ISSN 1463 9696 Autumn 2006 • Bulletin No 57 EUROPEAN RACE BULLETIN Islamophobia, xenophobia and the climate of hate “It is not immigration that threatens our culture now, but nascent fascism and neo-Nazism, with the violence and intimidation that are associated with those political creeds.” Daphne Caruana Galizia, Maltese journalist Contents Preface 2 Racial violence 3 Islamophobia and xenophobia 16 National security, anti-terrorist measures and civil rights 26 The IRR is carrying out a European Race Audit supported by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. Specific research projects focus on the impact of national security laws and the war against terrorism on race relations and the impact of the EU’s new policy of ‘managed migration’ on refugee protection. The Institute of Race Relations is precluded from expressing a corporate view: any opinions expressed here are therefore those of the contributors. Please acknowledge IRR’s European Race Audit Project in any use of this work. For further information contact Liz Fekete at the Institute of Race Relations, 2-6 Leeke Street, London WC1X 9HS. Email: [email protected] © Institute of Race Relations 2006 Preface In this issue of the Bulletin, we document around eighty of the most serious incidents of racial violence that have taken place across Europe over the last eleven months. These attacks occurred as the war on terror heightened prejudices against Muslims and foreigners. As Islam has been essentialised (by commentators, politicians and the media) as inherently violent and migration has been depicted as a threat to national security, 'Muslim' has become synonymous with ‘terrorist’, and migrant and foreigner with ‘crime’. The end result, not surprisingly, is increased Islamophobia and xenophobia. The cases of racist violence documented in Section 1 suggest that a large proportion of Europe’s hate crimes are actively instigated by extreme-Right organisations and that such extremist movements are flourishing in the war on terror-induced climate of suspicion and hysteria. While governments regularly call on Muslim organisations to do more to combat Islamic terrorism, they appear to do far less to counter the racist terrorism of white nationalists. 'It is not immigration that threatens our culture now, but nascent fascism and neo-Nazism, with the violence and intimidation that are associated with those political creeds’, warned Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, herself targeted by racists. The case studies documented in Section 2 show that racist and neo-Nazi movements feed off the more populist and mainstreamed strains of Islamophobia and xenophobia, including those of political parties. Parties such as the Vlaams Belang, the Danish People’s Party and the Northern League must take some of the blame for the increase in intolerance and hate. For they and their supporters continually posit Islam as a threat to democracy, as incompatible with constitutions, national identity, customs and values. Thus, the very presence of a mosque in a community can be deemed threatening, as can be something as innocuous as the donning of religious clothing. In this report, we document numerous cases of populist campaigns against mosques, Muslim meeting places and even burial places in Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Spain and Switzerland. Finally, in Section 3, we document the corrosive effect of the war on terror on democratic standards, civil rights and criminal justice. Increased racism and intolerance are inevitable by- products of the introduction of racial and religious profiling in policing and intelligence services and the public climate of fear against Muslims and migrants. Liz Fekete Editor, European Race Bulletin 2 IRR EUROPEAN RACE BULLETIN • NO 57 • AUTUMN 2006 Racial violence This compilation is drawn, for the most part, directly from the news sources cited. But in some cases the sources were gleaned from the web pages of other organisations monitoring the European press. The following websites have proved invaluable: Amadeu Antonio Foundation in collaboration with the journal Stern (www.mut-gegen- rechte-gewalt.de); the European Network Against Racism (www.enar-eu.org/en/wmail/index.shtml); The Internet Centre Against Racism in Europe (www.icare.to); UNHCR Baltic & Nordic Headlines (www.unhcr.se); ROMEA (www.romea.cz). AUSTRIA Appeasement of far-Right parties blamed for hate climate Yet, despite the demonstrated links between the racist Vienna: attempt to bomb Muslim youth group foiled murderer Hans van Themsche and the VB, representatives On September 11, bomb disposal experts destroyed an of other parties still appear to be appeasing the VB’s explosive package containing gas cartridges and cables, racist views. Some politicians have openly rejected the which was found outside the offices of the Austrian idea of a ‘cordon sanitaire’ between more mainstream par- Muslim Youth (MJO), an