DOCSLIB.ORG

Belgian Policy on Trafficking in and Smuggling of Human Beings: Shadows and Lights

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Belgian Policy on Trafficking in and Smuggling of Human Beings: Shadows and Lights TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS ANNUAL REPORT Belgian Policy on Trafficking in and Smuggling of Human Beings: Shadows and Lights November 2005 Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (CEOOR) Trafficking in human beings and economic exploitation 1 How to obtain this publication This report is available in Dutch, French and English. The price is € 5.00 + € 2.73 for postal charges. The publication may be ordered from the Infoshop - the Chancellery of the Prime Minister by making an advance payment into account number CCP 679-2003650-18. by e-mail: [email protected] Please specify: "Report on the trafficking in human beings - November 2005", the language and the number of copies required. The report is also available from the Infoshop - the Chancellery of the Prime Minister, open from Monday to Friday, from 9 am to 4 pm. The Infoshop - the Chancellery of the Prime Minister Boulevard du Régent 54 – 1000 Brussels– Tel: 02/514 08 00 The report may also be consulted on our Internet site: http://www.diversite.be Trafficking in human beings and economic exploitation 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................5 I. TRAFFICKING IN AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS: A NEW LAW.................7 1. Trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants: international and European definitions...7 1.1. International.......................................................................................................................................8 1.2. European..........................................................................................................................................10 2. Belgian Law: the Law of 10 August 2005 ...............................................................................................11 2.1. The main themes..............................................................................................................................11 2.2. Details about the new criminal liabilities ........................................................................................12 2.3. Other changes ..................................................................................................................................18 2.4. Parliamentary debates......................................................................................................................19 3. Prospects and challenges .........................................................................................................................21 3.1. A definition of trafficking in human beings inconsistent with international and European instruments ......................................................................................................................21 3.2. The concept of human dignity, a solution for economic exploitation?............................................28 3.3. The right to be able to enjoy the status of a "trafficked person .......................................................34 3.4. The ability of the Centre and reception centres to initiate judicial proceedings..............................36 II. DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION, RECEIPT AND ASSISTANCE ................................39 1. The Belgian model ....................................................................................................................................39 1.1. Procedure.........................................................................................................................................39 1.2. Centres specialised in reception and assistance for trafficked persons............................................41 1.3 Profiles of trafficked persons ..........................................................................................................43 2. The Italian model......................................................................................................................................46 3. The EU model............................................................................................................................................48 4. Expert Group report ...............................................................................................................................49 5. Council of Europe Convention on trafficking in and smuggling of human beings.............................50 6. Comments..................................................................................................................................................52 6.1. Provisions for detecting and identifying victims .............................................................................53 6.2. Reflection period ............................................................................................................................55 6.3. Temporary residence permit ...........................................................................................................55 6.4. Definitive regularisation..................................................................................................................57 III. STRUCTURES FOR COORDINATING AND GATHERING INFORMATION ..............59 1. Belgian coordination structures...............................................................................................................59 1.1. Interdepartmental Unit for the Coordination of Action ...................................................................59 1.2. Coordinating the policy on smuggling and trafficking in human beings.........................................62 Trafficking in human beings and economic exploitation 3 1.3. Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism .............................................................63 2. Intelligence gathering ...............................................................................................................................64 IV. TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS AND ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ..................67 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................67 1.1. Profiles of trafficked persons ..........................................................................................................68 1.2. Recommendation of the Expert Group: do not lose sight of prevention..........................................70 2. Link between migration and trafficking in human beings....................................................................71 2.1. Smuggling of or trafficking in human beings? ................................................................................71 2.2. Migration and forced labour: more than "Matrioshki" ....................................................................72 2.3. Forced labour: definition and signs .................................................................................................74 3. The informal economy..............................................................................................................................75 3.1. Informal economy and migration: a few situations .........................................................................76 3.2. Growing informal economy and higher demand for migrant workers ............................................76 3.3 The size of the informal economy and the percentage of (illegal) migrants involved.....................78 3.4. The whereabouts of the informal economy in Belgium...................................................................81 3.5. Structural analysis of a few risk sectors and their employment relationships .................................83 3.6. Methods of economically exploiting victims: coercion and control mechanisms ...........................84 3.7. Subcontracting and role of the networks .........................................................................................85 4. Victims: difficult to identify .......................................................................................................................86 5. Combating economic exploitation on the ground .......................................................................................87 V. TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS AND ORGANISED CRIME ...............................91 1. Victims and prosecution policies................................................................................................................93 2. Need for co-operation, specialisation and coordination..............................................................................96 3. Anti-corruption strategies ...........................................................................................................................97 4 Expert Group anti-corruption recommendations ........................................................................................98 5. Corruption in the enlargement countries.....................................................................................................99 6. Corruption and document trafficking........................................................................................................101 7. Need for a financial and money-laundering investigation ........................................................................102 8. Financial investigation and criminal organisation ....................................................................................102 9. A profitable business ................................................................................................................................103
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNEMPLOYMENT, INEQUALITY, POVERTY and CRIME Spatial
    doi:10.1093/bjc/azq067 BRIT. J. CRIMINOL. (2011) 51, 1–20 Advance Access publication 1 December 2010 UNEMPLOYMENT, INEQUALITY, POVERTY AND CRIME Spatial Distribution Patterns of Criminal Acts in Belgium, 2001–06 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/51/1/1/344985 by University of Liverpool user on 07 May 2021 Marc Hooghe*, Bram Vanhoutte, Wim Hardyns and Tuba Bircan Previous research has indicated that various deprivation indicators have a positive impact on crime rates at the community level. In this article, we investigate the impact of deprivation indicators on crime in Belgian municipalities (n = 589) for the period 2001–06. A spatial regression analysis demonstrates that unemployment figures have a strong and significant impact on crime rates, and this effect is stronger than the effect of income levels. Income inequality has a significant positive impact on property crime rates but a negative impact on violent crime. Crime is heavily concentrated in the urban centres of Belgium, but we also observe some important regional variations. Demo- graphic structure was not related to crime levels, while spatial analysis shows there is a spill-over effect to neighbouring communities for property crime, but not for violent crime. We close with some theoretical and policy considerations on the relation between unemployment and crime. Keywords: geographical distribution, crime rates, Belgium, spatial analysis, unemploy- ment, inequality Introduction Investigating spatial distribution patterns of crime is a continuing concern within criminology. Traditionally, it has been argued that economic deprivation and inequality are positively correlated to crime rates (Blau and Blau 1982; Messner 1982; O’Brien 1983; Williams 1984; Sampson 1985a).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Trafficking in Women ______3 2
    Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN Civil Liberties Series LIBE 109 EN This publication is available in English. At the end of this working paper you will find a full list of the other 'Civil Liberties Series' publications. PUBLISHER: The European Parliament B-1047 Brussels AUTHOR: Carmen GALIANA, lawyer EDITOR: Andrea Subhan Directorate-General for Research Division for Social, Legal and Cultural Affairs Tel. (0032) 284 3684 Fax: (0032) 284 9050 E-Mail: [email protected] The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Manuscript completed in March 2000 Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN Civil Liberties Series LIBE 109 EN 3-2000 Trafficking in women Executive summary The principal objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of the phenomenon of trafficking in women for sexual purposes: its causes, structure and consequences, with the aim of increasing the visibility of the problem and bringing together a number of possible means of putting an end to this lamentable phenomenon, which is taking on ever more alarming proportions in relation to the violations of the victims' rights and its links to organised crime. Given the lack of documentary material on the subject, the attempt has been made to combine a wide range of material from disparate sources. These include: the documentation of the EU institutions; information provided by NGOs fighting this form of organised crime; information provided by governments and by Europol and Interpol; and information obtained from the press and the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Crime 1100
    Eumpooo Jour d ISSN 0928-1371 00 D0mó000 po0óoy o11 oooooreh v© _ 1 Ro 0 Cross-border crime 1100 MU9W puil M~ M° WY© European Journal ISSN 0928-137 on Criminal Policy and Research Volume 1 no 3 Cross-border crime 1993 Kugler Publications Amsterdam/New York RDC, The Hague Aims and scope Advisory board The European Journal on Criminal Policy dr. H.-J. Albrecht, Germany and Research is a platform for discussion Max Planck Institute and information exchange on the crime dr. A.E. Bottoms, Great Britain problem in Europe. Every issue University of Cambridge concentrates on one central topic in the prof. dr. N.E. Courakis, Greece criminal field, incorporating different University of Athens angles and perspectives. The editorial prof. dr. J.J.M. van Dijk, The Netherlands policy is on an invitational basis. The Ministry of Justice / University of Leiden journal is at the same time policy-based dr. C. Faugeron, France and scientific, it is both informative and Cesdip plural in its approach. The journal is of prof. K. Gdnczàl, Hungary interest to researchers, policy makers and Eótvós University other parties that are involved in the dr. M. Joutsen, Finland crime problem in Europe. Heuni The European Journal on Criminal prof. dr. H.-J. Kerner, Germany Policy and Research is published by University of Tubingen Kugler Publications in cooperation with prof. dr. M. Levi, Great Britain the Research and Documentation Centre University of Wales of the Ministry of Justice in The dr. P. Mayhew, Great Britain Netherlands. The RDC is, independently Home Office from the Ministry, responsible for the prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Archiefexemplaar !!! Niet Meenemen !!! 53
    RUSSIAN BIZNES IN THE NETHERLANDS Dina Siegel Willem Pompe Institute University of Utrecht May 2002 ARCHIEFEXEMPLAAR !!! NIET MEENEMEN !!! 53 RUSSIAN BIZNES IN THE NETHERLANDS Dina Siegel Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 7 Dutch media 9 Police reports 10 Scientific reports 11 Present study 12 Chapter 1. Purposes of research and theoretical background 15 1.a The cultural approach 15 1.b Russian organised crime as a study of community 19 1.c 'Mafia', 'Russian Mafia' and other generalizations 21 1.d The research methods 23 Organised crime as empirical study 23 Field work among Russian-speakers in the Netherlands 24 Lies and gossip 26 Chapter 2. From Stenka Razin to Yaponchik — historical development of Russian organised crime 29 2.a History of Russian Organized crime 29 2.a.1 Crime and criminal in Russia in Tsarist times 31 2.a.2 Urban criminals 33 2.a.3 Organised Crime in the Soviet period and its perception in Soviet culture..... 34 Revolutionaries 34 Nomenklatura 37 Underground millionaires 38 Economic criminals — crime for survival 39 Vory v zakone (thieves in law) 41 2.a.4 New Russians and the development of organised crime in the post-Gorbachev period Nomenklatura and KGB 45 New Entrepreneurs 46 Vory v zakone 47 2.b The Present Situation 49 2.b.1 Numbers and size 50 2.b.2 Economic function 50 2.b.3 Structure and organization 51 2.b.4 Geographical location 51 1 2.b.5 Main criminal organizations, activities and crime bosses in the post-Socialist Russia (1990 — 2000) 52 Solntsevskaya 52 Podolskaya 53 Pushlcinskaya 53 21 st Century Association 53 Kurganskaya 54 Other criminal organizations from Moscow 54 Tambovskaya 55 Kazanskaya 55 Brigade of Haritonov 55 2.b.6 Multi-ethnic post-Soviet Mafia 56 Ethnicity as an old problem in the Soviet Union 56 Ethnic criminality in theoretical perspective 57 Stereotypes and racism 58 Ethnic violence 58 Theory and practice 60 Chechens 60 Georgians 61 Azeris 62 Armenians 62 Latvians..
