1000 HEBREW SENTENCES: Dual Language Hebrew-English Interlinear & Parallel Text Table of Contents
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Encoded Representations for Distinct Positional Uses of Hebrew Meteg Peter Constable, Microsoft Corporation 2004-09-13
Encoded representations for distinct positional uses of Hebrew Meteg Peter Constable, Microsoft Corporation 2004-09-13 In some uses of the Hebrew script, particularly for Biblical text, a variety of combining marks are used. One of these marks is meteg, encoded as U+05BD, HEBREW POINT METEG. Meteg frequently occurs together with other combining marks. When meteg co-occurs with another mark that occupies the same general space below the base character, different relative arrangements of meteg and these other marks are possible. In some uses it is considered necessary to specify these relative arrangements of meteg and other marks in the encoded representation. A proposal1 has been submitted to UTC for how these different positionings of meteg should be specified in encoded representations. This proposal makes use of the control characters COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER (CGJ), ZERO WIDTH JOINER (ZWJ) and ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER (ZWNJ). This public-review issue is soliciting feedback on this proposal and, in particular, on the proposed use of ZWJ and ZWNJ for distinguishing between the different positional uses of the meteg. The details in this case are somewhat complex. Familiarity with combining marks, canonical combining classes, canonical ordering and canonical equivalence is assumed. Some background information on those topics is provided in an appendix. 1. Background: meteg in combination with below-base vowel marks Biblical Hebrew text includes a number of marks used to annotate the text, which were introduced by Masoretic scholars over a thousand years ago. These marks include vowel points and a number of accentuation marks that indicate structural units of the text, serving to guide the reader or chanter. -
How Was the Dageš in Biblical Hebrew Pronounced and Why Is It There? Geoffrey Khan
1 pronounced and why is it בָּתִּ ים How was the dageš in Biblical Hebrew there? Geoffrey Khan houses’ is generally presented as an enigma in‘ בָּתִּ ים The dageš in the Biblical Hebrew plural form descriptions of the language. A wide variety of opinions about it have been expressed in Biblical Hebrew textbooks, reference grammars and the scholarly literature, but many of these are speculative without any direct or comparative evidence. One of the aims of this article is to examine the evidence for the way the dageš was pronounced in this word in sources that give us direct access to the Tiberian Masoretic reading tradition. A second aim is to propose a reason why the word has a dageš on the basis of comparative evidence within Biblical Hebrew reading traditions and other Semitic languages. בָּתִּיםבָּתִּ ים The Pronunciation of the Dageš in .1.0 The Tiberian vocalization signs and accents were created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the early Islamic period to record an oral tradition of reading. There is evidence that this reading tradition had its roots in the Second Temple period, although some features of it appear to have developed at later periods. 1 The Tiberian reading was regarded in the Middle Ages as the most prestigious and authoritative tradition. On account of the authoritative status of the reading, great efforts were made by the Tiberian Masoretes to fix the tradition in a standardized form. There remained, nevertheless, some degree of variation in reading and sign notation in the Tiberian Masoretic school. By the end of the Masoretic period in the 10 th century C.E. -
How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)
INSTALLING SBL HEBREW FONT (SIL) For Mac OS 1. Open Safari (or Chrome) 2. CLICK LINK Teaching Bible SBL HEBREW FONT Biblical Fonts Texts and Resources Bible Odyssey Font download (True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) Keyboard Drivers (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, SIL Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, Tiro Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/OS X). PASSWORD User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) SBL Hebrew User Manual ... Login SBL Hebrew SIL Keyboard Driver Manual Create new 12assword SBL Hebrew Tiro Keyboard Driver Manual ForgQL'{.our12assword? Join SBL To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our Biblical Fonts FAQ. Please donate to support Font development and other SBL projects. 3. CLICK AND DOWNLOAD HEBREW FONT FOR MAC ~r.(True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) rs (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) fl r·,rrl r,-iur T' C,. I U"""-1 • -- - -- • /r" \ SBL Hebrew keY.board Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/0S X). User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) !, ,L H- t-,-.!w L 1r'!" r,1c-,,-1..-- !, ,L H- t-""•w !, "'ry~o;. rrt >r.v---r, 1111 11 f, ,L H ~ • ,·J 1ro K .ybo·1rdL•r1¥1 r ' T' 1, 1 To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our r 1t"lic I r or•, r Af , , _or J to support Font development and other SBL projects. -
