DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Ethnic Groups Rebel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Why Ethnic Groups Rebel: Intra-ethnic Division, Dynamic Grievances, State Repression and Escalation Keiichi KUBO Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Political Science London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government London, 2007 1 \ UMI Number: U501706 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U501706 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 {■ 6? 6 4 - &A, \im *4- :btbH gqutnOyindl3 vri W t^anK79hO oimftn/fl nobr/id aindio-B'rtnl iio h d im 3 bne noi0«3iqs^l OflUi' ifbibX to osigoh 3ffj lot bstfjimdu* zi^riT ooivjio?. LeomloH ni Gricl oonob8 IsdrliloH brm .goimonooH r!'o loorb2 riobnoJ JnornrnovoO 'to tnomttBq >(I U)()i nobno.l Library jjrii& rrnr.'i *: '■” • Declaration I hereby certify that the work presented in the thesis is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. Tokyo, 30 November, 2007 KeiichiKUBO 2 Abstract Why do ethnic groups rebel against the state? While there have been various efforts to answer this question, existing explanations tend to be static and based on the unitary actor assumption. This thesis attempts to make a step forward by relaxing the unitary actor assumption and by introducing dynamic elements into the explanatory framework. In order to do so, it takes a three-step approach, examining (1) the initial intensity of rebellion, (2) the onset of rebellion, and (3) the escalation. As for the methodology, this thesis adopts a mixed-methods approach: for each step, it conducts both large-N analyses and qualitative analyses of ex-Yugoslav countries. This thesis firstly examines the determinants of the initial intensity of rebellion. It presents two ideal-types, “decisions from above” made by ethnic leaders and “decisions from below” made by non-leaders, and will argue that the initial intensity is more likely to be higher if ethnic leaders organise the rebellion, because they can mobilise more resources. Secondly, this thesis examines the causes of the onset of rebellion. It will argue that structural conditions alone do not suffice to explain it, and will argue for the importance of dynamic grievances. In other words, even when structural conditions do not change, grievances will increase over time as the duration of peaceful protests gets longer, because people will be increasingly frustrated by the failure to achieve their goals by peaceful means. Finally, this thesis examines the dynamics of escalation. It will be argued that the low-intensity rebellion is likely to provoke state repression, and that the repressive measures taken by the state in turn are likely to cause the escalation of rebellion. The concluding chapter explores the theoretical and methodological implications for the study of ethnic conflict as well as the policy implications for conflict prevention. 3 Contents Introduction 10 Part I: Theoretical and Methodological Premises Chapter 1 A Three-Step Approach for the Analysis of Ethnic Rebellion Introduction 18 1. Definition of the Ethnic Rebellion 18 2. Four Problems: Critical Review of the Present Theoretical Literature 23 (1) Unitary Actor Assumption 24 (2) A Controversy - Do Grievances Matter? 27 (3) Lack of Dynamics 31 (4) Lack of Attention to the Escalation of Violence 33 3. Three-Step Approach for the Analysis of Ethnic Rebellion 36 (1) Initial Level of Rebellion 36 (2) Onset of the Initial Rebellion 38 (3) Escalation of the Rebellion 38 Conclusion 39 Chapter 2 Methodological Premises: Large-N analysis and the ex-Yugoslav Case Study Introduction 41 1. Methodology: Why Mixed Methods? 41 2. The MAR Dataset 44 3. The ex-Yugoslav Cases: Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Macedonia 49 4. Structure of the Thesis: Connection between Theory, Large-N Analyses and Case Studies 56 Conclusion 58 4 Part II: Initial Level o f Rebellion Chapter 3 Intra-ethnic Division, Decision-Makers and the Rebellion: Quantitative Analysis of the Initial Level of Rebellion Introduction 60 1. Two Ideal Types: Decisions From Above and Decisions From Below 61 2. Drawing Testable Hypotheses 68 3. Testing Hypotheses: Large-N Analyses 75 (1) Bi-variate analysis 76 (2) Multi-variate analysis 81 Conclusion 88 Chapter 4 Decisions from Above and from Below: Comparative Analysis of the Serb and Albanian Rebellions Introduction 89 1. Serbs in Croatia 91 (1) Involvement of Politicians and Police Forces in the Rebellion 91 (2) Involvement of the Regular Military Force in the Rebellion 95 (3) High Level of the Initial Intensity of Rebellion 97 2. Serbs