%8(59+!+($,(&"(4+&5$"&(0&< - '$0&(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!>(?9+<()+!+(!+P@$!+%(5"()"!*(.M( )9+!+("1(0(,90!+($&(:!"\5,("!(;",,+,8(&"!("59+!(0%#0&50'+,( 9"@!,(:+!()++*8(0&%(1"!(5905(59+<()+!+(:0$%(Z[X(-NN>(E1( 0&%(%$,0%#0&50'+,(!+;05$&'(5"(59+(,505@,("1(0(:0!5&+!>(?9$,( 5905(,@48(59+<(90%8(0,(,+;1Y+4:;"<+%()"!*+!,8(5"(:0<(59+$!( 0;,"(:"$&5,(5"(59+(;$*+;$9""%(5905(59+(+4:;"<+!S,(,";+("Q - ")&(50\(%+%@35$"&,(0&%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(3"&5!$Q@5$"&,>(G,( e+35$#+()0,(5"(+#0%+(:0<4+&5("1(,"3$0;(3"&5!$Q@5$"&,>(G;;( 59+(I+;'$0&(+&5!+:!+&+@!(%$%(&"5(*++:(9$,(:!"4$,+(5"(:0<( 59+( ";$,9()"!*+!,()+!+(&04+%(40&0'+!,("1(59+(;$4$5+%( 59+(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(3"&5!$Q@5$"&,8(59+( ";$,9()"!*+!,(1"@&%( 3"4:0&<>(?9+$!(#0!$"@,(,505+4+&5,(,@''+,58(9")+#+!8(5905( 5905(59+<(90%(,+!$"@,(0!!+0!,()$59(59+(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<("1\3+> 59+<(&+#+!(90%(5"(035($&(0&<(40&0'+!$0;(30:03$5<(nGp>(?9$,( clearly indicates that x (the Belgian property developer) It turned out that some of them had not even received their @,+%(1!0@%@;+&5(40&"+@#!+,(5"(+4:;"<(59+( ";$,9()"!*+!,( 1@;;(,0;0!<(1!"4(59+(I+;'$0&(%+#+;":+!>(?9+(;055+!(0;;+'+%;<( 0,( ,+;1Y+4:;"<+%( )"!*+!, ’> [:"&( "!%+!,( 1!"4( 59+( ;0Q"@!( ")+,( ;0!'+( 04"@&5,( 5"( 59+( ";$,9( )"!*+!,( $&5+!#$+)+%8( $&,:+35"!8( 59+( RQ"'@,( ,+;1Y+4:;"<+%( )"!*+!S( 390!'+( )0,( !0&'$&'(1!"4(Z[X(-8NNN(5"(RN8NNN>(E&+("1(59+( ";$,9()"!* - ,@Qe+35+%( 5"( 0( ,@::;+4+&50!<( +&P@$!<( 3"&%@35+%( Q<( 59+( +!,()9"(90%(Q++&("&($&30:03$5<(;+0#+(1"!(0(4"&59(1";;") - F"3$0;(C&,:+35"!05+> $&'(0()"!*:;03+(033$%+&5()0,(&"5(3"4:+&,05+%(0&%(90%(5"( @&%+!'"(4+%$30;(5!+054+&5($&( ";0&%>(b+($,(,5$;;(3;0$4$&'( I6*2#):4&*(2 Z[X(/8MNN(1!"4(59+(I+;'$0&(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!>( Both the Belgian property developer and his company, the C&( ;05+!( $&5+!#$+),( Q+5)++&( 59+( :";$3+( 0&%( 59+( ";$,9( 40&0'+!,( "1( 59+( ";$,9( ,@Q3"&5!035$&'( 3"4:0&<( 0,( )+;;( )"!*+!,8($5(+4+!'+%(5905(59+(:!":+!5<(%+#+;":+!(90%(5";%( 0,(59+(")&+!("1(59+(#$;;0()+!+(:!",+3@5+%>(?9+(#$;;0()0,( 59+4(5"('+5(;",5()9+&(59+<($&,$,5+%(59+$!(,0;0!$+,(Q+(:0$%>( ,+$V+%>( The developer apparently claimed that the federal police 90%(,+$V+%(9$,(0,,+5,(0&%(9$,(:0 capacity at the level of the federal police -MJ > "*%:2!2#$8E#+,$*-#9!1*67#62 After having listened to the police testimony upon the !+P@+,5("1(59+($&#+,5$'05$#+(e@%'+8(59+(F"3$0;(C&,:+35"!05+( !+,:"&%+%(5905(59$,()0,(3;+0!;<(0(3;0,,$3(30,+("1(Q"'@,(,+;1Y +4:;"<+%( )"!*+!,>( RnGp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lCDEjG>( ?9+( F"3$0;( C&,:+35"!05+( 3"&5$& - @+%A(RC&("!%+!(5"(Q+(0Q;+(5"(%+,$'&05+(59+( ";$,9()"!*+!,( 0,(:0!5&+!,($&(59+(;$4$5+%(3"4:0&<8(0(3"&5!035()0,(%!0)&( -MJ( (C&(E35"Q+!(SNNM8(59+$!(!+:"!5(&"5+%A(RE@!(,+!#$3+,(90#+(&"5(<+5(30!!$+%("@5(59+(!+P@+,5 - @:(,5$:@;05$&'(5905(+039(+4:;"<++()"@;%(Q+(,";%(R(q("1( +%(50,*,8('$#+&(5905("@!(%+:0!54+&5(4@,5('$#+(:!$"!$5<(5"(90&%;$&'(0(30,+("1(9@40&( 5!01\3*$&'S> 59+(3"4:0&<(,90!+,(1"!(0&(04"@&5("1(Z[X(RNN>(j"&+("1( 92 *93 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 2: GOOD AND BAD PRACTICES IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR THE PURPOSES OF LABOUR EXPLOITATION partments de- police local numerous for priority has longer no ing 0!+0,(05(!$,*>(j+#+!59+;+,,8($&(035@0;(10358(9@40&(5!01\3* 39+3*,8($5($,(59+(;"30;(:";$3+()9"(0!+(4",5($&1"!4+%(0Q"@5( practice "1( +\04:;+( 3;+0!( 0( $,( 59$,( 3"&,+P@+&5;<( 5!01\3*$&'r( 90#+(40%+($5(:",,$Q;+(5"(3"4:$;+(59$,(30,+(\;+("&(9@40&( :";$3+( ;"30;( "1( ,50&3+( #$'$;0&5( 59+( 0&%( C&1"!405$"&( 5$3+,>( :;0<+%(Q<(;"30;(:";$3+($&(%+5+35$&'(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(:!03 &0;(30,+> right 59+$!(to compensation by adding 0,,+!5( a civil action to ;"&'+!( the crimi- &"( 30&( )9"( #$35$4,8( +\:+;;+%( 59+( 1"!( "1(59+(3!$4$&0;($&#+,5$'05$"&>(I@5($5(0;,"(90,(3"&,+P@+&3+,( 0,,$,50&3+(5"(59+(#$35$4,($&("!%+!(5"(,01+'@0!%(59+(P@0;$5<( and support proper of and detection good of importance ?9+(90&%;$&'("1(59$,(30,+(\;+(,$4@;50&+"@,;<($;;@,5!05+,(59+( )0,(;",5()$59(59$,(!+:05!$05$"&> ^"&,+P@+&5;<(0(*+<(+;+4+&5("1(59+(3!$4$&0;($&#+,5$'05$"&( 59$,()0,($4:",,$Q;+(,$&3+(59+<(90%(Q++&(,+&5(Q03*(9"4+>( '0&$,+(0(103+Y5"Y103+(4++5$&'()$59(59+(X"40&$0&(#$35$4,8( 59+(P@+,5$"&$&'("1(59+(%+1+&%0&58(59+(:";$3+()0&5+%(5"("! 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Social Inspectorate Social )9+&(59+(,;@4(;0&%;"!%,()+!+(+\:",+%8(59+( -/= (#1!;6*)3:6#!&(4#(9#9!8*6!5&)4&+2 , (59+<(0!+(:@5("&(0&(+P@0;(1""5$&'()$59( slum landlord also plays a role in detecting vic- detecting in role a plays also -/. >(G,($&(59+("59+!( carried out on the accom- >(C&(59+,+(30,+,8(Q"59( )'2#!\$#2!*(! good prac- good -// BTJ > 8()+( under BTU -/H - - - - >( ! 94 *95 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS )9$39(40%+($5(:",,$Q;+(5"(:!"#$%+(,"3$0;($&,:+35"!,()$59( 59+(&+3+,,0!<(+\:;0&05$"&,("&(59$,(5":$3>(F"(015+!(90#$&'( been put in the picture by one of the specialised centres %@!$&'(0(%$,5!$35(4++5$&'("&(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'8(59+(F"3$0;( C&,:+35"!05+( %+3$%+%( 5"( 3"&3;@%+( 0( :!035$30;( 1!04+)"!*( 3";;0Q"!05$"&( 0'!++4+&5( )$59( 5905( ,:+3$0;$,+%( 3+&5!+( $&( "!%+!(5"(%+5+35(#$35$4,("1(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'A(0&(+\04:;+( of good practice >( The V(&4#9!W'4&*(2!