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Redimensioning Montreal: Circulation and Urban Form, 1846-1918

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Redimensioning Montreal: Circulation and Urban Form, 1846-1918 Redimensioning Montreal: Circulation and Urban Form, 1846-1918 Jason Gilliland Dept ofGeography McGill University Montreal August 2001 A thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment ofthe requirements ofthe degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy © Jason Gilliland, 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 canada Canada Your fiIB vor,. rétë_ Our 61e Notre référence The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National LibraI)' ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conselVe la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permtSSIon. autorisation. 0-612-78690-0 Canada Abstract The purpose ofthis thesis is to explore certain ofthe dynamics associated with the physical transformation ofcities, using Montreal between 1846 and 1918 as a case study. Beyond the typical description or classification ofurban forms, this study deals with the essential problem ofhow changes in form occurred as the city underwent a rapid growth and industrialization. Drawing insights from three different bodies ofresearch - neoclassical theories ofland rent, Marxian theories ofcapital accumulation, and space syntax theories of urban form - a theoretical and methodological approach is formulated which considers the city as a dynamic system, and acknowledges circulation as the driving force behind urban morphological change. It is argued that the built form ofMontreal was continuously shaped and reshaped by the evolving strategies ofa local "growth machine" which sought to reduce the turnover time ofcapital by "redimensioning" the urban "vascular system": that is, the streets, sidewalks, tracks, bridges, elevators, and canals, within which circulation takes place. This claim is interrogated and developed in each chapter through a series ofempirical analyses utilizing evidence from several high-quality sources (e.g. adases, municipal tax roUs, city surveyor reports, building inspector reports, photographs, and newspapers) to investigate the critical processes ofbuilding and rebuilding associated with phenomena such as destructive tires, the modernization ofthe port, street widenings, and the reconfiguration ofthe street grid. Each investigation explores the relationship between circulation and Abstract ii urban morphology. The series ofinvestigations revealed certain regularities with respect to the spatial and temporal properties ofmorphological change. Consistent with expectations based on existing theories and research, the findings confirrn the importance ofcentrality and accessibility to urban forrn, for the distribution ofrents, and for patterns ofland use. The findings also point to the pressures imposed by the cyclical nature ofcapital accumulation in the built environrnent. Each wave ofurban growth brought a drarnatic increase in the flow ofgoods and people through the city, increased competition for land, raised the bid-rent curve, and intensified pressure to adapt built forrns inherited from the past to accornrnodate new demands. Résumé L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer certains des procès associés à la transformation physico-spatiale des villes, en utilisant comme cas la ville de Montréal et son évolution entre 1846 et 1918. Au-delà d'une simple description et classification convenue des formes urbaines, cette étude traite d'un problème essentiel en questionnant le "comment" des transformations de la forme urbaine à un moment où la ville connaissait une croissance et une industrialisation rapides. En s'appuyant sur trois traditions de recherche - les théories néo-classiques de la rente foncière, les théories marxistes de l'accumulation du capital, et les théories de la syntaxe spatiale des formes urbaines - une approche théorique et méthodologique est proposée, qui considère la ville en tant que système dynamique et voit dans la circulation la principale force motrice du changement morphologique. Cette thèse avance que l'environnement bâti de Montréal fut sans cesse modelé et remodelé par l'effet des stratégies changeantes des tenants locaux de la croissance économique (la "growth machine"), qui s'employèrent à réduire le cycle de la plus-value en redimensionnant périodiquement le "système vasculaire" de la ville; une expression par laquelle il faut entendre ici: les