Fragility, Aid, and State-Building
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Fragility, Aid, and State-building Fragile states pose major development and security challenges. Considerable international resources are therefore devoted to state-building and institutional strengthening in fragile states, with generally mixed results. This volume explores how unpacking the concept of fragility and studying its dimensions and forms can help to build policy-relevant under- standings of how states become more resilient and the role of aid therein. It highlights the particular challenges for donors in dealing with ‘chronically’ (as opposed to ‘temporarily’) fragile states and those with weak legitimacy, as well as how unpacking fragility can provide traction on how to take ‘local context’ into account. Three chapters present new analysis from innovative initiatives to study fragility and fragile state transitions in cross- national perspective. Four chapters offer new focused analysis of selected countries, drawing on comparative methods and spotlighting the role of aid versus historical, institu- tional and other factors. It has become a truism that one-size-fits-all policies do not work in development, whether in fragile or non-fragile states. This should not be confused with a broader rejection of ‘off-the-rack’ policy models that can then be further adjusted in particular situations. Systematic thinking about varieties of fragility helps us to develop this range, drawing lessons – appropriately – from past experience. This book was originally published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly, and is available online as an Open Access monograph. Rachel M. Gisselquist is a political scientist and currently a Research Fellow with UNU-WIDER. She works on the politics of the developing world, with particular attention to ethnic politics and group-based inequality, state fragility, governance and democratiza- tion in sub-Saharan Africa. She holds a PhD from MIT. ThirdWorlds Edited by Shahid Qadir, University of London, UK ThirdWorlds will focus on the political economy, development and cultures of those parts of the world that have experienced the most political, social, and economic upheaval, and which have faced the greatest challenges of the postcolonial world under globalisation: poverty, displacement and diaspora, environmental degradation, human and civil rights abuses, war, hunger, and disease. ThirdWorlds serves as a signifier of oppositional emerging economies and cultures ranging from Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle East, and even those ‘Souths’ within a larger perceived North, such as the U.S. South and Mediterranean Europe. The study of these otherwise disparate and discontinuous areas, known collectively as the Global South, demonstrates that as globalisation pervades the planet, the south, as a synonym for subal- terity, also transcends geographical and ideological frontier. For a complete list of titles in this series, please visit https://www.routledge.com/series/TWQ Recent titles in the series include: Corruption in the Aftermath of War Food Sovereignty Edited by Jonas Lindberg and Convergence and Contradictions, Camilla Orjuela Condition and Challenges Edited by Eric Holt-Giménez, Everyday Energy Politics in Central Alberto Alonso-Fradejas, Todd Holmes Asia and the Caucasus and Martha Jane Robbins Citizens’ Needs, Entitlements and Struggles for Access The International Politics of Ebola Edited by David Gullette and Edited by Anne Roemer-Mahler and Jeanne Féaux de la Croix Simon Rushton The UN and the Global South, 1945 Rising Powers and South-South and 2015 Cooperation Edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Edited by Kevin Gray and Barry K. Gills Pallavi Roy The ‘Local Turn’ in Peacebuilding The Green Economy in the Global The Liberal Peace Challenged South Edited by Joakim Öjendal, Edited by Stefano Ponte and Isabell Schierenbeck and Daniel Brockington Caroline Hughes China’s Contingencies and Offshore Central Asia Globalization Edited by John Heathershaw and Edited by Changgang Guo, Liu Debin Alexander Cooley and Jan Nederveen Pieterse Third World Approaches to The Power of Human Rights/The International Law Human Rights of Power Edited by Amar Bhatia, Edited by Louiza Odysseos and Usha Natarajan, John Reynolds and Anna Selmeczi Sujith Xavier Class Dynamics of Development Aid to Support Fragile States Edited by Jonathan Pattenden, The Challenge of Chronic State Liam Campling, Satoshi Miyamura Weakness and Benjamin Selwyn Edited by Rachel M. Gisselquist Fragility, Aid, and State-building Understanding Diverse Trajectories Edited by Rachel M. Gisselquist Fragility, Aid, and State-building Understanding Diverse Trajectories Edited by Rachel M. Gisselquist First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 UNU-WIDER. Originally published as Open Access. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-1-138-06971-8 Typeset in Times New Roman by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Publisher’s Note The publisher accepts responsibility for any inconsistencies that may have arisen during the conversion of this book from journal articles to book chapters, namely the possible inclusion of journal terminology. Disclaimer Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint material in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in future editions of this book. Contents Citation Information ix Notes on Contributors xi Introduction: Varieties of fragility: implications for aid 1 Rachel M. Gisselquist 1. Disaggregating state fragility: a method to establish a multidimensional empirical typology 13 Jörn Grävingholt, Sebastian Ziaja and Merle Kreibaum 2. Conceptualising state collapse: an institutionalist approach 31 Daniel Lambach, Eva Johais and Markus Bayer 3. Towards a theory of fragile state transitions: evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos 48 David Carment, Joe Landry, Yiagadeesen Samy and Scott Shaw 4. Aid and state transition in Ghana and South Korea 65 Jiyoung Kim 5. Aid and policy preferences in oil-rich countries: comparing Indonesia and Nigeria 81 Ahmad Helmy Fuady 6. Development assistance and the lasting legacies of rebellion in Burundi and Rwanda 97 Devon E.A. Curtis 7. Aid, accountability and institution building in Ethiopia: the self-limiting nature of technocratic aid 114 Berhanu Abegaz Index 137 vii Citation Information The chapters in this book were originally published in Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015). When citing this material, please use the original page numbering for each article, as follows: Introduction Varieties of fragility: implications for aid Rachel M. Gisselquist Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1269–1280 Chapter 1 Disaggregating state fragility: a method to establish a multidimensional empirical typology Jörn Grävingholt, Sebastian Ziaja and Merle Kreibaum Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1281–1298 Chapter 2 Conceptualising state collapse: an institutionalist approach Daniel Lambach, Eva Johais and Markus Bayer Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1299–1315 Chapter 3 Towards a theory of fragile state transitions: evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos David Carment, Joe Landry, Yiagadeesen Samy and Scott Shaw Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1316–1332 Chapter 4 Aid and state transition in Ghana and South Korea Jiyoung Kim Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1333–1348 Chapter 5 Aid and policy preferences in oil-rich countries: comparing Indonesia and Nigeria Ahmad Helmy Fuady Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1349–1364 ix Citation Information Chapter 6 Development assistance and the lasting legacies of rebellion in Burundi and Rwanda Devon E.A. Curtis Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1365–1381 Chapter 7 Aid, accountability and institution building in Ethiopia: the self-limiting nature of technocratic aid Berhanu Abegaz Third World Quarterly, volume 36, issue 7 (2015), pp. 1382–1403 For any permission-related enquiries please visit: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/help/permissions x Notes on Contributors Berhanu Abegaz is Professor of Economics at the College of William & Mary, USA. His research on Ethiopia has focused on agrarian history, state formation, industrialization, aid effectiveness and party-owned enterprises. Markus Bayer is a Research Fellow on the project ‘Why Do States Collapse?’ at the Institute of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. David Carment is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Global Cooperation Research and a Professor at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada. Devon E.A. Curtis is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge, UK, and a Research Associate in the Department of Politics at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.