<$*;'$!X(&4&'4&5#!4*!N&%34!Y:+'(! ?6'8\)7&(% (K[j>UCW?L8(0(,+35$"&("1(59+([&$5+%(j05$"&,( E1\3+("&(l!@',(0&%(^!$4+(K[jEl^L8(%+#+;":+%(0(,:+ - cial tool to use during the interception and interrogation "1( :+!,"&,( )9",+( &05$#+( ;0&'@0'+( $,( &"5( "&+( "1( 59+( &0 - 5$"&0;( ;0&'@0'+,( KR allophones SL>( ?9+( :+!,"&( )9"( 3"&%@35,( the hearing indicates in the application the language to be @,+%(5"(0,*(59+(P@+,5$"&,(K"!0;(P@+,5$"&,(0&%(<+,i&"(!+ - :;$+,L>(?9+(:+!,"&(Q+$&'($&5+!#$+)+%(0&,)+!,(Q<(9";%$&'( 59+(30!%(3"!!+,:"&%$&'(5"(9$,i9+!(!+:;<>(]9$;+(,@39(0(R%$0 - ;"'@+S(%"+,(&"5(!+:;03+(59+("1\3$0;(9+0!$&'8($5(%"+,(+&0Q;+( 59+(:+!,"&()9"($,(3"&%@35$&'(59+($&5+!#$+)(5"("Q50$&(@,+ - ful information before moving to the hearing proper (for +\04:;+8()9$;+()0$5$&'(1"!(0&($&5+!:!+5+!(5"(0!!$#+L>(?9+( tool is currently still at the testing stage in police depart- 4+&5,8(Q@5(59+(:";$3+(0!+(0;!+0%<(,+5(5"('$#+($5(5"(59+(F"3$0;( C&,:+35"!05+(5"(@,+> 0&($&Y%+:59($&#+,5$'05$"&(0&%(%+50$;+%(!+:"!5,> \3*$&'>(E&+(30&(&+#+!($&,$,5(+&"@'9("&(59+($4:"!50&3+("1( 59+4,+;#+,(1"!(0&($&P@$!<("&("!(:!+#+&5$"&("1(9@40&(5!01 travail 130(,0++5(5(5+ 0"! :!",+3@5"! ;0Q"@!( 59+( 5"( ,505+4+&5,( "1\3$0;( $&'(,$'&,("1(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(Q<(,+&%$&'(59+$!(!+:"!5,("!( detect- in role important an play services inspection The A. Inspection Services 2. -=R( ( !+,,(3"&1+!+&3+('$#+&(Q<(^0!;(l+#;$+,8(F505+(F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+(W$'95( ( -=R( (W>t@!V8(RB@55+(3"&5!+(;+(5!0#0$;(1"!3 8(;S+\:;"$505$"&( 3"&"4$P@+(+5(;0(5!0$5+(%+,(5!+,( -=N( 405(1"!("1\3$0;(!+:"!5,i(,505+4+&5, 5905()$59(59+(,39+%@;+%(;0@&39("1(59+(+;+35!"&$3(4"%+;(1"! es such as DIMONA, the DIMONA, as such es 90#+(Q++&(40%+8()$59(59+(,50!5("1(59+(@:%05$&'("1(%050Q0, ate databases C&("!%+!(5"(30!!<("@5(+11+35$#+(39+3*,8(033+,,(5"( B. 5!01\3*$&'(0!+(!+3"!%+%> 5$'05$"&(Q+<"&%(5905>(G,(0(!+,@;5(&"($&%$305$"&,("1(9@40&( !+:"!5($;;+'0;i@&%+3;0!+%(+4:;"<4+&5(0&%(%"(&"5(50*+(59+($&#+, e@,5( :+":;+( F"4+5$4+,( %")&>( &"5+%( !"@5$&+;<( +!( 4+&5,>(?9+(0,:+35,("Q,+!#+%("&(0(!+'@;0!(Q0,$,(0!+(&"(;"&' :+!5$&+&5(,$'&,(0!+(&"5(0;)0<,(&"5+%($&(59+(!+:"!5,i,505+ de- ,3!$:5$#+>(G5(:!+,+&58(59+(!+:"!5,(0!+(5""(1!0'4+&5+%(0&%( more be must services inspection from reports The &"5+%(%")&> &"5( )+!+( Q@5( ,$'&$\30&5( )+!+( )9$39( 5!01\3*$&'8( 9@40&( "1(5$4+>(G5()"!,58(59+!+()$;;(Q+(&"(1";;")Y@:("&(,$'&,("1( 5"(0,*(59+($&,:+35"!(0'0$&(1"!(%+50$;,8()9$39(4+0&,(0(;",,( "1(3;0!$5<(1"!(59+(;0Q"@!(:!",+3@5"!()9"8(05(Q+,58()$;;(90#+( #+,5$'05$"&>(C4:!+3$,+(!+:"!5,i,505+4+&5,(!+,@;5($&(0(;03*( 4+&5,(,9"@;%(&"50Q;<(,+!#+(0,(Q0,$,(1"!(0(,@Q,+P@+&5($& ?9+("Q,+!#05$"&,($&3;@%+%($&(59+(!+:"!5,("!("1\3$0;(,505+ 5$"&,(K$&(:0!5$3@;0!()"!*$&'(9"@!,(0&%(033"44"%05$"&L>( 5+!3+:5$"&,(0&%($&,:+35$"&,("1()"!*$&'(0&%(;$#$&'(3"&%$ detailed descriptions of their observations during their in- provide inspectors that importance utmost the of is it ing, ]$59$&(59+(3"&5+\5("1(!+:"!5$&'(,$'&,("1(9@40&(5!01\3* ;")$&'(!+40!*,()$;;(Q+(50*+&($&5"(033"@&5> $&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,(5"()"!*($&(0(@&$1"!4(40&&+!8(59+(1"; &(5+ 0P+ 0!1@(%, &!:$+(K^!",,!"0%,( Z&5!+:!$,+,( %+,( ^0!!+1"@!( I0&P@+( 59+( 0&%( ';+("&Y;$&+(I@$;%$&'(F$5+(l+3;0!05$"&L8(U+&+,$,8(BCDEFG( L#,*64&(%!2&%(2!*8!3:+'(!46'8\)7&(%! @'4'!,6*)#22&(% '$,(W0%(R9(\9(00&5 !@(), "+ 1+5#($(SN(50($(SNNHS8( $&( 590&( SNNN( $&( +11+35$#+( 4"!+( )0,( S.iN-iSNRN8(I!@,,+;,> 1!0@%( 0'0$&,5( \'95( R59+( W!0@%8( 0'0$&,5( 9@40$&,A(%+,(3"&3+:5,(; '0@\((;S0::;$305$"&(e@%$3$0$!+S8(^9!(%!>,"3>(SNNH8(:>(--N> > &$0$&("(5$(5:(0+ 1+(&5 &@9 $&( +&"@'9( &"5( "15+&( 0!+( 5<:+( 59$,( "1( C&%$305$"&,( L>( $,(&++%+%>(C&(!+3+&5(<+0!,8($4:"!50&5(,5!$%+,( " $%&'&()*+!,+)-,.!/.!$0&+().' -=R 8()9$39()$;;(+&0Q;+(0;;( -=N ( uier du auditeur appropri- (]+(9":+( (sin------$0$&(?9+(5$'05$"&>( inves- the of results and for reasons the about information 5$'05$"&,(Q<(3"4:0&<("!(;"305$"&>(C5(0;,"(3"&50$&,(3"&3$,+( bles the inspectors to read about ongoing and closed inves- LIMOSA :0!$&'8(:!"3+,,$&'(0&%(3;",$&'(30,+(\;+,> pre- for options computer-based all inspectors offers that 39+3*,> )$;;(Q+(+0,$+!(1"!($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,(5"(30!!<("@5(50!'+5+%( :+" "1( :;+(:!+,+&5("&(59+(,$5+()$;;(0;,"(Q+($&5!"%@3+%8(,"(5905($5( !+'$,5!05$"&( +;+35!"&$3( ?9+( $5>( "&( !+'$,5+!+%( 0!+( locations site building and data F@Q3"&5!03managers, safety and tors )+Q,$5+>( 59$,( 3"&,@;5( 30&( C&,:+35"!,( ,$5+,>( cadastre 59+,+(,+!#$3+,>(U+&+,$,($,(3"4:!$,+%("1(5)"(,+35$"&,A(59+( spection services and should improve collaboration among 405$+,<,5++4(5+&(Q+9"+#+(#0&(D$'!05$+"&%+!V"+*(Q$e(%+( ,<,5+4(n0QQ!+#$05$"&("1(59+(RB0&%+&"#+!,39!$e%+&%(C&1"! Genesis chantier) Single on-line Building Site DeclarationSite Building on-line Single 3"4:0&<> the leaving is employee an or employed being is dividual I+;'$0&(j05$"&0;(F"3$0;(F+3@!$5<(E1\3+(KEjFFL(5905(0&($& 0&(+;+35!"&$3(,<,5+4(5905(40*+,($5(:",,$Q;+(5"(&"5$1<(59+( tion n 0(!+'$,5!05$"&(,<,5+4(+\$,5,()$59$&(59+(lCDEjG(:!"e+35( DIMONA =((I+;'$0&(W+%+!0;( @Q;$3(F+!#$3+(KW FL(Z4:;"<4+&58(B0Q"@!(0&%(F"3$0;(l$0;"'@+8(l$!+3 -=.( are anexampleof 0;,"(:!"#+(@,+1@;($&(30,+,($&#";#$&'(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(0&%( '$@4(3@!!+&5;<(;+0%,(59+(\+;%($&(59$,(0!+0>(?9+,+(%050Q0,+,( I+; %050Q0,+L>( 3"4:0&<( 3+&5!0;( 0( Z&5+!:!$,+,8( 1"!( I0&*( =((^+&5!+8(SNNH(G&&@0;(X+:"!58(Rb@40&(?!01\3*$&'(Y(Z&;$,5$&'(:+":;+(0&%(!+,"@!3+,(5"( -=-( (F++(0;,"(O>(T"!