rues, les trottoirs, les voies ferrées, les ponts, les élévateurs à grains et les canaux navigables, breftoutes les infrastructures destinées à servir la circulation des biens et des personnes. Cette interprétation est soupesée et développée dans chacun des chapitres de cette thèse par une série d'analyses s'appuyant sur des données provenant de plusieurs Résumé IV sources de grande qualité (atlas, registres d'impôt foncier, rapports d'inspecteurs des chemins et d'inspecteurs en bâtiments, photographies et journaux d'époque), afin d'investiguer les procès cruciaux de construction et reconstruction associés à des phénomènes tels les incendies, la modernisation du port, les travaux d'élargissement de rues, ou encore la reconfiguration du réseau des rues. Chaque analyse explore le rapport entre la circulation des biens et des personnes et la morphologie urbaine. La série d'analyses révèle un certain nombre de régularités en ce qui a trait aux propriétés spatiales et temporelles du changement morphologique. De manière concordante avec ce que les théories et recherches précédentes pouvaient laisser entrevoir, les résultats de cette recherche confirment l'impo'rlance des facteurs de "centralité" et d'accessibilité de la forme urbaine pour la distribution des valeurs foncières et la structure des usages. Les résultats soulignent aussi les pressions induites par la nature cyclique de l'accumulation du capital qui se cristallise dans l'environnement bâti. Chaque vague de croissance urbaine entraîna une augmentation dramatique du flot des biens et des personnes à travers la ville, augmenta la compétition pour l'appropriation du foncier, fit augmenter la courbe du "bid-rent," et intensifia la pression à l'adaptation des formes bâties héritées afin de satisfaire les besoins nouveaux qui se faisaient jour. Contents Abstract 1 Résumé III Table ofContents V List ofTables VIl List ofFigures Vlll Acknowledgements XlI 1 Introduction: Reconsidering Urban Morphology 1 The Changing Morphology ofa Rapidly Industrializing City 3 Theoretical Underpinnings 16 Plan ofthe Thesis 30 2 Destructive Accidents: Rebuilding After Fire 33 Predicting Changes in Urban Form 37 Rebuilding Montreal in the 1850s: Phoenix from the Ashes? 41 Rebuilding During Boom and Bust, 1872-1889 51 Discussion and Conclusion 59 3 Muddy Shore to Modern Port: Reorganizing the Waterfront Time-Space 69 The Port and the Growth Machine 73 Modemization and the Waterfront Time-Space 76 Labour on the Waterfront 96 Conclusion 102 Contents vi 4 Street Widenings: Redimensioning the Streetscape 104 Annihilating Space and Time on City Streets 106 The Spatio-Temporal Pattern ofStreet Widenings 123 A Closer Look at the Widening Process 139 Discussion and Conclusion 158 6 Network Topology: Reconfiguring the Urban Vascular System 164 Space Syntax Concepts and Methodology 167 Configurational Modelling ofthe Vascular System 178 Testing the Predictive Performance ofSpace Syntax 208 Discussion and Conclusion 227 7 Conclusion: "Relentless Sweep ofStructural Progress" 238 Bibliography 248 List ofTables 2.1 Destruction by the conflagration ofJuly 8-9, 1852 2.2 Redevelopment ofsample street segments, 1850-1861 2.3 Redevelopment ofsample properties bumt between 1872 and 1889 2.4 Estimated losses and insurance coverage in conflagrations of 1850s 3.1 Business activities ofSir Hugh Allan (1810-1882) 3.2 Redimensioning ofMontreal ship channel 3.3 Expansion ofwharfage accommodation in Port ofMontreal 3.4 Details ofdockworker strikes in Montreal, 1846-1900 4.1 RentaI values per building in sample areas before and after street widenings 5.1 Properties ofthe Montreal street network (1846, 1866, 1881, 1901) 5.2 Summary ofsyntactical properties for Montreal street network (1846, 1866, 1881, 1901) 5.3 Correlations between syntactical variables ofstreet network (1846, 1866, 1881, 1901) List of Figures 1.1 Growth oftraffic, vascular system, and urban population, 1840-1918 1.2 Montreal grew in boom and bust fashion 2.1 Burnt districts and sample streets in Montreal, 1850-1852 2.2 Redevelopment ofsample street segments, 1850-1861 2.3 Location ofsample properties burnt in Montreal between 1872 and 1889 2.4 Redevelopment ofsample properties burnt between 1872 and 1889 2.5 Built fabric ofSt Urbain Street section before and after fire 2.6 Sketch and plan ofVictoria Square showing position ofHerald Building 3.1 The interface between Montreal and the world in 1880s 3.2 Waves ofinvestment and size oflargest ships in port 3.3 Tonnage
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