InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda TribunalPdnal Internationalpour le Rwanda Arushainternational Conference Centre UNITEDNATIONS NATIONSUN1ES P,O.Box6016, Arusha, Tanzania - B.P. 6016, Arusha, Tanzanie Tel:255 27 2504207-112504367-72 or 1 212963 2850 Fax: 255 27 2504000/2504373or 1 212963 2848/49
TRIAL CHAMBER II
Before:JudgeLaity Kama, Presiding JudgeWilliamH Sekule JudgeMehmet Gttney
Registrar:Adama Dieng
Date: 14thMarch 2001
THE PROSECUTOR V ]~li6zerNIYITEGEKA
Case No. ICTR-96-14-T
/ MODIFIED AMENDED INDICTMENT FILED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE TRIAL CHAMBER II ORDERS OF 20 TM NOVEMBER 2000 & 27th FEBRUARY 2001
TheOffice of the Prosecutor: Ken Fleming MelindaPollard IfeomaOjemni JayanthaJayasuriya
Counselfor the Accused: SylviaGeraghty
PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ INTFRNATIONAL(;I,IIS, IINA1, TRIIJI.INAI,FOR I~,WANI)A "I’Ril]IINAI.PENAl. 1NI’ERNATI()NAI. I’()I!R LE RWANDA
C’ascNo.: IC"I’R-%-14-1 No.dc do:,sicr: l("l!Z.t;{~_ 14-1
THE PROSECUTOR LE PI~,OC’UI~,EI.;R1)I.’ I’RIBI.’NAI. AGAINST CONTI~F. EI.IEZER NtYITE(;EKA ELIEZER NIYITE(;EKA
AMENDED INDICTMENT ACTE D’ACCUSATION AMENDI .---
The Prosecutoro? the International CriminalTribunal fbr Rwanda,pursuant to Le Procureur du Tribunal P6na] Internationalpour Ie Rwanda.en vertudes theauthority stipulated in Article17 of the pouvoirsque tui conE@eI’article 17 du Statute of the InternationalCriminal Statutdu TribunalPdnal International pour Tribunalfor Rwanda(the Statuteof the Tribunal)chargesi le Rwandafie Statutdu Tribunal)accuse:
ELIEZER NIYITEGEKA I£LIEZER NIYITEGEKA With CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT GENOCIDE; GENOCIDE, or alternatively D’ENTENTE EN VUE DE. C OMMETTRE LE COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE; DIRECT GI~NOCIDE; GENOCIDE ou alternativement, AND PUBLIC INCITENIENT TO COMi’VlIT CO~’IPLICITE DE GENOCIDE; CRINIES GENOCIDE; D’INCITATION DIRECTE AGAINST H U.IVIANITY and VIOLATIONS OF ET PUBLIQUE A COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE; ARTICLE 3 COMi~ION TO THE GENEVA CRI,’VlES CONTRE CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL L’HUMANITI~, et de VIOLATIONS DE PROTOCOLIf, offencesstipulated in Articles L’ARTICLE 3 COblMLIN AUX 2,3, and 4 ofthe Statute ofthe Tribunal. CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DL PROTOCOLE ADDITIONEL II. crimes pre.vusaux articles2. 3 e~ 4 d~ S~a~utdu TriDtl Ila[.
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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ I. I",I()RI,Itl1,’i,%11
I, I I I,";TOR 1 (’,,.,i.(’ONTEXT I. (’ONTI,]XTI.",rlt.qTORIQI .t.: 1.1 l’hurevolution of IC)59 marked the beginningof a periodof ’-’thniccla,shcs 1.I [.ardvolu/ion dc betweenlhc I lutuand the "l’utsi inP,’.’.anda, ddhut d’unc pdriodc I959rnae,4uc .c causinghundrcds of l’utsilo dic and cthn/qucsentre los th.l/u daffmmcmcn:, lhousandsmore to llccthe country in tl~<, l~,x\;.lllda.Provoquam autours cz Itsdes [a’si anne;.-, a_ v¢:.i"s hnmc.’dialcly ll.)lh)wing. lhcrc’,’olution quioat immddiaccmcnt stij\i. des cc.:cainv-, rcsuhedin the aholiliono1" the Tuc.,d dc mortschcz/us lutsi ct l’cx~>dc demill/:, monarchyarid tll~ proclamul.ion o1"the t"irsl d’cnh’ccux. (’otto rdvolution enerai~.. Republicin,.."arly 1961. Ct)ll/lr111,cd ili a l’aholi/iondc la nlonarchiclucsi cc + r’..’lbrundun.~heldin the ,’v : : proclamationdcla Prcmid’rcP’-dpubliquc L: l.egislativeelections held same>’ear. in September &5butde l’ann,,Se196I. confirmde pa.- t 961confirmed thedominant position ot’tl~e MDR-PARMEttUTU rdt~rendumau tours de la m&~cannee, l.es (,l’D:,u~’c’,,,,,unz electionslegislatives de septembre 196] IJUmucru/ique&;Pul~/iccUn. Pcu’/[ ctu conlirme la domination du ,ih~m’u:nen:UEzn~:ncipa:io~ klu/zO, led by 31DR- PARivlEHUTU(-\Iouvement . Or~goireKayibanda. who was subseauencly R epublicain-Parti l)emocnuquc, electedPresident of the,Republic by the du Mouvemen- dEmancipation Hutu) de Grd~oire LegislativeAssembly on 26 October196 I. Ka.vibanda,qui est 6IuPr6sident ~ I.’, Republiquepar lassemblde l~gislative le 26 octobre1961. 1.2The early years of theFirst Republic, whichwas under the domination of theHutu 1.2Les premi,kresanndes d’existence de of centraland southern Rwanda, were again cetterepubIique, dominde par les Humdu markedby ethnicviolence. The victims centre et du sud du Rwand& sont de werepredominantly Tutsi, the former ruling nouvea.~marqudespar i.v:,:) eliteand those related to them,who Were Les¯ Vies- ,. furent principa/ememla violenceethnique. des killed,driven to otherregions of" Rwanda or Tutsi,l’anctenne dike dirigeante, et teurs tbrcedto fleethe cotintry.The gradual allids;ceux-ci furent tu~s.-chass,~s vers diminationof"the opposition parties in those d’autresrdgions du Rwandaou tbrcdsde early years confirmed the MDR- senfuirdu pays.L’~limination progressive PARMEHUTUas the singleparty, the only despartis d’opposition durant ces premieres partyto presentcandidates in the elections anndes confirmeIe ’MDR-PAR.\[EHUTL o1"1965. COmmeparti unique, qui est le seul prdsenterdes candidats aux d’lections de 1065. 1.3 The earlypart of 1 7a 9 " % Rwanda wasagain marked by ethnicconfrontations 1.3 Le de3butde l’annde1973 au R~vanda betweenthe Hutu and Tutsi,prompting est de nouveau marqud par des anotherexodus of theTutsi minority l?om afli’ontelncntse/hniqucs entre f lutucc lu/si quiProvoqucnt. apr0s cuux de 1959fi 1963.
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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ lhc country,as had occurredbciwccn i959 und IY63.This nw, v oulburstol’clhn[c und ullilOtlVCl cxodc dc lu minorild Tulsi. (’<-’tic politicalk:n.si~m be,,.vccn the N~rthand recrudescencedes tc~lsiollscthnicluc s cl .’%uthrc.suhcd in a mililaryc~ui.~ by (icncr,d p
PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 1.6 In 1990, the lq’csidcn((fl the Rcrmhlic.Ju’cdnal tklhyarin~ana, and his 1.6 Au tours tic l’unn&., 199(L Ix singleparty, the MP, NI), wcrc lhcing Prdsidcnl de la Rcpuhiquc. ,lu~dnal n~)unfingopr, ositio n includingf?om olhcr l lahyarirnana,el son parliunh.ltk.," Ic l lutu. MRNI), Ibm face :i unc oppositi~m grandissantc,notLIll’ln’lCIl{ dc ILl partd’au[rc:, t lutu. 1.7 ()n I October199(), the Rwandan PatrioticFront (RPF),made up mainly 1.7 l,e I er octobre1990. Ic Front rutsi rcrugees,attacked Rwanda. Within Pau’iotiqueRwandais (I:PR), composd days the government began qrresting rn@)rhairernerade rdfugids "l’utsi. attaquc Ic thousands of people, prestimed to be Rwanda.Dans les jours qt’i suivcnt,lc opponentsoi" Habyarimanaand suspectedo{ gouvernementproc~de a l’arrcstationdc beingRPF accomplices.Although the Tutsi milliersde personnesprdsumdcs dtrc des were the main target,,,Hutu political adversairesd’Habyarimana et soup~onn6es opponentswere also arrested. de complicit~avec le FPR, personnes arr~tdes, Parmi les majoritairement d’origineYutsi, il y a egalementdes °pposants potitiquesHtitu. 1.8 Followingpressure from the internal oppositionand the internationalcommunity, 1.8 Suiteaux diffdrentespressions de and the RPF attack of October 1990, I’oppositioninterne et de la communaut~ President Habyarimana permitted the internationale,et ~ /’attaquedu FPR ¯ introductionof multiple political parties and doctobre1990. le PrdsidentHabvarimana the adoptionof a new constitutionon 10 autorisel’introduction du muhipa~tisme et June 199I. l’adoptior~dune nouveHe constitution le I0 The Mouvemenl Revo/ulionnaire juin 1991. Le MouvementRdvo/utionnaire Nalional pour /e Ddveloppement National pour le Ddve/oppement(MRND) (MRND) was renamed :L’lr~uvementRdpublicain National pour /a estalors rebaptisd N/ozn’emeszl Rdpzthlicain DdmocraUeet /e Ddveloppement(MRND). National pour lc~ Ddmocrctlie et le The firsttransitional government was made Deve/oppement (MRND), Le premier up almostexclusively of MRND members, Gouvernementde transition est compos6 tbllowingthe refusal of the mainopposition presqueexclusivement de membres du partiesto take part. With the second MRND,suite au refusdes principauxpards transitionalgovernment in April1992, the d’oppositiond’en Ihire pattie. Avecla raise MRNDbecame a minorityparty for the first en place5 du second Gotpccrnemcntde timein its history,with nine ministerial transitionon avril 1992. le MRNI) se retrouveminoritaire pour la prcrnid’rcIbis tic
O 3 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ I. (’i)\’|F.X I F. III.’,I ()RI()I
p n’tlldh~sout oI’ 19. ()n the odmr hand. the stm hismirc,avcc i’icul’portcl’cuillcs MRNI) rctaincdits ,.tominatilmmcr the Illinisldrielsstir 19. [>:.lrCt)ll[l’C. h: XIRNI) localadmirlisu’atiolL dcmctlreli}rtemcnt dominant ,titl Ili~,c:.i,, de [’administrationtcrrit?ri:ilc.
1.9 I’hc nc\v ~oveln111cii[[ilCi1 cM(clied 1.0 [.CllOtlt,’eLlti (IOLIVCI.I1CIllCn[ L’[ll:.tlllC into nCgmiati~mswith the RPF. which alors des ndgoci:,ltinilsavcc Ic I"I>R qui I’CSU[tcdill [hc si~IlillUt)[" the .,\ I’LIsI’I.~I abociiissentIc 4 aoLitIt)9 3 .:’lla signaturevies .’\CCOl’dS011 4 .’\tlgtIstI(’>Q3. "[’he ,’\ccor(.is Accordsd’..irusha. (’cs Accords prdvoicnt pr~wiclcdI’or ~.1 new syg{elll ol" shcirin~ un nouveaupartagc des potty@s rail\mires militaryand civilianpower bctwcenthe etcivils entre le FI>R. los IXu’tis d’t,pp~sition RI>I’.the oppositi~m p~.uties -:uld the i\IRNI). ct Ic NIRNI). I.It) l:>, the terms of thet\rush.:l Accords, t.I0Aux tcrmes des ,’\cct~r(.Is d’..\rush:.l ,/ wh{chprovided Ibr the integrationof both qui prdvoientI’intdgration des Ibrccs armdes sidesarmed lbrccs, the new nationalarmy desdeux parties, l’cftiactif de ta nouvclle was"~, to be limitedto 13.000men, 60% I:AI armdenathmale est limitdA 13 000 hommcs (l"~,’ce.v,-Irmdes Rw~m&d.ve.v) and40% R PI:. dent 60% provicrmerltdes t:AR ([:orccs The posts o~" commandwere to be shared ArmdesRwanda\sos) ct 40% du I:PR. Quant equatly(50%-50%) between the two sides. aux postes de commandement.\Is sent withthe postof" Chief of" StafToi"the Army attribudsA partsdgales (50%-50%) aux deux assignedto the FAR. -. parties,le postede Chef"d’Etat Ma.ior de i’armderevenant aux FAR. The Gendarmeriewas to be limited L’effectifde la Gendarmerieest to 6,000 men, 60% FAR and 40% RPF. with Iimitd 5:6 000 hommes,compose5 de 60% the postsof commandshared equally (50%- des FAR et 40% du FPR,avec les postesde 50%)between the two sidesand the postof commandement rdpartis dquitablement Chiefof Staffof the Gendarmerieassigned (50%-50%)entre les deux parties,le poste to theRPF. de Chef d’I~t~,,Majorde la Gendarmerie i~ . ~ ,! revenantau FPR,<,-#,,
1.11As regardsrepresentation within the 1.11 Au-niveaude la reprdsentationau government,the ArushaAccords limited the sein du gouvemement, [es Accords numberof ministerialportfolios to be held d’Arushalie\tent /l cinq le nombre de by the MRNDto five,plus the Presidency. porteFeuillesministdriels du MRNDen plus The otherportfolios were to be sharedas de la Prdsidencede [a Rdpublique.Les tbNows: RPF, five; MDR (&fouvemenl autresporteFeuilles sordpartissent ainsi: einq ddmocratiquer@ublicain), four (including pour le FPR, quatre pour le MDR the post of Prime Minister);PSD (Pail\ (~/[ouvemenlddmoc#’~tlique rc;/;uDlicain) dent social-Udmocrate),three; PL fParti[ihdra[), Ie postede premierMinistre. trois pour le three: and the PDC (Parti tgmocrate- PSD(Purli .vocictl-Udmocrule). troispour le chrdlien),one. PL (/’urliliDc;ral) etun pourle PDC(Patti dc;mocrelle-c.hrOl ien).
0 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 1,12 Forthc lncn a’id WOlll~;ll chL’-;c to 1.12Ih+ur Ic.,+ h~+mmcs ct los tL’tnmcs l>rcsidcmI lal~yarinmna,indudinu tl~e pr¢’~chcsduI>rdsi,.lcnt I I:tbyarirn.:m:.L p:_trmi membersof the .-Ik(~-u.~vlm held positions lcsquctsIts mcn’,bt-cs tic /’..l~i’u:,. ctui 01" pl’olllillellcC in the Valit+tlS scC[OlS O[ ~,CCUl’)aicntdesIbnct{,ms imp~,rLu:tcs ausciu Rwur~dur~s,++~cict+,+ .. thisnew puwcr shuring desdi,.crs scctcurs dc Ia sucidtdrv, andctisc. plan. as dcmatMcd bv tltu political menot.tvcatl purtagc dtl pou:oir, tel qu’cxigd. Ol’,positiunandas stipulated inthe /\rusl’~:.l parlos upposartts politicluCS ctstipuld par los AcO.ll’ds.IIICUIIt .a rulh-,.icfishrncntofpo,.vcr Accordsd’.’\rushu, siL’nilTc t’ab;.tra.itm du andthe loss ttl" tlt.m!crt+us prit.ilcgcs and f>oclx~.@ctt:.t porte dc nt)nlbrcux l-,rivilV.gcs ct benefits.With political chur~gcs l+ultuwing cl’import:.u~tsbdrldl]ccs, l.csct’Lttlgctllctnt:-, th,.’csLtblislm+~crtt ,++,I’ the tnulti-p.urty poNtiqucsconsdcutils A l’dtublisscmcm dun kzovc’rnnlcntof.,\pril 1992. sever.el import;+mt i’c}gimet multip;.utitc cnayt’il 19~)2 ohliL4cn militat"cel’liters l’tom the north had bccn plusiuursofl]cicrs lllilitait’cs inlportallts. Ibrcedto retire.At tilesallqe time. manyel originairesduNord. it prcndrclout rctraite. the military ~r + t"c facing massive l’n rn,Srnctemps, I’applicatitm des Accords dcmobilisationwith the implerncritatior~el d’Arushacorffronte ptusieurs miiitaircs A the ArushaAccords. uricddrrlobilisatitm massive.
1.13 From 1990, l-{abyarirnarm and 1.13 ,~ partirdc 1990. llabyarimanact severalof his closeassociates devised the plusieursde sesplus prochcs collaborateurs strutegyoF incitinghatred and Pearof the con?oiventune stratdgied’incitation A la Tutsi minorityas a way of rebuildhlg haineet A la peurlace A la rninorit~Tutsi. solidarity among Hum and keeping afinde rdtablirla solidarit~parmi les Hutu themselvesin power.They strongly opposed et de se maintenirau pouvoir.Ils s’opposent any form of powersharing+ including the fortement,5 toute forme de partagedu one envisagedby the ArushaAccords. pouvoiret particuIi@rementau partage pr&u par les Accordsd’Arusha.
1.14 Determined to avoid the power 1.14 DdtermindesA dviterle partagedes sharingprescr~_’!~:J.by theArusha Accords+ pouvoirsprdvu par les Accordsd’Arusha. (i~ severalpromin~+)~.+civilian and military plusieurspersonnalitds civiles et militaires figurespursued their strategy of ethnic en vue p6ursuiventleur stratdg]e de conflit divisionand incitementto violence.They ethniqueet d’incitationA la violence.Elles targetedand labelledas RPF accomplices visentla populationTutsi tout entiere, qui the entireTutsi population, and aIsoHutu est qualifidede compIicedu FPR,de m~me opposedto theirdomination, particularly que les Hutu opposdsA leur domination. thosefrom regions other than northwestern particuli~rementceux qui sentoriginaires Rwanda.At the same time, they soughtto d’autresrdgions que le nord-ouestdu divideHutu opposition parties, attracting Rwanda.ParaIielement, elles tentemde some of theirmembers back to the support diviserles pardsd’opposition I-[utu. ¢11 (’4+ I-[abyarimana.These efforts to dividethe ramenantcertains de leursmembres dens le Hutu opposition were favored by the campd+Habyarimana, l,es ei"lbrts destinds it ussussinationoF MelchiorNdandaye, a diviserl’opposition l lutu sotlt lhvorisds p:.ir dcrnocraticallyelectedHutu Presidentin I’assassinat.pardes solders Tutsi dc I’armdc
0 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ nciuhhoringlhn’undi, hv Tutsis~)(icrs the[~urun,,ji army. Hy late1903, two of thc hurundaisc, dc Nlclchhw Ndandavc. ( lltmcclllaiof pall’tiCS ()pposcd It) tiiL’ kUCN[) prC’sidcntI lutu ddnh)cratiqucnlcn{ dItld~ins hadeach splh in{o {,.vo lhctions. /he li~cthm lc Ilurundivoisin. :\ la findc IUU3,tk.’t~x of eachknown as lhc Powerlilction aligned des troisprh~cipaux par~is {~pp-sC’s au its,.’II’v,hhchu MRNI). XlRNI)s’,ftaicnt divisC’s cn dcuxli)cli.ns ch;.ICLlll.I.e.’-; lCIC[itHIS COIII1LICN St)LI,’-; It.’ lhlln L]L’ Pou,cr s’~dlicntau MRN[). 1.15[’hc slr:.itcgy w,[optcd in ihc calI( l~)U()s,which culminated inthe ’,vidc,’;prc,£1 1.15 [.:1str:.llCgic adt)ptdc ~tLl debut ,.[c~ massacresuI’April 1994. c~m~priscd sc,.craI Lllllldc50(),(.]LIi V:.I COIIII:Ai[I’C SOil apogdc avcc Its massacresgdndralisds d’avri) Ira)4. components,which v,,crc carc[uIly worked Oil{ bV the "¢al’iOtis pI’onlillCn[ I]~LII’CSwho comportc plusicursdldmcnts qui sont shared tl~c extremistllutu idco ogy so~gncuscmcntdlabords par Its diflifrcntcs i0clud~g the members of the,,h(’a_-u. pcrsonnalitdsqui pamagcntccttc idduh)uic cxtrdmistc,dont los mcmbrcs dc l’,.t&tzu.’]~ In addith)nto the h~chcmentto l’incitationil Ia violencecthnique ct k ethnicviolence and theextermination ~]fthc l’extcrminationdes "l’t,tsi et de lcurs Tutsi and their accomplices,was the conlpliccs,s’ajoutc H I’organisationct organizationand militarytraining oF the I’cntraTncmcntmilitaire des .ICUncsscs youthwings oF thepolitical parties, notably pothiques,notamment Ies /n/cr~dmmu.e the hz&’rahamwe(’youth- wing of the (jeunessesdu MRND).la preparation MRND)~the preparation of lists or" people to listesde personnes,~ dliminer. Ia distribution be eliminated,the distribution of weapons to d’armes/tdes civils, l’assassinat de certains civilians,the assassinationof certain opposantspolitiques et le massacrede politicalopponents and the massacreof nombreuxTutsi dans diversesr~gions du many Tutsi in variousparts of Rwanda Rwandaentre octobreI990 et avril1994. betweenOctober 1990 and April1994.