in Bosnia 98 (1) Involvement of Politicians in the Rebellion 98 (2) Involvement of the Regular Military Force in the Rebellion 101 (3) High Level of the Initial Intensity of Rebellion 102 3. Albanians in Kosovo 104 (1) Path Chosen by the Albanian Elite in Kosovo: Peaceful Resistance 104 (2) Decision from Below: the KLA and Its Limited Resources 107 (3) Low Level of the Initial Intensity of Rebellion 109 4. Albanians in Macedonia 110 (1) Path Chosen by the Albanian Elite: Moderation and Participation 110 (2) Decision from Below: the NLA and Its Limited Resources 114 (3) Low Level of the Initial Intensity of Rebellion 115 Conclusion 116 5 Part III: Onset o f Initial Rebellion Chapter 5 Etiology of Ethnic Rebellion: Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Dynamic Grievances Introduction 118 1. Theoretical Model: Dynamic Grievances and Structural Conditions 118 (1) Structural Conditions 121 (2) Dynamic Grievances: Importance of the Time Dimension 126 (3) The Effect of the Type of Decision-Makers 129 2. Large-N Analysis 131 (1) Research Design and Operationalisation 132 (2) Empirical Results 138 Conclusion 146 Chapter 6 Dynamic Grievances and Structural Conditions: Qualitative Analysis of the Ex-Yugoslav Countries Introduction 149 1. Albanians in Kosovo 150 (1) Structural Conditions 150 (2) Dynamic Grievances and the Availability of Arms 153 2. Albanians in Macedonia 159 (1) Structural Conditions 159 (2) Dynamic Grievances and the Availability of Arms 162 3. Serbs in Croatia 167 (1) Motivating Conditions 167 (2) Enabling Conditions 169 4. Serbs in Bosnia 172 (1) Motivating Conditions 173 (2) Enabling Conditions 175 Conclusion 177 Part IV: Dynamics of Rebel Escalations Chapter 7 State Repression as an Intervening Variable: Quantitative Analysis of Rebel Escalations Introduction 180 6 1. Theoretical Exploration 181 (1) Dynamics between the Ethnic Group and the State 181 (2) Structural Factors for State Repression 184 (3) Structural Factors for the Escalation of Rebellion 185 2. Large-N Analysis 187 (1) Research Design 187 (2) Empirical Results 195 Conclusion 203 Chapter 8 Repression or Conciliation? Comparative Case Study of Serbia and Macedonia Introduction 205 1. Case of Serbia: Military Repression and the Escalation 205 (1) State Reactions to the Initial Rebellion 205 (2) Effect of Repression: Expansion of the KLA 208 (3) Second-Phase Operations: Serbian Summer Offensive 212 (4) From the Holbrooke Agreement to Rambouillet 215 2. Case of Macedonia: Peace Process and Prevention of Escalation 217 (1) Trajkovski’s Political Process for the Solution of Conflict 218 (2) Negotiations at Ohrid 220 (3) Importance of Trajkovski’s Political Process 223 Conclusion 225 Chapter 9 Explaining State Reactions: Path Dependency and External Pressures in Serbia and Macedonia Introduction 226 1. Explanatory Factors: Path Dependency and External Pressures 227 2. Case of Serbia 229 (1) Path-dependency and the Context of Domestic Politics 229 (2) Ambiguous Signals from External Actors 235 3. Case of Macedonia 239 (1) Path Dependency: Election with the Support of Albanians 239 (2) External Pressures from the International Community 243 Conclusion 248 7 Conclusion 1. Key Findings of the Thesis 251 2. Implications of the Case Selection 253 3. Theoretical and Methodological Implications 257 (1) Unitary Actor Assumption 257 (2) Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Civil War 258 4. Policy Implications 260 5. Tasks for Future Research: Additional Implications and Theoretical Extensions 262 Reference 265 Appendices 283 Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Initial Level, Onset and Escalation 37 3.1 Type of Decision-makers and the Initial Level of Rebellion 66 3.2 Status of the Ethnic Group within the State and the Initial Level of Rebellion 67 3.3 Type of decision-makers, the Status of the Ethnic Group and the Initial level of the rebellion 68 3.4 Initial Level of Rebellion and Involvement of Politicians, 177 ethnic groups from 1945 to 2000 78 3.5 Initial Level of Rebellion and Involvement of Police or Army, 177 ethnic groups from 1945 to 2000 80 3.6 Ordered Logit Analysis of the Initial Level of Rebellion, 177 ethnic groups 85 5.1 Random-Effects Logit Analysis of Determinants of the Onset of Rebellion, 1945-2000 (Dependent Variable: REBONSET) 139 5.2 Random-Effects Logit Analysis of Determinants of the Onset of Rebellion, 1945-2000 (Dependent Variable: REBONSET2) 140 5.3 Random-Effects Logit Analysis of Determinants of the Onset of Rebellion, 1945-2000 (Dependent Variable:
Recommended publications
  • The Dayton Accords and the Escalating Tensions in Kosovo

