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The Battles of Hampton Roads – March 8 & 9, 1862 !Anna Gibson Holloway, the Mariners’ Museum

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The Battles of Hampton Roads – March 8 & 9, 1862 !Anna Gibson Holloway, the Mariners’ Museum The Battles of Hampton Roads – March 8 & 9, 1862 !Anna Gibson Holloway, The Mariners’ Museum March 8, 1862 The same storm that nearly sank the Monitor on her trip south had kept the CSS Virginia in port as well. It was not until the morning of March 8, 1862 that the weather appeared acceptable for taking the Confederate ironclad out into Hampton Roads. With workmen still aboard, the commanding officer, Franklin Buchanan, ordered his crew to ready the ersatz vessel for a cruise. Most believed that this would be a shake-down (test) cruise, but Buchanan had confided in his officers that he intended to take the vessel directly into battle. As the crew cast off the mooring lines, the workmen, who had been installing the fore and aft gunport shutters leapt to the dock. The Virginia was underway. Those observing her departure kept eerily silent, recalled some of the crew years later. As the Virginia neared Craney Island, commander Franklin Buchanan reportedly said, “Sailors, in a few minutes you will have the long looked for opportunity of showing your devotion to our cause. Remember that you are about to strike for your country and your homes. The Confederacy expects every man to do his duty. Beat to quarters!” Then he reminded them, “The whole world is watching you today.”1 Privately, Buchanan must have had mixed feelings. Like many others in this war he would soon be opening fire upon his own flesh and blood. His brother Thomas McKean Buchanan was the Paymaster on board the USS Congress. 1 H. Ashton Ramsay, "The Most Famous of Sea Duels: The Story of the Merrimac's Engagement with the Monitor," and the Events That Preceded and Followed the Fight, Told by a Survivor. Harper's Weekly. February 10, 1912, 11-12. Unfortunately, many of the accounts of the battle were written several decades later, so the words of the men must be regarded as approximate at best, and examples of poetic license with the passage of time at worst. As the Virginia steamed down the Elizabeth River, both banks were crowded with people. Many were just curious about the ship’s strange appearance. Some refused to believe in her, shouting, “Go on with your old metallic coffin!” Those with a richer sense of history realized that the day had finally come: that “here was to be tried the great experiment of ram and iron- clad in naval warfare.”2 Saturday, March 8, 1862 was laundry day for the crews of the Union’s North Atlantic Blockading Squadron in Hampton Roads, Virginia. The rigging of the wooden vessels was festooned with blue and white clothing, drying in the late winter sun. Shortly after noon, the quartermaster of the USS Congress, which was anchored off Newport News Point, saw something strange through his telescope. He turned to the ship’s surgeon and said, “I wish you would take the glass and have a look over there, Sir. I believe that thing is a’comin’ down at last.”3 That “thing” was the CSS Virginia. The Confederates had been converting the burnt-out hull of the steam screw frigate Merrimack into a casemated ironclad ram at Gosport Navy Yard on the Elizabeth River. It had taken nine months for the conversion, and Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan, was impatient to strike at the blockading fleet. March 8, 1862 would be the Virginia’s sea trial, as well as her trial by fire. The men of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, who had grown weary of waiting for the Virginia to come out, now scrambled to prepare for battle. In the panic of the moment, 2 Hardin Littlepage, quoted in Quarstein, CSS Virginia: Mistress of Hampton Roads, (Appomattox, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 2000), 74. 3 Edward Shippen, Thirty Years at Sea: The Story of a Sailor’s Life, (New York: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1879), 280. and with the tide at ebb, several vessels ran aground, including the USS Congress and the USS Minnesota. The USS Cumberland was Buchanan’s first target. With his guns firing at the wooden ship, Buchanan rammed the Cumberland on her starboard side. The hole below her waterline was large, and the ship immediately began to sink, nearly taking the Virginia with her. Scores of Union sailors from the Cumberland died at their guns, or went down with their ship; guns still firing and flags still defiantly flying. The Virginia broke free, and steamed slowly into the James River. The men on the stranded Congress began to cheer, thinking they had been spared the same horrific fate. That cheer was cut short, however, when they saw that the Virginia had made her ponderous turn.4 The