+&,(0&%(?>(f0&(I@<&%+!8(Z\:+!5(X+:"!5,8(RF+;1Y+4:;"<4+&5(0&%(I"'@,( -=S( -==( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,( 0!5(0&%(59+(^+&5!+S,(SNNH(G&&@0;(X+:"!58(Rb@40&(?!01\3*$&'( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,( -==( 4"&$5"!$&'( 1"!( U+&+!0;( l$!+35"!05+( l$0;"'@+8( F"3$0;( 0&%( B0Q"@!( Z4:;"<4+&58( WF( ( -=/( 0!58(0,()+;;( (W"!(0%%$5$"&0;(%+50$;,("&(:!"Q;+4,(%@!$&'(39+3*,8(,++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,( -=M( " $%&'&()*+!)11 /)&(.2*+1)//.%)34.!&&+5)6(.2711./)&(.!/.$%&'& p>(lCDEjG(nC44+%$05+(%+3;0!05$"&("1(+4:;"<4+&5p($,( be 3"4Q05(59+(:9+&"4+&"&S8(:>(HH>(?9$,(:@Q;$305$"&(30&(Q+(3"&,@;5+%(05()))>%$#+!,$5+> F+;1Y+4:;"<4+&5($&(59+(^"&,5!@35$"&(C&%@,5!<($&(I+;'$@4S8(W+Q!@0!<(SNNJ> be consultedat Y(Z&;$,5$&'(:+":;+(0&%(!+,"@!3+,(5"(3"4Q05(59+(:9+&"4+&"&S8(HH>(?9$,(:@Q;$305$"&(30&( 3"4:;$0&3+()$59(,"3$0;(;+'$,;05$"&8(SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5>( S.iN-iSNRN8(I!@,,+;,> W$'95(0'0$&,5(W!0@%8(R59+(\'95(0'0$&,5(1!0@%()0,(4"!+(+11+35$#+($&(SNNN(590&($&(SNNHS8( 0,(59+(:!+,,(3"&1+!+&3+('$#+&(Q<(^0!;(l+#;$+,8(F505+(F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+( 5"!05+(U+&+!0;(1"!(4"&$5"!$&'(3"4:;$0&3+()$59(,"3$0;(;+'$,;05$"&8(SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5> (KR @Q;$305$"&,S(,+35$"&L> -=/ -=M and the and -== A(?9$,(:;051"!4()0,(3!+05+%(Q<(59+(1"@!(1+%+!0;($& -=- -=. A(C&("!%+!(5"(4"&$5"!(+4:;"<4+&58(59+(BCDEFG( (W! 4;<+(K95#! 9$(&05$"&0;$5 Kl 3;0!05$"&(@&$P@+(%+( cadastre (register) ena- (register) -=S ------UT!Z!U[ TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS F"3$0;+(G%4$&$,5!05$+S(i(C&5+!&05$"&0;(C&1"!405$"&(F<,5+4( The number of staff members is still calculated on the ba- 1"!(D$'!05$"&(X+,+0!39("1(59+(F"3$0;(G%4$&$,5!05$"&p()0,( ,$,("1(59+(&@4Q+!("1(j05$"&0;(F"3$0;(F+3@!$5<(E1\3+(%+3 - $&5!"%@3+%("&(R(G:!$;(SNN=>(?9$,($,(0(,<,5+4(1"!(4"&$5"!$&'( ;0!05$"&,( 0&%( &"5( "&( 59+( Q0,$,( "1( BCDEFG( %+3;0!05$"&,8( 59+(+4:;"<4+&5("1(1"!+$'&+!,($&(I+;'$@4()$59$&(59+(3"& - )9$39($&3;@%+(,+3"&%4+&5,(0&%(1"!+$'&(,+;1Y+4:;"<+%($& - text of the free movement of services and goods, in order %$#$%@0;,r(59$,(!+,@;5,($&(0(%$,5"!5+%("#+!#$+)>(?9$,(4+59"%( 5"(3"@&5+!(1!0@%(0&%(0Q@,+($&(59+(0!+0,("1()"!*$&'(3"& - "1(30;3@;05$"&($,(3;+0!;<("@5%05+%(0&%(%"+,(&"5(50*+($&5"( %$5$"&,(0&%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<>(C&(:!035$30;(5+!4,8(0&<(1"!+$'&( account the dynamics of free movement and current Eu- +4:;"<+!()9"(+4:;"<,(1"!+$'&()"!*+!,(0&%(1"!+$'&(,+;1Y !":+0&(!+'@;05$"&,(5905(0::+0!(5"(Q+(#@;&+!0Q;+(5"(1!0@%> employed individuals/job trainees must report their job +;+35!"&$30;;<(K$%+&5$\305$"&(%0508(e"Q(%@!05$"&8(:!$&3$:0;8( Once a year, the inspection services have to organise large- 5<:+("1(,+!#$3+8(+53>L>(BCDEFG($,(0(,<,5+4(5905(3+&5!0;$,+,( ,30;+(39+3*,(1"!(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'($&(+039(%$,5!$35>(F@39( all information relating to movements of foreign person- 035$"&,(%+40&%(0(;"5("1(5$4+(0&%(:+!,"&&+;> -HS A lot of en- nel (secondment of employees, students, self-employed +!'<($,(,:+&5("&(59+(:!+:0!05$"&8(+\+3@5$"&(0&%(1";;")Y@:>( $&%$#$%@0;,L>(?9$,(,<,5+4(50*+,($&5"(033"@&5(59+(Z@!":+0&( In many cases, they are forced to call in interpreters for the %$!+35$#+,("&(:",5+%()"!*+!,> %$11+!+&5(;0&'@0'+,>(?9+(,9"!50'+("1(,5011($&(59+,+(,"3$0;($& - ,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,(30&(90#+(0&(+11+35("&(59+(P@0;$5<("1(59+( GOTOT-in 378 (Cross-border employment): This applica- 1";;")Y@:("1(59+,+(035$"&,(0&%(59+(%+5+35$"&("1(9@40&(5!01 - 5$"&(!+'$,5+!,(59+(ZRNR(3+!5$\305+,("1(+4:;"<++,(0&%(,+;1Y \3*$&'(%@!$&'(59+('+&+!0;(39+3*,> +4:;"<+%()"!*+!,(,+3"&%+%(5"(I+;'$@4 -=J > D. ^*$$';*6'4&*(!1&43!43#!,*$&)# Oasis 380 ! .\6%'(&2'4&*(! (4&EN6':9#! 9#2! O#65&)#2! 9SX(2,#)4&*(! O*)&'$#! H (4&EN6':9! \6%'(&2'4&*(! *8! 43#! U+&+!0;;<(,:+0*$&'8(59$&',(0!+('"$&'(P@$5+(,4""59;<($&(59+( O*)&'$!X(2,#)4&*(!O#65&)#20]! On the basis of alarm signals 3";;0Q"!05$"&(Q+5)++&(,"3$0;($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,(0&%(59+( and scenarios, the social inspection services try to have :";$3+( "&( e"$&5( 035$"&,( :+!50$&$&'( 5"( 9@40&( 5!01\3*$&'>( 0(#$+)("1(:"5+&5$0;;<(1!0@%@;+&5(3"4:0&$+,>(G5(59$,(5$4+8( ?9$,($,(3+!50$&;<(59+(30,+($&(W;0&%+!,>(?9+<(3"4:;+4+&5( 0;0!4,(0!+(%+\&+%(1"!(59!++(,+35"!,A(3"&,5!@35$"&8(5!0&, - "&+(0&"59+!(:+!1+35;<(0,(!+'0!%,(59+(50,*,(5"(Q+(:+!1"!4+%( :"!5(0&%(3;+0&$&'>(G(:",$5$#+(:"$&5A(59+(@,+("1(50\(%050(#$0( 0&%(59+(!";+,(5"(Q+(:;0<+%>(?9$,(5<:+("1(3";;0Q"!05$"&($,(0&( 59+(fG?(%050Q0,+> 0%%+%(#0;@+(1"!(Q"59(:0!5$+,>(?9+(:";$3+(3"&3+&5!05+("&(59+( criminal aspect and victims and the inspection services C. Means "&(,"3$0;(K,+3@!$5 -=H( (T>( 03";+5(0&%(W>(l+(]$,:+;0+!+8(j00!(++&("Q,+!#05"!$@4("&%+!'!"&%,+(+3"&"4$+8(B+@ - $&'(59+(;+#+;("1(59+(&+)(:0!5&+!,9$:,>(j"&+59+;+,,8(3;+0!+!( #+&A(G33"8(SNNJ8(:>(J/> $&,5!@35$"&,()"@;%(3+!50$&;<(,$4:;$1<(4055+!,S -H. >(W"!(59+( -=J( (W"!(0%%$5$"&0;(+\:;0&05$"&,(!+'0!%$&'(59+(ZRNR(1"!48(,++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,( 0!5>( -HN( (T>( 03";+5(0&%(W>(l+(]$,:+;0+!+8(j00!(++&("Q,+!#05"!$@4("&%+!'!"&%,+(+3"&"4$+8(B+@ - -HS Ibid. #+&A(G33"8(SNNJ8(:>(J/> -H- Ibid. -HR( (I+;'$0&(W F(Z4:;"<4+&58(B0Q"@!(0&%(F"3$0;(l$0;"'@+(l$!+35"!05+(U+&+!0;(1"!(4"&$ - 5"!$&'(3"4:;$0&3+()$59(,"3$0;(;0),8(SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5(> -H. Ibid. 0&%(&+)()"!