    The Dayton Accords and the Escalating Tensions in Kosovo

    Berkeley Undergraduate Journal 68 THE DAYTON ACCORDS AND THE ESCALATING TENSIONS IN KOSOVO By Christopher Carson Abstract his paper argues that the Dayton Accords, which ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were the primary cause of the outbreak of violence in Kosovo in 1998. While the Accords were regarded as successful in neighboring Bosnia, the agreement failed to mention the Texisting situation in Kosovo, thus perpetuating the ethnic tensions within the region. Following the Dayton Accords, the response by the international community failed to address many concerns of the ethnically Albanian population living in Kosovo, creating a feeling of alienation from the international political scene. Finally, the Dayton Accords indirectly contributed to the collapse of the Albanian government in 1997, creating a shift in the structure of power in the region. This destabilization triggered the outbreak of war between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo the following year. The Dayton Accords 69 I. Introduction For many years, the territory of Kosovo functioned as an autonomous region within the state of Yugoslavia. During that time, Kosovo was the only Albanian-speaking territory within Yugoslavia, having been home to a significant Albanian population since its creation. The region also had a very important meaning for the Serb community, as it was the site of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, which defined Serbian nationalism when Serbian forces were defeated by the Ottoman Empire. In the 1980s, tensions began to arise between the two communities, initially resulting in protests against the centralized government in Belgrade and arrests of Albanian Kosovars. Under the presidency of Slobodan Milošević, these ethnic tensions intensified both in Kosovo and elsewhere in Yugoslavia.
  • The Albanian-American Community in the United States Nadège Ragaru, Amilda Dymi

    The Albanian-American Community in the United States Nadège Ragaru, Amilda Dymi

    The Albanian-American Community in the United States Nadège Ragaru, Amilda Dymi To cite this version: Nadège Ragaru, Amilda Dymi. The Albanian-American Community in the United States. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 2004, 31 (1-2), pp.45-63. hal-01019926 HAL Id: hal-01019926 https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01019926 Submitted on 7 Jul 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Albanian-American Community in the United States : A Diaspora Coming to Visibility 1 Nadège Ragaru and Amilda Dymi * The Albanian-American community in the United States became visible at the time of the NATO intervention in Kosovo in the Spring of 1999. The US government had promised to shelter 20,000 Kosovars expelled from their homeland by Serb-dominated Yugoslav forces (Michael Kranish and Mary Leonard, 1999). As refugees hit American soil, stories of family reunion and community solidarity were told in the local and national press. True, there had been earlier rallies in Washington organized by Albanian-American organizations that had hinted at the wish, on the part of the Albanian immigrants, to weigh upon US foreign policy towards the Balkans.
  • Stephen Philip Cohen the Idea Of