1.16The incitementto ethnichatred took the form of public speechesby people 1.16 L’incitation/~ la haine ethnique sharing the extremistideology. These prend la forme de discours publics politicaland militaryfigures publiciy prononcds-pardes personnalitdspartageant appealedto hatredand fear of the Tutsiand cetteiddologie extrdmiste. Ces personnalitds urgedthe Hutumajority to l]nishoff the potitiques et militaires appellent enemy and its accomplices¯A perfect publiquement/~ la haineet /~ la peurdes illustrationis the speechmade in November Tutsiet exhortentla majoritdHutu fi en finir I992 by Ldon Mugesera,vice-chain-nan of avecl’ennemi et ses complices.Le discours the MRND for Gisenyipr4fi.,cture, who at prononcd en novembre 1992 par k~on the timewas alreadyinciting the publicto Mugesera,vice-prdsident du MRND pour la exterminatethe Tutsi and their accomplices, Prd~’~cturede Gisenyi,qui d&s cettedpoque incitaitpubliquement ~. I’extermination des With the intention of ensuring Tutsier leurscomp ces enestkl parthite widespreaddissemination of the calls to illustration. Dans le but d’assurerunc large
O 6 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ L "+ :~’+ ~: ~ :,: ~; i !;;’~)’i!:!; L- I+III.XlI)RII .Xl clhnic".’i,.:dencc. PromhlCnl figures l]om the ( (>\Ib.\l Presidemsch’clc set up truehate mcdkl. diH’u:,;ion,.It., cos appcls fi I:1 ’.i~dcncc Thusthe creation ofR,U/o 7;J/,:h’/.vin,,l l.ihrc ct/miquc,de:,; Pcrs II e",vsp:.ipc [. ~’clllk, lll.cl D,’~.I S ~+t [’I:.I i"[ O1" [[IC mddi:ttic la hainc. [.a crdatitm dela Rztdh~ str.:itc~y:.|lld pI.ll~Uctl the SLtIllc ItI~iu. Tdldvi.,dtml,ihrudes ~lillc C’u!!h’,us (l ’,2IIC O t+II’~l~,~. C or CVCtl 1()rcc Lldht.’rcncc{o OllC puttispoli cites" qui uvait (t t"uri,ginc ptmr °12juctifd’c/lct~urzlgcr ou +ladlllt_,tic It+reel- cure-partysystem, provided llabv;.trirn.:tn.: s I’adhdsion 5 l’un ou l’u~.ltrc tics purti?; du circlevvhh :+1 ].:uuc. dcvot,,.,d :.rod cl’Icctivc nouveaurdgimc muhipartitc, va lburnir z’l v’.orklbrcc to trnplcmcntthe adopted l’Cllto tll-a~cd’t I:-th V:.lriil ldn LI {lilt."Illtlill strategy.These youth organizations, which d oCU’,,’I’CdtJvoucc, nt)lllbrcusc cl cl’/ic.:tce wereaI’t]liated tothe political parties, were pourrncttre en oeuvre la strutdgicaduptdc. soonmanipulated as part of theanti-Tutsi Cesorganisations de jcuncsse al’lilides aux campaign.Some of the nacmbcrsof these partispolitiques sent trds vile manipuldcs orgutqzadons,notably the .I)71era/Tclnlwe dunslc cadrede lacampagnc anti-Tutsi. Des (MRND).were organizedinto militia membrcs de ces groups,which were financed, trained and particulidrementles /merul~mm’e-MRND.organisatioqs. led by prominentcivilians and military sent organis~sen minces,tinancdcs. tiguresti’orn the President ofthe Republics entraTn~eset dirig6es par des personnalit6s entourage+¯They were issued weapons, with civileset milhairesde l’entouragedu the complicityof certainmilitary and Presidentde ta R6pub/ique.Des armes leur civilianauthorities. Themilitia groups were sentdistribu6es avec la complicit6de transportedto trainingsites, including certainesautorit6s miJitaires etciviles. Leur certain miJitary camps in public transportvers les sites d’entrai’nement, dent administrationvehicles or vehicles ce.rtainscamps~n.~ilitaires, estassur6 par belongingto companiescontrolled by the v6hiculesdeI .¢:it~inistrationpublique des Presidentscircle. appartenant/~ des: SociOt6s contr616es parOU l’entouragedu Pr6sident. 1.18During the massarrests of October 1990,the civilian and military authorities 1.18 Lors des arrestationsmass ires tbllowedlists that had beendrawn up in d’octobre1990, tes atttorit6s civiles ct orderto identifyand locate the presumed militairesse r6f~rent ~ des listes 6tablies uccomplicesof the RPF,the majorityof pouridentifier et localiserles Pr~.sumds whom were Tutsi. Later, Army, complicesdu FPR,en majorh6Tutsi. Par la Gendarmerie, localauthorities and suite,I’Arm6e. laGendarmerie. lesautorit~Ss /n,’erahamwewere given orders to prepare localeset leslnterahamwe re?oivent des newlists or updatethe existing ones. which direcuvespour preparer de nouvellesIistes were subsequentlyused during the outenir A jourles listes exJstanres, quivent massacresof 1994.In March1993. such a servr Iorsdes massacres de 1994I{n mars 1993,une tel e listecst retruuvde darts lc 0 7 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ I. ((l\ll \ll. I!I¯,.,I¢}R I list:’.as fi’mnd in Ihc ’..’chicle ,.d" Ihc ..\rm,, C’lficful’:’;taFE. ¯ vC’hiculudu(’hcl’d’t(l:tt +\I,kjt++. dcI..\rmC’c. 1.19"l’m.vards tl~c end nF I()91,ccrkfin R’,,.andunuuthuritic.,+ dMrihutcd Wuup, ms to t.19Vcrs l.:t l]n , dc I’,)’+..’I.tort,tines ccrtuinui,.’ilians in the north-custom region :.mtoritC,s rx.,.at],:.[ah.;c:. + distriI’,~.tcntde.’-:armcs .:] ,.d’th,..’ country ;.Ispart ,.)l’.:~ ,.;i,,’iI. sdl-dciL,ncC ccrt:linsmcmhrcs dc lu pupulutiunci~ilc du campui-n,in reactionto the RPF mtackol norc.l-cstdu pa’.sd.:u’L,-: lc cadredc lu ()ctd’,cr1990. I.atcr.some uuthorhics campa,u~cd’auto-d01~.,nsc civilc cn rd’actitm ,.listrihutcd’.’.capons nuthm,.,.Mc, notably to t’t [’attaquc du FPR d’octobrc1990. Plus the /n/cru/Pumu.eand curc/ullvselected tard.cn dch~m,,;du cw.h’c dc I’auto-d~l;,,nsc indi:hJuals,even in regionsdistant lh+m the civilc,desurrncs s,.mt distrihu,.}cs d:.mstout u,[trZOl’~C. Towards the end el" 1993.the lc payspar desautoritC, s. notarnmcrttaux l}ishopoFNyundo criticized the distribution /nlcru/nnnucct ~’l des pcrsonncs ofv,,capons in a public/utter;.rod questioned soigncuscmcrttchoisies, rn+n;c dans dcs ! %_¸¸¸ itspurp,asc. rd’gionsdhdgnOcs dc la zonedc gucrrc.’,’ors la finde t993,l’t’iv0quc dc Nvundo critiqt.tc dartsune lettrc publique cctte distribution d’armes,s’interro-eant sursa finalit..L 1.20 -1"he pursuitof the strategythus describedplayed a catalyticrole in the 1.20La raiseen placede la strat,,Sgicainsi politicaland ethnicviolen’ce of the time, ¯ ddcritejoue un r6tede catalyseurdans la which climaxed in the April I994 violencepolitique et ethniquede cette massacres.The earlypart of the 90s was dpoquequi atteintson paroxvsmeavec les markedby numerouspolitical assassinations massacresd’avril 1994. Le ddbutdes anndes and largemassacres oK the Tutsiminority. 90 est marqudpar de nombreuxassassinats includingthe one in Kibilira(1990), that politiqueset d’importantsmassacres de la the Bagogwe (1991) and the one minoritdTutsi, dont celui de Kibitira(1990). Bugesera (1992). The massacres were ceux des Bagogwe ¯(199t) et celui instigatedandor~,:+:ized :" by local authorities Bugesera (I992). Ces massacres sont (i>)v,,,iththe comphcLY~ofcertain prominent suscit~set organisdspar des autoritds locales personsfrom the Presidentscircle. Therein avecla complicitdde certainespersonnalitds can be foundthe componentsof the strategy de t’entou-ragedu PrdsidentHa.byarimana. whichculminated in thegenocide o.r 1994. On y retrouvetous /es dldments,de la stratdgiequi va aboutirau gdnocidede 1994. 1.21 In early 1994, certain prominent people&ore Habyarimanas circle instigated 1.21 Au ddbut de 1994, des violentdemonstrations in Kigaliaimed at manile’stationsviolentes visant fl empacher preventingthe implementationof" the la raiseen placedes Accordsd’Arusha se ArushaAccords. Soldiers in civilianclothes ddroulentfl Kigalifi l’instigationde and militiamen took part, seeking to certainespersonnalitds de I’entouraae prtwokeconfrontations with the Belgian d’Habyarimana.On v retrouvedes militates UNAMIR soldiers.These incidentswere en civil aux c6t~s des milicicns qui cherchcnta provoqucrdes alt’r(mterncnts O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ p+:u’ti.:tll+vthecause oi’ the p,.+stponcmcrH ot avcclos soklatshclgcs dc la ~\IIN(b\R.(’cs thecstaMishmcnt of"the insthutions l~+l’CSCCil incidentssont cn parfic ~’t l’oriL.:inc durcpurt I+\the ,+\rush.:i Accords, dc kl mistcn phlcC tiCSinstituti~ms prd’vucs dunsIts Accordsd’Arusha. t.22()n 6 ,’\pril1<.)94. plan e c:urvinu. 1.22[,c 6 .:t\rilI t)94. l’a’,hm tt’;.tn:.;p~rtant. ni~oilgc,thcr p+:i.’++,,-;cilgcrs, theI+rcsidct+tt <.+I" the ,.:lttrc:.lt.ztrcs passagcrs, tc[hC’sidcnt dcla Republicoi"Rv,andu..h.t\~n:.tl I {al~y:.triin:.u+v.i. le’cpubliquctill I+.~anda. ,I tl \v’II:.l ~.~.:.lS sht)t dov,.ll or1 itsapproach tu Kigali ll’:fl+Lvurirn.:ma,cstah:.ittu pcu a\;.ult s<.Ul ;+thport. attcrrissagcitI’acFoport dcKigaIi. 1.23In the hourswhich lbl[u,,+,,cd the 1.23I)ans Its hcurcsqui sui\cntlu chute cr:lshoi" the Pr,asidcnts plane, the scni,,+r de l’aviot~prOsidcnticl, los prinuipau× ,.,ll]ccrsol theFAR convenedto assessthe oI’liciersdes FAR sc rOunisscntpour 0valuer sitt.t;.ttion.Those v,/Im shared the extremist la situatiort.Ccux qui partagcnt l’id6olouic I1utuideology, generally frorn the Not-tl+t. extrdmistcHutu. gdndralcmcnt les militaircs propuscdart Arrny take-over.During a du nord du pays, proposcntla prise du second meeting wMch took place on the pouvoirpar l’Armdc.Lc 7 a\’rilau matin. morningo1"7 April. that option was rejected Iorsdune deuxi+me reSunion, torte option cst h~ /’avour of setting Lip an interim rejctdcat, proiitde la raisesur pieddun Ch.’~vcrrtlT~erlt. gouvernementintdrimaire. 1.24 Alreadyon the morningof 7 April 1.24 DC~s le 7 avril au matin, and while these discussionswere taking parall6lementfi ces discussions, des groupcs place,groups of military,lists in hand. de militaires.[isles en main.proc6dent it .proceededto arrest,coMqne and carryout I’arrestation.~. la sequestrationet i~ systematicassassinations of a largenumber l’assassinat de nombreux opposants of politicalopponents, both Hutu and politiques,Hutu et Tutsi,parmi lesquels te Tutsi,including the PrimeMinister, some of PremierMinistre. terrains des ministresde the Ministersin her Governmentand the son gouvernementet te Prdsidentde la Cour Presidentof theConstitutional Court. At the Constitutionnelle.Par contre,au m~me same time, however, the militarywere moment,des militairesdvacuer~t dans des evacuatingprominent members of the dead endroits st~rs des personnalitds de Presidentscircle, including the MRND Fentouragedu ddP\mtPrdsident. y compris Ministers,tosafe locations. les ministresdu MRND. The BelgianUNAMIR. soldiers sent to protectthe PrimeMinister were disarmed, Les militairesbetges de la MINUAR envoydspour protdger le PrernierMinistre arrestedand takento Kigalimilitary camp, sontddsarmds, arrGtes et conduitsau camp where they were massacred,prompting the militairedeKigali oC: ils sont massacreSs. Cut withdrawalof the Belgiancontingent in the incidentprdcipke le retraitdu contin~en~ daysthat l-bJlowed. After the withdrawal of beigeduns les joursqui suivent.Apr~ le the Belgiantroops, the UN SecurityCouncil retraitdes troupesbeiges, le Conscidc drasticallyreduced the numberof UNAMIR securitdties NatJons-Unies rOduit de tag(:,n r+ursonneIin Rwanda. draconiennele nombrudc pcrsonncltic lu 0 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ I. ( 11\i t \ f t .Ill~,I(IRI(II XtlNl;.’\Ratl l’~.~.;.llld;i. 1.25l.c,~ diriL_z,u;lnt,,~ desdivers par i,, Pudtiqucsnt)ll k i,-.;d~, ’par los a.’~sas:,i~!;:l.,, .,;c rdtill i,,.;SCll [ 71 I;.l tlcnl,~lnt!c dolliCicr~, mifiiaircs,l{n debtorsdes nlclhhr¢:,;tltl I\IRNI).la plup;.lrtd’.2s Participants son/ IllClllhF¢,,; des ailex Pt)t~.cr dclcurs pard> rc.’;po.:tilT;,l!l:mtclonnd Icrid<_, politi O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 1.2~ .’\s soon us it was lbrmcd, fl~c Interim(hwcrnmcnl cspousetl the plan Ibr 1.28I)d’s sa Ibrnla[i~m.Ic (hm~.crncrnunl cxIcrminalionput in placc.l’hrouglmul lhc in£rimairctk~it sicn lc plan d’c.xlcrn~inati~m p,:riodofIIlc., massacres, lhc(;c, vcrru’n,..,nl nlisc.’n place, l)tiralit Ioutc la p’&iodc madedecisions and issued dirccti,.’cs to ~i,.! illub;,";at-’rcs, Ic ( iOtlt. ClllclllClll prcnd,Ic~ andahcl in theu×termination o1" tf~<., lmsi dC’cisionsctchmnc tics cNrccfi~ csclan.,; Ichut populationand the climinadonof tl~<.,lhm, d’aictt_’ri:(cncour:.lgcr I’c.\IcrIilin:.ltion dcIci politicalopp,,mcnts. M,..’mb,,.,rs ,.,1’ Poptllali,t)ll Tuisi<.’t l’61imina&m do:, thc (h~’,urnm<.,ntn incit&t the pol.mlatio "~I)t~uscmtsp°lifi’-tucs l lulu.I),,::, m,,’mhr,.,:, d,,., clinlin,:llCIhc enemyand hs acconlp in CC ~oUvcrllcnit.,l]{incitcrit laP’.!pulati,.m A me:-; SOIllC t)l" thc.’llll-~articipating dirccily ill dlimincrl’<)nncmi <..,t s<.’s ,-’omplic~:s. ccrt~ins tile Inl.lSSi.ll2l-CS. d’c!]tr~:Cux prcnncnt pcirt dircctcn],,n[ aux i11;.lss.:lcFOX. 1.29l,ocal authorities, including pr~!i{,t.v, 1,29[)us amorit,.Ss locales, tclles quc Its I?Olt/’,Ct/I/G’VII’GA’,C()ILVGi/IL’;’5" arid re.s72(m.ve~hl<.,.v &’ celhdeapplied the (}’,n,"orrlnlerlt-issuod Pr~lbts.los [3ourgmestres. lcsccmscillcrs dc dircc.’tivcsin execution of" tile plan loP tile scctcurct los responsablcsde ccllulc. u.’:tcrminatio,~o1"tt~o Tutsi population. They appliqucntlos dircc ivcs dc, (}ouvcrrlcn-lcnt incitedand orderedtheir subordinates to visant.~1 cxdcutcr Ic pland’cxtcrnfirtation de perpetratethe massacres~.nd took a direct la population"l’utsi. Ils iimitent e~ ordonncnl par~in them. leurs subordonn~sde sc livrcr aux massacreset y prcnnentcux-mC’mcs part directemeni 1.30 Having been psychologicallyand miJitanlyprepared for severalmonths, the 1.30 Les groupes de miliciens. groups of" militiamenspearheaded the psychologiquementet militairement execu[lol-~of the ex:~ermmationplan and preparesdepuis plusieurs tools, constituent weredirectly involved in the massacresof le for de lancedans l’ex~.cution du plan the. civilianTut~:~7.,aOpulatio n and of d’extermination et sont directemem moderateHutus. thu~,>!;::~,simz thedeaths of impliquds darts los massacres de la hundredsof thousandsof peoplein lessthan populationcivile Tarsi et des Huturood&&. 100days. causancairrsi la mortde een[aine.gdemilliers de personnesen moinsde 100.fours II O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ i .... . "./:L.:" : ¯’ -~-(’{l~,llq~: I’F:.~( I’:,N I I’:RI{If(H{IAI.I,:o I ’~’II’()RJ’II.I I I’: ? ~.I~. I’I:~RI~II "~ "’ERI~I’I’OI~I~LIEI~,II()t{ , A I,A:’,, I) 2. ,~,IATERIAL,I I-II{ISDICTIO:N (’()MI’E’FENCES’I’I,’.RRII’ORIAI.~.L "I’I’hMPOI.~ELLEET:\I.-’CF["]I{IICI.I.I-] 2.1 The crimc,s relL:rrcd{u in /his hldictmunttook iAacc in Rwanduhcl~ccn I 2.1 [.cscrimes visds put lc prd.scn{actc Junuur;und 3I December1904. Cl’;.lCCtlSLl[ioi1on[C’[~ L’()lllI]liN LILI /),,V..,:III~,ILI sntrclc lcr,iunvicr 1994c{ Ic ]I dcc0mhrc 1004. 2.2 I)urin,,the events rclt’rrcd to in Ibis indictment,Rwundn was dividedinlo I I 2.2 f.orstiC.,; c’,0llSnlcrlts:-ttlxuu~.,Is sc [u’dli’ctn)’e.r:13uturc. l]yumba, (’YunL, uL:u rOl~rcIs pr~.ssntactc d’uccu.sution Is (iik~mgoro.(}iscnyi. Gitaranla. Kibung~x Rwanda0tait di;isd cn 11 Prd’lL’cturcs: Kibuyc.K’gah-Vl Ie, Kigali.RuraI and [3utarc.13yurnba. (’Yangugu. (iikongoro, Ruhs~gcriEach pr¢5/bclm, e was subdividcd (-;issnyi,G]tarama. Kihun,_,o. Kibuye. iIlt(.)UotlllllllHg.’f Lind,Yec’lfflll’.v Kigali-ville.Kigali-rural ct Ruhcngeri. Chaquc prdfecture est .subdivis,.isen communeset en secteurs. 