*$&'(4+59"%,(0&%(5"(40$&50$&(:0!5&+!,9$:,( 1"!+$'&(3"4:0&$+,8(5"(,90!+(*&");+%'+("1(+11+35$#+(39+3*,( !"&(&+5)"!*($,(5"(:!"#$%+(Q+55+!(,5!@35@!+(1"!(39+3*,("&( E^S>(?9+("Qe+35$#+("1(59+(^"#3!+05$"&("1(R^"#!"&S(0&%(RF 9(F30(B)(C,+5"(F+!#$3+ C&,:+35$"&( B0),( F"3$0;( ?9+( ,+!#$3+>( +\+4:5(1!"4(!+'$,5+!$&'()$59(59+(I+;'$0&(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<( 0(,+3"&%4+&5(1@;\;(59+(!+'@;05$"&,(0&%(0!+(3"&,+P@+&5;<( +!,(5+4:"!0!$;<(,50<$&'($&(I+;'$@4()$59$&(59+(3"&5+\5("1( Q"!%+!()"!*$&'S(@&$5(90,(5"(39+3*()9+59+!(1"!+$'&()"!* R^!",,Y ?9+( +4:;"<++,>( \15<( 590&( 4"!+( )$59( 3"4:0&$+,( in technology security social state-of-the-art 0&%(combating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e@!$,%$35$"&>(C5(,++4,(5905($&(W;0&%+!,(0;;(59$,($,( )$59$&(59+(:";$3+(0&%($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,(1"!(,+55;$&'(59+( F"4+(:0!5$+,(!+'!+5(59+(;03*("1("1\3$0;($&1"!405$"&(:"$&5,( 40<"!($,($&5+!+,5+%("&;<($&(;"30;(4055+!,> 1"!3+,(0!+(&"5($&5+!+,5+%($&(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(Q+30@,+(59+( P@+,5$"&>(?9+(:!"Q;+4(59+&(0!$,+,(5905(,"4+(;"30;(:";$3+( in cases the for jurisdiction has latter the because police ";$3+(,"4+5$4+,(5!0&,1+!,(59+($&,:+35$"&(5"(;"30;( W+%+!0;( :";$3+(,+!#$3+($,(3"4:+5+&5(1"!(59+(4055+!(3"&3+!&+%>(?9+( $&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,8($5($,(,5$;;(&"5(+0,<(5"(\&%("@5()9$39( H((WF 4;<+5(BQ@(0% "$; $;'+(l!3"0+ ++0(1! 4"&$5"!$&'( 1"!( U+&+!0;( l$!+35"!05+( l$0;"'@+8( F"3$0;( 0&%( B0Q"@!( Z4:;"<4+&58( WF( ( -H=( (WF(F"3$0;(F+3@!$5<8(F"3$0;(C&,:+35"!05+8(G&&@0;(X+:"!5(SNN=> -H/( (F++(0Q"#+8(^90:$5+!(R("1(59$,( 0!5> -HM( $,()!(3+5% $9& 9(F30(C&,:+35"!05+> F"3$0;( 59+( )$59$&( 3!+05+%( )+!+( &$+,S( 3"4:0 RB0!'+( 0&%( )"!*$&'S( R^!",,YQ"!%+!( 1"!( @&$5,( ?9+( subcontracting 0&%(Q"'@,(,+;1Y+4:;"<+%(1"!+$'&+!,> secondments, using set-ups fraudulent 0'0$&,5( $&5+&,$#+;<( \'95( 5"( 4+0,@!+,( ,5!@35@!0;( :"!50&5( im- adopted have services inspection the years, recent In Y'(9$&(%!86':9:$#(4!2#)*(9+#(42 3"4:;$0&3+()$59(,"3$0;(;0),8(SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5> -H= a as se the seen also has 385 -H/ The - - - - Q+5)++&(59+($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,("1(Z[(D+4Q+!(F505+, 3"&&+35+%()$59(4"&$5"!$&'(,0;0!<(0&%()"!*$&'(3"&%$5$"&,( $,,@+,( :!035$30;( "!( \;+,( 30,+( "&( $&1"!405$"&( "1( +\390&'+( ":+!05$"&0;( 59+( +&0Q;+( 5"( $,( FE^( 59+( "1( "Qe+35$#+( ?9+( ,+!#$3+,>( $&,:+35$"&( 1"!+$'&( )$59( 3";;0Q"!05$"&( &05$"&0;( "$&5(E1(^"&5035L()0,(3!+05+%(5"($4:!"#+($&5+! KF$&';+( E^( 90&%;+(\#+(R1"!+$'&(+4:;"<+!S(30,+(\;+,(0(<+0!>(?9+(F full-time social inspector in the regional directorates must )9+&(103+%()$59(1!0@%@;+&5(,+5Y@:,(0&%(5+39&$P@+,>(Z039( -HJ( ( !+,,(3"&1+!+&3+('$#+&(Q<(^0!;(l+#;$+,8(F505+(F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+(W$'95( ( -HJ( -HH 5+35$"&("1(&+5)"!*,("1("!'0&$,+%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(1!0@%> '0&$,+%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(1!0@%>(?9$,()$;;(+&0Q;+(P@$3*+!(%+ or- and serious potentially on analyses their of results the 5"( 3"&5$&@+( )"!*()$59$&(59+$!(")&(;+'0;(1!04+)"!*(Q@5()$;;(3"4:0!+( )$;;( $&#";#+%( ,+!#$3+,( ?9+( $5>( 5"( +&%( 0&( :@5( 5$#+()$;;(Q+(5"(%+5+35(1!0@%(0,(P@$3*;<(0,(:",,$Q;+(0&%(5"( 3";;0Q"!05+(0,(0&($&5+'!05+%(@&$5>(?9+(@&$5S,($&$5$0;("Qe+3 Q+30@,+(:";$3+8(e@%$3$0;(0&%(,"3$0;($&,:+35$"&(,+!#$3+,()$;;( 5$"&(0&%(F"3$0;(C&#+,5$'05$"&(F+!#$3+L>(?9$,(@&$5($,(R4$\+%S( KC&1"!40 KFCXFL( ,"3$0;+S( !+39+!39+( %+( +5( %S$&1"!405$"&( RF+!#$3+( 59+( )$59$&( SNRN( $&( 3!+05+%( Q+( )$;;( @&$5( ,@::"!5( $0$& 1 9(W'5 '$,(W!0@% 0'0$&,5( W$'95( 59+( "1( ^""!%$&05$"&( 1"!( F+3!+50!<( F505+( 59+( "1( :;0&,( 59+( 5"( G33"!%$&'( Mixed Unit Support Social F. '$,(W0%(R9(\9(00&5 !@(), "+ 1+5#($(SN(50($(SNNHS8( $&( 590&( SNNN( $&( +11+35$#+( 4"!+( )0,( S.iN-iSNRN8(I!@,,+;,> 1!0@%( 0'0$&,5( \'95( R59+( W!0@%8( 0'0$&,5( Ibid. 8(:>(.J> -HJ a ie social mixed a , -HH > - - - - - 98 *99 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 3. The Judiciary A. I6&*6&4-!X22:# \&+,8()9$39($,(1+0,$Q;+($1("&+(3"&,$%+!,(59+("11+&3+,(1!"4( the perspective of social security fraud, for example by C&( $5,( SNNH( G35$#$5<( X+:"!58( 59+( F"3$0;( B0),( C&,:+35$"&( $;;+'0;(+4:;"<4+&5(0&%i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report -JR 8()0,(90&%;+%8($&()9$39(59+(#$35$4()0,(%+:!$#+%("1( D"!+"#+!8(;+'0;;<(,:+0*$&'8(59+(0%4$&$,5!05$#+(\&+,(1"!($; - 1!++%"4("1(4"#+4+&58(,9"),(5"()905(+\5+&5(9@40&(5!01 - ;+'0;()"!*(0!+(3;+0!;<(9$'9+!(590&(3!$4$&0;(\&+,(1"!(9@40&( \3*$&'(1"!(59+(:@!:",+,("1(;0Q"@!(+\:;"$505$"&($,(&"5('$#+&( 5!01\3*$&'>(?9+(0::;$305$"&("1(4"&+50!<(:+&0;5$+,(%"+,($& - 59+( :!$"!$5<( $5( %+,+!#+,>( j"( $&#+,5$'05$#+( e@%'+( )0,( +#+!( %++%(!+40$&(59+(Q+,5()0<(5"(9$5(59+(:+!:+5!05"!,>( 0::"$&5+%(5"(59$,(30,+8(9")+#+!(]0'!0&5($5(40<(90#+(Q++&> According to a labour prosecutor, demanding the preven- (]+(30&(,++(5905($5($,(&"5(0;)0<,(59+(;0Q"@!(:!",+3@5"!( 5$"&("1(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'("&;<(40*+,(,+&,+()9+&(59+(035,( (auditeur du travail L()9"(90&%;+,(30,+,("1(9@40&(5!01\3* - 0!+( ,@1\3$+&5;<( ,+!$"@,( 5"( $&3@!( ,5$11+!( ,+&5+&3+,( 590&( 0( $&'(1"!(;0Q"@!(+\:;"$505$"&($&(59+(e@%$3$0;(%$,5!$35,>(C5(%+ - <+0!($&(e0$;>(C&(59+(+#+&5("1(0(4$;%+!(,+&5+&3+8(59+(390&3+( :+&%,("&(59+(,$V+("1(59+(%$,5!$35>(I@5()9+59+!(59+,+(30,+,( that the remanded prisoners actually sit out their prison 0!