    Stephen Philip Cohen the Idea Of

    00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page iii the idea of pakistan stephen philip cohen brookings institution press washington, d.c. 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 one The Idea of Pakistan 15 two The State of Pakistan 39 three The Army’s Pakistan 97 four Political Pakistan 131 five Islamic Pakistan 161 six Regionalism and Separatism 201 seven Demographic, Educational, and Economic Prospects 231 eight Pakistan’s Futures 267 nine American Options 301 Notes 329 Index 369 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page vi vi Contents MAPS Pakistan in 2004 xii The Subcontinent on the Eve of Islam, and Early Arab Inroads, 700–975 14 The Ghurid and Mamluk Dynasties, 1170–1290 and the Delhi Sultanate under the Khaljis and Tughluqs, 1290–1390 17 The Mughal Empire, 1556–1707 19 Choudhary Ramat Ali’s 1940 Plan for Pakistan 27 Pakistan in 1947 40 Pakistan in 1972 76 Languages of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Northwest India 209 Pakistan in Its Larger Regional Setting 300 01 1502-1 intro 8/25/04 3:18 PM Page 1 Introduction In recent years Pakistan has become a strategically impor- tant state, both criticized as a rogue power and praised as being on the front line in the ill-named war on terrorism. The final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States iden- tifies Pakistan, along with Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, as a high- priority state. This is not a new development.
  • Violence Against Kosovar Albanians, Nato's

    Violence Against Kosovar Albanians, Nato's

    VIOLENCE AGAINST KOSOVAR ALBANIANS, NATO’S INTERVENTION 1998-1999 MSF SPEAKS OUT MSF Speaks Out In the same collection, “MSF Speaking Out”: - “Salvadoran refugee camps in Honduras 1988” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [October 2003 - April 2004 - December 2013] - “Genocide of Rwandan Tutsis 1994” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [October 2003 - April 2004 - April 2014] - “Rwandan refugee camps Zaire and Tanzania 1994-1995” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [October 2003 - April 2004 - April 2014] - “The violence of the new Rwandan regime 1994-1995” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [October 2003 - April 2004 - April 2014] - “Hunting and killings of Rwandan Refugee in Zaire-Congo 1996-1997” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [August 2004 - April 2014] - ‘’Famine and forced relocations in Ethiopia 1984-1986” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [January 2005 - November 2013] - “MSF and North Korea 1995-1998” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [January 2008 - 2014] - “War Crimes and Politics of Terror in Chechnya 1994-2004” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [June 2010 -2014] -”Somalia 1991-1993: Civil war, famine alert and UN ‘military-humanitarian’ intervention” Laurence Binet - Médecins Sans Frontières [October 2013] Editorial Committee: Laurence Binet, Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier, Marine Buissonnière, Katharine Derderian, Rebecca Golden, Michiel Hofman, Theo Kreuzen, Jacqui Tong - Director of Studies (project coordination-research-interviews-editing): Laurence Binet - Assistant: Berengere Cescau - Transcription of interviews: Laurence Binet, Christelle Cabioch, Bérengère Cescau, Jonathan Hull, Mary Sexton - Typing: Cristelle Cabioch - Translation into English: Aaron Bull, Leah Brummer, Nina Friedman, Imogen Forst, Malcom Leader, Caroline Lopez-Serraf, Roger Leverdier, Jan Todd, Karen Tucker - Proof reading: Rebecca Golden, Jacqui Tong - Design/lay out: - Video edit- ing: Sara Mac Leod - Video research: Céline Zigo - Website designer and webmaster: Sean Brokenshire.
  • Haradinaj Et Al. Indictment