    [Show full text]
  • Islamophobia, Xenophobia and the Climate of Hate
    ISSN 1463 9696 Autumn 2006 • Bulletin No 57 EUROPEAN RACE BULLETIN Islamophobia, xenophobia and the climate of hate “It is not immigration that threatens our culture now, but nascent fascism and neo-Nazism, with the violence and intimidation that are associated with those political creeds.” Daphne Caruana Galizia, Maltese journalist Contents Preface 2 Racial violence 3 Islamophobia and xenophobia 16 National security, anti-terrorist measures and civil rights 26 The IRR is carrying out a European Race Audit supported by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. Specific research projects focus on the impact of national security laws and the war against terrorism on race relations and the impact of the EU’s new policy of ‘managed migration’ on refugee protection. The Institute of Race Relations is precluded from expressing a corporate view: any opinions expressed here are therefore those of the contributors. Please acknowledge IRR’s European Race Audit Project in any use of this work. For further information contact Liz Fekete at the Institute of Race Relations, 2-6 Leeke Street, London WC1X 9HS. Email: [email protected] © Institute of Race Relations 2006 Preface In this issue of the Bulletin, we document around eighty of the most serious incidents of racial violence that have taken place across Europe over the last eleven months. These attacks occurred as the war on terror heightened prejudices against Muslims and foreigners. As Islam has been essentialised (by commentators, politicians and the media) as inherently violent and migration has been depicted as a threat to national security, 'Muslim' has become synonymous with ‘terrorist’, and migrant and foreigner with ‘crime’.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking in Human Beings in Belgium 2007-2008
    Trafficking in Human Beings in Belgium 2007-2008 Human Rights Without Frontiers International 28 April 2009 Trafficking in Human Beings Index Trafficking in Human Beings .......................................................................................................................1 1.1. The Law of 10 August 2005................................................................................................................2 1.2. The law of 15 September 2006...........................................................................................................3 1.3. Criminal Legislation ..........................................................................................................................4 2. Trafficking in human beings: the implementation of the legal framework...............................................5 2.1. National Action Plan..........................................................................................................................5 2.2. Sectors................................................................................................................................................5 a. Prostitution....................................................................................................................................6 b. Textile ...........................................................................................................................................7 c. Construction..................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Crisis24 And/Or Its Parents and Subsidiaries ("WA")
    Security Brief for Belgium prepared on: Jul 12, 2021 5:43:31 PM UTC Security Assessment Rating Security Rating for Belgium: 2 - Low Sub-Ratings 1 2 3 4 5 Crime 3 Overall Rating: Security Services 2 2 Civil Unrest 3 Low Terrorism 3 Kidnapping 2 Geopolitical 2 Security Overview : Overview of Belgium Belgium does not face any threat of internal or external conflict. There is a threat of terrorism against tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centers, markets, hotels, schools, places of worship and airports and other transportation hubs. Sunni extremists are likely to continue to use Belgium as territory to plan operations in Europe. Radical Islamist militants will probably continue to try to conduct attacks in the country. Petty crime occurs in major cities and on public transportation. Demonstrations occur and have the potential to turn violent. Related Advice: Personal security while walking. Related Advice: General guidelines to protect yourself against terrorism. Related Advice: Protecting yourself from crime when using taxis abroad. Related Advice: Recognizing suspicious objects and the threat of hidden explosives while traveling Related Advice: Increasing your personal security while traveling. Related Advice: Recognizing when you are under surveillance, and tips to avoid surveillance. Security Alerts & Advisories Informational Alerts Civil Unrest: Protests denouncing COVID-19-related restrictions likely to continue in cities across Europe through July. Localized disruptions likely. Event: COVID-19 Protests Location(s): Urban centers (map) Time Frame: Through at least July Impact: Possible increased security, localized disruptions Summary Sporadic protests will likely continue in cities across Europe through at least the end of July as residents denounce restrictions imposed to combat COVID-19, as well as their economic consequences, particularly for the hospitality industry.