+(%+0;5()$59(Q<(0(;0Q"@!(:!",+3@5"!("!(0(:@Q;$3(:!",+3@ - ,+&5+&3+(%$4$&$,9+,(0&%(4"!+"#+!8(59+(\&+(59+<()$;;(90#+( tor, in both cases it is necessary to name an investigative 5"(:0<()$;;(Q+(4@39(;")+!>(U$#+&(5905($&5+!&05$"&0;(3"& - e@%'+()9"()$;;(90#+('!+05+!(0@59"!$5<()9+&(59+,+(30,+,(0!+( \,305$"&($,(&"5(+11+35$#+8(0;;(5905(!+40$&,(5"(%$,,@0%+(:+" - ,$'&$\30&5("!(,+!$"@,>(I+55+!(@,+(3"@;%(59@,(Q+(40%+("1($& - :;+($,(0(:"5+&5$0;(:@&$5$#+(,+&5+&3+>(W"!(0&(+&5!+:!+&+@!8( #+,5$'05$#+(":5$"&,(,@39(0,(5+;+:9"&+()$!+50:,("!(,:+3$\3( 0(,+&5+&3+(1"!(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(%+\&$5+;<(90,(0&($4:035>( research methods that police forces are specialised in, thus F"4+5$4+,( :!"3++%$&'( %")&( 59+( 0%4$&$,5!05$#+( 0&%( 59+( 3"&5!$Q@5$&'(0%%+%(#0;@+(5"(59+(30,+(\;+> 3!$4$&0;(!"@5+(0!+(#$+)+%(0,(0;5+!&05$#+,8()9$39($,(&"5(#+!<( good from the standpoint of legal certainty or for an effec- 5$#+(0::!"039(5"(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'>( B. 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&(F30(l0"@8 $+5!5(U&!; "(4"&$5"!$&'( 1"!( U+&+!0;( l$!+35"!05+( l$0;"'@+8( F"3$0;( 0&%( B0Q"@!( Z4:;"<4+&58( WF( ( ( ( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,(:0!5(0&%( >D0#!$%$,8(l 5039+4+&5(%+,(5!0#0$;;+@!,(%0&,(;S[&$"&( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,(:0!5(0&%( ( 4"%+;("1(5!01\3*$&'($&(9@40&(Q+$&',(5"(Q+55+!(:!+#+&5(59+(3!$4+8(SNRN> .M=Y./-> !",+3@5"!("1(B$+'+8(T>?>?>8(SNNH8(::>( @Q;$3( '$#+&(Q<(^ %!$3(f$,0!5(%+(I"30!4 8(^9$+1( e@'+(&05$"&0;8(0!Q$5!+("@(,"@4$,(0@(:!$&3$:+(%@(:0<,(%S"!$'$&+vS8(T>?>?>(SNN/8(S--> e@'+(&05$"&0;8(0!Q$5!+("@(,"@4$,(0@(:!$&3$:+(%@(:0<,(%S"!$'$&+vQ8(T>?>?>(SNN/8(S--> >D0#!$%$,8(Rl 5039+4+&5(%+,(5!0#0$;;+@!,(%0&,(;S[&$"&(+@!": +&&+(A +@!": +&&+A 3"4:;$0&3+()$59(,"3$0;(;0),8(SNNH(G35$#$5<(X+:"!5> Mercuriale 409 A(RG0&%($5S,(&"5(1@5$;+(5"(%!+04("1( reality 410 > o i pyet have payments if or , 411 >(f0!$"@,(3"@&5!$+,( 408 le le - - - - - 102 *103 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 5. Carousels 412 412 In the course of our meetings, a prosecutor noticed the 59+(3"4:0&$+,S(%050Q0,+>(?9@,(3"4:0&$+,(5905(%"(&"5(\;+( )"!!<$&'(:!"Q;+4("1(%"!40&5(3"4:0&$+,8()$59(1!"&5(4+&( 59+$!(0&&@0;(033"@&5,()$;;(Q+(%+5+35+%(!+;05$#+;<(P@$3*;<>( )9"( 30&( ":+!05+( 1"!( 5)"( <+0!,( )$59"@5( ,+55$&'( "11( 0&<( The services must have access to international economic 0;0!4,>(?9+<(59+&(%$,0::+0!(5"(0&"59+!(3"@&5!<("!(,$4:;<( %050Q0,+,>( ?9+( 035$"&( :;0&( &"5+,( 59+( $&5!"%@35$"&( "1( 0&( 5"(0(%$11+!+&5(!+'$"&("1(I+;'$@4(5"(,50!5(@:(0(&+)(%"!40&5( "Q;$'05$"&(5"(3"44@&$305+()$59(59+(e@%$3$0;("1\3+!,(0&%( 3"4:0&<()$59(0(%$11+!+&5(1!"&5(40&>(C&(:!+#$"@,(0&&@0;(!+ - 59+( :";$3+>( G35@0;( 39+3*,( Q<( 59+( %$11+!+&5( ,+!#$3+,( )$;;( :"!5,()+(0;,"(4+&5$"&+%(59+(+\$,5+&3+("1(,@39(30!"@,+;,($&( Q+( +&3"@!0'+%>( G( 1@5@!+( ;+'$,;05$#+( $&$5$05$#+( ,9"@;%( 0$4( #0!$"@,(30,+(\;+,("&(9@40&(5!01\3*$&'(1"!(59+(:@!:",+,("1( 05(!+%@3$&'(59+(-Y<+0!(!+,:"&,+(5$4+8()9$39(1!"4(0(\,30;( ;0Q"@!(+\:;"$505$"&> .R- #$+):"$&5($,(5""(;"&'(1"!(503*;$&'(%"!40&5(3"4:0&$+,>(?9+( legal possibility to forbid legal entities from using post of- ?9+,+("!'0&$,+%(,+5Y@:,(4@,5(Q+(503*;+%(!+,";@5+;<>(?9+<( \3+(Q"\+,8(0,()+;;(0,(59+(&+3+,,0!<(4+0,@!+,(1"!(;$4$5$&'( represent tens of millions of euros in losses per year for the I+;'$0&(+&5!+:!+&+@!,S(0Q$;$5<(5"(40*+(@,+("1(4"!+(]+\$Q;+( I+;'$0&(F505+> 414 The blight that this type of carousel repre- and less expensive foreign legal forms, should also be ex- ,+&5,($,(:0!5$3@;0!;<(:!+#0;+&5($&(59+(3"&,5!@35$"&(,+35"!>( 04$&+%>( Z\390&'+,("1(%050(Q+5)++&(59+(50\(0@59"!$5$+,(0&%($&,:+3 - 5$"&(,+!#$3+,(05(%"4+,5$3(;+#+;(4@,5(Q+(Q+55+!(90!4"&$,+%>( W"!( +\04:;+8( 59+( ,"3$0;( K,+3@!$5 The ;*%% 5.!?*,'!%&!%,((.!$*+('.!%&!6'&,/.!\9$&%.!.(!9*$)&%. (Au- thority for combating tax and social security fraud) in- cluded important measures in its action plan 417 aimed at %+0;$&'(Q+55+!()$59(0Q@,+,($&#";#$&'(,+55$&'(@:(3"4:0&$+,( 1"!(1!0@%@;+&5(:@!:",+,>(?9+(#0!$"@,(0%4$&$,5!05$"&,(4@,5( Q+(40%+(4"!+(0)0!+(0&%(!+3+$#+(!+,"@!3+,(1"!(%+5+35$&'( dormant companies and putting an end to their freedom 5"( ":+!05+>( ?9+( :@Q;$3( :!",+3@5"!,8( :";$3+( 1"!3+( 0&%( 50\( 0&%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(0%4$&$,5!05$"&,()$;;(90#+(033+,,(5"(0& - &@0;(033"@&5,(\;+%(05(59+(j05$"&0;(I0&*("1(I+;'$@4(0&%(5"( 412 ( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,(:0!5> .R-( (F++(^90:5+!(R("1(59$,(:0!5> 414 ( ( !+,,(3"&1+!+&3+('$#+&(Q<(^0!;(l+#;$+,8(F505+(F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+(W$'95( 0'0$&,5( W!0@%8( R59+( \'95( 0'0$&,5( 1!0@%( )0,( 4"!+( +11+35$#+( $&( SNNN( 590&( $&( SNNHS8( S.iN-iSNRN8(I!@,,+;,> 415 Ibid. 416 Ibid. 417 ( (^";; '+(:"@!(;0(;@55+(3"&5!+(;0(1!0@%+(\,30;+(+5(,"3$0;+(KG@59"!$5<(1"!(3"4Q05$&'(50\( 0&%(,"3$0;(,+3@!$5<(1!0@%L8(G35$"&( ;0&,(SNNHYSNNJ(0&%(SNNJYSNRN8(^0!;(l+#;$+,8(F505+( F+3!+50!<(1"!(^""!%$&05$"&("1(59+(W$'95(0'0$&,5(W!0@%> F:#)*!"S8'!4"7A"UA"???A6)0%1()#%A&% 419 F:#)*!"S8'!4"7A"TA"???A6)0%1()#%A&% +%:#"*!"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)!%" 2%:$'!)(2" F" &%+*1%$'!6A" 6*:=2%!#(" 1%K=)1%6" *7#)*!")("+'0*=1%64")+"$%"$'6"!*#"#'>%!":'1%"#*"1%K=%(#"#$%" this if court criminal in or court, civil in prosecuted being #%6"#$%"*++%!:%"*+"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)!<4"#$%":*!#1':#*1"1)(>(" )#")("(=&(%K=%!#8@"6)(:*0%1%6"#$'#"#$%"2)668%2%!":*22)# :)'8"(%:=1)#@"(#'!6'16("'!6"8'&*=1"8'?