Primo Technical Guide
Technical Guide May 2016 Ex Libris Confidential 6/7 1 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION The information herein is the property of Ex Libris Ltd. or its affiliates and any misuse or abuse will result in economic loss. DO NOT COPY UNLESS YOU HAVE BEEN GIVEN SPECIFIC WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM EX LIBRIS LTD. This document is provided for limited and restricted purposes in accordance with a binding contract with Ex Libris Ltd. or an affiliate. The information herein includes trade secrets and is confidential. DISCLAIMER The information in this document will be subject to periodic change and updating. Please confirm that you have the most current documentation. There are no warranties of any kind, express or implied, provided in this documentation, other than those expressly agreed upon in the applicable Ex Libris contract. This information is provided AS IS. Unless otherwise agreed, Ex Libris shall not be liable for any damages for use of this document, including, without limitation, consequential, punitive, indirect or direct damages. Any references in this document to third‐party material (including third‐party Web sites) are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of that third‐ party material or those Web sites. The third‐party materials are not part of the materials for this Ex Libris product and Ex Libris has no liability for such materials. TRADEMARKS ʺEx Libris,ʺ the Ex Libris bridge , Primo, Aleph, Alephino, Voyager, SFX, MetaLib, Verde, DigiTool, Preservation, Rosetta, URM, ENCompass, Endeavor eZConnect, WebVoyáge, Citation Server, LinkFinder and LinkFinder Plus, and other marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Ex Libris Ltd. -
Parashat Vayishlach: a Tribute to Cantor Eugene Rosner December 14, 2019 | 16 Kislev 5780 Rabbi Neil S
Parashat VaYishlach: A Tribute to Cantor Eugene Rosner December 14, 2019 | 16 Kislev 5780 Rabbi Neil S. Cooper At the beginning of Parashat VaYishlach, Jacob is on edge. Soon he will need to confront his brother, his twin brother, Esau, who Jacob had avoided for more than 20 years. Jacob was smart to avoid his brother and smart to give Esau two decades for Esau’s anger and sense of wrath to subside. Jacob cheated Esau out of his birthright and blessings. Now, for the first time in 20 years, the two brothers would meet. But, today, what interests me more than that long-awaited confrontation is what occurred just before the brothers met. Specifically, in preparation for that meeting, Jacob prays to God in the following words. katonti mi’kol hahasadim - I have been made small by all of the kindnesses - קטנתי מכל החסדים you have so steadfastly shown your servant, for with my staff I crossed this Jordan and now I have become two camps.” (Genesis 32:11) With all of the blessings which you, God, have showered upon me, I feel “katan.” But, what is not clear from this verse, is whether this word, “katonti,” is spoken: 1. Positively: I am humbled by the kindness you have shown me, O God. (This implies that Jacob will be protected by God’s goodness). Or 2. Negatively: As I wait to cross the river and confront Esau, you left me small and vulnerable, God. I have split my camp in half and now, without protection, am totally vulnerable before my hateful brother (who, I believe, will try to kill me). -
Dead Sea Scrolls - the Music of the Bible an Overview on the Work of Suzanne Haik-Vantura(1912 - 2000)
Dead Sea Scrolls - The Music of the Bible An overview on the work of Suzanne Haik-Vantura(1912 - 2000) Hebrew Bible Cantillation ITU-State Conservatory, Istanbul. Term Project Mehmet Okon¸sar January 27, 2011 i Contents Biblical research 1 BiblicalExegesis ............................ 1 TraditionalJudaicBibleStudies . 2 Musical Archeology 2 ”NewTestament”Times .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 IncantationversusChanting. 3 Dead Sea Scrolls 4 Thediscovery.............................. 6 TheimportanceoftheScrolls . 7 Qumran-EsseneTheory and the departures from it . 8 The texts 9 GroupingtheScrolls .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Excavations............................... 