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AMERICAN CREOLES the Francophone Caribbean and the American South AMERICAN CREOLES The Francophone Caribbean and the American South francoPHONE POSTCOLONIAL stUDIES The annual publication of the Society for Francophone Postcolonial Studies New Series, Vol. 3 Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 1 13/04/2012 11:09:47 Francophone Postcolonial Studies New Series, Vol. 3, 2012 The annual publication of the Society for Francophone Postcolonial Studies The Society for Francophone Postcolonial Studies (SFPS) is an international association which exists in order to promote, facilitate and otherwise support the work of all scholars and researchers working on colonial/postcolonial studies in the French-speaking world. SFPS was created in 2002 with the aim of continuing and developing the pioneering work of its predecessor organization, the Association for the Study of Caribbean and African Literature in French (ASCALF). SFPS does not seek to impose a monolithic understanding of the ‘postcolonial’ and it consciously aims to appeal to as diverse a range of members as possible, in order to engage in wide-ranging debate on the nature and legacy of colonialism in and beyond the French-speaking world. SFPS encourages work of a transcultural, transhistorical, comparative and interdisciplinary nature. It implicitly seeks to decolonize the term Francophone, emphasizing that it should refer to all cultures where French is spoken (including, of course, France itself), and it encourages a critical reflection on the nature of the cognate disciplines of French Studies, on the one hand, and Anglophone Postcolonial Studies, on the other. Our vision for this new publication with Liverpool University Press is that each volume will constitute a sort of état present on a significant topic embracing various expressions of Francophone Postcolonial Cultures (e.g., literature, film, music, history), in relation to pertinent geographical areas (e.g., France/Belgium, the Caribbean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Asia, Polynesia) and different periods (slavery, colonialism, the post-colonial era, etc.): above all, we are looking to publish research that will help to set new research agendas across our field. The editorial board of Francophone Postcolonial Studies invites proposals for edited volumes touching on any of the areas listed above: proposals should be sent to Professor David Murphy: [email protected]. Fur further details, visit: www.sfps.ac.uk. General Editor: Nicki Hitchcott (University of Nottingham) Editorial Board: Chris Bongie (Queen’s University, Canada) Dominique Combe (Wadham College, Oxford, UK/Paris III, France) Charles Forsdick (University of Liverpool, UK) Pierre-Philippe Fraiture (University of Warwick, UK) Sam Haigh (University of Warwick, UK) Alec Hargreaves (Florida State University, USA) Jane Hiddleston (Exeter College, Oxford, UK) Lieven d’Hulst (KU Leuven, Belgium) Lydie Moudileno (University of Pennsylvania, USA) David Murphy (University of Stirling, UK) Andy Stafford (University of Leeds, UK) Dominic Thomas (UCLA, USA) Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 2 13/04/2012 11:09:47 American Creoles The Francophone Caribbean and the American South Edited by Martin Munro and Celia Britton Liverpool University Press Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 3 13/04/2012 11:09:48 American Creoles First published 2012 by Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool L69 7ZU Copyright © 2012 Liverpool University Press and the Society for Francophone Postcolonial Studies The right of Martin Munro and Celia Britton to be identified as the editors of this book has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available ISBN 978-1-84631-753-8 cased Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 4 13/04/2012 11:09:49 Contents Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Martin Munro and Celia Britton Creolizations Lafcadio Hearn’s American Writings and the Creole Continuum 19 Mary Gallagher Auguste Lussan’s La Famille créole: How Saint-Domingue Émigrés Became Louisiana Creoles 40 Typhaine Leservot Caribbean and Creole in New Orleans 56 Angel Adams Parham Creolizing Barack Obama 77 Valérie Loichot Richard Price or the Canadian from Petite-Anse: The Potential and the Limitations of a Hybrid Anthropology 95 Christina Kullberg Music ‘Fightin’ the Future’: Rhythm and Creolization in the Circum-Caribbean 113 Martin Munro v Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 5 13/04/2012 11:09:49 vi American Creoles Leaving the South: Frantz Fanon, Modern Jazz, and the Rejection of Négritude 129 Jeremy F. Lane The Sorcerer and the Quimboiseur: