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Soundpainting As a System for the Collaborative Creation of Music in Performance

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Soundpainting As a System for the Collaborative Creation of Music in Performance Soundpainting as a system for the collaborative creation of music in performance Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music School for the Arts Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria by Marc Duby Supervisors: Professor Caroline van Niekerk Professor Allan Munro October 2006 ii The man bent over his guitar, A shearsman of sorts. The day was green. They said, ‘You have a blue guitar, You do not play things as they are.’ The man replied, ‘Things as they are Are changed upon the blue guitar.’ And they said then, ‘But play, you must, A tune beyond us, yet ourselves, A tune upon the blue guitar Of things exactly as they are.’ Wallace Stevens, “The Man with the Blue Guitar” iii Table of contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................viii Dedication .....................................................................................................ix Summary .......................................................................................................xi Keywords......................................................................................................xii Notes to the reader ......................................................................................xii Chapter 1 : Research outline .................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Background and justification............................................................... 1-2 1.3 Research questions............................................................................ 1-3 1.4 Purpose and aims .............................................................................. 1-5 1.5 Justification......................................................................................... 1-6 1.5.1 A note on musicking..................................................................... 1-6 1.5.2 Creation, mediation, and reception .............................................. 1-7 1.5.3 The role of the conductor in orchestral performance ................. 1-11 1.5.4 Free jazz as ensemble performance.......................................... 1-15 1.5.5 The role of the Soundpainter in ensemble performance ............ 1-17 1.5.6 The Soundpainter as ensemble director .................................... 1-20 1.6 Chapter divisions.............................................................................. 1-22 1.7 Methodology..................................................................................... 1-24 1.7.1 Survey of scholarship................................................................. 1-25 1.7.2 Theoretical frameworks.............................................................. 1-26 1.7.3 Theories of improvisation........................................................... 1-28 1.7.4 Group improvisation as a collaborative process ........................ 1-31 1.8 Relevance of this study .................................................................... 1-33 1.9 Scope and limits............................................................................... 1-34 1.10 Glossary ......................................................................................... 1-37 iv Chapter 2 : Music as sign-system—a survey of scholarship................ 2-1 2.1 Introduction: Semiotics and linguistic theory....................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Saussure’s concept of language as a sign-system...................... 2-4 2.1.2 Peirce’s typology of signs ............................................................ 2-8 2.1.2.1 Icon ................................................................................................................... 2-10 2.1.2.2 Index ................................................................................................................. 2-10 2.1.2.3 Symbol.............................................................................................................. 2-11 2.1.3 Structuralism (revealing deep codes)......................................... 2-12 2.1.3.1 Roland Barthes and structuralism .................................................................. 2-16 2.1.3.2 The structure of serialism................................................................................ 2-18 2.1.3.3 Schenkerian analysis and after ...................................................................... 2-21 2.1.3.4 New Criticism ................................................................................................... 2-25 2.1.4 Poststructuralism and the play of the text .................................. 2-30 2.1.4.1 The death of the author................................................................................... 2-32 2.1.4.2 Readerly and writerly texts.............................................................................. 2-33 2.1.4.3 Undercoding and overcoding.......................................................................... 2-35 2.1.5 On deconstruction...................................................................... 2-38 2.1.6 Wittgenstein on language .......................................................... 2-43 2.1.6.1 Meaning as use ............................................................................................... 2-43 2.1.6.2 Language-games............................................................................................. 2-45 2.1.6.3 Grammar .......................................................................................................... 2-48 Chapter 3 : Music as work and event...................................................... 3-1 3.1 Introduction: Spoken and written language ........................................ 3-1 3.1.1 Results and procedures............................................................... 3-5 3.1.2 Intractable questions.................................................................... 3-6 3.2 Music as work: The semiotics of notation........................................... 3-9 3.3 Music as event: The semiotics of performance ................................ 3-17 3.3.1 What was performance?............................................................ 3-21 3.3.2 "Saying something".................................................................... 3-24 3.4 Music and the body .......................................................................... 3-27 3.4.1 The instrument as extension of the performer ........................... 3-30 3.4.2 The erasure of the body............................................................. 3-34 3.4.3 Musicking, physicality, and the mind-body problem................... 3-36 Chapter 4 : Towards a language-based model for improvised music.. 4-1 v 4.1 Introduction: Music and/as language.................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Defining improvisation.................................................................. 4-7 4.1.2 "Playing by ear".......................................................................... 4-11 4.1.3 The social semiotics of improvisation......................................... 4-15 4.1.4 Jazz and signification................................................................. 4-17 4.1.4.1 Signifyin(g) and rhetoric in improvised music................................................ 4-20 4.1.4.2 Music as communal activity ............................................................................ 4-22 4.1.4.3 Call and response............................................................................................ 4-22 4.1.4.4 Intonation as an affective device .................................................................... 4-24 4.1.4.5 Toy (and little) instruments.............................................................................. 4-26 4.1.4.6 Timbral play and agency ................................................................................. 4-28 4.1.4.7 The fourth wall ................................................................................................. 4-33 4.1.4.8 Improvisation and freedom ............................................................................. 4-35 4.2 Language acquisition in improvised music ....................................... 4-38 4.2.1 The repertoire ............................................................................ 4-44 4.2.1.1 The blues.......................................................................................................... 4-44 4.2.1.2 Standards: the language of the tribe .............................................................. 4-47 4.2.1.3 “Rhythm changes" and the contrafact............................................................ 4-50 4.2.1.4 Pedagogical methods for improvisation......................................................... 4-53 4.2.1.5 Third Stream .................................................................................................... 4-55 4.3 Towards a model for improvised music ............................................ 4-57 4.3.1 Language-games in improvised music....................................... 4-58 4.4 Towards an ethnomusicology of improvisation................................. 4-60 Chapter 5 : Creativity, collaboration, and communication in improvised music .......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Five characteristics of group improvisation........................................
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