11 The Story of the Discovery 11 TheBedouins.............................. 11 MarSamuel............................... 12 The photographies allows for the reading . 12 Gettingintotherighthands. 13 Historical importance of the Scrolls . 13 Facts About the Dead Sea Scrols . 14 On Jewish Liturgical Music 17 Maqams 18 Cantillation Signs 19 ThePurposeofCantillationSigns . 20 Thesyntacticalfunction . 20 Importanceintheunderstanding . 21 Thephoneticfunction . 22 Themusicalfunction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 Types of Cantillation Marks 22 Babyloniansystem ........................... 22 Palestiniansystem ........................... 23 Tiberiansystem ............................ 24 Differentiation in the poetic books . 25 Notation 25 ii Suzanne Haik-Vantura 26 The Methodology 28 The schools of interpretation of the signs . 28 Appendices 30 NamesandMeaningoftheSigns . 30 Sequences -
Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode
Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode http://www.qaya.org/academic/hebrew/Issues-Hebrew-Unicode.html Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode Third draft, Peter Kirk, August 2003 1. Introduction The Hebrew block of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf) is intended to include all of the characters needed for proper representation of Hebrew texts from all periods of the Hebrew language, including fully pointed and cantillated ancient texts such as that of the Hebrew Bible. It is also intended to cover other languages 1 written in Hebrew script, including Aramaic as used in biblical and other religious texts as well as Yiddish and a few other modern languages. In practice there are a number of issues and minor deficiencies in the Hebrew block as currently defined, in version 4.0 of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/), which affect its usefulness for representation of pointed Hebrew texts and of Hebrew script texts in some other languages. Some of these simply require clarification and agreed guidelines for implementers. Others require further discussion and decision, and possibly additions to the Unicode standard or other action by the Unicode Technical Committee. The conclusion reached in this paper is that two new Unicode characters should be proposed; other issues can be resolved by use of suitable sequences of existing characters, provided that such use is generally agreed by content providers and rendering systems. Several of these issues relate to different typographical conventions for publishing of Hebrew texts. -
NOTES and COMMUNICATIONS the Third Edition of Biblia
NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS 1. A UNIQUE COMBINATION .OF ACCENTS The third edition of Biblia Hebraica reads at Ezek. xx, 31: C:>"',~,i-',:,', D"N~t,l °Cr\N •: .. I • T : <•: : • •: - The marginal massoretic remark to this, '~»t,:i ,, ("does not recur with this accentuation") becomes intelligible only on consulting the original MS according to which BH was ,printed, Leningrad Bl9a.l There the second word of the quotation reads C"~~~t Apparently the editors of BH overlooked this curious . accentuation, which recurs, with the same massoretic note, in the Aleppo and Cairo Codices. The massoretic note is quite right in drawing attention to the uniqueness of this accentuation. Two accents on one word are by no means rare in the Hebrew Bible, but the first of the two always appears in a place where Ga'ya would be expected, i. e. at a position of secondary stress at one remove from . the main stress. The two accents in the word discussed here, Qadma and Mahpakh, are found together in one word in this normal fashion seven times, e.g. ;ii»~-',::, Num. xx, 1 ; ,.,ni~i-1,:,, Ezek. xliii, 11.2 <T" T T <T TI Th'! verse discussed here, however, shows both accents on one and the same syllable. The usual reason for combining the two accents does therefore not account for our case. I 'Would suggest that 'We have here a "conflict of accents": the word ought, on the one hand, to have been accented with Mahpakh, this being the servus of Pashta, 'While Qadma does not immediately precede Pashta; on the other hand Qadma invariably follows Little Telisha (here in C?iN). -
Exploring the Languages of the Bible Lesson 1: the Alphabets