    Haradinaj Et Al. Indictment

    THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA CASE NO: IT-04-84-I THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST RAMUSH HARADINAJ IDRIZ BALAJ LAHI BRAHIMAJ INDICTMENT The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, pursuant to her authority under Article 18 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, charges: Ramush Haradinaj Idriz Balaj Lahi Brahimaj with CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY and VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR, as set forth below: THE ACCUSED 1. Ramush Haradinaj, also known as "Smajl", was born on 3 July 1968 in Glodjane/ Gllogjan* in the municipality of Decani/Deçan in the province of Kosovo. 2. At all times relevant to this indictment, Ramush Haradinaj was a commander in the Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës (UÇK), otherwise known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). In this position, Ramush Haradinaj had overall command of the KLA forces in one of the KLA operational zones, called Dukagjin, in the western part of Kosovo bordering upon Albania and Montenegro. He was one of the most senior KLA leaders in Kosovo. 3. The Dukagjin Operational Zone encompassed the municipalities of Pec/Pejë, Decani/Deçan, Dakovica/Gjakovë, and part of the municipalities of Istok/Istog and Klina/Klinë. As such, the villages of Glodjane/Gllogjan, Dasinovac/Dashinoc, Dolac/Dollc, Ratis/Ratishë, Dubrava/Dubravë, Grabanica/Grabanicë, Locane/Lloçan, Babaloc/Baballoq, Rznic/Irzniq, Pozar/Pozhare, Zabelj/Zhabel, Zahac/Zahaq, Zdrelo/Zhdrellë, Gramocelj/Gramaqel, Dujak/ Dujakë, Piskote/Piskotë, Pljancor/ Plançar, Nepolje/Nepolë, Kosuric/Kosuriq, Lodja/Loxhë, Barane/Baran, the Lake Radonjic/Radoniq area and Jablanica/Jabllanicë were under his command and control.
  • Sb ¡20)0 Conseil De L’Europe ^ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ COE273160 ★ ★ ★★ ★

    Sb ¡20)0 Conseil De L’Europe ^ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ COE273160 ★ ★ ★★ ★

    io') Council of Europe Sb ¡20)0 Conseil de l’Europe ^ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ COE273160 ★ ★ ★★ ★ Strasbourg, 21 June 1996 Restricted Ì <s:\cdISdoc496)NcdI\54.pdg> CDL (96) 54 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES FOR 1995 l "Sii :- ''ferfai 'ACCORDANCE' WITH "sEC,n6NS^lI6C(ìi';AND 5023(b)\OF THE * -.' -0 'Ä. FOREIGN' ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961. AS AMENDED ;•;■ > -V -'•■'ir'-• ; • Î.V.Î-. -:-Ад '•-A.- *.V4 '; : * . * * • *Л • \ »...ísV . .... -V? »V...... > r ' i-m ••. - / •* к .. Iя»»- • •- 'c' *•* ■ •' .4..• * •**,: •*» «' - *.< • •• - • *. • ‘,:1. *.i . _ _ ____ . 2. ............ •.»» i• A.* .d-«kis »M4* . •* ,'•» Y^. T-Vr.Î-Æ4/0Âîi^:UvVi?;»^^4"£:^>«^^ -№'i- ' j: • ’^"Rrintea'f for".tiie:.’use ;of fheixCönïmitfcees; òn *Inter2atio¿ál';,'.Re.Iatíona ¿?r »«£:• ‘i^Eouse. of. Reàresèntànves. 'ani:- Foreign ^Relations •• of. the .U.S.; Senaiijire-J^ ,-. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA The Republic of Bosnia ana Herzegovina was formed from one of six constituent republics of the^ former Yugoslavia. Citizens endorsed independence in a 1992 ref­ erendum. President Alija Izetbegovic heads the multiethnic collective presidency of a parliamentary democratic government elected in 1990. Within days'of independ­ ence, Serbian nationalist militias, supported by elements of the former Yugoslav na­ tional army (JNA), launched attacks throughout northern and eastern Bosnia, and Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) leader Radovan Karadzic declared the establish ­ ment of the “Republika Sroska ” or “Serb Republic.” Seventy percent of the Bosnian Republic remained under Serbian occupation until the Bosnian government and Croatian offensives in August. During 4 years of war an estimated 263,000 people were killed, and two-thirds of the country's prewar pop­ ulation of 4 Vi million was uprooted and dispersed as either refugees or displaced persons.
  • Kosovo After Haradinaj