(A"5!"#$%"%0%!#"#$'#" so- the regards as order in is he that proving documents of 78%A"I$%":*!#1':#*1"2=(#"'(>"#$%"2)668%2'!"+*1"'"!=2&%1" 61'+#%6"'"&)88"&'(%6"*!"#$%"+*88*?)!<"+=!6'2%!#'8"71)!:) F!"'6"$*:"?*1>)!<"<1*=7"*+"#$%"5!#%16%7'1#2%!#'8"9!)#" (=:$"2)668%2%!A to turning from contractors these dissuade to possible it :)0)8"*1":1)2)!'8"J*)!#"8)'&)8)#@"*+":*!#1':#*1("($*=86"2'>%" ?'("%0%!"<=)8#@"*+"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)! ABCD ------#)*!A ?*1>%1("'1%")!"7*((%(()*!"*+"'"0'8)6"(%:*!62%!#"6%:8'1' !*#"$'0%"'!@"(*:)'8"(%:=1)#@"6%&#(")!"R%8<)=2"'!6"?$*(%" #1%71%!%=1"?$*")("!*#"%(#'&8)($%6")!"R%8<)=24"?$*"6*%(" #)*!"+1*2"#$%"?)#$$*86)!<"*&8)<'#)*!4")!:8=6)!<"+*1"'!"%! #'L"'!6"(*:)'8"(%:=1)#@"6%&#(A"]*?%0%1"#$%1%")("'!"%L%27 )#@"?$%!"$%"$'("%L%:=#%6"'88"?)#$$*86)!<("'!6"(%##8%6"'88" liabil- several and from hisjoint The contractorisreleased » ity onlyconcernstherelationship: I$%"!%?"(@(#%2"*+"#$%"71)!:)78%"*+"J*)!#"'!6"(%0%1'8"8)'&)8 #%1"$'(4"$*?%0%14"&%%!">%7#"&=#")(":*278%#%8@"*7#)*!'8A )!<"*&8)<'#)*!"'1%"!*"8*!<%1"8)!>%6"#*"1%<)(#1'#)*!Q"#$%"8'# W1*2"!*?"*!4"J*)!#"'!6"(%0%1'8"8)'&)8)#@"'!6"#$%"?)#$$*86 » count theobjectionsofEuropeanCourtJustice *+"+1%%":)1:=8'#)*!"*+"(%10):%(A"I$%"!%?"1=8%"#'>%(")!#*"': I$)("1=8%"?'("6%%2%6":*!#1'1@"#*"#$%"V=1*7%'!"71)!:)78%" '!6"'66)#)*!'8"\!'!:)'8"7%!'8#)%("$'0%"&%%!"71*0)6%6"+*1A" subcontractor, his of debts tax and security social the of 420 2 421 2 422 B,. 2%!#)*!%6"#$%"2%'(=1%("#'>%!"'<')!(#"(%:*!62%!#"+1'=6A" $'0%"'81%'6@" 0=8!%1'&8%4"?%" 2*(#" )("#$%" (#1=:#)*!"(%:#*1" » J*)!#8@"'!6"(%0%1'88@"8)'&8%AS '1%"71%(=2%6"#*"&%"=!(%##8%6"6%&#("*+"R"'!6"+*1"?$):$"F")(" direct subcontractor, if B does not pay his debts, the latter the of debts the for liable is entrepreneur subcontracting %L (#)88" )(#(A"R5+"#$%"6)1%:#"(=&:*!#1':#*1"$'("6%&#("'!6"#$%"6)1%:#" 8)'&)8)#@" (%0%1'8" '!6" J*)!#" :=2=8'#)0%" $*?%0%14" 1%7*1#" 3%10):%" 5!(7%:#)*!" Z'?(" 3*:)'8" #$%" #*" F::*16)!<" S"V7*2!4 '*1 !"3:'"H'*=4 )%#1#"/!18 *"2*!)#*1)!<" +*1" /%!%1'8" H)1%:#*1'#%" H)'8*<=%4" 3*:)'8" '!6" Z'&*=1" V278*@2%!#4" WS3" " " &%#?%%!"#$%":*!#1':#*1"'!6"$)("%!#1%71%!%=1" &%#?%%!"#$%":*!#1':#*1"XFY"'!6"$)("6)1%:#"(=&:*!#1':# &%#?%%!"(=&:*!#1':#*1"XRY"'!6"#$%"6)1%:#"(=&:*!#1': ing entrepreneur(B) tor (C) :*278)'!:%"?)#$"(*:)'8"8'?(4",--D"F:#)0)#@"G%7*1#4"7AUTA Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. B,. 4"7AUTA 4"7AUUA 4"7AUUA "5!":*2&'#)!<":'1*=(%8(4"'"&8)<$#"#*"?$):$"#$%":*! 422 420 421 A ------104 *105 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS PART 3: TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF LABOUR EXPLOITATION: VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS !"#$#!% TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS 5!"#$)("(%:#)*!"*+"#$%"1%7*1#4"#$%"^%!#1%"'(>%6"+*1"#$%"0)%?(" *+"(*2%")!#%1!'#)*!'8"%L7%1#(4"?)#$"#$%")!#%!#"*+"8%'1!)!<" more about the approach of their country or organisation #*":*2&'#)!<"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)!<"+*1"8'&*=1"7=17*(%(A"I$%)1" '!(?%1("#*"#$%"K=%(#)*!!')1%("'1%"71%(%!#%6")!"#$%)1"%! - #)1%#@A N*#"'88"*+"#$%(%":'(%(")!0*80%"6%&#"&*!6'<%4"?$%1%"#$%"0): - V&#A2#39)#-/8#+1#H0<3042#+:#9,4/1#3(/:\<=01.#01#*+,(# #)2("?*1>"?)#$*=#"7'@"#*":8%'1"#$%":*(#"*+"#$%)1"#1'!(7*1 - <+,13(*#2,03)7#3+#7)/-01.#8039#39)#H0<3042#+:#3(/:\<= - #'#)*!A"5!"U"*+"#$%(%"Cb":'(%(4"#$%"0):#)2("?%1%"!'#)0%e&*1!" 01.#:+(#39)#6,(6+2)2#+:#-/>+,(#)?6-+03/30+1@#A2#03#1+3#)2 - H=#:$":)#)_%!(4"?$%1%"#$%"71*&8%2"*+"&*16%1":1*(()!<"6*%(" 2)130/-#3+#9/H)#26)<0/-#:/<0-030)2#:+(#H0<3042#+:#3902#3*6)# !*#"'1)(%A"F("+'1"'("5">!*?4"#$%1%"?'("!*"=!7')6"8'&*=1")! - +:#3(/:\<=01.@ 0*80%6")!"'!@"*+"#$%(%"Cb":'(%(A" +#%!"#$%@"6)6")!0*80%"(#'1 - 0'#)*!"?'<%("'!6"(*2%#)2%("6%&#"&*!6'<%A I$%"#1%'#2%!#"'!6"#$%"1)<$#("*+"0):#)2("*+"$=2'!"#1'+\:> - )!<"'1%"#$%"('2%4"1%<'168%(("*+"#$%"(%:#*1A"3*"'"0):#)2"*+"8' - "&#A1#*+,(#)?6)(0)1<)G#7+#2+4)#>,201)22#+81)(2#E:+(#01 - bour exploitation has the same rights as a victim of sexual 23/1<)G#01#/.(0<,-3,()#+(#39)#<+123(,<30+1#017,23(*&#,2)# %L78*)#'#)*!A 425 This report is available on-line at $##7QMM???A&!12A!8A #$%"8*?%1":*=1#(A *+"#$%":)1:=2(#'!:%(A"I$%":'(%"1%(=8#%6")!":*!0):#)*!(")!" 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R%)!<(A" /%!%1'88@" -)./-#2*23)4@#D+#89/3#)?3)13#7+#*+,#3901=#39/3#)039)(# (7%'>)!<4")#")("R8%(("#1*=&8%S"+*1"#$%")!(7%:#*1("#*")27*(%" E+(#>+39&#+:#39)2)#<+1<)632#/()#)22)130/-#,17)(601101.2# administrative penalties for minor offences than to pros- +:#-).02-/30+1#+1#9,4/1#3(/:\<=01.@# 426 %:=#%"#$%2"=!6%1":1)2)!'8"8'?A 9!6%1" #$%" '2%!6%6" 6%\!)#)*!" *+" $=2'!" #1'+\:>)!<" L&#A1#39)#23(,..-)#/./0123#9,4/1#3(/:\<=01.G#02#03#4+()# adopted as of 1 January 2005, exploitation of labour and E+(#-)22F:\<,-3#3+#3/<=-)#-/>+,(#)?6-+03/30+1#39/1#03#02# *+"(%10):%(")("%K='88@"7%!'8)(%6A"3)!:%"C"a=8@",--c4"#$%"(%! - 3+#7)/-#8039#2)?,/-#)?6-+03/30+1@#M+8#7+)2#3902#/::)<3# #%!:%"$'("&%%!"1')(%6"+1*2"D"@%'1("#*"CDA"3)!:%"#$'#"#)2%4" 39)#3/2=2#+:#39)#6+-0<)#/17#6(+2)<,3+(2@ #$%":*!:%7#("*+"R:*%1:)*!S"'!6"R'&=(%"*+"'!")!(%:=1%"()#=' - #)*!S"$'0%"&%%!"#1%'#%6"=!6%1"8'?"'(":*!(#)#=#)0%"%8%2%!#(" F("5"$'0%"7*)!#%6"*=#4"#$%"71*&8%2")("'"8':>"*+"'?'1%!%((" *+"#$%"*++%!:%"*+"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)! 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'!6"#1'6%"=!)*!(YA"W*1"%L'278%4"!*#"%0%1@"V=1*7%'!":*=! employers society, civil magistrates, inspectorates, labour XO)!)