Virginia’s withering firepower tore into the USS Congress for nearly two hours. With most of the crew dead or wounded, including the commanding officer, the next in command, Lieutenant Commander Austin Pendergrast surrendered the Congress. Enraged at Union shore batteries which continued to fire upon the white flag, Buchanan ordered the Congress to be set afire, and then began personally firing back at the shore with a rifle. He quickly became a target on the exposed top deck of the Virginia. Wounded, he turned command over to his Executive Officer, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, who returned the Virginia to her moorings that evening. Falling darkness and a receding tide had saved the steam frigate USS Minnesota from the same fate as the Congress and Cumberland. ! 4 Shippen, 282. The mood in Hampton Roads was one of disbelief and for some, resignation. Major- General Wool of the US Army kept Washington informed of events via the telegraph, the lines of which had been repaired late in the day. The news that he sent to Secretary of War Stanton at 8:30 p.m. from Fortress Monroe was bleak: The Merrimack came down from Norfolk to-day, and about 2 o’clock attacked the Cumberland and Congress. She sunk the Cumberland, and the Congress surrendered. The Minnesota is aground and attacked by the Jamestown, Yorktown and Merrimack. The St. Lawrence just arrived and going to assist. The Minnesota is aground. Probably both will be taken. That is the opinion of Captain Marston and his officers. The Roanoke is under our guns.5 ! Wool continued ominously, “It is thought the Merrimack, Jamestown, and Yorktown will pass the fort to-night.” Secretary Stanton took this news to heart, reportedly peering out the window of the White House to see if the Confederate ironclad and her consorts had already arrived on the Potomac, stating in an alarmist fashion that it was "not unlikely we shall have a shell or cannonball from one of her guns in the White House before we leave this room."6 Had the men of the Monitor not been aware of the impending completion of the reconfigured Merrimack, the scene that greeted them in Hampton Roads would have been something nearly inconceivable to them – more akin to a chapter out of a fantastical novel than a safely blockaded harbor. Even before the incredible destruction was visible to them, the officers and crew heard the distant sounds of booming guns as the Monitor approached the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay at 3 p.m.7 Nearing Fortress Monroe, Paymaster William Keeler recalled, “As 5 ORN, Series I, Volume 7, 4 – 5. 6 Gideon Welles, in The Annals of the War, 24-5. 7 Log of the USS Monitor, March 8, 1862, 13. we neared the harbor the firing slackened & only an occasional gun lit up the darkness.” Yet the horror of the day’s events had sent civilians into a panic and Keeler noted that as the Monitor drew closer to the scene, “vessels were leaving like a covey of frightened quails & their lights danced over the water in all directions.”8 At 7 p.m., a local pilot sent to bring the ironclad into the harbor confirmed what the men already suspected – the Merrimack had come out and had had her way with the Union fleet.9 The news seemed to slow time instantly for the crew. William Keeler recalled that the Monitor “crept slowly on & the monotonous clank, clank, of the engine betokened no increase of its speed” while the “moments were hours.”10 Yet, within the hour the Monitor came to anchor off Fortress Monroe whereupon Lieutenant John Worden reported to Commander Marston on board the Roanoke.11 Despite having received orders to send the Union ironclad immediately to Washington for the defense of the Capitol, Marston determined that the best way for the Monitor to protect Washington was to engage with the Merrimack in Hampton Roads. Marston ordered Worden to render assistance to the grounded Minnesota, still trapped on Hampton Flats. Worden immediately sent a message to Secretary Welles, stating that “I arrived at this anchorage at 9 o’clock this evening, and am ordered to proceed immediately to the assistance of the Minnesota, aground near Newport News.”12 8 Keeler, March 9 1862 letter to Anna, in Aboard the USS Monitor, 31. 9 Log of USS Monitor, March 8, 1862, 13 10 Keeler, March 9, 1862 letter to Anna in Aboard the USS Monitor, 31. 11 Log of USS Monitor, March 8, 1862, 13. 12 ORN, Series 1, Volume 7, 5. Therein lay a problem. The Monitor would need a pilot to guide her to the Minnesota through the difficult waters of Hampton Roads. Despite only drawing eleven feet, the Monitor was still at risk of running aground. Yet there was no pilot to be found willing to guide the Monitor to the Minnesota, and remain with the ironclad throughout whatever action might come the following day.13 Acting Volunteer Lieutenant N.
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