2.3 Duringthe eventsrefierred to in this indictment,the Tutsi.the Hutuand the Twa 2.3 Lors des dvdnernentsauxqucls ss wereidentified as racial or e.thnicgroups. r~t:~rele prdsentacre d’accusadon, lesTutsi. /esHutu et lesTwa dtaient identitids cornme desgroupes ethniques ou raciaux.... 214 Duringthe eventsreferred to in this indictment,there were throughoutRwanda 2.4 Lots des dvdnementsauxquels se widespreador systematicattacks directed rdf£rele prdsentacre d’accusation, it"v a eu againsta civilianpopulation on ¯political, surtout le territoiredu Rwandades attaques ethnicor racialgrounds. systdmatiquesou g~ndralisdescontre une population civile, en raison de son appartenancepolitique, ethnique ou raciale. 2.5 Duringthe eventsrefen’ed to in this indictment,a stateof non-international 2..5 L or.s des dvdnernentsa~uxquels se armed conflictexisted in Rwanda. The rdf~rele prdsent acte d’accusation, il v avait victimsreferred to in thisindictment were un conflitarmd non internationalsur le protected persons, according to the territoiredu RWanda. Les victimes provisionsof Article 3 common to the auxqueIIesse r~t~re le prdsent acre Geneva Conventionsand of Additional d’accusation dtaientdes personnes Protocol[I. protdgdes,au sensde l’article3 cornrnun aux Conventionsde Gen&veet du Protocole addit~onne[II. I 12 ! © PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ J+5,IRI ( It RI-;’IHI’~11 ~’ . S’I’RUC-I’ItR,E I)(" pC)t;VOll+, ThcGovernment Le (;oUV.ernemcnt 3.1 .’\ccordin,t¢) the (’on~thuliun (>l" the.luncPrcsi,,icrtt 1991. cxccudv¢ ofthe Rcr)ublic power ’is as.,;i.,-;tcd c.\crci:scdh,,thehv 3.I SchmI,:1 (-’oIlstituti()n du I(} iuin 1991.It pouvoircxdcutil" cst cxcrcd par Ic (;mc)-nmcnt,c~)mposcd of’the Prime :\lit~is~cr l)rdsidcntdc la Rdpubliquc.assistd du and the mirfi,’qcrs.The nmmbcrsof the gOkl~,crtlcnlcntcornposd du Prcnlier.klinistrc (h’,~.crrmlcntarcappohltcd bythe Prc,’,.;idc)-~t c,t ct des ministrcs, l,es mcmbrcs du thel,}Cl-)uhlic uponthe pr¢)r£>sa I o(’the l>rimc gouvcrncmcntson[ llOnllllcs per le Prdsidcnt Minister.The Prime Ministerdirects the de la P, cpubliqucsur Proposition du Premier (h)vcrnrncntsprograrn. The Go’,crr~ment Ministrc.[.c Premier .Ministrc cst chargd de determinesand appliesnational polity. To diriger I’actiondu gouvcrncment,l.c thatet’tbct, it controlsthe civil service and thc gouvernementddtcrminc ct conduit la armedthrees. "[’hc Prime Minister decides the politiquede la nation ct dispose, h cot eft’or. functionso[ the ministersand officials under de l’administrationpubliquc ct de la three the Prime Ministersauthority. The armde.Le PremierNlinistrc ddtcrmine Its resigrmtkmor terminationoF tenureof the attributionsdes ministresct des aeents PrimeMinister, tbr whateverreason, causes placdssous son autoritd.La ddmissionou la theGovernment to resign."- cessationdes tbnctions du PremierMinistre+ pourquelque cause quece soit. entraMe la ddmissiondu gouvemement. 3.2 The Ministers implement the Governmentspolicy, as definedby the Prime 3.2 Les ministresexdcutent la politique Minister.They are answerableto the Headof du Gouvemementddfinie par le Premier the Governmentfor doingso. In the discharge Ministre.Its rdpondentdevant te Chef du of theirduties, the ministersstand by the Gouvernementde cette exdeution. Dens Presidentof the Republic.Before taking up l’exercicede leurs.l~ctions los ministres theirposts, they take an oath promisingto Sont solidairesaU-~x~-~rdsiden t de la upholdthe interestsof the Rwandanpeople Rdpublique.Iis pr~tentserment avant de and to respectthe Constitutionand the law. pouvoir -assumer formeJtenqentleurs Further,in carryingout their duties, they have fonctions.IIs sont tenus,en vertude ce at theirdisposal the civilservice and local serment,de promouvoirlos intdr~tsdu peuple rwandais dans le respectde la administrationcorresponding to their functions, Constitutionet des lois.En outre,dens I’exercicede leursfbnctions ils disposent de l’administrationpublique et territoria/e conespondante/~leurs attributions. The Local PublicAdministration L ) O 13 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ :_itr~rulbctural lu,,’c[.’1"he I’r~!l’et isuprv,-,h,4cd pouvoirext]cutil" aU nivc:.lU dc laprd’t’ccttu’c. by lhc Presidentof the Itcpubllcon the I1est literallit] surproi’)t>sitiOll dumi:aistrc d,., rccolllllltglld:.llionof the Minister ofthe Intcriur l’lr4,,3ricurparIc PrtSsidcllt dcla Rd’publiquc andcarries out his duties 1.11ldcr that Ministers ct cxcrccsos l’~mclionssous l’autoritd’ I’dcrarchicalautl’lority. Thel’r~TIs authoritv hidrarchh.lucdu ministrc dc I’[i~t,,}ricur. co\crsthe entire l~rc!l’ec[w’c’. I.’:.lutoritc]duprt31"ct s’,,3tcrid sur[’crlscm.blv dc ltipr.,.) I’cctt.lrc. 3.4 In hiscapacity as mhl~it’~istratt~rof the 3.4 l’]nsol qualitt3 d’administrutuur dcla /,’d/~-c/w-c.the Pr,.!l{’t is responsiblefor prcl;,.’ctuic,[e prclct c.’-;t cl’l,:u’g,~" d’:.lsstircr I:.l crtsurin.~pc:.lcc, public order and the safety ul trwaquillit<5.I’ordrc public ct la s,Scuritcdes people:.rod prt~pcity. The i>rc!i{,t,in the pcrsolmcsct des bicns.I)uns I’excruicc dc ctiscl’i:.u’geofhis policing duties, nmiritzlinir~g sosattributioris clepolice, lc rrluinticri tic peace and public order, May request the l’ordrcct de lapaix publics, lc pi’Ol;,rtpetit intcrvcntiota of the army and of the requdrirl’intcrvention dcI’arm,Sc ou et dcla Gen&v’merieNoti~male. The Pr~!/’ut has GendarmerieNationalc. l.+c pr6fet exerce son hierarchicalatithority over all civil servants autoritdhi,&archiq.ue stir tous les agents dc am.lall personsholding public office within I’administrationpublique ct toutcsIts theboundaries ofthe prU~/i.’clure, including the persofinesddtentriccs de la puissance hr;,r~me.vtresandthe cvnseitlers de ,vcctettr. publiqueofficiant dans la pr6fecture,pamfi Iesquelsles Bourgmestres et les Conseillers de secteur. 3.5 Similarly to the the PN~’t. the 3.5 A l’instardu prdfet,le:bourgmestre ~ourgmestrerepresents executive power at est le reprdse’ntantdu pouvoir exdcutif au the communelevel. He is appointedbythe niveaude la commune,tl est nommdpar le President of the Republic on the Prdsidentde la Rdpubliquesur proposhion recommendationof the Minister of the du ministrede l’Intdrieur.II est placd sous Interior.He isunder the..~ierarchical authority l’autoritdhidrarchique duprdf’et. II a autoritd of"the Pr~fet. He hasa:t~:’ity over the civil sur les agentsde l’administrationofficiant servantsposted in his commune.Moreover, dans sa commune.I1 a par ailleursdes he haspolicing duties in regardto maintaining attribution.{de policedans te cadredu orderand law enforcement. maintiende I’ordreet de I’exdcutiondes lois. The PoliticalParties, Youth Wings and Les PartisPolitiques, les ai!esjeunesses Militia et lesMilices PoliticalParties Le.vPartis Poliliqzte.v 3.6 Duringthe eventsreferred to in this 3.6 Lots des dvdnementsvisds dans le indictment,the main politicalparties in prdscntacre d’accusation, los principaux l~,wanda were the MRND (Mouvemunt paruspolitiques :.iu Rwanda ,,3talent: [c 14 0 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ RepuDlicuinA’uUonal I,mr i. Ih:n.*crude~’r Ic MP, NI) (t\lou’¢elllelltP, cpuhlicainNarisreal I)dvcloly;emcnO.theCI)R (~ ".alilim?po,,~r h~ pourla l)cmocralie t.’I Ic [)dvch~ppurncnil. I)g:/L’n.w&, lu /&:/mDlique).the MI)R C’l)R((’mllition pour la I)dlL’nscdc (:th,n’unk,nZ I)dnmcraliquc I&:lmD/ic~m?), lb,c PSI)(/’urli ,S’ociu/-/)dnl~..vutd) al;d the I’I. RdpulqiquuLlcMI)R ( ,\ [ t I U "- t.’H !1..’11 (Par/i/.iDjr~d).The RPF (Rv,a:~danPaaiotic [)’2mocratiqucRdpulq’icain). lc PSI) I I’:,rti l"ront)n was a politico-militaryopr~ositio Sock’,l-l)dmocralc)c;lc P[. ([>arti I.ihd-r:_,l). organi×atkm. [.cFI’R (From P:itriodquc Ib,’,andais) C’tak uric organisadon polidco-mili~airc dopposition. 3.7 The MRNI) (.tD-n’c’n~unl 3.7 Rdr~luliomzcUre l.c .MRND :Vulionul p~mr Ic’ (.M~,uvcmcnt P,dvolufionnah-e National IJel’cl<>lJt~umun/)was l’ounded b.v Juvdnal pour lc t lahyl.lrhllana Ddvcloppcmcnt)dtait uqc organisation crd,,}e ori 5 Jl.lIv 1975. The organizationwasin l{tcta trucParty-Statc. Its parJuvdn:ll I tabyarimana Ic 5 juilletl tJ75. ainl was to providethe Presidentof the Cettcorganisation ,.Stair dc l:ait tin vdritablc Republicwith a powertillapparatus intended Parti-l’tat.IIvisait A doterlc Prdsident deta to controlthe workingsof the State.The Rdpubliqued’un appareil puissant dcstind fl nlovements objectiveswere, among others, to coritr61ertOLlS les rouages dc l’[’2taLPamfi les objcctifsdu mouvcrnent,il v avaitIc supportand control the actionsel" thevarious State powers.Only the Chairmanoi" the soutienet lecontr61e des activitds’des divers MRNDcould stand [’or the-Presidency ot" the pouvoirsde l’Etat.Seul le Pr,Dsidentdu Repub!ic.All Rwandanswere membersoFthe MRNDpouvait ~?tre candidat ,.5, la Prdsidence MRND from birth. de la Rdpublique.Le Rwandais ,Stair membredu MRND d~s sa naissance. 3.8 The organsof the MRND (k’h)uvement 3.8 Les organes du MRND (Mouvement Rdvolutionnaire National potm le RdvotufionnaireNational pour le Ddveloppement)were very centralized at the top and spread out at the bottom. This Ddveloppement)dtaient tr&s centralis,.~s au pyramidalstructure enabled all Rwandan sommetet td:sramifids A la base¯I1 s’agit citizensto be involvedin politicallife. The d’une structurepyramidale pertnet-cant nationalorgans included the chairmanship,the l’intdgrationde tous les citoyens ~ rwandais generalsecretariat, the national congress and la vie politique.Les organesnationaux the centralcommittee. The centralcommittee comprenaientla Prdsidencedu Mouvement. was made up of the Chairman,other members le SecrdtariatGrin@ale. le C0ngr~sNational appointedby the Chairman,the Secretary et Ie ComitdCentral. Le ComitdCentral Generaland the Speakerof Parliament(the dtaitcomposd du Presidentdu Mouvement. C’un.reilNotional de Ddveloppemen!_ CND ). d’autres mernbres nommds par lui. du At local level, there were organs at SecrdtaireGdndral et du Prdsidentdu CND prd./bcture,commune and cellulelevels. The (Conseilnational de D~veloppement).At, Prd./e!and Bozo’gmes’tre were each responsible mveaulocal, i y avaitdes organesau mveau lbr the movement in ther respective dela preTi"ecture et,’i la base au niveau de la administrativedistricts. These two iggures communeet de la cellule.[.e prdl;etet le bourgmestredtaient chacun responsable du 15 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ %~.~+~’~.:w:.. .’.L:!’5 J.+ I’C,,.X I£R :+, ! RI¢ I t RI ~’.ct’uPrc.-:identd’,’il ofsut’vurLtsthe l.,ul-lubhc directly ’ ~+;hoapl-it)intc ;v;ts al.sod t+ythe mt+tlvctll,..,ntaunivc;iti tic sit circon.,,criptMn admirfistrutivc.(’us dcux pcrsmmal/td:, ChaM’n;ulof th,.." MRNI). d~aicntdes tbnctionnaircspublics nummdx diructcmcn~p;ir It.’ I>r&idcm dc la Rdpubiiquucirri dtait u’n l]lOlllL’Ic’,QIp> I<.’ I>+’&id<-’ntduklRXl). 3.9 Withthe institution ¢+1" the multipurtv :+;’,sicillalldtic+c. , adoptiont)l’a new (-’or, stitLltiol] 3.9 ..\vccI’inst.:u.iratit+ti dumultiparti>mc ctI’uduptitm d’uncll(n.ivclR.’ ct’,tlStitutioc+ it.’ t>n I().I LiIl,,." 1991.the .th,n’e,#c#l/ I().juh+l 19g1. IC .thmvcmcm" lT<.;v 777eYouth H"in~,v and Ihe Militia Lesai/e.vIA’une.vse.v elA’.r milice.v 3.10 Most oF the politicalparties had 3.10 La ptupart des partis politiques createdtheir own youthwings. The members avaientcrTd une aile jeunesse en leursein. of the MRNDs youth wing were known as the Celle du tMRND ~tait connue sous i~/erahamwe,while those of the CDR. were l’appelation /nterahamwe et cellede la known as the JmpuzamugamDL The youth wings were formed in response to two CDR sous le nora de Impuzamugamhi.La cr&tiondes ailesjeunesses r@ondait/i deux concerns within the politicalparties: prdoccupationsau sein des partis polifiques: sensitizingthe youth to politics and sensibiliserles jeunes~ ~-oolitiqueet les mobilizing them. The ,,, y+,- q MRND and CDR mobitiser. Le MRND et’~DR ont suivi ,;,.+ followedthe exampleset by the MDR and the RPF,which had alreadyinsituted their yol]th l’exempledu MDR et du FPR qui avaient d~jAinstiti]d leur mouvenlent de jeunesse. movements. 3.11 The [nterahamwe-MRND were 3.11 Les Interakamwe-:MRND ont dt~ l 16 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 2’/g;r,, 3.~IRI ( II R~ bl PIH XfHR .1uric199.1, [~ ensurebc[tcr t’.’rrittwi~tI cm¯crauc :.tndgreater cl’l~cti,.’cr~c.~s, the~\IRNI) ccnu, ,\IRN[).lin .iuin I993. puur e:lrimtir urn: co111(hit[ec,..lecidcd to createl~ffc,"u//u/Hud- mcillcu,,’ccm~,,crturc du tcrrittqr~,ct unc pie:, ,’,IRNDhr.:muhus inthe ’.ariou.,:/.’."kT&v~,v-,..., in gr:.lr~dc c!lic:tcitd, lc(’omhd (’entre! the~.’oUntry. ¯ \IRN/)a de’tidal, dcorder des >cc:h,q:, d/n/c;’uh~mn,’u-.kI R N D :lu hi’, c,tu de> diI’l~tcmcs Prdl:,’cturcs dupa,. :,. 3.12l~;cgintfing in 1992.numcmu.s MRN/) youth w ngs members 3.12.’\ parfirdc I992. ptusicur,, mcr::hrc>, receivedmilhar.v t[’;.lirlill,-:.Illd \vc.:Ip~,H1s dc I’ailc.icuncssc duNIRN’[) unt rcc-: un LII1L/V. CI’CtlILIS - {r:lll{~ H’illcdI?DIll y’ottth Cntr;.lltlCIllCnl ;llilitg.lirc c[ den ilril c~,: cc ,2"11. . d illOV.ClllC11[s i11[~ militias. [rLlllS[tll’illd CCS lll{}u".cnlcII[S ~.!C., .{CUIIC>:,~., . ¯ CI] millets. TheForce.r ,’t trades R wandai.~’es LesForce.,i .-~rmde.s R’,’, :mdaisex 3.13The Pnrce.r Armde.v Rwam/aLve.r (/".12) ’,;erecomposed oi" the P, wandanArmy (/\p,) 3.13 Los ForcesArm~Ses Rv, andaiscs and theUemlu]’merie :Valiona/e (GNi. The (FAR)dtaient composdes de l’:\,,’-rndc /"c,vce.v ..l]’md,.,.~ Ru’an&d.ve.v didnot have a Rwandaise(AR) et de la (iendarr’n,erie unifiedcornrnar~d aqd came directly under the Natic,nale (GN). Les !:orccs..-\rm~cs MinisteroF De~"ence.and consequentlythe Rwaqdaisesne disposaientpas d’un Etai- Government.The Commander-h>Chiei-’oftile Majorunited et relevaientdirectement du Eo]’ce.rArmdes Rwande~i.x’e,r wasthe President Ministrede la Ddfense.et parconsequent du o,~"the Republic. gouvernement.Le chef supreme des Forces ArmdesR’.vandaises dtait le Prdsidentde la Rdpublique. 3.14 The GeneralStaff of the Rwandan Armywas headed by tJ’~"~,"C’hiefof Staff, 3.14L’Etat-Major de I’ArmdeRv,andaise assistedbyfour senior offic’~,-;;’ incharge of dtaitdirigd par un Chef d’Etat-.\lajor assistd ,¯+. tbur bureaux: G- 1 (Personnel and parquatre off~ciers supdrieurs responsables Administration),G-2 ([nteliigence), de quatrebureaux: le bureaudu G-I. (MilitaryOperations) andG-4 (’Logistics). (Personne[et Administration). le bureau G-2(Renseignements et Intelli~encel. le bureaudu O-3(Opdrations milita~res) et bureaudu G-4(Logistique). 