(#1)%("*+"#$%"5!#%1)*14"Z'&*=14"'!6"a=(#):%4"#$%"7*8):%4" 7%:)'88@")!"#%12("*+":**16)!'#)*!"'2*!<"#$%"(#'>%$*86%1(" ()'"'!6"5!6*!%()'A"R=#"#$%1%")("(#)88"2=:$"?*1>"#*"6*4"%( G):'"'!6"N):'1'<='4"*+"a*16'!"'!6"S'>)(#'!4"'!6"*+"O'8'@ &%#?%%!"#$%"=!)*!("*+"3%!%<'8"'!6"O'=1)#'!)'4"*+"^*(#'" '(()(#'!:%"?$%1%"!%:%(('1@A"F<1%%2%!#("$'0%"&%%!"()("*+"%L78*)#'#)*!")!"#$%)1"6%(#)!'#)*!":*=!#1@"'!6"?$'#" )!+*12%6" &%" :'!" ?*1>%1(" #$'#" (*" )27*1#'!#4" very also is unions trade among cooperation International I1'+\:>)!<")!"]=2'!"R%)!<("X/GVIFYA" against Action on Experts of the Group Europe’s of of Council creation the as such coordination, on initiatives +1*2"&*#$":*=!#1)%(A"E%"($*=86"'8(*"7*)!#"*=#"V=1*7%'!" nical cooperation and missions of specialised civil servants 2%!#"'88*?("#$%2"#*"%L:$'!<%"%L7%1)%!:%("#$1*=<$"#%:$ #)%(")!"71%0%!#)!<"'!6":*2&'#)!<"+*1:%6"8'&*=1A"I$%"'<1%% activi- their strengthen to agreement cooperation a signed %1'#)*!A"5!"O'@",--D4"#$%"<*0%1!2%!#("*+"R1'_)8"'!6"S%1=" #$%"8'##%1"'8(*"'1)(%")!"#$%":*!#%L#"*+"3*=#$e3*=#$":**7 +1'2%?*1>"*+"%L:$'!<%("*+"<**6"71':#):%(A"5!#%1%(#)!<8@4" *1"8%(("'60'!:%6")!"#$%"\<$#"'<')!(#"+*1:%6"8'&*=14")!"#$%" 2*1%" :*=!#1)%(" &%#?%%!" *1" 6%(#)!'#)*!4" *+" '!6" *1)<)!" *+" 5 450 $##7QMM:*!0%!#)*!(A:*%A)!#MI1%'#@MVNMI1%'#)%(M]#28MCcbA$#2A 450 A ------2')!8@"#'1<%#)!<"'#e1)(>"<1*=7("X2)<1'!#"?*1>%1(4")!6)< 7':)#)%("'!6")!:1%'(%"1%(%'1:$4"'60*:':@"'!6"'?'1%!%(("&@" reintegrating victims and aim to reinforce institutional ca- S("71*J%:#("1'!<%"+1*2"71%0%!#)*!"#*"1%(:=)!<"'!6" I$%"5Z <1'#)*!"71*<1'22%(YA reinte- and training (vocational rehabilitation and nities) *!"71*0)6)!<"#%(#)2*!@Y4":*27%!('#)*!"X\!'!:)'8")!6%2 depend not do that permits residence anonymity, of tion (preserva- measures protective improve to important is it victions in cases of sexual exploitationsexual of cases in victions #1'(#4")!"#$%"('2%"7%1)*6"#$%1%"?%1%"2*1%"#$'!"B4---":*! #1'+\:>)!<"+*1"#$%"7=17*(%("*+"8'&*=1"%L78*)#'#)*!A"R@":*! 8)(#("*!8@"..T":*!0):#)*!("?*186?)6%")!",--c")!":'(%("*+" 3#'#%"H%7'1#2%!#4")!")#("2*(#"1%:%!#"1%7*1#"*!"#1'+\:>)!<4" #**"8%!)%!#"#*"%++%:#)0%8@"6)(:*=1'<%"#$%"71':#):%A"I$%"93" '1%"*!8@"?%'>8@"%!+*1:%64"'!6"#$%"7%!'8#)%("'##':$%6"'1%" #*=<$ $'0%" %!%6"=7"#$%)1"8'?("*!"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)!<4"&=#"#$%(%"8'?(" :*=!#1)%(" O'!@" 7%17%#1'#*1(A" *+" )27=!)#@" ?)#$*=#"#*=:$)!<"*!"*#$%1"71*&8%2(4"8)>%":*11=7#)*!"'!6" W*1:%6"8'&*=1"'!6"$=2'!"#1'+\:>)!<":'!!*#"&%"%8)2)!'#%6" <+13(0>,3)#01#3902#()./(7@# 02#<+1<)(1)7@#A:#2+G#89/3#/()#39)*@#K9/3#<+,-7#39)#AYP# -/<=01.#/2#:/(#/2#6(+3)<301.#H0<3042#+:#9,4/1#3(/:\<=01.# V&#I+#*+,#<+1207)(#39/3#<)(3/01#4)/2,()2#/()#<,(()13-*# 71*7%1#@A %++%:#)0%"('!:#)*!(4"(=:$"'("#$%"+1%%_)!<"*+"'((%#("'!6"1%'8" enable to needed is cooperation international more crime, &@"8'?A"5!"#$%":'(%"*+")!#%1!'#)*!'8"!%#?*1>("*+"*1<'!)(%6" imposed sanctions supplement to initiative sector private &*=1A"I$)(")("'"7'1#):=8'18@")!#%1%(#)!<"%L'278%4"()!:%")#")("'" '<1%%6"!*#"#*"2'>%"8*'!("#*":*27'!)%("#$'#"=(%"+*1:%6"8' 5!"R1'_)84"+*1"%L'278%4"!=2%1*=(":1%6)#")!(#)#=#)*!("$'0%" $%'0)%1"\!'!:)'8"('!:#)*!(":'7'&8%"*+"6%#%11)!<"#1'+\:>%1(A" !%#?*1>(A"5#"?*=86"&%"%(7%:)'88@"=(%+=8"#*":*2%"=7"?)#$" :1)2)!'8" )!#%1!'#)*!'8" 6)(2'!#8)!<" #*" 1%<'16" ?)#$" :)'88@" espe- done, be to remains still deal great a Nevertheless, '("'!"%L'278%"&@"V=1*7*8A 1%<)*!"*+"S=<8)'A"I$)("*7%1'#)*!"$'("+1%K=%!#8@"&%%!":)#%6" ?%1%"%!<'<%6")!"+*1:%6"'<1):=8#=1'8"8'&*=1")!"#$%"5#'8)'!" 5#'8@4")!",--U4"1%(=8#%6")!"#$%"1%(:=%"*+"S*8)($"?*1>%1("?$*" and Poland of inspectorates and police the of cooperation agencies $'("'81%'6@"($*?!"1%(=8#(")!"#$%"'1%'"*+"%!+*1:%2%!#A"I$%" the among cooperation and coordination This 451 "93"H%7'1#2%!#"*+"3#'#%4"I1'+\:>)!<")!"S%1(*!("G%7*1#",-C-4"$##7QMM???A(#'#%A<*0M 5271*0)!<"6'#'":*88%:#)*!"'!6"1%(%'1:$4"'!6"1%\!)!<"#$%" )!6):'#*1(" =(%6A" o='!#)#'#)0%" '!6" K='8)#'#)0%" (#=6)%(" 1% - 2')!"'"$)<$"71)*1)#@A"^*=!#1)%("#$'#"(*"6%()1%"?)88"1%:%)0%" #%:$!):'8"'(()(#'!:%"#*"71*6=:%"#$%)1"*?!"!'#)*!'8"(#'#)( - #):("'!6"#*"1%\!%"#$%)1")!6):'#*1("*+"+*1:%6"8'&*=1A"I$%"')2" is to replicate, in developing and industrialised countries, existing pilot programmes (several studies have been con- ducted to measure the extent of forced labour among mi- <1'#*1@"0):#)2("*+"#1'+\:>)!<"'!6"*!"#$%"#1'6)#)*!'8"+*12(" *+"+*1:%6"8'&*=1YA"5#")(")27*1#'!#"#*"?*1>"*!"#$%"+*12("*+" forced labour that have received less attention to date, (=:$"'("71)(*!"8'&*=14"'!6"#*"+*:=("*!"0=8!%1'&8%"?*1> - %1(4"%(7%:)'88@"6*2%(#):"?*1>%1(4"(%'2%!4"'!6"?*1>%1(")!" W1%%"I1'6%"p*!%(4"'("?%88"'("#*"8**>"2*1%":8*(%8@"'#"#$%" economic aspects of forced labour; 452 " /RA.-UMI^M."W*88*?e=7"#*"#$%"5Z "H%:8'1'#)*!"*!"W=!6'2%!#'8"S1)!:)78%("'!6"G)<$#(" '#"E*1>Q"I%:$!):'8":**7%1'#)*!"71)*1)#)%("'!6"':#)*!"78'!"1%<'16)!<"#$%"%8)2)!'#)*!"*+" +*1:%6"8'&*=1A 120 *121 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS CONCLUSIONS : RECOMMENDATIONS 122 *123 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS DETECTING VICTIMS )#":*=86"2%'!"'"())! !"#$%"VC-C"'!6"FC"6*:=2%!#(4"(%%"'&*0%"S'1#",4"^$'7#%1"CA " H0/#/#2*23)4#+:#R,(+6)/1#)-)<3(+10<#().023(/30+1#:+(# >*#)1<+,(/.01.#<(+22T>+(7)(#<+--/>+(/30+1#+(#39)#04 H0/#013)(1/30+1/-#<+--/>+(/30+1#+1#2)0J,()2] 7/3/>/2)^ secondment documents and a Europe-wide LIMOSA 6-)4)13/30+1#+:#/#R,(+6)/1#2+<0/-#0126)<3+(/3)^ R*:'12 4"71*:=1%=1"< ! 