    [Show full text]
  • TRAFFICKING in and $MUGGLING of HUMAN BEING$ in a Haze of Legality
    TRAFFICKING IN AND $MUGGLING OF HUMAN BEING$ In a haze of legality ANNUAL REPORT 2009 CENTRE FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND OPPOSITION TO RACISM INTRODUCTION 6 PART 1: EVOLUTION OF THE PHENOMENON AND THE COMBAT AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 10 Chapter 1: Recent developments in the legal and policy framework concerning the traf!cking in and smuggling of human beings 12 Chapter 2: Phenomenon analysis 14 !" #$%&\()*+, *+ -./%+ 01*+,2 &3$ 4-1 5.$53212 3& 216.%7 16573*4%4*3+ 16 1.1. General trends 16 1.2. The professionalisation of networks 16 1.3. Learning organisations: structures 17 !"8"!" 9%:%/2 17 !"8";" <1+4 18 !"8"8" =3,.2 217&>1/573?/1+4 18 !"8"@" RB-%/5%,+1 0%$2S 18 !"8"D" E$3+4 /1+ 19 !"8"F" <12*:1+(1 51$/*42 19 !"#" $%&'%()S +,-\/0) 19 !"@"!" G*+>H*+ 2*4.%4*3+2 19 !"@";" I*(4*/2 3& 73J1$03?2 20 !"@"8" K$.,>:151+:1+4 J*(4*/2 20 !"@"@" L*::1+ J*(4*/2 20 !"@"D" B.74.$1>0%21: 2.0/*22*3+ 21 !"@"F" K104 03+:%,1 21 !"@"M" E3$(1: 5$324*4.4*3+ 21 !"@"N" O+:1$>%,1: J*(4*/2 3& 5$324*4.4*3+ 22 ;" #$%&\()*+, *+ -./%+ 01*+,2 &3$ 4-1 5.$53212 3& 7%03.$ 16573*4%4*3+ 23 2.1. General trends 23 2.2. Professional networks 23 1"2" $%&'%()S +,-\/0) 24 2.4. Sectors 24 ;"@"!" P,$*(.74.$1 %+: -3$4*(.74.$1 24 ;"@";" B3+24$.(4*3+ %+: $1+3J%4*3+ 24 ;"@"8" #-1 L3417 N <124%.$%+4 N B%41$*+, 21(43$ RLS<TBPU 26 ;"@"@" #164*712 26 ;"@"D" K3/124*( H3$) 26 ;"@"F" #$%+253$4 27 ;"@"M" V*,-4 2-352 %+: 5-3+1 2-352 27 ;"@"N" B%$ H%2-12 28 ;"@"W" =%)1$*12 %+: 0.4(-1$2S 2-352 28 ;"@"!X" #-1 (71%+*+, *+:.24$? 28 ;"@"!!" #3*714 21$J*(12 29 ;"@"!;" Y14$37 24%4*3+2 29 ;"@"!8" G%241 5$3(122*+, 29 ;"@"!@" #-1 /1%4 5$3(122*+, *+:.24$? 29 8" S4-1$ &3$/2 3& 16573*4%4*3+ 30 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention of Organised Crime: the Registration of Legal Persons and Their Directors and the International Exchange of Information
    Prevention of organised crime: The registration of legal persons and their directors and the international exchange of information a comparative legal study in the EU Member States on the possibilities for the improvement of the international exchange of information on legal persons with the purpose of (transnational) organised crime prevention ______________________________________________________________________ Final Report 1 March 2000 ______________________________________________________________________ T.M.C. Asser Instituut in co-operation with Ministry of Justice of the Netherlands and Europol commissioned by the European Commission (‘Falcone programme’) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Background 1 2. Outline of research 4 1. Purpose of research 4 2. Scope 4 3. Method of research 7 4. Partner-organisations 7 5. Advisory Committee 8 6. Structure of the report 8 II. CRIME WITH LEGAL PERSONS: THE EXPERIENCES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES 1. Introduction 9 2. How and in what way are legal persons are involved in crime? 10 3. How can the abuse of legal persons be prevented? 11 4. Crime prevention and the (international) exchange of information 13 5. The use of databases concerning legal persons 14 6. Summary 16 III. GENERAL DATA CONCERNING LEGAL PERSONS 1. Introduction 17 2. European Law with respect to the registration of legal persons 18 1. Directives, case law and infringement procedures 18 2. Data protection 22 3. Country reports 24 • Austria 24 • Belgium 31 • Denmark 37 • Finland 42 • France 50 • Germany 56 • Greece 62 i • Ireland 67 • Italy 73 • Luxembourg 78 • The Netherlands 84 • Portugal 91 • Spain 98 • Sweden 104 • United Kingdom 109 4. Tables 113 5. Summary 116 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • (Horeca) in Belgium
    Programme Future and Society TA/00/020 Project DANGER WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 10 Vulnerability to Crime of the Hotel, Restaurant and Café Business (Horeca) in Belgium Noel Klima Accepted for publication in Governance of Security, Maklu: Antwerp Vulnerability to crime of the hotel, restaurant and café business (Horeca) in Belgium Abstract This paper reports on explanatory qualitative research into vulnerabilities to crime within the Horeca (hotels, restaurants and cafés) sector in Belgium. The sector’s vulnerabilities expose its members to becoming a victim, but also a perpetrator (an accomplice, facilitator, etc.). Low profitability, exacerbated by pricing