Exploring the Languages of the Bible Lesson 1: The Alphabets Cana- Phoe- Greek []=Erasmian Paleo- Hebrew/Aramaic Syr- Eng. Notes anite nician Hebrew iac A Α α alpha (ăăăă) Alef ( ) A a Orig. a glottal stop, the Greeks turned it into a vowel. =1 א ˆ Bull א B Β β Beta [vīta] Bet (b, v) B b See below for the two pronunciations in Hebrew. =2 ב ˈ House ב ([vvvv [b) Γ γΓ γ gamma (gggghhhh, Gimel (g) C c Our ‘G’ and our ‘C’ come from this letter (G is a voiced C). In modern Greek, this is a ג Camel ˉ voiced velar fricative. =3 ג ([C yyy,y ngngng [g, ng D ∆ δ∆ δ delta (thththth is Dalet (d) D d This may have been a ‘d’ in old Greek, but now it is a voiced ‘th.’ =4 ד ˌ Door ד ([d] E Ε ε e-psilon He (h) E e Gk: ‘skinny e.’ =5 ה ˍ Breath ה (ĕĕĕĕ) .FU [̥ ] digamma Vav (w, v) F f Fell out of use in Greek (they didn’t need ‘w’), but they kept it as a number ו Hook ˎ In Heb, this was originally always ‘w’, but now ‘v’ if consonant, ‘w’ if vowel. =6 ו (w) [ ] stigma (st) G g OK, our ‘G’ may really come from this letter. Often confused with Fau, it is really sigma-tau, also used for 6. .z Ζ ζ zeta (zzzz Zayin (z) Z z The Latins moved this to the end, because they didn’t use it much, and put ‘G’ here ז Sword ˏ Go figure! =7 ז ([dz] H Η η eta (īīīī [ā]) Ḫet ( ḫ) H h This is stronger than a German ‘ch’ in Phoenician / Hebrew, but the Greeks needed ח Wall another vowel. -
The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1
Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. I) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. I accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Volume I accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period The Tiberian Pronunciation The by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias. -
The Use of Hebrew Script Among the Krimchaks and the Karaim
Emergence of a New Written Culture: The use of Hebrew script among the Krimchaks and the Karaim Zsuzsanna Olach Hungarian Academy of Sciences University of Szeged Abstract. Conversion to a religion usually has a positive impact on the written culture of a given community. The conversion may or may not result in the adoption of a new writing system. In the Turkic world, we find examples for both cases. The Karaims, by their conversion into Karaitism, adopted the Hebrew script. They used the Hebrew alphabet up till the beginning of the 20th century in their everyday life for writing; for example, private letters and secular and religious texts in Karaim. Another Turkic speaking group, the heterogeneous Rabbanite community of Krimchaks (whose majority is of Sephardic origin) also used the Hebrew script to write their vernacular. Some characteristics of the writing systems of the Karaim and of the Krimchaks have been described, but no comparative research has thus far been carried out. In this study, the peculiarities of the Hebrew alphabet used by both Turkic speaking peoples will be discussed and illustrated. For instance, the new characters, which were introduced in order to indicate specific Turkic phonetic values, and the ways the same Hebrew vowel sign or letter is used in the different Krimchak and Karaim manuscripts. Cultures can be classified based on actions taken to reproduce culture through the generations. There are cultures in which the knowledge of one’s ancestors is passed down through rites; i.e., the repetition of the rites is the main component in the reproduction of the culture. -
Accordance Fonts.Pdf
Accordance Fonts (November 2015) Contents Unicode Export . 4 Helena Greek Font . 3 Additional Character Positions for Helena . 3 Helena Greek Font . 4 Sylvanus Uncial/Coptic Font . 5 Sylvanus Uncial Font . 6 Yehudit Hebrew Font . 7 Table of Hebrew Vowels and Other Characters . 7 Yehudit Hebrew Font . 8 Notes on Yehudit Keyboard . 9 Table of Diacritical Characters(not used in the Hebrew Bible) . 9 Table of Accents (Cantillation Marks, Te‘amim) — see notes at end . 9 Notes on the Accent Table . 12 Lakhish PaleoHebrew Font . 13 Lakhish PaleoHebrew Font . 14 Peshitta Syriac Font . 15 Characters in non-standard positions . 15 Peshitta Syriac Font . 16 Syriac vowels, other diacriticals, and punctuation: . 17 Salaam Arabic Font . 18 Characters in non-standard positions . 18 Salaam Arabic Font . .19 Arabic vowels and other diacriticals: . 20 Rosetta Transliteration Font . 21 Character Positions for Rosetta: . 21 MSS Font for Manuscript Citation . 23 MSS Manuscript Font . 26 Page 1 Accordance Fonts Nine fonts are supplied for use with Accordance 11 .1 and up: Helena for Greek, Yehudit for Hebrew, Lakhish for PaleoHebrew, Peshitta for Syriac, Rosetta for transliteration characters, Sylvanus for uncial manuscripts, Salaam for Arabic, and MSS font for manuscript symbols . These fonts are included in the Accordance application bundle, and automatically available to Accordance on Windows and Mac . The fonts can be used in other Mac programs if they are installed into the Fonts folder, but we recommend converting the text to Unicode on export . This is now the default setting, and the only option on Windows . These fonts each include special accents and other characters which occur in various overstrike positions for different characters .