3.15The territoryof Rwandawas divided intovarious military operations sectors, each 3.15Le territoiredu Rwandadtait di"isd headedby a militarysector commander. Also, en difl"drentssecteurs d’op&ations therewere elite unffs within the Rwandan militaires.Chaque secteur dtait diti,-~ par un Army.namely the Presidential Guard. Para- comrnandar.tmilitaire. Enotttrc, il,, a’.ait CommancloBattalio~ and Reconnaissance desuniteSs d’dlires at~ sein de l.-krrr~e lktttulion.The troopswere divided into Rwandaisc:le bataillar,de Ia Gar,.Ic Prcsidentiellc,Iebatailh.m I’:’ara-C’t~mrnando. O ~7 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ¯ . I..S:.L.]SL. J.i’(w’, l-:k ", I RI II RI ct Ic halailhmtic I’.~:~amna~ss:) ~cc f.cs tr(~upcs61aicnl divisccs cn comps-nitsau SCill des scclctlrsC[ CtCS till 0S 3.18The (;cncralStaff eft" Ihc (;eudurmcrie YuH.mdc~as headedby Ihc (’hicl’~l"SIafl; 3.16l"l!Iat-h’lqior de la (icndarmcric&.all assistedlw lbursenior ol’llccrs in chargeol dil’igC,p,:lr tnl (’hcl" dI’,’fat-.\la nras.sisl(., par Iburbureaux: (1-1 (Personnel and quatruol’licicrs sup,~ricurs rusponsahlcs tic ."\dnfinistration).(h2 (lnlclligcncc). q LI;,ll.rt.,htlrc:.lux: [c btlrc.:lU~,tu (i- [. (Nlilitar.v()pcrations)and (}-4(l.ogistics). (Personnelut Administration).lc bureau du (J-2(Rcnscigncmcnt.s ut huclliucncc). Ic bureaudu (;-3(()pOrations milhaircsl ct btlrc;.lUdu (}-4 ([-ogisCiqLlCL i 3.1 7 The ( ;t’n&n’nwrieA"uHonu/e xv’as i’ i % , responsibletbr maintainingpublic order and 3.17 l,a (}endarmerieNatiomdc ,,Stak pcuccand the observance ol" the lavvs in ci"l~ct chargdedu mah~tie,1de I’ordrect tiela paix inthe cot ntry. publicset de I cxccutmndes loiscn viuucur clansIc pays. 3.18 "The Gen&u’merieNulionu/e was under theMinister of Durancebut could carry out its 3.18 La GendarmerieNationalc relcvai[ du Ministrede Ja Ddt;ense.mais pouvait dutiesof ensuringpublic order and peaceat the request of tile local ,, v" .... e " ¯ ¯ ~0 ,-rnnlentauthority xercerses attributionsde maintiende havingjurisdiction, namely the Prc;/L,t.In l’ordreet dela paixpublique ~, la requ6tede cases of emergency,this requestcould be /’autoritdadministrative terr:itoriale made verbally,notably by telephone.Such compdtente,en ]a personnedu pr4i.~t.Encas requestshad to be carriedout immediately.In d’urgence, ~" cette rdquisition pouvait ~tre fake addition,the GendarmerieNalionule was verbalement,notamment par tdldphone. obliged to transmit to the Prcq/&t all Cetterdquisition devait.6tre exdcutde sans informationrelating to pubticorder. It hadthe d41ai.En outre,la GendarmerieNationale dutyto assistanyone in danger. devaitporter ~. la connaissancedu prdt~t tout rensmgnementconcernant I’ordre public. Elledevait assistance ~. routepersonne en danger. - 3.19 By virtue of their rank and their functions,the Ministerof Duranceand the 3.19 Le Ministre de la Ddfense et les officers of the Rwandan Army and the ot’~iciersde iArmdeRwandaise et de la GendurmerieNationale had the duty to GendarmerieNationaJe, de par leergrade et entbrcethe general rules of disciplinefor all leurstbnctions, avaient te devoirde t’aire soldiersunder their authority, even those not respecterles r6gles gdndrales de discipline belongingto their units. pourtousles militaires sous Jeur autoritd. m4me s’ils n ’appartenmentpas b. leurs unitds, O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ~Ik’zer :N’iv~ F-liezcrNivite,eka 4. I EliezerNiyite~eka is believedto hav,2 been horn in 1951 in Kibu~’c 4.1 ~liezerNiyitegcka strait nd on. Im¢!/,~’c’lure.Rwanda. I95Idans la comraun,2dc N.varau~ari. prdlk:cturcdcRuhcn,-cri. Rwanda. 4.2 From 9 Aprilto mid-July1994, l’~]iczerNi)’itc~eka held the ol’t’Icc of 4.2 I{ntrc9 avril ct rai-.iuillet1~194. Mimstcrof lnlbrnmtionin the Interim ~liezerNivite~eka a cxcn;d Its lhnctitm.~ dc (kwcrnn~cnt.Hc held ol’ticc until mid-Juh. Minis~rc dc la Sanld au scin du 1994.Hc wasIbrrncrly a journalist witi~ GouvcrncrnentIntdriraairc. II,2st rcstd dan.,; RadioRwanda, He was a m,2rnbcrof the sestbnctions jusqu’fi lami-juillct 1994. II a MDR partyand was associatedwith the ereauparavent journalist,2 fi Radio Rwanda. "’Power"wing of that party. II ~taitmerabre du partiMDP,. ,2t s’dtait identifi~avec l’aile "’power". 4,3 In his capacityas Ministerof lnf’orraation,l~liezer Niyitegeka was 4.3 En sa qualit6de .’vlinistrede responsiblefbr the articulation and the t’lMbrmation,I~liezer Niyitegeka &ait implementationof the governmentpolicy responsablede la l%rmulation et de la raise concermngthe mass media.He had the en oeuvrede la politiquedes m6diasdu authorityimplement government directives gouvernement.I1avait le pou’,:oirdemettre on thepublic airwaves, specifically Radio e.noeuvre et d’appliquerles directives du Rwanda.and to editand control, or cause gouvernementsur les-ondesde Radio othersto editand control, the content of Rwanda notamment,et de d6/inir et radio controlerouenjoindre d’autres ~id~finir et,~ broadcasts on Rwanda. Radio controIerle contenudes 6minions de Radio Rwanda. 4.4 In his capacityas Ministerof Informationwith the InterimGovernment 4.4 P-arailleurs, en sa-qualit~de of 8 April 1994,l~liezer Niyitegeka Ministredarts le gouvernementdu 8 avril attendedCabinet meetings where he was 1994,I~liezer Niyitegeka assistait au infbrmedabout the socio:-political situation Conseildes Ministres o£~ il a et~inform~ de in thecountry and where he wasapprised of lasituation socio-politique dupays et o/~ iI a governmentpolicy and/or participated in ~t~ mis au courant de la Politique forraulatingthe policiesadopted and gouvernementaleet/ou a particip~darts la implementedby the Interim Government on formulationde la politiqueadopt~e et raise is.suesbeyond the immediate concern of the en oeuvrepar le gouvernementinterimaire MinistryoF Infbrraation.In the exercise of sur des questionsne relevantde son hispowers, he neverpublicly disavowed domaine. I1 n’a jamais d~savoue thepolicies of theInterim Governmem and publiquementla politique dugouvern,2ra,2n~ intdrimaH-e,2t n’a jammsprescnt~ sa 0 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ didnut rusign l’~utv,’ucn +)April um.l mid .It.t]-,. 994a.,+ permitted bythe (’t)n+,;titutitm+ <.tcrnissitmcntrc tc 9 avriIct mi- uillct 1’+"04. altm,;,.tuc I:a cunsfitutitm lui pcrmc:tait cxplicilcmcntdcIc l~tirc. 4.5 In hisc;-Ip.acity ;.ts Ntirfistcr ul Intbrmatiun.I~,liezer Niyitegeka. exercised 4.5 I{n s.:~qualhc dc .\lintstrcdu :-tuthoritv:.rod contr,,)l over u[l the I’tnl;’+rrn:-tti’.m.Eliezt.’rNi.’,itegeka. cxc:,:ait utlc,:~ut(.)ritd" ct LID c’,)ntr(,[c sur [’cnxcr’:.:i~jc institutions:.tnd xtul’/" members under his des.institt ti<.ms ct dr, pcrs,.mncl de>mcJi;.,> tninixtrv. gouvcmcmcrtt.:mx. f+ : 7.i , % 20 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ~i.t..\ I’, i.M,’;~1’( (LNT I1ti.% 1".%113,." t’ll f-’;I, %R I I I()\ 5.(’ONCIS;E,";TA Tb]M I’]NT OF TI ! FA(’TS:I’Rt’]PAI~ATI()N 5, l,]Xl>OSgS[C(’INT/)ES FAITS P b~,l’]iA14ATION, 5.l I:roni kilo 1990 un(il .h.llv 1994. (’:ashllirl~izhllungu..lusthl i~ll.igenzil .]c}r(mlC 5.1 I)0shi tindc 199(I.iusqtF~’l .luHlci laJic";InltilllPak;.I.Pl’Ospcr t’Vltl~irallez,:l. ,’\ndic 1994,(-’asinlh-lJiZiIllUllgtl. Jtls[ill-~’lugcnzi. I~[H ~ CI’LIi’;.1. [).:1 tll illc., NYi r;,llll;.isl.ih ukt);.lnd ,ld’r6mcllicamumpaka, Prosper Muuiraneza. I’]liezl.,rtNiyiteke~a, conspir~,d (llll()ll~ ,;\ndrt.;Nlagertlr.:l, I>aulinc Nyiramusuhuko ci (hemsclvc,s cn~cI with tHhclx, nokiblv CU.\l(liezer C! {1",.e¢2Niyitekeg:l, (t’Llll res. /l()[Llllllll,..’n[sc s~:,nt entcndus Tilcgt,ilC.v,[C entre lhe(>llCStc[~agt)soi-Ll, t’.’dotiLii-d K;.ll’cnlc.,1-;;. ,’\ndr(,!~,wLlnll.lkuba. Mathicu Ngirl.lnlp;.ltsc, l~agosola. [(dou.:lrd Karclncru. --\ndr,~ """ JosephNzirorcra. .l uvc}ll;.l]K~ticl(idi" [{w,:lnl,:lktib;.1.~[;.Ithieu ~’rLl/llpat,~t2../oscph {,.=]~ l"elic/cnKLI~II~.3. AllgllStill l)i’.Ahllan;l. ;.lilt] Nzirorcra.,/uv~Snal KaMi c i. Felicien CallixteNzabonilllan.a it) work ()tit a plan Kabtgu,,’\ugusth~ [:~izimana. ct (’alIixtu whh the intentto cxtcrnfinatcthe civilian Nzabonhnanapour 6laborerun plan dans Tutsi popdlationand cNminatcmembers of -l’intcntiond’cxtcrmincr la population civile theopposition, so that they could reinahl hi "I’utsi et d’elimincr dcs mcmbrcs de power. The components of this plan I’oppositionct sc main!unitainsi au pouvoir. consistedo!~ amongother tlun~s, recourse to Lesdldrnents dc ce planCOmportaient. entre ha~redand ethnicviolence, the trainingof autres,le recours fi la haineet a la violence and distributionof weapons to militiamenas ethnique,l’entralnement et la distribution wellas thepreparation of lists of peopleto d’armes aux miliciens ainsi que la be eliminated.In executingthe plan,they confectionde listesde personnes~ eliminen:: organized,ordered and participatedin tl~e Dansl’exdcution de de loianils ont organis~. massacresperpetrated against the Tutsi ordonndet particip~aux massacres : populationand of moderateHutu. perpdtrdsa l’encontre de la populationTutsi et des Hutumoddrds. .,:, 5.2 .In a letterdated 3 December1993, Q~ .... andadciressedto the UNAMIRCommander, 5.2 Dans une lettredatde du 3 ddcembre withcopies to all the Ministers,including 1993 et adressde au Commandant de la EliezerNiyitegeka, certain FAR officers MINUAR-avee ampliation a tous les revealedthe existenceof whatthey called a Ministres, parmi lesquels l~liezer Machiavellianplan conceivedby military Niyitegeka.des officiersdes FAR on! who were mainly from the North and who rdvdl6l’existence d’un plan machiav~lique sharedthe extremistHutu ideology.The co.nq.upar des mill!airesessentiellemem objectiveof the Northernmilitary was to onglnairesdu Nordet partageantl’id6ologie oppose the Arusha Accords and keep Hutuextrdmiste. L’objectifde ces mill!aires themselvesin power.The meansto achieve nordistesdtait de s:opposeraux Aceords thisconsisted in exterminalingthe Tutsi and d’Arushaet de se n]alntenirau pouvoir.Le their accomplices.The letterindicated moyen pour le rdalisereonsistaienr /~ hintcoverthe namesoF politicalopponents exterminerIts Tutsi et /curscompliccs, f.:l let/remet~tionnait, par ai/teurs,los noms O "t PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ IoI~c clhnhm(cd. ,’q(mm (H’{hcm wcrc in libel killedtm the mornh~g o1"7 ,’\pril 1994. d’l~Pl"°sants?otitiqucx :’~dtimincr. (’crk~ilb d’c|llrcctixon{ cl’1[’cIivC~llCllt d{dass; .’,’;ind,, dansla mafindc dtl ? avril994. ¯ I)i.scours¯ . , , etIncitati(m , 5.3 Theincitctncnt to ethnic hatred and vhHcnccwas a fundarncr~talpartof lhcplcIn 5.3 l.’incilalionil la haincc( a la ptllin phlcc,h was "articukltcd. hclbrc and ’,iolcno.,cthniqu,,:s a Cnnsh(u,2, undldm,..,n~ ,durhvgthe genocide, bv c/cretinshi" the e.m:nli,..,lduplan rnis cn pla~.’c, t.lk: a did I:..\l ¢~{hci’. pt|/’trKlr des Illclllbl-cs rill ~Otl’,’L’rllL’lll,..d[ Cl desautorilds locales. " "" 5.4 ()n 4 December1991, President duvd.nall labyarh~mnasct tqiu milharv 5.4 l,c 4 ddccmbrc1991. lc Prdsidcnl comnlissk)n.The comnlission, presided b[’ duvdnalllabyarimana a mis cn placeunc l’hdoncs:eBagosora, was given the task o’t comnaissionmHitairc. Ccttc Commisshm. findingan answerto the tbllo,,ving question: prdsicldcpar Thdoncstc[]auOSora ,.5." HT~aIdo we need Io oh; in o,"der In clcffL, at chargdede rdpondreh t ..... : tan , ~a ’-~IlMS[I()I]-’: suivantc: Ihc enemymilitarily.in I/~e mediuand ~ue./hut-i/fitire pour vuincre /ennemi .vur I, 5.5In a letterdated 2 l September1992¯ the Genera/Staff of the RwandanArmy 5.5 Dans une lettre dat4e du 21 orderedthat an extractfrom the commission septembre1992. I’Etat-Major de l’Arm6e reportbe circulatedamong the troops. The RWandaisea ordonn4 la diffusion,parmi les extractdefined the main enemy as follows: troupes,C d’un extrait du rapportproduit pa ~" TheTut.vLy .from inside or ou/.~’idel/Te cettecommission. Ce document d4finissait . cnztntry,who are extrernL~.ls andnostalgic l’ennemiprincipal comme 4ta/~ ~ Tutside (~)t][:,. /h;power, ,,ha do notrecognize and have l’intdrieuroude l "exldrieur.e.rft~mi.vee e/ neverrecognized the realities ofthe Social no.s’lctlgiqt(eth)pouvoir, qtti n’q ./unlais Revolutionof 1959,and are seekingto reconnu~t ne rec.onnuilpas encore[ev reA’ainpower in Rwandaby any means. ¯ rdalitc;vde[a Rdvo/ution So5~iale de1959 t’t hwhMingtaking up arms. The secondary quiveu/ reconqudrir /e pouvoiruu Rwam/u enemywas definedas: Anyoneproviding par/ou.vles rnoyens, y comprLY /e.v armes et a~vkind of a.~’sistcmceto the muin enemy. l’ennemisecondaire comme ,~tant tou&, Thedocument specified that the enemy was per.w;nnequi appor/etout cunc’ot,.s ~} beingrecruited from within certain social /’ennemiprincipal. Le documentpr6cisait groups,notably: the Tul.s’i.v in.vh/e the quele recrutementde l’ennemi se l;aisait country,[-/utus who are di.~:vctti!Jied with/he parmiterrains groupes sociaux, notamnlcnt ¯ pre.ven/rek, ime, .fi)reiffnezv mort’ted InTu/.vi .../.e.v7"al.vi de / ’in/drieur.les Hunt ,’omen...Among the activitles the eIlenly n?c;contenLvdu rdk, ime cn pluc’e,lc.v e~run,k’erx maricqv uttx./bntmex Ttttvi Parmi PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 5.1.7\ pt)~..~: ,"d ,l(IN I I~t-t’,I ’~I I>,:I’R~ p ~,R’, I I,r~x Its:lcti,.it,.3s rcprochd, cs:i I’cnncnfi.Ic Lh)cIlHlClll lllcn[i()llllgli{ lc ’/)(;lrH/l’llt’//lt’tl/ (/~ /’t~/#niuntl¢.l/it,’lltl/t" tilt[~l’t~tq/t’.lttt. Ct/:*tiqtlt I’UI’,V1¢’ pl’tJ}/t;illUAt&’l’tl"t:Ctltl¢lllll’f/itt, dHg"dt’t’, r/c/ld.v~,1/d.v /RllIVvt’~ "l’hcdncumcn{ and die use madeolh hv thesenior of’liters aided, cncmn-:l.cd and 5.6 (’c doctimcntc~ l’utiiis.:~d.n,m’cn pmn~mcdethnic hatred und violclcu. ~111lilhc los ~fflicicrs >,upd’rict r>oat Jid:... cllct~tll:.l,-Cct[ilx ~ri,;c l;.l !’1:4ii1C C(I,! ~. ["[:--’I1’,.’C cthniquc. 5.7 C’ohmel "l’h,,MncstcBagosora p.:u’licipalcdhi{1lc /\rtlsha talks, and ,.:,pcnlv 5.7 I.c (’ohmcllhdoncstc I~,am>,.ru :.: manilbstcdhisopposition to the concessions+ purticip,.3aux n’,3gnciutions d.\rusl~u ct u made by the Govenmlcntrepresentative, n~anitbstdostcnsihlcmcru son t~pposhionaux BonilhccNgulinzira, Minister of Foreign concessionslaites par Ic rcpr,,Sscntantdu At’li.zirs,to dlc poim of leavingthe (;ot".’ernerneru.Bonilhcc Nuulinzira. negotiationtable. Ministrcdes Afthircs l~]tran,,@cs aupoint dc Colonel"l’hdonestc I3agosoraleli Arushasaying dlat he was quitterla tabledes ndgociations, l.c(’ohmcI returning to P-.wanda m prepare the "l’hdonesteBauosora a quitt6.-\rusha cn ~qmcU(Vlz~.e.On l l April1994. BoniCace ddclarantqu’ii-rcntrait au R~.vanda:mmr Ngulinzira’,’,as assassinated by the militarv. prdpurerI’eq~ocrd3pxe. l.e I I avri[1994. His deathwas announcedon [~TLMin these BonithceNgulinzira dtait assassJne par les terms: We k~zve extermincttedall /ke mi.litaires.La RTLMa annonc6sa morten uccornplice,r of the RPF, Bonifiwe cestermes: BOllS (ll.’OIqs exlel’lnitT{J IOIL’.; tex N54ulinziruwilt no longergn cmd sellthe complice,rdu FPR.Bon//~sc.e :\]~.ulinzhw countryto the RPFsadvantage in gru,rko. n ’iruplus venck-e le puysau prq/it&t FPR#t Tke Peace Accordsare only scraps ~?