    Kosovo After Haradinaj

    KOSOVO AFTER HARADINAJ Europe Report N°163 – 26 May 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE RISK AND DEFLECTION OF REBELLION................................................... 2 A. MANAGEMENT OF THE HARADINAJ INDICTMENT ..................................................................2 B. SHADOW WARRIORS TEST THE WATER.................................................................................4 C. THE "WILD WEST" ON THE BRINK ........................................................................................6 D. DUKAGJINI TURNS IN ON ITSELF ...........................................................................................9 III. KOSOVO'S NEW POLITICAL CONFIGURATION.............................................. 12 A. THE SHAPE OF KOSOVO ALBANIAN POLITICS .....................................................................12 B. THE OCTOBER 2004 ELECTIONS .........................................................................................13 C. THE NETWORK CONSOLIDATES CONTROL ..........................................................................14 D. THE ECLIPSE OF THE PARTY OF WAR? ................................................................................16 E. TRANSCENDING OR DEEPENING WARTIME DIVISIONS?.......................................................20 IV. KOSOVO'S POLITICAL SYSTEM AND FINAL STATUS..................................
  • Foreign Policy Yearbook 2008.Pdf

    Foreign Policy Yearbook 2008.Pdf

    Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs Minoritenplatz 8 A-1014 Vienna Tel: During office hours on work days between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. 0 50 11 50-0 / international: +43 50 11 50-0 or: (01) 90 115-0 / int.: (+43-1) 90 115-0 For general information: 0800 234 888 (toll free number, cannot be dialled from outside Austria) Fax: 0 50 11 59-0 / international: +43 50 11 59-0 or: (01) 904 20 16-0 / international: (+43-1) 904 20 16-0 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bmeia.gv.at Citizens’ Help Desk In case of emergency abroad the Citizens’ Help Desk can be reached 24 hours a day: Tel: 0 50 11 50-4411 / international: +43 50 11 50-4411 or: (01) 90 115-4411 / international: +43 1 90 115-4411 Fax: 0 50 11 59-4411 / international: +43 50 11 59-4411 or: 0 50 11 59-245 / international: +43 50 11 59-245 or: (01) 904 20 16-245 / international: (+43-1) 904 20 16-245 E-Mail: [email protected] Assistance services available to Austrian citizens abroad are detailed on the homepage of the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs at www.bmeia.gv.at under “Service”.  Austrian Foreign Policy Yearbook 2008 Report by the Federal Minister for European and International Affairs  Proprietor and Publisher: Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8 Austria Edited and Coordinated by: Thomas Schlesinger Christoph Weidinger Clemens Geelhaar Monika Lemmerer English translation coordinated by: Sabine Hübler Printed by: Manz Crossmedia GmbH & Co KG A-1051 Vienna, Stolberggasse 26 Austria The original German version is available at: www.bmeia.gv.at, or in printed form in the Information Management, Documentation, Knowledge Management Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs Preface In 2008, the international community faced a number of very special challenges, ranging from the global economic crisis and the problems of the European energy supply at the beginning of the year to the conflicts in Georgia and Gaza.
  • The Kosovo Protection Corps. a Critical Study of Its De

    The Kosovo Protection Corps. a Critical Study of Its De

    The Kosovo Protection Corps A Critical Study of its De-activation as a Transition Ade Clewlow Department of Security and Conflict Management Affairs International of Institute Norwegian Security in Practice 4 · 2010 [NUPI Report] Publisher: The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2010 ISBN: 978-82-7002-273-1 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the author. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2 d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. 0033 Oslo Norway Internet: www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 36 21 82 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 The Kosovo Protection Corps A Critical Study of its De-activation as a Transition Ade Clewlow Lieutenant Colonel, MBE, Former KFOR Liaison Officer to the KPC The final KPC parade before De-Activation This report is part of the Norwegian engagement in the Multinational Experiment 6 (MNE-6). The project is financed by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and is managed by the Innovation, Network Capabilities and Information Infrastructure Command (INI). Besides NUPI, the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) and the Defence Staff College are also engaged in the programme. Further information can be found at: http://mne.oslo.mil.no Context This paper has been written from a practitioner’s perspective. The author spent 6 months embedded with the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) command team, spending hours in their company during its de-activation.
  • UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online

    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online

    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11.
  • The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C.
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S

    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S

    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.