1'8"6%"Z) <%S4"aAIAIA,--D4"7ABTbeBU.A 454 BT. ------ 124 *125 TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS ()6%1"Z5O 3F"#*"&%"'!"%L'278%"*+"<**6"71':#):%"?$):$" 5!" #$%" :*!(#1=:#)*!" (%:#*14" '" 1)(>" (%:#*1" +*1" $=2'!" #1'+ - :'!"(%10%"'("'!"%L'278%"+*1")!#%1!'#)*!'8"#1')!)!<"(%(()*!(A" \:>)!<4"#$%1%"'1%":)0)8"8'?"2%'(=1%("&'(%6"*!"#$%"71)!:)78%" F#"#$%"2*2%!#4"R%8<)=2")("'"7)*!%%1")!"#$)("\%86A" *+"J*)!#"'!6"(%0%1'8"8)'&)8)#@A"I$)(":'!"(%10%"'("'"7*)!#"*+" 6%7'1#=1%"+1*2"?$):$"#*"%L#%!6"#$%(%"2%'(=1%("#*"*#$%1" F" 8'&*=1" 71*(%:=#*1" :*!\6%6" #*" =(" #$'#" )!#%1!'#)*!'8" (%:#*1(A :*88'&*1'#)*!"?'("'"6)('(#%1"'("1%<'16("(%)_=1%(A"g'1)*=(" :*=!#1)%(" 1%+=(%" '88" :**7%1'#)*!A" I$)(" ()#='#)*!" 2=(#" &%" 1%2%6)%6"=1<%!#8@A" CONTINUE MONITORING BY PARLIAMENT !&#D9)#S)13()#) - 01.2]# 8) Abuses of company structures for fraudulent uses 4,23#>)#7)/-3#8039#\(4-*] In its previous annual reports, the Centre has already stressed the importance of structural political monitoring 5!"*=1"71%0)*=("'!!='8"1%7*1#(4"?%"$'0%"'8(*")!6):'#%6"#$%" &@"2%'!("*+"'"7'18)'2%!#'1@"+*1=2A"5#")("6%8)<$#%6"#$'#"#$%" existence of such carousels in various cases involving hu- 3%!'#%"#**>"(=:$"'!")!)#)'#)0%")!"#$%"71%0)*=("S'18)'2%!#A" 2'!" #1'+\:>)!<" +*1" #$%" 7=17*(%(" *+" 8'&*=1" %L78*)#'#)*!A" 5#"$*7%("#$'#"#$)("?)88"&%":*!#)!=%6"*1"#$'#"*#$%1")!)#)'#)0%(" I$%(%"*1<'!)(%6"(%#e=7("2=(#"&%"#':>8%6"1%(*8=#%8@A"I$%@" *+"'"()2)8'1"!'#=1%"?)88"&%")!#1*6=:%6"6=1)!<"#$%"!%L#"#%12" represent tens of millions of euros in losses per year for the )!"*+\:%A" R%8<)'!"3#'#%A"5#")("2')!8@"#$%":*!(#1=:#)*!"(%:#*1"#$'#")(" 2*(#"0=8!%1'&8%"#*"#$%(%"(*1#("*+":'1*=(%8(A" VL:$'!<%"*+"6'#'"'#"'"!'#)*!'8"8%0%8"&%#?%%!"#$%"#'L"'= - thorities and the inspection services must therefore be bet- #%1"$'12*!)(%6A"I$%" O7;; ?-",76*";'";699-"37%9*-";'"8*'6&-"\23';-" et sociale (Authority for combating tax and social security +1'=6Y" $'(4" )!" )#(" ':#)*!" 78'!4" #'>%!" )27*1#'!#" 2%'(=1%(" aimed at combating more effectively the corrupt practice *+" %(#'&8)($)!<" :*27'!)%(" +*1" +1'=6=8%!#" 7=17*(%(A" I$%" 0'1)*=("'=#$*1)#)%("2=(#"&%"2'6%"'?'1%"#$'#"#$%@"!%%6"#$%" resources to detect dormant companies and to put an end #*"#$%2"*7%1'#)!<"+1%%8@A THE GOVERNMENT MUST ENSURE ORDER- GIVERS ASSUME THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES W&#D9)#013(+7,<30+1#+:#/#-/8#+1#39)#<+T()26+120>0-03*#+:# +(7)(T.0H)(2#01#)01.2#:+(# 39)#6,(6+2)2#+:#Y'_PUQ#)?6-+03/30+1] I$%" ^%!#1%" $*7%(" #$'#" R%8<)'!" 8%<)(8'#*1(" ?)88" ($*1#8@" '6*7#"'"8'?"')2%6"'#"2'>)!<"*16%1e<)0%1("1%(7*!()&8%")!" the context of combating large-scale labour exploitation &@" 2%'!(" *+" (=&:*!#1':#)!<" (:$%2%(A" I$%" ^%!#1%" '!6" #$%"5!#%16%7'1#2%!#'8"9!)#"+*1":**16)!'#)*!"*+"#$%"\<$#" '<')!(#"$=2'!"(2=<<8)!<"'!6"#1'+\:>)!<"$'0%"&%%!":'88)!<" +*1"(=:$"'"8'?"+*1"@%'1(A" F"#$#F% TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS Annual Report on Traf!cking of and smuggling in Human Beings 2009: In a haze of legality Brussels, October 2010 `,>-029)(#/17#/,39+(\ S)13()#:+(#R5,/-#P66+(3,1030)2#/17#P66+2030+1#3+#Q/<024 Rue Royale 138, 1000 Brussels T: 02 212 30 00 F: 02 212 30 30 [email protected] 888]70H)(203)]>)# ',39+(2\#a+)1#I)8,-:G#[3):#b/122)12#/17#`/3(0<0/#Y)#S+<5# R?3)(1/-#<+13(0>,3+(2\#',( -0)#M/,<9 ()#EAYP&G#e-+(02#H/1#I0X=G#Y017/#H/1#a(046)1#EP:\<)#+:#39)# I,3<9#f/30+1/-#Q/66+(3),(#+1#D(/:\<=01.#01#M,4/1#_)01.2&# [,6)(H020+1\#R7+,/(7#I)-(,)--)G#a+)1#I)8,-:G#b+J):#I)#K033)G#b,-0)#Y)X),1) R703+(2T01T<90):\#f/701)#_(/,12#/17#R):#`))3)(2# D(/12-/30+1\#'-69/H03 R70301.#+:#39)#R1.-029#H)(20+1\#[/(/9#g(/1<=? Z(/690<#7)20.1#/17#-/*+,3#+:#39)#R1.-029#H)(20+1\#7T/(3/.1/1#h#P-0H0)(#[,/()J `(01301.\#`)(=/#Ei/-7).)4&# `9+3+.(/69*\#e(/1<)#I,>+02 Q)26+120>-)#R703+(\#b+J):#I)#K033) K)#8029#3+#)?6()22#+,(#.(/303,7)#3+#A1.(07#')17)1>++4G#b,-0)#Y)X),1)G#'11#Q)22)-)(G#3+#39)#-+ - .0230<2#7)6/(34)13G#39)#/7401023(/30H)#2)<()3/(0/3#/17#/--#4)4>)(2#+:#39)#_+/(7#+:#I0()<3+(2#+:#39)# S)13()#:+(#R5,/-#P66+(3,1030)2#/17#P66+2030+1#3+#Q/<024] This report is also available in Dutch and French. M+8#3+#+>3/01#/#<+6*#+:#3902#()6+(3\ `(0<)\#K# F#Eh#K#F]%!#6+23/.)& S+60)2#)#+(7)()7#:(+4#39)#A1:+29+6#N#S9/1<)--)(*#+:#39)#`(04)#i01023)( T#>*#4/=01.#/1#/7H/1<)#6/*4)13#013+#/<<+,13#1,4>)(\#SS`#"%WTF!!L"O!T V T#>*#)T4/0-\#29+6l>)-.0,4]:.+H]>) i)130+1#<-)/(-*#39)#303-)#P'11,/-#Q)6+(3#+1#D(/:\<=01.#+:#/17#[4,..-01.#01#M,4/1#_)01.2G#F!!WQ# 26)<0:*01.#39)#-/1.,/.)#/17#39)#1,4>)(#+:#<+60)2#7)20()7] '#<+6*#)#+>3/01)7#70()<3-*#:(+4#39)#+:\<)2#+:#39)#A1:+29+6#N#S9/1<)--)(*#+:#39)#`(04)# Minister, open Monday to Friday from 9:00 - 11:30 a.m. and 12:00 - 4:00 p.m. F%87247,"N"O4'%3-;;-*!"78"94-"K*$+-"/$%$29-* _+,-)H/(7#7,#Q .)13#ON#N# !!!#_(,22)-2 D\#!F#O N#!V#!!#N#e\#!F#O F#O #FO#N#29+6l>)-.0,4]:.+H]>) D9)#()6+(3#)#7+81-+/7)7#01#K+(7#/17#`Ie#:+(4/32#:(+4#39)#8)>203)#+:#39)#S)13()#:+(# R5,/-#P66+(3,1030)2#/17#P66+2030+1#3+#Q/<024\#888]70H)(203)]>)(?9$,($,(390!035+!$,+%(Q<(;"&'()"!* "1( ,@::;<( 40,,$#+( 59+( "1( 5$"&(F+!#$3+(K^BFL(90,(&"5+%(5905A(R59+(40$&(0%#0&50'+( course payslips) "1( 0&%( 3+!5$\305+,8( ZRNR( :+!4$5,8( !+,$%+&3+( 30!%,8( 5$5<( 5+35+%("&(%"3@4+&5,(5905(59+()"!*+!,(%"(:",,+,,(K$%+& 10;,$\+%>(D"!+"#+!8(+#$%+&3+("1(1!0@%(90,(0;,"(Q++&(%+ 59+<(%"(+\$,58(59+<(0!+(&"5(0;)0<,(3"!!+35("!(90#+(Q++&( :9+&"4+&"&S8( 0!5(R8(^90:5+!(.(K"#+!#$+)("1(30,+(;0)(SNNHY+0!;<(SNNJL8(::>(/.Y=N> 40&(?!01\3*$&'8(Rb@40&(?!01\3*$&'(Y(Z&;$,5$&'(:+":;+(0&%(!+,"@!3+,(5"(3"4Q05(59+(