pressures from Horeca customers and suppliers, predispose Horeca entrepreneurs to attempting a variety of non-legal modes of economic survival, including involvement in a ‘black market’ (‘off the books’ trading) between Horeca providers, suppliers and some customers. There are similar arrangements for the highly fluid workforce, whose hours and wages are only partially declared to the authorities, the untaxed payments then partially compensating for the low wages prevalent in the sector. Certain aspects of rules and regulations ‘backfire’, for example high VAT rates stimulate the grey economy; these and other evasions are being facilitated by sympathetic accountants skilled in hiding illegal transactions, and by complicit customers and suppliers. Illegal service providers and suppliers emerge to create an underground economy, and disputes are solved without recourse to the authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction and Theoretical Background
    SCIF Social Cohesion Indicators Flanders www.socialcohesion.eu Tuba Bircan Wim Hardyns Marc Hooghe A Spatial Analysis of Belgian National Crime Records, 2001-2005. Keywords: Crime Figures, Belgium, Spatial Analysis Paper presented at the Conference ‘New Techniques and Technologies for Statistics’ (NTTS) of the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat), Brussels, European Commission, 18-20 February 2008. Tuba Bircan and Marc Hooghe are at the Department of Political Science of the Catholic University of Leuven; Wim Hardyns at the Departement of Criminology of the University of Ghent. This paper is part of the Social Cohesion in Flanders Project, 2007-2011. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we investigate the occurrence of criminal acts at the community level in Belgium for the 2001-2005 period. Multivariate analysis shows that income levels do not have a significant effect on the occurrence of property crime, violent crime or homicide. Rather unemployment figures prove to be the strongest determinant of crime rates in general. Contrary to what has been shown by US research, we did not detect any patterns for homicide, an act that seems to be randomly spread across the territory. Introduction Explaining spatial diffusion patterns of crime is a continuing concern within criminology. Traditionally it has been argued that economic deprivation and inequality are positively correlated to the occurrence of criminal acts (Blau and Blau, 1982; Sampson, 1985). More specifically we want to investigate whether poverty, inequality or unemployment can be regarded as the strongest predictors for crime rates. Our hypothesis in this analysis is that inequality has a stronger effect on crime rates than absolute levels of poverty (Blau and Blau, 1982).
    [Show full text]
  • International Key Issues in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
    European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) P.O.Box 444 FIN-00531 Helsinki Finland Publication Series No. 50 Kauko Aromaa and Terhi Viljanen (eds.) INTERNATIONAL KEY ISSUES IN CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Papers in celebration of 25 years of HEUNI Helsinki 2006 Copies can be purchased from: Academic Bookstore Criminal Justice Press P.O.Box 128 P.O.Box 249 FIN-000101 Helsinki Monsey, NY 10952 Finland USA Website: http://www.akateeminen.com Website: http://www.criminaljusticepress.com ISBN 952-5333-28-0 ISSN 1237-4741 Printed by Hakapaino Oy, Helsinki, Finland Contents Address to Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Festschrift of HEUNI...................................5 Antonio Maria Costa Introduction...................................................................................................................7 Terhi Viljanen European Experiences in Preventing Organised Crime: Field Studies of Best Practices by a Council of Europe Expert Group .............................................13 Kauko Aromaa The Role of the ECHR in Shaping the European Model of the Criminal Process..........................................................................................................................34 Károly Bárd Assessment of Activity Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Bodies...........................53 Aleksandras Dobryninas The Evolution of Cooperation in Criminal Matters within the European Union: the Record so far ............................................................................................67
    [Show full text]