/" gru,rku.Le.s" ,4cc’ordr depai.v ne ..so,,z/ plus puper, a,r our father,Hahyari~cna kad que des chiffonsde papiercomme /m’uil predicted. ~...... ’ pr&Utnotre popa Hab.ycu’immTu . 5.8 The characterizationof the Tutsisas 5.8 La qualificationdes Tutsicomme &ant the enemyand of membersof the opposition ennemCetdes membresde-I’opposition as their accomplices was echoed by comme@ant leurs complices, a 6t6 reprise politicians,notably by Ldon Mugesera, par des politiciens, notamment Leon MRND Vice-Chairman tbr Gisenvi Mugesera.Vice Prdsidentdu MRND pour k~ Pr(/~’cture,in a speech he made on 22 prdfecturede Gisenyi.dans un discours November 1992. Broadcaston the state prononcdle 22 novembre1992. Diffusd sur radioand there,~bre reach ng .,amuch tanzer Ia Radiod’Etat et s’adressantainsi 8 un au~ ence.L6on Mu~zeseras speech ah’eadv at publicbeaucoup plus large, le (-tiscoursde thattime was an incitementto exterminate LdonMugesera. a incit6, d6s cette 6poque. ~i the"lutsi population and their accomplices¯ exlerrninerla popuk~tionTutsi et ses conlptces PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ’-"~+’l(i"’( I"+’I’iNIt If" MI-.’,+I()I. I-X( l’~: I’RI PtR,~I.I()\ 5.9 t’[n f75vricr Ig94 X l:lthicu N~irtImpai.sc:.l prdsiddun r:lxxcmhlcmcnl MRND au .Made tic.’N\;.lmiraZllho llil dcs ()r;.llc[.l/s()Illplix IcI r)Hr()’lc potlr iilcitt.,{- ,’1 vi{)lc.’liccCt+tlh’c Ic.’; "[’UtSi. 5.10From Aprillo Juh 1994.h~citcnlcnc {I)Ilall’c.’d ;.l13d vit)l,.211cc WtL,-; ProrKl~H{e d i~. 5.1fll)’avril (tiuiilcl 1094. ’,:<.:tic incitation v,:lritKlsi-lrolll illci1 [ persons,hlchJdin,2 ;’1I;.t haiilc c[ (l la violcilcca did pr()r~;.igdc par lilt.’;3t~t.’rN t)l" ihe MRND,ihc (i()veFlllllClll difl0rc’iltcspcrs(HlIluIit,,}s, clIHl/ c/US mcnlhrcx alld local a u{h()l’ilics. tlll!\ I l~INi l,) ttti ThePl’csidcllL ( }otl vclllt.’n! L,il i C’[tiC.y, l"hTocttli’L" ;-ILIttII’I[~’Sh’,calcs. 5;illdik tlbwat-)o, lhc Prilllc I.cPrdsidunl. lhdtldorc ¯ \linisk.,r.Juan Kanli-lal+icta, Mil]i,xlcrs v\nch’d "V;indikuhw;.ho,lc Ptcmicr l\[i/ll,,qrc, ./call RU, ilnl;.IkUh,:l,I’liezer Ni)’ite~ek:i rindAndrd K alllh;.l/lda.Its Illin i.’-;t rcs. Nla~cctlr;l,tlIld local authoritic<:, publicly R~,al11.:lkUha,Eliezer INiyitegek:l Cl .’\ndrd.\ildrc} incitedthe people k) cXtel’nlillatc the "[’Ut<,;i Ntagcl’tlraeLdes rc’prt},’-;Cllt:.lllt.,,; (JCl’autoritc} populationand its accomplices. locale()lie incitd puhliquun~cnt la population fl exterminerla Population"l’utsi ct sos complices. 5.11The creationof nlectiasudl as the newspaper~un~4zo. a and Rczd/oTd/&,Ls’ion 5.1t La crdationde moyensm~diatiques. LiD/’c,de.v ~/ille Col/ine.r (RTLM), launched telsque le journalKem,<..eo.a ct la Radio and directed by MRND and CDR leading Tdldvision Libre des Milles Collines /]gures.helped to propagatethe extremist (RTLM),£bndeSe et dirigde,par de hautes Hutu ideologyand its messageoK ethnic personnalitdsdu MRNDet du CDR.a aid,~ hatredand violence,and contributed to the propagerl’iddologie Hutu extrdmiste et son indoctrinationof the Rwandanpeople. discoursde haineet de violenceethniques. RTLM was openly designed and used by et a contribudD. endoctrinerla population many MRND leaders and members of the rwandaise. La RTLM a dtd ouvePtement government means of propagandizing con~ueet_utitisde par plusieurs_leadersdu Hutu":Power". MRND cries membres du gouvernement comme un moyen de propagandedu Hutu "Power". 5.12 Between9 April and mid-JulyI994, tilePresident, Thdodore Slndikubwabo, the 5.12 Entre9 avrilet mi-juillet1994. le PrimeMinister, Jean Kambanda, Ministers, Prdsident, Thdodore Sindikubwabo.le Andrd Rwamakubaand Justin Mugenziand ¯ PremierMinistre, Jean Kambanda.les radioannouncers,among Whonl, Georges MirlistresAnclr~ Rwamakubaet Justin Ruggiu and Hassan Ngeze, used RTLM to Mugenzi,des journatistes,parmi lesquels. incite,aid and abet the extermination of tl~e GeorgesRuggiu et HassanNgeze ont utilisd rutsi populationand the eliminationol la RTI.Mpour inciter, aider ct encourageril extcrmincrla p¢V)ulati!m "l’utsi cl il dlhninur O 24 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ llUlllcrt!ustllod+~ralc l.[u(u. tit n~)ilihrcuxI lutu m~dd’t:)s. ~.l-++[)urhl~ t[~c cvums detailed in Ibis 5.13I.l+l’s des cv(’nc’::cnts spcv’il]d.>, dan>lu indicm~cntl~liezer Ni.vite~ekl, in his c:+t[+i:tcty,its .f’vlii+iistcr ~fl’/ril+~t.nl,;mti~m. v,+.;tsthe plOscnt:tote l;]li,.,zcr ~ Niyitegc,ka. cn >u .;tdnlhli:+;trativc,authorityli)r ;.ill the +r,4uns oI qu:tlitctic X, Iirlis+.rc dcI’Inf~rnlatj~m. trait thepress operating it+ Rwunda./)urh+~ this [’autt:,li+.~dc +.utcllc t.tc tt)tis-j*..,s t+ru:.ltl+,, d,,." periodI~+TI.M, also under hL,; iurisdicthm. prcsscO[’l,.;r,;ln+. {ILl [{v,,’<~tl]d~.I. l:’cndtlllt v’c([c Ic:.tda carripaign of[’late und +I1CJtatioI1 tO the pcriudc]uR’ll.Xl. l.lUi rcIct:.iit dcsa tutcll,.:. killin+o1" Tutsisund i-)crSOllSthat wurc {I IIIClIc~ UI1L’ CLIIllp~.I~llC dc hahtcct s.pcuiilculIyidcntii]cd during the hr,.:,ac casts. d’h’lc{tatiorl:+ILlnl,,.,Ur(l.C t.lcs ltltsi t.’t <..lc.’s pcrs,mmcssp~}cil]qucrncnt idcmil],3s. [::lit’z~:r l+]lic’zerN1},teg,..ka Ihilcd or ignoredhis c’l"liT,:itiontt’~prc’,,+cnt these hroudcasts orto Niyitcgekaa cuhoudou a igimr,3so.,, punishthe authors, ohligutitmscl’arr,3tcr la dit’fusi.tm dc co>, ¯ Omissionsoude punirlos autcurs. Thet~’lilitia Groups Los minces 5.14 Politicalrivah-ics during the muhi- partyperiod exacerbated tensions atlloilg the 5.14Los rivalitOspolitiqucs de la D}rh>dc variouspolitical parties. Thus, in a climate dum{il+.i-partisme ontc×accrh,,} los tensions o+’aImosttotal impunity, the ln~erulTc+mu,u. entrelos dii"tTrents pards politiqucs. Ainsi loslnluredigmnre-MRND ontdr+3 encoura,.zes. MRND were encouragedto use violenceto oppose the political demonstrations dansun climatd]mpunitd quasi total’. ~t organizedby partiesof the oppositionand s’opposerViolemment aux manifestations to terrorizeRwandan citizens in orderto politiquesorganisdes par los partisde preventthem from joining parties other than ¯ l’oppositionet A semerla terreurpam+i los the MRND. citoyens mvandais pour los emp+cher d’adhdrerA d’autrespartis quete MRND. + 5.I5The transformation of the lnterohczm~re to servethe interestsof the MRNDwas an 5.15La transformationdes hz,’e,~+,f~an+,-u illicitoperation formally forbidden by the au servicedu MRND dtait une entreprise law.Further, to extendthe activities of the iliiciteI"ormellement interdite par la loi. En militiagroup, the MRND centralcommittee outre,pour dtendre l’action de cettemince. Je ComitdCentral du MRND a crd+ en juin ibrmed /nteraDamwe-MRNDcommittees at prd~/eclurelevel in June1993. This decision 1993 des comitdsd’Inler++homue-MRNO au wascarried out in their localities bypoliticaI niveaude chaqueprdfecture. Cette ddcision iqguresincluding among others Pauline a dtd raiseen oeuvrepar des personnalites Nyiramasuhuku in Butare and Joseph potJtiques du MRND au niveau de Ieur Nzirorerain Ruhengeri. circonscriptionparmi lesquelles Pauline Nyiramasuhuku ~’~ Butare e+. Joseph NziroreraA Ruhengeri. 5.16In orderto ensurethat, when the time cumu,+.he extermination o[" the enemyand 5.16 At~n de s’assurer qu’A +.crme. I’extcrminationde .l’ennemiet dc sos O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ "&IS .. 5:({IN(’ NF’. NI %I/-IXll\1 (1tb %{ I~:t’1.~1 I’\R%II¢]\ cnm.pliccssc l)rah r:’pidcmc::icl ct’licaccmc:mil£’t:lil ndccss:6rc dcc~,ns~i,ucr Its /*zzcr~dz~’mt,.c..\tRNl)cn mi!icc StrLZ,..’turdu.,~;’mdc c[ compldrrl,.,tllaircdUN I"orcc5.,\rl~, des l)d>]~)’:).? c! rlldnlc:.P, arl[. lc.,~dh’igcants du iNIR.NI)cn collahorathm avccdc.s ol’/]c ors des F.-XR. ~mt dC’cidc du lilh-csuivrc aux dfdmcnts los plus dc~qucs :~ Ik.’tlrCgltlSC eXtrdllliStC t.’[ L’! d,:lll[rc5.eL’ t.’,, dds~cuv-dsun cnlraincmcn{militairc. I(n outrc,des armcs/cur ~m{0,.,.2" distril-,udc:,. Trahffugof the MilitiaGroups L ’eu/rat3temeutdesmilices 5.17 The training of MRND and h*g;ucamt(~,amSi.CDRh’llerez/za~lll.e. was 5.17 [.’cntrahacmentdes /,’Zlwalzam:re. supervisedand encouragedbv civilianand MRN/) ct h~q~-umz~,’,’~m~hi-CDRctai~ militaryauthorities including ./<)sepia ti~cilitdct cncouragdpar des au~oritds Nzi’orcra.Juvenal Ka.je/ijcii and Andre miltairesct civilcsdont Joseph Nzirorc,-a Ntz~gcrura. Training was conducted ¯ /uvcnalKajelijcti ct Andre Nta,.zerura. (’cs simultaneouslyinseveral fi’rc;/i.,czure, r around cntra~nementsont cu lieu simultandmcnt the country:Kigali, Cyangugu, Gisenyi and clansplusieurs prdfectures du pays : Kigali. Butare.as ;yellas in the Mutarasector. Cyangugu,Gisenyi, Butare et clans le Trainingalso took place in militarycarnps, secteurdu Mutara.Ces entra~nementsSe notably Gabiro, Gako, Mukamira and tenaient dans des camps militaires. Bigogwe.as well as aroundthese camps or notarnmentles camps de Gabiro.Gako. in neighbouringforests. Mukamiraet deB~gog,,ve " et egalementaux alentoursde ces camps ou dans les tbr&s avoisinantes. © 26 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ -~. [ 9 I.CS CMh’tlillCHlcn[N SccrcLsdc.x nlilicicnssont dcvcnus dc pluscn plusdc n!)toric,:16puhlicluc. ()n a ptlI~.’~; volt S cn(l’;.l[llCr,t’l ccrb:lincsoccasio is dansclc.~ ’L ", cndroitspublics ousc dirlgcr vcrs Its sites d’cntl’tlhlcnlcilt,ell chun[Dln((Its sl(.)g;.lrL-,; mchant[1 l’exterminationde l’cnncmi. bAtributionof Weapo.s Laells’/r/but/on cl’ttrmes 5.20 In order to implementthe plan tbr the exterminationof" the enemy and its 5.20 Pour mettle en oeuvre Ic plan accomplices,the militiamenwere to receive d’extermination de I’ennemi et sos weapons,in additionto militarytraining. complices,les miliciensdevaieni recevoir, Hence,the civilian and militaryauthorities en plus dun entrai’nemenrmilitaire, des distributedweapons to the militiamenand armes.D~s lots. les autorMsciviles et certaincarefully selected members oC the miliraireson/ civilianpopulation in variousPr~t’ectures of distribu~des alinesaux milicienset the country.Between April and July,Fund a cenains membres soigneusementchoisisde la population raisingactivities were organized by MRND Civile.dans diff4rentes Pr4fectures du pays. leadingfigures in order to bolsterthe Entreavril et juillett994. des campagnes de armament of the militiamen who were collectede fondsont ~t~organis~es par des committing massacres of the Tutsi membreseminents du MRND afin d’armer populationand of moderateHutu. d’avantageles miliciensqui se livraiemfi des massacresde la populationTutsi et de Hutu moderns. 5.21 In 1993, President Habyarimana declaredin Ruhengerithat the lmerakamwe_ 5.21 En 1993,le Pr4sidentFfabyarimana MRND had to be equippedsothat, come the ¯ d4claraita Ruhengeriqu’on devait @u/per righttithe, its descendent. les lmerukumwe.MRND pour qu au 5.22 On or about 12 April 1994, the moment opporturl, iLvdc’.vce~dem. Minister of Finance in the Interim 5.22 Le ou vers le 12 avril 1994 k: Ministrcdes Finances du Gouvcrncmcnt O 27 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 5.23l~cl’orc and during the events rclL:rrcd {o in thisindictmcm, some members of lhc lnlcrim"twcrnmcnL NIRNI) leadersund strawst~ldicrs purticipul.cdin Ih<: dis{ril~ufiono1"’,’,capons Io the militi:mwn and ccrtuincurcl’ullv sclccwd mcnlbcrs el tl~ccivilian pOpLllat’ion whh ~l~c intent to cxlcrillill4tcthe "Futsi p°PUlS-ltit)ilLind clinlinatoits accomplices. 5.24Towards the end of" 1993.in an open lcucr broadcaston nationalradio, the 5.24 Vers la fin 1993. darts unc lettre Bishopof the dioceseol"Nyundo, in Gisenvi ouvcrtediffus~.e sur les ondesde la Radio prd/&’turcqdenounced the" distribution of Nationale.l’~v~que du dioc@sede Nyundo. weaponsin thatprdjecture. prdfecture de Gisenvi. a denonc~ la distributiond’armes dans cette pr~fecwre. 5.25 Further.in a letterfrom Prime MinisterAgathe Uwilingiyimana dated 19 5.25 Par ailleurs,darts Line lettredu January1994, the Ministerof Defence. PremierMinistre A~athe Uwilingiyimana Augusfin Bizimana, was reproached for dat~edu 19 janvierI~994. le Nlinistrede la refusingto carryout a Cabinetdecision to D~fenseAugustin Bizimana g.L~,__~t vu recoverall frearmsdistributed illegally to reprocherson refus d’ex~cuter une ~’,,,’~sion lhecivilkm population. du Consefldes Ministresde retirerX~c~,v lesas’rues #¢ feudiylribudes ill@alemem g~ h~ populationcivile. 5.26 Due to the proliferationof weapons in Kigali-villeprdfecture, UNA!VIIR put in 5.26 En raisonde la pro t’drationdes placea disarmamentprogram, titled Kigali armesdarts la prefecturede Klgai-vi le. la Weapon SecurityArea (KWSA). MINUAR a mis en place un programmede d~sarmement, d~nomme Kigali Weapon SecurityArea (KWSA). 5.27 On 7 January 1994, iMathieu Ngirumpatse,Augustin Bizimana, Augustin 5.27 Le 7 jaqvier 1994. Mathieu Ndindiliyimana,D~ogratias Nsabimanu, Ngirumpatse.Augustin Bizirnana, Augustin RobertKajuga and other int]uentialMRND Ndindiliyimana.Ddogratias Nsabimana, RobertK:tiug aet d’autresmembres inlk ~nts PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ duMI,>N[) unt particip,J: ~’luric l’~union au quilttiergOil,3i’:ll CltlXIRNI). /-io(lr >.opp,,%.r LltlPlo~r,~llllnlc dc ic ;~->;I m.rzlcnt. II,. :l (.’l(.. d<2cictC,,d’tmcpart. d<:rC’>i.’,tcr pCIl’[()1,,.., It.’.’-, I’,lil},.’ns5 I’C’xC’cl.l/io! duPru~rarnm.c dc ck;’.~arn;cmcnt,ctd’autrc part 0 20 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ (;choralSl.:d’l~ tocst:flflish lists of pu,.:,plc Mcnlil]c,l:isthe encrnv ;.tnd its accumpiicc,;. <.Ices!(tats.\laiors d’Olablir tics li.’,tcs ,.It The Intelligentu lh.trcau((i-2) uf pers,,nncsidcntitldc,s c,mm~c C’tant I’cnncmi R’.’.an,J.:tn,\rmv cxtahlishoJ thelis~x u.qdcr cl sos cumpliccs,l.c:, agents du scrxiccdc thesupurvisi,.m of .’Xnut,.flc N:-;cnui’,umvu. rct~sc/gncmcntsdtt (;-2 dc l’.\rmffc Thelists ",vcru rugul;.u-ly upd;.itcd d~uinu the l~,xxundaisc~m(prtlcg’dd. ;.’t la ctm/;.:c[i~m dc thnctl~:tt ,’Xuguxth~ IIixim:m;.t ’,’.as ,\liuixtcr cos listcs,soux ia supur’,isi,md’.\nu:,,Ic uI"I)efunsc. Nscr~givumv:l. (’cx listcs-n( c[C. rc}guli6rcmcntmists;’l .iour dur.:lnt [.:i pff’riodc tlt’l/\UgtlSiill /izimun.14taii ministrc dc la ddlL’nxc. 5.3t ()n lO .l:.)nu;.trv 19!)4. an h~1c]’~da.nii’e-Mp.Nl)l’,.’adcr .,,v, ..’,", I I.c 10 .lan’+icr I <;<)4. undiri,..:cani ,.it..; in Ibrn*~,..,d I~N.XMIR.that hc had receivedorders to /mer~d~..u.ea itilbrmO la -\IINII~\I(qu’il ustuhlM~lists o/"l’utsi tohc eliminated. u:aitI’u~u Iurdrc d,: pr’.}p~,r,.:r ,J,,:slixtcx du TutsiA Olimirlcr. 5.32On 25 February1994, at a meetingat MRND headquartersin Kimihurura,chaired 5.32 Le 25 fdvricr 1994. Iors d’t,nc hy the Chairman oF the hffevuhumn,e. rdunion A la perrnancncedu MRND ~’t MEND. P, obert Kajuga. bT/erut?cm+we. Kimihurura.prd’sid~c par Ic Presidentdes MRNDleaders ol" K~edi-vil/eordered their M’emd~mme-MRND.Robert K~tjuga. dcs militantsto establishlists of namesof Tutsi dirigoantsdes ltzlere,’humu’e-MRNDdc withthe intent to eliminateihem. KigaN-vigleont donn4ordre Aleurs militants de prdparerdes listesnominatives de Tutsi dansle but de los dliminer. 