organisation that aims to help ties and the VB and have shown interest in forming young Muslims integrate into society. A neo-Nazi slogan alliances with them. A case in point is Marc Demesmaeker, found on the package read ‘July 4 1926, Weimar’, an a politician in the Flanders separatist New-Flemish apparent reference to a key meeting that allowed Hitler Alliance (Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, or N-VA), who told a to increase his control over the Nazi party. The police are newspaper that he thought his party should hold discus- following up the neo-Nazi lead but also say that this does sions with the VB after the October 2006 municipal elec- not exclude them investigating whether the attack was tions. He also suggested that his party ‘shares some of linked to the xenophobic nature of the election campaign the same nationalist ideas’ as the VB and that the VB is of the Freedom Party (FPÖ) ahead of October’s parliamen- an ideal choice when compared with other parties such as tary elections. the Union of Francophones (UF) and Democratic Front of the Francophones (FDF), who are the ‘real fascists and Racist violence rises racists’. (La Libre Belgique 14.6.06) The attack has drawn attention to increasing neo-Nazi activity and extremist violence. Last April, arsonists CECLR annual report warns of ‘entrenched racism’ attacked a Muslim cemetery in a Vienna suburb. A bomb In its annual report on racism in 2005, the Belgian Centre also exploded near a mosque in Vienna in November for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (CECLR) 2005. In September 2005, unknown attackers hurled warned that racism had become firmly entrenched in daily stones at worshippers during their dawn prayers in a life in Belgian society and that the situation required mosque in Linz. (Islam Online 14.9.06) greater attention in terms of legal action in accordance with the 1981 anti-racism law. Reported cases of racism are, according to the report, just the ‘tip of the iceberg’ and the ‘hidden face of racism’ still needs to be confront- ed. April and May 2006 were particularly shocking for the BELGIUM number of racist attacks and murders in Belgium. (CECLR, Rapport annuel 2005, 05.06) Government and civil society considers roots of Tienen: Roma stabbed in skinhead assault racist violence Immediate surgery has saved the life of Peter Danyi, an After Hans van Themsche, a young racist related to a mem- 18-year-old Roma, who was assaulted alongside his friend ber of the far-Right Vlaams Belang (VB), killed a Malian au in Tienen (Flemish Brabant province) by five skinheads pair and the 2-year-old Belgian child in her care and seri- who knocked him to the ground before repeatedly stab- ously injured a woman of Turkish origin in May this year bing him. Five men, including two minors have been (see European Race Bulletin 56), debates about the persis- arrested, and the youth who carried out the stabbing has tence of racial violence in Belgium have featured promi- admitted that it was racially motivated. The organisation nently in the media. Although commentators in the Opra Roma condemned this racist attack and organised a Belgian media initially – and mistakenly – blamed demonstration against racism and for tolerance. (ROMEA Moroccan youths for the earlier murder of Joe van 30.8.06, NRT Flandersnews.be 2.9.06) Holsbeeck, a white teenager, in Brussels in April 2006, Other recent cases to cause alarm Belgium is slowly beginning to accept that racist violence is a Belgian problem, and not one imported from the coun- Other cases of racial violence reported in the media in tries of settled immigrant communities. Prime minister Guy 2006 include: Verhofstadt has spoken of Belgian society descending into • At the end of April, a 26-year-old Congolese man was a ‘spiral of violence’ and many people blame the situation beaten outside a petrol station in Zellik, leaving him par- on the hatred and xenophobia being propagated by the tially blind and paralysed. (La Libre Belgique 12.5.06, Front National in Wallonia and the VB in the city of World Socialist Web Site 21.6.06) Antwerp. (Radio France Internationale website 12.5.06) • Mohamed Bouazza, a 23-year-old Belgian man of 3 IRR EUROPEAN RACE BULLETIN • NO 57 • AUTUMN 2006 Moroccan origin, was found dead in the River Scheldt. attacked outside a gay bar. (Prague Post 14.12.05) His mother blamed the climate of racism that had devel- Neratovice: extremists arrested after anti-Roma attack oped in Belgium on the VB. The young man was found dead on 10 May following his disappearance after an In May 2006, three members of the neo-Nazi National argument outside a nightclub on 30 April. His family Resistance were arrested after they broke into a block of allege that his death was the result of a racist attack. flats in Neratovice, banging on the doors of Romani ten- (La Libre Belgique 26, 27.5.06, Bladi.net 13.5.06) ants, chanting racist abuse and threatening to kill them.