Poetic Intention in the Works of Miles Davis and Édouard Glissant 147 Jean-Luc Tamby Creolizing Jazz, Jazzing the Tout-monde: Jazz, Gwoka and the Poetics of Relation 165 Jerome Camal Intertextualities: Faulkner, Glissant, Condé Go Slow Now: Saying the Unsayable in Édouard Glissant’s Reading of Faulkner 183 Michael Wiedorn Édouard Glissant and the Test of Faulkner’s Modernism 197 Hugues Azérad The Theme of the Ancestral Crime in the Novels of Faulkner, Glissant, and Condé 216 Celia Britton An American Story 230 Yanick Lahens Notes on Contributors 240 Index 244 Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 6 13/04/2012 11:09:49 Illustrations Illustrations Fig. 1. La Baraqu’ Obama, Sainte-Luce, Martinique. January 2010. Photo courtesy of Anny Dominique Curtius. 83 Fig. 2. Rue Barack Obama, Le Diamant, Martinique. March 2010. Photo by Valérie Loichot. 83 Fig. 3. Laurent Valère’s Memorial, Anse Cafard, with Diamond Rock in the background. Le Diamant, Martinique. March 2010. Photo by Valérie Loichot. 84 vii Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 7 13/04/2012 11:09:49 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Many of the chapters in this volume were first presented at a conference organized by the Winthrop-King Institute for Contemporary French and Francophone Studies at Florida State University in February 2010. We thank Alec Hargreaves for his generous support, Anthony Cond, David Murphy and Charles Forsdick for their interest in and enthusiasm for this project, and Teresa Bridgeman for her excellent translation work. We dedicate this volume to the memory of Édouard Glissant (1928–2011), whose work has inspired a great number of the essays in this book. viii Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 8 13/04/2012 11:09:49 Introduction Introduction Martin Munro and Celia Britton There is a curious relationship between the birth of an academic field and its death. In the manifestos and declaration of intent that mark the invention of a field there is often a recognition of its limitations and an intimation of its future demise. In some cases there is even a tacit challenge to bring about and hasten that expiration, or at least quickly to render the field’s initial manifestations and conceptual apparatus redundant. Such would seem to be the case with Francophone Postcolonial Studies, a field of study that itself came into being through the end of another, the Association for the Study of African and Caribbean Literature in French. From the first issues of the new society’s self-named journal, statements establishing the field and setting its parameters existed alongside self-reflexive critiques that questioned already the durability of many of its founding concepts (see, e.g., Assiba d’Almeida, 2003; Britton, 2003; Harrison, 2003). This critical self-questioning has been an important and indeed salutary element in the subsequent development of the field. Key works edited by Charles Forsdick and David Murphy have primarily sought to prise open and ‘decolonize’ the terms ‘Francophone’ and ‘postcolonial’: through including France in their investigations of the former term they emphasize the complex, connected relationship between France and its former colonies; while by stressing the importance of French-language works to the postcolonial field more generally they seek to disrupt the almost exclusively anglophone focus of that discipline (Forsdick and Murphy, 2009: 4–5). One of the consequences of the rapid evolution of Francophone Postcolonial Studies and its distinc- tively self-reflexive nature is that its two constituent terms – Francophone 1 Munro Britton, SFPS 3, 2012.indd 1 13/04/2012 11:09:49 2 American Creoles and postcolonial – are put under a particular conceptual and semantic stress that seems both to load them with meaning and deprive them of some of their critical usefulness. In a sense, they appear at once to mean too much and too little. Significantly in this regard, the second of Forsdick and Murphy’s edited volumes jettisoned the term Francophone in favour of the more neutral ‘French-speaking’ – a move that acknowledges the ongoing difficulties of dissociating the notion of the Francophone from colonial connotations. It is similarly significant that a further edited work, Transnational French Studies: Postcolonialism and Littérature-Monde, likewise excludes the term Francophone and introduces a new term, transnational, which to some extent shifts the emphasis away from exclusively colonial and postcolonial situations and onto contacts and relations between, across and beyond nations no matter their history. Thus, the more its founding concepts are
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