5.33 From 7 Aprilto late July,military and Interahamwe-MRND massacred 5.33 Du 7 avril ~ la fin juillet,des membersof" the Tutsi populationand of militaireset des In~erahumwe-MRNDont moderateHutu by’ meansof pro-established perpdtrddes massacresde membresde la lists,among other things. populationTutsi et des Hutumod4rds, entre . "L .x autresA I’aidede listes pre-4tablies. P.__recu_rsorsRevealing A Deliberate C.Jmrseof Action ’ -- Antdcddents r6v61ant une" conduite ddlibdr6e 5.34The politicaland ethnicviolence of the early1990s was characterized by the use 5.34La violenceethnique et politiquedu oF the elementsof the strategywhich ddbutdes anndes90 a 4t4 caractdris4epar uchicvedits finality in thegenocide or’April l’utilisationdesdldments de la stratdgiequi 1994.The massacresof the Tutsiminority allaitconnaitre son aboutissementavec le at thattime, including those in Kibilira genocide de 1994. Les massacresde la (1990),in Bugesera(1992), and those of’the minorit4Tutsi perp~trds gt cettedpoque, tels P, agogwe( 1991), wereinstigated, lhcilitatcd que ceux a Kibilira(I990). a Buuesera und organizedby civilianand milita-y (1992).et ceuxD. I’cncontredes 13agog~.vc (I991)ont ~t4 suscitds, lhcJlit~s ct organisd.s O 3O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ .! aulhm-i(icx.()n eachoccasiml, a can:paign par des auloriI&chiles el milh:~ircs...\ oF incitement[o ethnicviolence, conducted lw )~cal au{horilics.~as l~!lowL,d by t-’haNueuccasMn unc camp,~L, nc d’incitafi,,n mJssacrcs(>I’the /’utsi minority. ?,crpcm~tc~I ;i kl vi~:lcncecdmiquc :ncnC’c par dc~, I~ gr, ups of milidamcn:md civili,lns, UUh)rhdsMczl]cs ,id{d ~ui vic dc nl;4st, clcrc5 ~.!c" LH’IIICd;.llld a.,-csisl.,., d lY,.[he :-:CllllC :.Iuilloli[ic,~ kln’,inoriiC, lu{si, pcrpdtrd~ purdes gr~t’p~..s :rodhvcurtain military personnel. ()n each dc milicicnsctdc ci~ils, urnlC’s c( :lidds put occasion,lhcsc crimes remained unpunished cosmd’mcs aulorib}s ¢t terrains ndlilairc.,i ..\ ~md lhc authorilies implicated ~crc chacIllC occ;.l,sioil,cos crimes~,on[ dcmcurd.s ’-’cncrull}nmtaken t~) rusk. impunis.ct los au{twitdsimpliqudcs n’,,nt gdndralcmcntpas ctd inquictdc> 5.35 (’oopcra{ion bct:vccn the 5.35 l.a hzwr(dmmwu-Ml~,ND collaboration and ccrklinmilitary entre des pcrs.nncl,particularly /nlerul~amwe.MRNl)ct terrains milita rcs. Ihosc in the Ihcsidcnfial(iuard and tl~c PLIrz, l-(_’ol’nnl;ul@,) particulidrcmentde Ia (iardePrdsidcnticllc BaHalion.was manilizstedin earlyI994 in ct dLi BataillonPara-(.’umm~ndt. s’c.st de oppositionto the implerncntmionof the nouveaumanil;estdc au ddbutdc 1994pour institutionsprovided tbr underthe Arusha s opposerh la raise cn place des institution.,; Accords.On 5 .lanuary1994. at the dineof prdvuespar Its Accordsd’Arusha, l.c 5 tl~e swearir~g-inceremony of the Broad- ianvicr1994. lors de la cdrdmonieprdvuc Based Transitional GovernmenL the pour la prcs~ation de scrmcm du [~z.~ur~thamwe-MRND Oouvernementde"Transition ,:5. Base Elar,.zic. organized a demonstrationin cooperationwith members les /nzerahctmwe-MR.NDont organis~unc of" the PresidentialGuard. The]/ prevented manifestationen collaborationavec des politicalopponents from enteringthe 6l~mentsde la GardePr6sidentielle. Ils ont C.’c;n,s’eilnationc# de ddve/oppement(CND). interditlace,s au CND (Conseilnational de The swearing-inoC the membersof the d~veloppement)aux opposantspolitiques. Governmentdid not takeplace. In the end, La prestationde sermentdes membresdu onlythe President,Juvenal Habyarimanal Gouvernementna pas eu lieu. Finalement wassworn in. seul te President.Juv@nat Hab’.arimar,,~ pr~t~serment. " ,,~..,, 5.36 On 8 January1994, Interahamwe,in complicitywith elements of thePresidential 5.36 De-nouveau.le 8 janvier1994. les Guard and the Para-CommandoBattalion /ntercthamwe en complicit6 avec des dressedin civilianclothes, again organized a ~I6mentsde ta GardePr~sidentielle et du demonstration near the CND. On that BataillonPara-Commando habilles en c "dis occasion, the Intercthamwe-MRNDhad ont organis6une manifestationpr6s du hidden weapons very nearby and were CND. A cette occasion,les lnmrc~&mnru. equipped with radios provided by the MRND avait dissimuld des armes 5 PresidentiaiGuard. That demonstration was proximit~et 6taient6quip6s de radi~s intendedto provokeand causeinjury to the foumiespar la GardePrdsidentielle. Cette BelgianUNAMiR soldiers. manifestationvisait fi provoqueret agresser les soldatsbeiges de la MINUAR. 31 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 5.( (}M" I.¯,d-~SF~,II.~%IE\I(H. F ~,( I: PRI-P’,R~,II()\ 5.37 Finally.as (fl" 7 "\pril1994¯ thr(~ugh~utRw4nda, "lulsis :and cc:lain 5.37l"h’~alcmcru, d6sIc 7 a’,riI1’104. stir u>utk: tcrritnirc du Rv.,mdtL des "[utsi cl mo,..ICrcttCI [titUs heg:m t~.~ Ilv.’c fl~cir homes t~) ,,.’>:cape{he vioIcllcc to v,,hichtl;cv v,.crc ccrl.:lills[[UIL[ ll]oddl’C’,s, pnur C’chappcr a [;1 ’.Ecfimx,.,n their hills and to sock r’.-’Fu~c in ’.[dcnccchmt ils C’tak:nt xictimcs sur Icurx pJ’~ccs’,vhcrc il~c,, had tradition,flh, ici!~:.~IL’. or,flint:.;. ,>mCt;IIIIIICnCL’ ;.’I ]’tiil"[CUI’S lllHi>oIlX not:ib[vchurd~cs, hospitals and other f~ubik: pourc];crchcr t’c!Ltgc’ LkUls des cilc[i’ui{:, t)(i huiklingssuch :is u<-,,mm, and l;r~.!/,.’u,’,rc tradi/ionncHcmcntilss’d’taicnt semis cn oll]cc:.;.()II sc;cral occashms, g:.uhcrinu s.,}curit(,,riotarrm~cnt des duliscs.,Its placesv,cre indicated m them h;’ the I,,v..’:.~-I h6pitauxctd’au:res dclilicc..s Imt~lics commc authorities,wil~, had prumiscd t~, pn,tcct ICS [’ttll’CtltlXCOI’~ll]ltIII,~ILIX L’{ [llCI~t;lor;.iLl.\...\ fl’~cm,lg;r the inhkfl d.:lys, tlv.: refugees ,.vet,.: [")[LlSiCtIrS OCCLISiOIlS. des clldi-l,ti[ ~ alL’ I’;.lSSClllhlClllCll{[cur ;.vc;4it.’rl[L’IL’ indiqucspar pi’o{cCEcd bv ,~1 It2Vv’ gCtld;.ll’lllCS ;.llld L"~iillilltltltl/policeinthese ’,arious locations. elmsUUhlriN.’s /oc;.llc,~ qui’;U,’:.IiCIII pi’omis de hu[ subsequently, the rcILt~ecs Were los prot6gcr.Durant l,,:s prcmiurx jours. Its rC’fugi6sont C’tC" prouSgcs par ,.iuch.lucs ! ¯..5 systematicallyattacked and rnassacred by militiamen,often assisted by the same gCll(.larn~cset policicrs comnmnaux darts cos authoritieswho had promised to protectthe dilT~rcntscndroits, rnais par [a suite. systenlatiqucmcnt,los r’,,}ftiKidsont ~}t~} refugees.During the lllllll~r(,)llS attacks ()[-~ the refugeesthroughout the cot ntry. attaqudsetIlt;assacrds paird,...’s milicicns. personnel of the FAR, miNtarv or souvefitaidds par cos rn@nes autorit~}s qui gendarmes,who weresupposed to protect avaientpromis de proteger los rdl’ugids. :\u :hem,prevented the Tutsi Frbm escaping and COurs desnombreuses at[LIqLICS nICII~CS thciiitatedtheir massacre centreIes re~t’ugids partout fitravers lepays. by the des rnembresdes FAR. miIitairesou Inler~¢h~m~we-MRND. On several occasions,these FAR personnel participated gendarmes,qui devaient les protdger, ont directlyinthe massacres. emp(~ch~/es Tutsi de fuir et ta.cilit~leur massacrepar les [nserahamu’e-MRND.A plusieursoccasions, ces membres des FAR ontparticipd directement auxmassacres. 5.38Furthermore. soldiers, militiamen ,’::>~ andgendarmes raped or sexuallyassaulted 5.38De plus,des militaires, desmiliciens orcommitted other crimes of a sexualnature et desgendarmes ont commis des viols, des againstTutsi women and girls,sometimes agressions-sexueNeset d’autres crimes de atierhaving first kidnapped them. naturesexuelle a l’encontrede certaines femmeset jeunesfines Tutsi et ce parfbis apr4sles avoir enlev~es. 0 32 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6. (O’;Ct.~I,~5;TATEME.\’T OF TI!E FACTS: 6. I(XI’()SE,~[’(-’(’I.\("T I)E.~F.-~IT,1: ()TILER VI()I,.VI’I()N5 OF :\UTRE,~VI , " ~ .. INTI’]I~,NATIO:NA L IIUSIANIT.ARI,\ ()L.-CII(,:\.’-; t)[I2 :~()VF LA W ’ " INTER.NATION..tLH t. k\ I.-~.SITAI p, pInv..er(’ri.qs ~)uvoi.__r 6.1 ()n6 April1994 :.it aN)ut ~:.]0 p.m,. tl~."plum., car’rvh~,, among mhcr passungcrs. 6.1 .,\usoir du 6 avrill~)u4 vcr> 21~ 3() the Prusidentof thu Republic,.luvdnul hctlrt2s,l"avhm /ranspor!an/ entre au:rcs l lahyarimuna,was shot down on its passagcrslc Prdsidcnldc la Rd~ubliqucdu approachto KigaliAirport, Rwanda. Rwanda.Juvdnal Habyarimana.’a did aba~m peu avantson atterrissage/~ l’adroponde Kigali.Rwanda. 6.2 Followingthe crashor’the Presidems plane,the Forces Armde.v Rw~mdetLvc,.v were 6.2 . Apr~s la chute de l’avion letiwithout leadership, The Presidemwas presidenliel,les ForcesArm~Ses Rwandaises dead,along w.ith the Chiefof Staffof the se sont retrouv~essans direction¯t.e Rwandan Army, Co[onel D~ogratias President~tait mort ainsi que le chefd’Etat. Nsabimana. The Minister of Defence. Ma)0r (AR). [e Colonel D~6,.zratias Augustin Bizimana, and the Chief of Nsabimana.Le Ministrede Ia Defense. IntelligenceServices (G2) in the Rwandan AugustinBizimana et Ie responsibledes Army, ColonelAloys Ntiwiragabo, were on renseignements(G2) de l’Etat-Major(AR). missionin the Republicof Cameroon.The,,. le ColoneIAloys Ntiwiraaabo. 4taient en L"~. returnedto the countryin the days that missionen R@ubliquedu Cameroun.[Is Ibllowed.Gratien Kabi/igi, the officerin sontrevenus au paysdans les joursqui ont chargeof operations(G3) in the Rwandan suivi.Gratien Kabiligi. responsable des ArmyGeneral Staff, was alsoon missionin op4rations(G3) de l’Etat-Major(AR). Egy’pt.In the absenceof the Ministerof 4galement- en mission en Egypte. En Defence, Colonel TMoneste Bagosora. l’absencedu Ministrede la D4t?nse.le di/’ec/eurde cabinet,asserted himself as the ColonelTh4oneste Bagosora. directeur de man of the momentcapable &managing the cabinet,s’est impos4 comme l’homme de la crisis¯ situation5. m4mede g@erla crise. MilitaryTakeover Attempt Tentativede prise da pouvoir par les militaires 6.3 Withinthe firsthours tbllowingthe dcath of ~he President,two important 6.3 Au coursdes premi6resheurcs qui ont suivila mortdu Prdsident.deux rdunions O 33 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6:(’()N( ’I.NI’: .’,r.’, r I-:’,1E"., I o1.II1 I- .( ~1 .’~: ()rlll.:R ’,l()l..~. II()N>; (11. I~I’I’:R:N.~ I II)\AI. III’,1 ~ \1l" ~,RI t", meetingstook place in Kigaliwhere Colonel impnrlantes(.mr cu lieut’~ Kigali. au tours *l’hcancsleBagosora and several=\rmv desqucllcslc(’Oh)net "l’h&mcstc t~.~lgnsora ol’IL:icrsaltemptcd tosci×c po;,,cr ctplusicurs ~fl’licicrs dcI’armC’c ontlcntC’ dc Whilethe scc~md mc~ting was going on. the prcndrc[c pouvoir..\hwsqucla :,ccon,.Ic Pr’imc Minister Mrs Agathc r,~unkmsc ddroulai:le Premier~linisu-~: kh~ilingiyimana,tl:c Prcsidcnl o1’ the Madan:c:\g::thc :lv.ilingiyh-n:ma, Ic ConstitutionalCourt, other leading political Prdsidcntdc la (’ourCanstitutionneIIc. l:gurcsand Ion tlNAMIRBluc tlclmcts d’autrcspcrsonnalitds politiqucs i:upnrtantcs werebrutaly m:,.lgS:.~cI-cd. ainsique dix casques hlcux apparctcnant au dantingentde la MIN[’:\Ront C’t~ brutalcrncntm:.~ssac rSs. 6.4 The eliminationo{" political 6.4 l.’dliminati{mdes opponcnt.smade it possible to setaside the opposants politiqucsa permis dh}cartcr la raisecn establishment of the Broad-Based place du Gouvemcmentdc Transitiona Transitional Government (BBTG). BaseElargie (G.T.B.E.). prevu aux Accords stipulatedin the Arusha Accords, in thvour d’Arusha,au profitdun Gouvemcment of an InterimGovernment. The murderof lntdrimaire.[.’assassinut des militaircs the Bdgian soldiers prompted the beiges,a provoqud le retraitde la majeurc withdrawal oi" most of UNAMIRs partiedes contingents de la NItNUAR.Cos contingents.Those two events removed the deux dvdnementsont dcartdles deux twomajor obstacles to th~pursuit or" the obstaclesmajeurs ~. Ia poursuitedes massacres. massacres. Formationof theInterim Government .Formationdu Gouvernement[ntdrimaire 6.5 Makingup for the failureof the 6.5Faisant face ~. l’dchecde la tentative attemptat a militarytakeover by certain deprise du pouvoirpar curtains militaires. > militarypersonnel, the leaders of theMRND k::: 4,/ lesdirigeants du MRNDet d’autrespartis .i% andof otherpolitical parties and military politiquesetdes officiers mititaires parmi officers,including Colonel Thdoneste lesquelste-Colonel Thdoneste B~gosora. ont Bagosora, put in place an Interim misen placeun GouvernementIntdrirnaire Governmentwhich would aid and abetthe quiallait aider et encourager lacontinuation continuationof the massacres. desmassacres. 6.6Already, in thenight of 6 to 7 April, 6.6D~s la nuitdu 6 au 7 avril.~ Ki~ali. in Kigali,the PresidentialGuard (PG) la GardePrdsidentielle (GP) a ddpIaceles moved the MRND ministers,members of Ministresdu MRND.des membres des ailes the Powerwings of the otherpolitical ditespower des autres parties politiques. parties,inc{uding Casimir Bizimungu and parmilesquels, Casimir Bizin:ungu et Justin JustinMugenzi and prominentmembers of Mugenziainsi que des personnalitGsde thedeceased President Habyarimanas circle. l’entouragedu d,~l’unt Prdsidcnt 34 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ,’Sonlt."".Vcrc (;.ikt.,n tttmilii;_u-v camps. The,,’ ’acre subsequentlynmvcd tu the /h;le! [I.:2hy;.u-im.:.ma.Ccrtainsd’cntrc ct.tx ont ’..’to l)/l#rm1~IIu,v,h...’rc dlev ’c.,crc gu:.Irdcd bv conduhs,..furls des C.:ltllpS nlilitaircs. [Isont mcrt;bct-s,:H’the !~ccumn.:ti.ss.:mo, t l:klttaIi,,m. didtrans iSrds, p.:.tt + 1.:1.’.cite. :.’1 I’h6ccl l)iphmmt,..,othk.’ur s,,}cu’ritd a dtdassur,,}c par des mumbr+.,< du fkttailhm du Rccom~ais.,;ancc. 6.7 ()n 7 April.~tt ub,.,ut7:00 u.m.. CohmclThdoncstc L~,;.igosor;.t called ;.I 6.7 l.c7 ,:tvril.:tux environs dc IJ7.1)<) mccthlg.:tt the Ministry oI" l)cliencc of the hcur,,,.s,lc(.’ohmcl l+h,}uncstc t~.:tut,s~r.:.t ;+l mcmhcr.s of the M I’?,N D executive convoqt.idau Mirfistd’rcdc la [)dl~lsc.unc committcu,irtcluding MatMct.I Ngirurnputsc. rduniondes mcrnbrcsdu comitdcxdcutit’du ,~ I{douardKarcrncra and .losephNzirorera. patti MRND. parrni lcsqucls,i\lathicu +"i ; Thept.,rposc of themeeting was to appointa Ngirumpatse.Edouard Karcmcra ct Joseph newPresident o+++the Republic. Nziro,-cra.k’objet de la rduniundtait de ddsignerle nouveau Prdsidcnt de lu Rdpubliqt,e. 6.8 On 8 April, oC one ¯"l’hdoneste Bagosora summoned political part+-,, 6.8 -Dans la journde dr, 8 avril. Ic representativesto a meetingto ["ornla new ColonelI’hdoneste Bagosora a convoquddes Go’,’ernment.To+that efl+ct, he arranged reprdsentantsdes panis politiqucs~ unc theirtransport to theMinistry or" DePi~nce. reunion afSn de former un nouveaa The members of the Government were gouvernement.[1 a./~ cet effet, organisd leur appointedat the meetingin the presenceof ddplacementau Ministerede la Dd[%nse~Les MRND representatives membresdu Gouvernememont dtd ddsignds Ngirumpatse,Edouard Karemera and Mathieu Joseph /ors de la reunion en prdsence des Nzirorera.They were alrnost all membersof reprdsentants du MRaND Mathieu the MRNDand of Powerwings of the other.. Ngirumpatse,Edouard Karemera et Joseph politica/parties. No one of Tutsidescent Nzirorera.Les personneschoisies pour wasincluded either in theta/ks or in thenew composer le Gouvernement[ntdrimaire Government. dtaientpresque toutes issues du MRND et des ailes-ditespower des antres pards politiques.Aucune personnalitd d’ori,.zine Tutsin’a dtd associde aux discussions ou n a o fairpattie du nouveaugouvemement. 