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The Post-Colonial Administrative System in Tanzania 1961 to 2019

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The Post-Colonial Administrative System in Tanzania 1961 to 2019 EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Humanit Cult Stud ISSN: 2663-0958 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-6743 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-2 | Issue-5| Sept-Oct 2020 | DOI: 10.36349/easjhcs.2020.v02i05.003 Review Article The Post-Colonial Administrative System in Tanzania 1961 to 2019 Osmund Kapinga1*, Victoria A Gores2 1St. Augustine University of Tanzania 2Mwenge Catholic University Tanzania Abstract: This paper deals with different areas which are the fundamentals of Article History Administrative System in Tanzania. It focuses on dissecting the Tanzania post colonial state Received: 25.08.2020 in discharging its duties to the masses, reflect on colonial administrative system as an Accepted: 22.09.2020 oppressive, exploitative and humiliating institution and post colonial administrative system Published: 10.10.2020 as developmental agency, identification and analysis of post colonial administrative Journal homepage: structure and functions. Lastly, to assess the functioning of the administrative organs by https://www.easpublisher.com/easjhcs linking them to the basic needs of the masses. Methodologically the paper has been designed from historical exploratory design. The approach engaged in this paper is that of qualitative Quick Response Code nature utilizing both primary and secondary historical sources to gather information through in depth interviews, oral histories, observation and intensive archival documentary review. Research instruments such as interview guides and checklists were designed to facilitate smooth collection of the required data. Most of the secondary data were generated from libraries at SAUT, MWECAU, UDSM, National Library DSM, Mwanza Regional Library and Kilimanjaro Regional Library. The findings revealed that there were high hopes among the masses that throughout the struggle for independence rallied behind TANU which was the vanguard of the struggle for uhuru. It is now 59 years of uhuru yet the basic problems disease, poverty and ignorance which united the masses against colonial administration are still in place. The situation is more precarious in health, wellbeing, economy and human security. Keywords: Post Colonial Tanzania, Uhuru, Patriotism, Administration and Nation Building. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for Non Commercial use (Non Commercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited. 1. INTRODUCTION participatory democracy and local governance; and Africa also faces a number of other challenges harmonizing traditional and modern institutions of which must be overcome in order to achieve poverty public administration. eradication and socio-economic development. The magnitude and complexity of the challenges require the Tanganyika achieved her independence in adoption of sound governance and public administration December 1961 through constitutional struggle. There institutions and practices [1]. Designing, inventing and were high hopes among the masses that throughout the strengthening institutions of governance and public struggle for independence rallied behind TANU which administration at the national level, including: was the vanguard of the struggle for uhuru. It is now 58 redefining the mission of the postcolonial state and years of uhuru yet the basic problems disease, poverty grounding governance and public administration in and ignorance which united the masses against colonial local conditions; developing, strengthening and administration are still persistent [2]. The situation is popularizing national constitutions and more precarious in health, wellbeing, economy and constitutionalism as agreed foundations for good human security. governance and public administration within the rule of law; participatory design of comprehensive nation-wide 2. Conceptualization of post-colonial predicaments programmes for strengthening governance; There are many explanations advanced by strengthening public sector institutions (legislative different groups of people ranging from pessimists institutions, the judiciary, the civil service); adopting (mabeberu) and the optimists (the praise team) institutions in the public service that ensure contenting around the achievements of the post-colonial partnerships, adaptability, citizen-orientation and state in Tanzania in particular and Africa in general. information-sharing; strengthening institutions of Among the theories advanced to explain this predicament include the functional theory which anchors on the functioning of the government 1 UN Committee of Experts on Public Administration, 2004, Developing institutions of governance and public administration in Africa Report of the Secretariat 2 Nyerere named the national enemies 1961 *Corresponding Author: Osmund Kapinga 255 Osmund Kapinga & Victoria A Gores; EAS J Humanit Cult Stud; Vol-2: Iss- 5 (Sept-Oct, 2020): 255-266 instruments without grasping the historical movement bureaucratic structure, function, classification, of the post-colonial state in general and the post- functions, recruitment, socialization, norms and colonial government in particular. Other theories attitudes, but also in terms of adverse administrative include the bourgeois theories [3] which are advanced features such as paternalism, elitism, despotism, by the imperialists. The Marxist theories [ 4 ] which secrecy, centralism, formalism, alofness and rigidity. believe that for the state and governments to be responsive to the masses in order to be accountable it The formation of this legacy began with pre- has to be created by the exploited class (proletariat) independence preparation for self-government based on through revolution. The developmentalist theories [5] colonial education and administration was perpetuated which believe that the task of the post-colonial states further during the postcolonial period through various and governments is to serve the people by bringing means including higher education, foreign training, them development. Khan (2010) notes that the strength international experts, technical assistance, and of the political settlement in the first period after administrative reforms. Most third world countries independence exhibited the characteristics of a introduced changes based on foreign knowledge and developmental state, an outcome forestalled by the experience rather than the indigenous contexts thus focus on strengthening the state and forging a national reinforced colonial legacy. Development administration identity, rather than on promoting productive economic as a concept popped up in the field of administration sectors[6]. brand to depict this new experience imitating the western administrative model and served to maintain Post-independence state power on the African the dominance of western ideological superiority over continent. The discussion is critical of Mamdani's developing world. This model developed rested in the argument that post-independence authoritarianism in social contract based on the Tanzania people who Africa can be understood as an institutional legacy of unified around anti-colonial struggles which reflected late colonialism [7]. The administrative system adopted their aspiration and hopes regarding increased by the independent government in Tanganyika was that employment, higher wages and the satisfaction of basic of Westminster model inherited from the British needs which were to trickle down to everyone. colonial masters. The nature, scope, structure and functions of administrative system in any country is a Africa‟s underlying political realities were, product of sociohistorical context [8]. While evolution first, its people‟s predominantly local concerns, and to of administrative system in capitalist countries has been judge their representatives and the state by their consistent with their socio historical conditions the services to local advancement. Secondly, independent formation of administrative structures in developing regimes faced Africa‟s ancient obstacles to state- world took place in isolation with from their indigenous creation: huge underpopulated areas, poor contextual realities. The origin of these relatively communications, limited literacy, resistance to the contextless of public administrative system can be extraction of surplus by poor people jealous of their traced back from their colonial experience [9]. Despite freedom, and codes of honour that encouraged the the end of colonial direct rule in Africa the bureaucratic ostentatious show of power. Thirdly, arbitrary legacy of the colonial continued not only in international boundaries, regional and social rivalries between rich and poor, growing populations pressing on resources, volatile capital cities, the overweening power 3 The argument of these theories contends that of modern weapons, and a view of the state by its governments are responsible for arbitration between the agents as primarily a source of income and rulers and the ruled. advancement. Finally, these problems were 4 The argument anchors on state as a product of class compounded by the haste, sometimes the violence, and, antagonism between the exploiter and the exploited paradoxically, the idealism of decolonisation: 5 They argue that state is an agency of change in newly opportunistic coalitions, regional rivalries mobilized for independent states political
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