6.9 Jean Kambanda was appointed PrimeMinister of the InterimGovernment 6.9 Jean Kambanda a dt+ d+sign~ ol" Rwanda formed on 8 April 1994. The Premier Ministre du Gouvernement Governmentwas officiallysworn in on 9 Intdrimairede la RdpubliqueRwandaise April1994. It was composedo/" 19 cabinet constitudle 8 avril1994. Le Gouvernement Ministers.Prosper Mugiraneza, Casinfir a oflqciellementpre?t~ serment le 9 a,,ril /3izimungu,Andr+ Ntagemraet Pauline 1994. II comptait19 ministres.Prosper Mugiruneza+Casirnir Bizirnungt,. Andr+ O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ Nyiranla.-;uhukoWcrc LIIll,~)llg the nille MRNI)ministers. As the designated Ministerof theInterior did nol I:.lkc tip olliue,hc ’,’.asreplaced hv I{dou:lrd Karumcra.Vice-C’hairnmn of ti~c i\IRNI) The MDP, was representedby [hrcc ministers,.ldr6me [?,icanmmpaka." Andre’ R’.;am:tkubaandEli6zer Niyite~eka. Three Xlinistcrs.including ,lustin Mu~cnzi, representedthel.iberal Party, 6.10 ,,kssoon as the[ntcrhn (M’,crnment ~.~.LL";(~)rzned, nLlnIcrous CLlbille[ Illenlhe)-s 6.10 [)ds la lbrmammdu (Muvcrnemcnt supportedthe plan of exterminationin place [ntdrhnairc.plusicurs mcmbrcs du (’abinct i " andtook the necessary steps to cxccuteit. ontadhdrd au pland’extcrmination ntiscn Thcvinched the peopleto climinatcthe placect prisles moyens nd’ccssaires pour enemyand its accomplices,distributed I’cxdcuter.llsont incitd la population ~’~ weapons to them, dismissed local dliminerI’enncmi et scscompliccs, lui ont governmentamhorities who were opposed distribu4des armes,ont rdvoqudde.,; to themassacres, replacing them with others autoritdsadministratives locales opposdes whowere devoted to thecause, and adopted aux massacrespour les remplacerpar directivesintended tofacilitate themassacre d’autresacquises ,4 la causeet ontadopt~ ofthe civilian Tutsi population. desdirectives visant fi faciliter lesmassacres dela population civile Tutsi. Scalin~-Downof UNAMIRsPersonnel R_dductiondes el%cti~s de la hIINUAR 6.11 UNAMIRwas estabIishedin order tofacilitate the peaceful implementation of 6.1 t La MINUARavait ~t~ institu6e dans institutionstbreseen under the Arusha lebut de faciliter laraise en place pacifique <:,,~.C"i::.) Accords. > This United Nations military force des institutionspr~vues aux Accords was perceivedas an obstacleby certain d’Arusha.Cette force militaire des Nations membersof the extremist political circles. Unies@air per?ue comme un obstaclepar Certaineminent figures in thiscircle thus certainsmembres de la classepolitique adopteda strategyintended to provokethe extr6miste.Aussi des personnalites de ce Belgianmilitary contingent, UNAMIRs groupeont adopt~une stratdgievisant mosteffective and best-equipped contingent. provoquerles militaires beiges qui avait le Theirultimate goal was to forcethem to contingentle plusefficace et le mieux withdraw. ~quipdde Ia MINUAR.L’objectil"/~ terme dtaitde tbrcer Ieur retrait. 6.12Hence, an anti-Belgianpropaganda wascarried out particularly through some 6.12 Dans cet esprit,une campagnede mediaand Radio Tc’levesion Lihre dc’.v Mille propagandeanti-belge a dtd menee. notamrnentpar le truchementdes mddias ct 3() O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6.13Due t,,+ the +.inti-Bclgi;.t/-i prop;.tg;.md,:i uridthe rilt.ii-dcr Of the tun [3clgian put’u- 6,13 l{n raisondo la propugandcanii- Bcl<,cct dc las:.;assinatdos cotlllllCllldO:.+,BelgiumhliT.+rt-rlcd tl+lc~CCt.ii’it~,." IfJpara- commundobclucs la Bcl,,iqt.tc (-’t+Ui~.cilt)n 13 April1994 th:.it it was ¯ - - = a inl;armC,Ic withdruv,ingit.,; contingcrit from R’,varlda. A. Lonscilde Sdcuritd, le13 avril 1994, queflc ,.reckIatcr. l.he Security Couricil ordered a rettrti.itson contingentdu Rv,zu~da.{nc dr:.lsdcreduction oF UNAMIP,,scivilian and scmaineaprOs, le (’onscildc Sdcuritd, militarypersonnel. ordorlnd uric rdduction drastiqucdu personnelcivil et militaire delu Y.IIN{.:\R. 37 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ Perpetrationofthe Ma.ss:lcres 6.14..ks from 7 April1994. n:assacrcs ol 6.14 /’~ partirdu 7 avriI ,)’;4.de:, the Tutsipopulation and the murderol me,sucresdc la populationlutsict I1LlnlCrotlSpolitical opponents wcrc I’assassinatde nomhrcux opposant:, pcrpcu’:~tcdthrt~ughout the territory o[ politiqucsont dtd commis stir klklt [C l{~unda."I’hc.~c crimes, ~hich had bccn tcrritoircduRwanda. Cos crimes planilld> ct plannedand preparedliw a hmg timeh’, prdpards dc Iongue date par des iwomh’LenIcivilian and military Iigurcs who personnalitdscivilcs ct mifitaircs pum~gcan[ sharedthe extremist t lutu ideology, were l’iddologichutu cxtrdmistc ontd’td pcrpd~rcs carriedout by Inilitiarnen. military persolmel par desmiliciens, des militaires ct des andgendarmes tm theorders and directives g~.mdurn~essuivant Its ordresct ic:, or to the knowledgeof some of these directivesou’a Ia connaissancedccertaincs authorities,including .Justin Mugcnzi. de cos autoritdsdont Justin.Mugenzi. C’ashnirBizimungu, Prosper Mugiraneza. CasimirBizhnungu. Prosper .Mug raneza. JdrBmcBicanmmpaka, Eliezer Nivitegeka. J~r6mcBicamumpaka. Eliezer Ni.vitegeka. EdouardKaremera, Andrd Rwarnakuba, Edouard Karemera.Andrd Rwamakuba. MathicuNgirumpatse. Joseph Nzirorera. MadfieuNgirumpatse. Joseph Nzirorera et andJuvenal Kajelijeli. Juv6nalKajelijeli. 6.15As of thenight of 6 to 7 April.in the 6.15D~s la nuitdu 6 au 7 avril,dans ta capital, elements of the FAR and capitale,des dl~mentsdes FAR et des Interahamwe-MRNDset tip roadblocks. Interahamwe-MRNDont drigd des barrages. reinforcedwith armored vehicles, on the renfbrcdspar des vdhicules blindds, sur les major roads, controllingpeoples principauxaxes routiers, contr6iant le movements.At these places,peoples ddplacementde la population.,iX ces identitieswere checked, notably by means -"endroits, onvdrifiait t’identitd despassants of verificationof identity cards, and the tamment en contr61antles cartes Tutsior thoseidentified as such were d 6.16 BetweenApril and July 1994,the 6.16Entre avril et juitlet1994. los miIices lntes’uhamwe-MRNDand lmpuzamztganTbi- Interuhamwe-MRNDet hnt)u.r, nnugumbi- CDR militiaspearheaded the massacres, CDR.,arm6es et bienentraindes dans le but havingbeen armedand well trainedto de servir,au momentjug6 opportun.A exterminatethe enemy and its accomplices exterminerl’ennemi et sescomplices, ont when the time was deemed to be constitudIefor de lance des massacres. [.cs 38 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ +, appropriate.Thehu’c’r, Hmnm<., had a ,.isil-,lu uz.lti,.maLprel~,.’ctttral atldlocal structt.lr,.,, as hlt’.-’rtlhalll9.cdtaicn[ dot& d’unc structure ,.’,ella.~u so.’rc[paralh.’l structure ~t’,~’.hi,.’h visibleitI’d’cbcIlc nmionvIc, prctL’ctorak: :..’t then:u~t ir~lh.~enti.:tl members ~lthe t’,lRNl) locale,ct d’uncstructure parallcic occuhc ,,u I+da~uda ium.lurshiprole. lh~nkx to that losmcmbrc:, los pitt.,, inllucllt, du \IRN[) ;or,.ck+tboratc structure, supportcd bv tl+tc IouaicntLttl r6lc dc leader.,, tip. ( irficca cu:’~. existingbreed-based structm.c of .";tructtlrctrcsdlaborGc, x,.’tltcrlttc p,,rcciR.. Xll,tNI),diructb.cs circulatoJ easily the dOfi cxistantc cttrdx ramificc dr, .XtRX’/). It,, and >.crc hnpicmcmcdefR:utivdy within directivescirculaicnt Etcilcmcnt ct 0[,.tlCll[ militiasorgans. The hPler+dtann+’c-NIRNl)the cl’Iicacenlcn[ nli5 oil ocu’,, rc ,tLt 5,Citl de,.. r, articipatcdactively ;.rod massively in the organcsdc lu rnilicc.I.cs [::tcrahamv.u. maxsz.tcrcsoI’19¢)4. MRNI) ont trdx actixcmcn( ct :rc~, massivcnlcntparticipd aux massacre.,,dc 1994. 6.1 7 Fearing the opirtion of the interrmtionalcommtmity, certain leaders 6.17 Par craint¢ de I’opinion dc la attemptedto conceal the massacresin COlllnlunaLlt~ intcrnationalc,terrains Kigali.l"hus. as earlyas 9 AprilI¢)94, the dirigeantsont tentd dc dissimutcrIoN SecretaryGeneral of the MRND, Joseph massacres/~ KIgai..-Xinsi, dd’s te {) a’,ril Nzirorera.ordered the InterahunTweto stop 1994. le secretaire-gdndraldu .MRND. themassacres. The order ’,’.as respected and .Ioseph Nzirorera, a ordonne aux madeit possibleto gatherup thecorpses in lnterulTanm.ed’arr~ter les massacres.C’ct the streetsand concealthem in massgraves. ordrea dtdrespect~ et a permisle ramassage The [nterahamwereported the successof the des cadavres darts les rues pour les missionto Joseph Nziroreraand Justin dissimulerdans des lossescommunes. Le Mugenzi.Justin Mugenzi openly expressed succ6sde la missiona dte rapport6par les hissatisfaction that many Tutsis had alreadv Interahamwe~. JosephNzirorera et Justin ~cn killed. Mugenzi.Ce dernierexprimait om.ertement sa satifactiondevant le faitque beaucoup de tutsiont dtd ddjS. dlimines. InterimGovernment G.__ouvernementIntdrimaire 6.18 Followingthe swearingin of the ministers of the Interim Government. 6.18Suite ,’i la prestationde sermentdes Cabinet members supportedthe ptan of ministresdu Gouvernementlnterimaire, les exterminationin place,including Justin membresdu Cabinet.parrot Iesquels Justin Mugenzi, Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper Mugenzi. Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper Mugiraneza, J6r6me Bicamumpaka, Mugiraneza, Jdrdme Bicamumpaka. l!douard Karemera, Andr~ Rwamakuba. Edouard Karemera. Andrd Rwamakuba. Andr6 Ntagerura,Pauline Nyiramasuhuko AndrdNtagerura. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et and l~liezerNiyetegeka. Thus, several Elidzer Niyetegekaont adhdr6 au plan members of the governmentincited the d’exterminationmis en place.D,:ms ce sens people to eliminatethe enerny and its plusieursmernbres du gouverncmentont incitdla population/t dliminerl’enncmi ct 30 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ accomplicesand dislrihulcd~uapons m them. Thu (hwcrnmandismissed local sexcrimp/ices e{ lui ont distrihud des armcs. govcrnlncntauLhoritics who wcrc appoxcd adl.C M1 (]tttlvernclll(,ll{ iniMrLl[i,., cs [OCLIICS;.I rdvoqudO pp~)SdC.,. des UUh~ri{ds ’ :.1t~X Io r.hcn:assacrcs m~d replaced (her,1 ’.~,ith O[IIL’I’M~,~.11~.) ~,t.,,.’l’t,. 2 dCvoIc(,lto theL’aU,’;C. mpsxucrcspour Its rcnlplacc’r par dautrcs ac~.[tixcs :.’1 la cause. 6.19 ,\h’cady. on X April. the nc~ 6.19 DOs Ic 8 a,.ril, lc n-u~c,m (}ovcrillllCn{sunlnlOilCd all Ihc/)rJ/dl.v[(} rattlingin Kigali For the purposeul (iOtlvCrllClllen[LI c,tHi~o~itld tOLlS Its prd~L.b, :Isscs,singthe situation in the country ut lhc pour uric rdunion5 Ki-ali.daI> [c hul time.The emergencymcctinu was i~cklon ddvalucrla situ:,tionqui’prdxalail dan> lc I I .\pril1994 and recorded d~-c pclrficipation pays.(’eric rQunion dc crisc~cnuc Ic I I of"’,dl the (Mvcrnmcnt ministers and all the avriI1994. a enrcgis~rdla participationdc m’J/ez.,,except those of Ruhcngcri. tuus Its ministrcs,ct colicdc tou5 los C>anguguand Bmarc.At tl~ismccdng, the prdlbts, exceptionli.dte de ccux dc situationas regardsthe massacresin each Ruhcngcri.de Cyanguguc~ de Butarc.[.ors I)I’c{/bC’IIu’U~","LlS analyzed. dc cctterdunion, la situationdes massacres danschaque prdtccture a dtd, analysdc. 6.20 On 17 April.glidzcr Niyitegcka, as !’vlinistcrof h~tbrnmdonand spokesperson 6.20" Le I7 avrit.Elidzer ’.Niyitexeka, cn tbr d~e government,read out an ot’ficial tantque Ministrede I’tnlbmatkmct porte- comnmniqueof the [nteri~Government in paroledu governement,a lu un communiqud whichhe congratulatedthe Pref~ts of Kigaii. o~"ficieldu GouvernementInt~rimaire dans Eibuye and Cyangugufbr the excellent Iaquelleila felicitd,entre autres, les prdfets workdone. de Kigali, Kibuye et Cyangugu pour l’excellentetravail qu’its ont fair. 6.2I Ratherthan takeimmediate action to putan endto themassacres, on l 7 April,the 6.21 Le 17 avril,au lieu de prendredes Interim Government dismissedseveral mesuresimmddiates pour mettre fin aux ( authorities,among them the Prdfet of massacres,le gouvernementintdrimaire a Butare,Jean BaptisteHabyarimana, for plut6tlimogd plusieurs responsables, don’t theirrefusal to takepart in themassacres so Ie prdfet de Butare, Jean Baptiste thatthe killings could spread to the country Habyarimana,parce qu’ils avaient ref’usd de as a whole. prendrepart aux massacreset ce, afinque Iestueries s’dtendent fi/’ensemble du pays. 6.22 Between9 April and 14 July 1994, numerous Cabinet meetings were held 6.22Entre le 9 avri]et 14 juillet1994. de successivelyin Kigali, Gitarama and nombreuses rdunions du ConseiI des Giscnyi.During this period,the Prime b4inistresse sonttenues successivement :’~ Minister,Jean Karnbanda,and Ministers Kigali.Oitarama et Gisenyi.Durant cette Augustin Bizimana, Edouard Karemera, pdriode le Premier Ministre. Jean CallixteNzabonimana. Andre Rwamakuba. Kambanda, les Ministres Augustin Andre Ntagerura,Pauline Nyiramasuhuk0 Bizimana.Edouard Karcmera, Callixte Nzabonimana,Andrd Rwamakuba..-\ndrd O 4() PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ f,.J-i\pf)~.,[.£{ ( ( i\(I II~,,?. ,!ridt£1iezcr ~\iyitegeka ~vcrc rcuulmh. hriclk:don (hesitua(ion in rc-ard"~o ()~[., Nmgcrur:LPauline N}h’amasut~ukt,cl n’,assacrc.~of tl~c civilian POp~dmi,n. ()n EliczcrNiyilcgcka d’laic:u <"-’ulid’rcn~cnl severaloccas ons duringdmsc mcc ~’zs([~., [’,.’ilklinti)Cnld.,q dcJa situati~m de2mas:,,:crcs ~\linistcrsdemanded weapons to di,~ril~utc dc la popu!ali~mcivilc. ,’\ plu>idurs in theirrespective homc lWd/L’uzzu.c.v. occushmsh)rs dc cos rdunion,;, k.’s 31ini:,tn.s knmvin,that the weaponswould bc usedin onlcxigC, ,..Its arrncs p~tur Its distrihucr d,ns thuruns,snores. lcurprd’Ii’cturc d’originc, sach;uu qu’cl cx scruicmudlisC, csdan:., Its m:.~.’;sacr,,.,s. 6..a l)uringthese nurnurou:.;(’ahinct meetings,d tl’~c lnlcrh’n (hwcrnrncnt m.l~H~k., 6.23Z~LI COLIrS LJC CON llOltl hrc,.lscs directivesand gLIVc instrucfi,ms rdunion.sdu Con.soilde:,: .\linistrcs. Ic u.td~c I~rdli.’l.v¯ and the (Muvcrncmcnt[ntC’rimairc a ad~tplddus The decisions,which wcre hcuu]t,then mevl,,.),.v.passed on to the directivesct donnddes instructions,rex #cncralpublic, were intended to incite,aid prdli21sct auxbourgmcstres. C’cs ddcisions. and abetthe perpetrationof the massacres. rdpercutdcsfi la Population.visaicnt fi In orderto ensurethat the dircctivusand inciter,encourager ct aiderfi commcttrelos instructionswere carried out, the C’ubinct ot massacres.Pour S’(lSsLircr dc [LI mistcn tl~e Interim Government designateda ocuvr.cde ces directives cti[lstrtlctiong, lc Minister tbr each pr#/L’c’mru to be Conscildes bfinistresdu Gouverncmcm responsible ~br what. was termed Im@imaire de Jean Kambanda a ddsignd pacification.Callixte Nzabonimana tbr pour chaque prdt;2cture,un 5,Iinistre Gitarama, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko for responsablede ce qu’on al~pdlaitla Butareand Andrd Ntageruratbr Cyangugu paci/icadon.CalIixte Nzabonimanafi wereamong fl~ose assigned this task. Gitarama,Pauline Nyiramasuhuko/~ Bumre et Andrd Ntagerura/1 Cyangugu,entre autres,devaiem assumer cette mission. 6.24 On 27 April 1994, the Interim Governmentordered roadblocks to be set ," 24 Le 27 avril 1994. le gouvernement up, knowingthat the roadblockswere being th~ a’imairea ordonndl’@ecfion de barrages ,& used to identify the Tutsi and their rouuers,sachant que ceux-ci 6taient utilis~s accomplicesfor the purposeof" eliminating pouridentifier les Tutsiet burscomplices. them. Between April and July t994, a afinde les dliminer.Entre avril et juillet roadblockwas set up nearthe residenceof 1994, un barragerouder a ~td driud Minister Pauline Nyiramasuhuko and proximitddu domiciledu b.’linistrePauline Arsd’neShalom Ntahobali in gutaretown. Nyiramasuhuko et d’Arsene Shalom mannedand controledby them. Ntahobalidans la villede Butare,tenu et controldpar eux. 6.25 On 25 May 1994, the Interim Governmentadopted directives concerning 6,25 Le 25 mai 1994, Ie Gouvernement the civilself:de~’ence program. Its purpose Intdrimaire,a adoptd des directivespour le wasto legalizetl~e distribution of weapons programme d’at to-del-ensec vile Ce to the militiamenon the one hand and to programmevisait ~ ldgaliserd’unc part la distributiondes armcs aux miliciunscl O 41 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ legitimizetha rrmssacrcso1" theci’,itku’~ pupukniunon the uther.As partel’ the civil d’.:mtrcl-tort i~ Idgitimcr lesm:.tss:tcrcs dcl.:l salFdcli.:ncc progr:.ln’~, l+":+Pulaticmci’, ilC. [)~lllS [C c:l<.trc the Intarh+n rill (htvcrnrncnt,hv ministcri’,tl pr(~gr:lmlncd’autu-dd’lL, nsc ci~ ilc. deuisiun. !u Llppoilltct.jscvcr,:t[nlilit,:trv o+lit.’t..’r>; (iouxcrncn~cntIntd:im4irc. p:u ddui>iun IoJ++.+:td mh~istdrictlc.:t nominal plusicurs ~qlicicrx Hu+:sell + de[untoconltllittcus astLtl+)jh,.;hc(i ill each/,’I’c!/¢’¢’IN]’(.,.,~ttI11L’0["[+ICSc t++J’l]tJC+’S took militaircspour diriger des (’omitd>, d’,v, tt¢+ .:111;Ictivc r~Ltl.t illthe tllass;tcrcs, iIICILIt.HII,+ drilL:riseinst.:tllds d.:ms ch.:atu c prd’IL’cturc. ,’\lph,.u’tscNtuzir+vayo inl~t.tt,:u-u. (’crtuinsdc,..’as ul’11dcrs, tcls <,1u.\lph,.m.,c Ntcxir)%-u ~’t lktt:t!-c, trot lxmicipd klCtivv.’lllCll[Ill+IXlllLISN.I C "CN. 6.26/~ctwccn II Aprilend 14 July 1994. Juan Kambandu,Justin Mugcnzi, @.tsimh. 6.26I{ntra Iv II :.tvr[/ct lct4.iuillct 1’4’+J4. Biz nt.mgu,Prosper (vlugirana×u. Jdr,Sn~a .leu.nKarnband:L Jusun .",h.+gcnzi. (.’asirnir I~ic:.tmumpukaand od+tarministers notahh I]izimtvgu, ProsperMugiruncza..Idrdma EliezerNiyctcgcka, Edouard Kararnaru. Bicamumpaka ct duutres ministrcs Andrd Rwamakuba,Andrd Ntagurura and notammcnt15+]iczer Niyetcgeka,[!duuard Karcmcra. Andrd Paulir~cNyiranmsuhuko, travelled oll]ciallv Rwamakuba. A.ndrd Ntagcruract Paulinc citharon their own or with od’~crs, to sever[fl Nyiran~asuhuko.sc l;rdlbcn"’e.v,including Butare, Kibuye and sentrundus of[lcicllamcnt, souls ou axcL- Oitarama, in order to monitor the d’autrus,dans plusieurs prdt’ccturcs du pavs implementationoF the Government-issued retiesque gutare.Kibuye et Gitarama.~n instructions,directives and guidelines, rue de contr6lerla raise en oeuvredes notablyvdth regard to civildeFence and instrttctions,directives et orientations security.During the many visits they made. donndespar le Gouvernement.notamment thesepersonalities knew or had reasonto en mati~rede d+fensecivile et de sdcurit& know that massacres were perpetrated Au cours de leursnombreux ddplacements. againstthe civilian Tutsi population. At no ces personnalitds,savaient ou devaient ~;I:Ndid these ministers take any action to savoir,que des massacresde la population sto~,:)~thosemassacres nor to punishthe civileTutsi ~taient en trainde se commettre. personsresponsible. En aucun moment ces ministresnont-ils agitpour fake cesser ces massacre’sou pour en punirleg personnnesresponsaNes. 6.27 Thus, in May 1994, in Kibuye,Jean Kambandaattended a meetingof heads of 6.27C’est ainsi qu’en mai 1994.b. Kibuve. governmentdepartments regarding security JeanKambanda a assistd~. une rdunion’de issues.Among the otherparticipants at the chefsde servicesadministratit’s consacr~e ~ meeting,+’ere Clement Kayishema, PrdFet of l’examende questionsde s~curitd.Pam~[ Kibuye,Edouard Karemera, Vice-Chairman lesatttres participants fi cette r&mion il v of the MRND (subsequently appointed avaitCidment Kayishema, Pr~l?t de Kibuvc~: Minister of" the Interior), Emmanuel EdouardKaremem. Ministre de l’[ntdrie’ur; Ndindabahizi,Minister oF Financa,Eliezer Emmanuel Ndindabahizi. Ministre des Niyitegeka,Minister oF Inibrmation,and Finances:Eliezer Niyitegek:t, Nlinistre dc I’hq’ormationet DonatMurcgo. Secrdtairc O 42 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ~I IRI.L’~~i()lA !l()\>,l)l IllU)!i’l.\l~..R.N.~lh,)\ ~..1{.\1’()5t~.~1~,!f ( I\(i Ill I)F’~ "~1~,\It ~- ,,i ’,IRI Doncli~h.lrc~o, l{xccuiivc ,~c~I’cig.lrv {)(" {he MI)R,.In thecnur.sc (fl" the mc’cting, l{xdculiI"du MI)R.~\ ccHcoccasion, participant:askc(.t {he Iq’imc ~lii’~,’,;(cl. otHriuh{ pariidpanla dcnl,3 n(]c (-lil’CCtCnlcli{ ~lll llO’,A: [t~ cnS’ll’C the protccti~m(fl’ the children P rcIlli~.,l~\{inistrc C(HllIllCIll :4.~ S El rk.’ F I~l ~.~.’11,.)ll:.Id .’iklrvivc(.l thenIL1.’i.’-;,~iCl.C..; ;.111(.Iwcrc LI{ pI’otCC{iOi1ma.ssacrcsquiscdes Ir~:uvaicnl cn!iHHs rL’sc:ipC,i~IhfiM{ai ’s .lc:m dCx thehospital..lean Kambunda did n~t reply. InslcadEliezer Niyite~eka. seated on II~., K:.nlb~indaII’klI’~LIS rd’p’,m,.ttl. I)~4r’..’~:’P, trc’. t)odiUlll a ongsidcthe PrimeMinister. l;]liez,.,rNiyitegcka. assi.s uux ~’~td,~ du replied{l",:.~t tl~c .survi’,’or,s wcrcIll,." cncmv l’r~}mi,.:rMinistrc. a rcpondu quc los r,.:xcands ~.I[I~.[~.IL’CU~’~L’kl {hc r.)c[-s()[-[~,vhl) inklui{.c(~l .~lh()(i{ cl,:liv:IIIdesQncnlic.s ~,{:3 aCCti:,dl,:I D-’rs~r~nc (l~.’iI"~cll:,u’c of"’protecting {hecncm\..’" qui a dcm;.lndQdu ,";<)rl,.lcx rcscapC, s dc None~)1" the other ministers atthe mvd[n,..:, prolcgcrI’dncmic.’" ,’\,.u.:un au~rc 3linistrc ,{")l’CScllt(.ILllls [;.l sQllc n’a proposddesrook cns r)l’oPOscd [Llkill(~ any nlCLINUlICN t() ClISLII’C tiiL" sal~..’[v (.)l" th~.~ SurVivors. (.)11 the SLInlC qllclC°ll(-lUcSp(.)Llr I.ISSLII’CF I,~l sccurit~’dcs afterthe meeting, the children were killed. rcscup6s.Darts la nl,,]mc joLlrn6c, aprC’s colic r~union,los cntimts ont ~IQ tu~s, 6.28Furthermore, between 24 Apriland 14 Juh’ ] 994. ThdodoreSindik,lbwuho, Jean 6.28En outrc,entre Ic 24 avrilct Ic 14 Kambanda, Edouard Karcmcm, Andrd juillct.1994, "[h~}odoru Sindikubwabo. Jean Rwamakuba.Andrd Ntagcrura,Pauline Kambanda,Edouard Karcmcra. ..\ndrd Nyiramasuhuko,Justin , Mugenziand Rwamakuba.Andrd Nta~erura.Pauline EliezerNiyitegeka, travelled, either on their Nviramasuhuko.Justin Mugeuzi et l~liezer ownor with others, to severalPr6fi,’clure.r. Niyitegeka,se sont rendus, seuls 6u avec includingButare, Gitarama, Gisenyi, d’autres,darts piusieurs prdl’ectures relies Kibuyeand Cyangugu, to inciteand urge the queButare, Gitarama, Gisenvi, Kibuve et populationto commit massacres, notably by, Cyangugu,pour inciter et encouragerla commendingthe perpetrators. population~ commettredes massacres. notammentenfdlicitant leurs auteurs. 6.29Between April and July 1994, Justin Mugenzi.Minister of Trade& Industry 6.29 Entreavril et juillet1994. Justin madestatements inciting people to killthe Mugenzi, Ministre du commerce, de Tutsis,notably in Gisenyi,Kigali and mdustne_etde l amsanata tenudes propos Murambi. Some of his inflammatory incitant~ tuer les tutsis, entre autres, i~ statementswere broadcast on RTLM. Gisenyi,Kigali et Murambi.Certains de ces proposincendiaires ont dtd diffusds l’antennede RTLM. 6.30 On 21 April1994, Jean Kambanda, in hiscapacity as PrimeMinister, clearly 6.30Le 21 avril1994, Jean Kambanda. en demonstratedhis support for Radio saqualit~ de PremierMinistre. a clairenlent Tdldvi.rionLiSre des Mille Collincr (RTLM), manilbstdson soutien ,i laRadio tdl&’ision lbundedand directedby FdlicienKabuga, libredes M/lie co/lines (RTLM) tbnd~e whileknowing the radio station incited to dirig,2epar Fdlicien Kabuga, tout en sachant exterminateand persecutethe Tutsiand quecctte station appclait i~ I’extcrmination et 5 la pcrsdcutiontics Tutsi ct lcurs O 43 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ Kamhandadescribed tl~c radio slaliOl/ aS u~l hMi’v~en’v~ddeWeUl>nn i~z /he l(k’hl qL’uiH.W occasion,qualifiC, la Radio 0 44 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ¯ .. ¯ , ¯ . ’H I’RK.h Vl(ll ~II(1\~ III DR()II ~,I IRNSIIO\ XlIII~I ~\I!XlIII. ommutlcdor Io punishtile pcrpclrator~ pullirlosiltllCl.ll’S. thcrco1". 6.32 MinistersJustin Mugcnzi,Casimir 6.32 l.cs Ministrc>Jusiill ~ Itlycnzi. 13iximungu,lhospcr ?vlugirancx;n .lOrOmc (’asimiri~,izimungu. Pro>per Nlugir~,nc/:i. I~;icamumpaka.I’Ziouard Karcmcra. AndrE" .ld’rt’mlc[~icamunlpak:.l. tdc)uclrd Karcmcra. I~,~;unakuha.AndrO Ntagcrura.Paulinc l\lldl’ClZx~ :.m~akuhci. ..\r~dr~’ Ntagcrura. N>ir,unasuhukound EliezerNiyite~eka, Pauline Nyiramasuhuk~,ct Eliczer lllClllhCl’SOf"Jc;.II1 KLlnlbandas (iovcrm~cnL Niyitegek:l,mcmbrcs dtl (i/m~crncmcntdc lifilcdin their dub to ensure tI~c security ol .leanKanthanct:.l. oni17ailli (t [cclr dc~,,ir lhc Rwandanpeople. dassurcrla sdcuri/ddc [a populati,ill rx,.andaisc. ,4 ¯ ,L 6.33 In June 1994. Interior Minister [ .,, 6.33 Vn .juin1994. Ic .klinistrcdc l(clouardKarcmera ordered the Commander l’lntdricur[’-douard Karcrncra a ordonnd au in (.;isen>i.Anatole Nscngiyunwa. to send Conmmndant dc (}iscn>i. Anatolc troopsinto the Bisesemarea, in Kibuye Nscngivumva.i’cnvoi de troupcsdans ta [~rc!/L’c’mre.supposedly to combatthe r~gion,du gisesero,pr~lL’cturc de Kibu>c. enemy,although the RPF was in fact never dansle but supposdde combattrcl’ennemi in Bisesero.There was only a group of alorsque le FPR ne s’dtait,en fair.jamais "Iutsirefugees who had gatheredin that renduA Bisesero.It n’> avaitdans ce’,te region,fleeing the massacres. zonequ’une concentration de r6R~gi~s Tutsi quifuyaient les massacres. 6.34 From May to July 1994, in Butare 6.34 De mai A juillet I994. dans Ies and GitaramaprUfectures, Jean Kambanda prdfeeturesde Butareet de Gitarama,Jean distributedweapons and ammunitionto Kambanda a distribuddes armes et des members of the civilian population, munitionsA des membresde la population mm~ ’s of the political parties and civile.A des militants de partispolitiques et (: ¯ \.,j’ militi~fiaen.These weapons distributions A des miliciens.Ces distributionsd’armes. receivedwide media coverage and couldnot fortement-mddiatisdes, ne- pouvaient havegone unnoticed by the membersof the dchapper A l’attentiondes membresdu InterimGovernment, who had to know that GouvernementIntdrimaire qui devaient the weaponswould be used to massacre alorssavoir que ces armesseraient utilisdes civilians, the majority of whom were clansles massacres de civits,en maiorit&des membersof the Tutsipopulation. membresde la populationTutsi. 6.35 In the course of the massacres. 6.35Pendant les rnassacres,entre avril et between April and July 1994, Minister juillet1994. Ie MinistreAndrd Ntagerura., a Andrd Ntageruraauthorized the use of autoris~ l’utilisationde vdhicules vehiclesbelonging to the Statecompany, appartenant A IONATRACOM. socidt~ ONATRACOM,in order to transporteither d’Etat,pour efl:ectucr le transport d’une part. militiamen,weapons and ammunitionor de milicicns,d’armes et de munitionset 45 O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ .+:. ()flIERVh’)l ’~ llf)\>,f)l"’+I\IER\((~\("1’~"I’~ ",llf)\ I rl~ltf -. ’H~.:\ ’,Ix’+,+l I+ Ill.(H XR[x~-\,~( Ii ~:X~+X ’]’UL~iV+¢t+III:,,I to¢crt;.t+Zl cxcct.lt+on .x+tt.’~ HI d’at.ttrcpurr d~ ~,’+ct+rllC~ ]ut+’+i ’,cr.~ c,..’rtain.~ (’Y+:mguuu/,’r,.;/C’c’/m.c, :roduther/~;’¢;/i’c/m’+.,,v xuch :-IS [~tJb~ll’C,+’~UPIC+I~CI++ ,:IIld Kihu,.u.v.+[lhliuuxd’uxd’cufion+ dans lu prdlL’uturcdu theintent t+,, litci![t,:~tc thecxtcrmin:.tti,m (q (’}an~ugu,,..’t d:.inx d’autrcx prd’lL’clur,.,:., t+..’!l~.x the"I’LIt~+ Pv, pukltioi’t und the c!m]+mtthut uI quulh+ urc t~t hcn~,+:rl ct K+hu.,.u d.:ns iIS:+ICL’OII-I ,+jl CL’~. 1intcntit.)n(.itlit,-’i/i~cr /C.\[crmh:utl~) nd,.-la F"()+"~LIILICi()II’[’t.tt.~i L’I 1"t.-’[[tllill,lClttZl d+ +’C>. <-;()111p CCX 6.36 ()n 25 AprilI¢)94. in (;iscm. /;:’J/Uu/m.u.I"dicicn Kuht. ,gu, Mathicu 6.36l.c 25 avril I(>94. dan> kt prd’lL’cmrc N’~i rLtI11[’RH+~C.[’Zdou~Ird K (irc, l+4 c r;.t;.IzlLI du(iisunvi. l",.}liciun Kuht.!,..:..t. kl~lit~ct+t ¯ ’\n,:ttu{cN.~’...’n++yUZllVa +-I+I’ccd t<.+~cthcr und +’N~irumputsu.l!duuurd~:4rcI11,.,r.t ct .-\t1:.tE,qc withothers to c>:tahlishthe /’++m~/v ~I~, Nscngivumvasc sonirnis d’ac,,.’ord entre cux /)c!/i’,’z.:’c’.\’uli:mu/c, (/"DN), I}.)r the purposu C[~’|~+r~’~("~ d"ilLltl"CS pcrsonn,..,s pourorder [+ provMingassistance t¢> the Interim l"ondsdc D,21bnsuNational¢ IF.I)N I. dan,: (.Jovcrnmcntto I]~ht dlC cncrrvv;.rod its Ic hut dc lburnir +:t~si.~tancc uu acuomptices. Gouvcrr+crncnt[ntcrimairc pour qomhar,m.., This[:und v.ouJd serve to buywcr+~pons. l’enncmiet soscompliccs. vehiclesandunii"orrr~s tot"the lnlc’:’u/~u:nu.~: Ce/"ondsderail survir ~ lachald’armes, dc miliSaand the Army in all l~/’dlL’c/~:/.u.v in vd~iculuset d’unitbrmcspour lus rnilicc~ thecot.retry+ /nlc’/+u/~u:mrc, ct l’armdc4. . u,.ms[ou+.cs k.’.~ On 20 May1994, F~licien Kabuga inlbrmed Prel~.’cturesdu pays. the Interim Government or" the Le 20 mai1994. F4licien Kabuua a intbrmC, establishmentof the fund and advised k hov, le Gouvernementlnt@imaire de la creation k shouldbe managedand operated. du Fondset a conseill~le-gouvernemen+ sur Iamani@e de le g@eret deKen serv/r. 0 46 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ I.gg OTHER VIOLATIONS OF6: INTERNATIONALCONCISE STATEMENTHUtMANIT.kR/A.N OF THE FACTS:LAW .,EXTENSIONOF TIlE IIIASSACRES E TENDU DESzl’[ASSA CRE,’:; 6.37From April to July1994, by virtueof theirposition, their statements, theorders 6.37D’avril ~ juillet1994, de parleur theygave and theiracts and omissions, fonctions,louts propos, les ordreset membersof the InterimGovernment and directivesqu’ils ont donn6s et leurs acres et influentialmembers of MRND,MDR(hutu) omissions,les membresdu Gouvemement andPL (hum)including Augustin Bizimana, Int6rimaireet los membresinfluents du t~douardKaremera, Callixte Nzabonimana, MR_ND,MDR ’(hum)et PL (hutu)dont, Andr~Rwamaknba, Mathieu Ngirumpatse, AugustinBizimana, t~douard Karemera, JosephNzirorera, F61icien Kabuga, Juv6nal CallixteNzabonimana, Andr6 Rwamakuba, Kajelijeli,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Casimir MathieuNNrumpatse, Joseph Nzirorera, Bizimungu,Prosper MuNraneza, J~r6me F61icienKabuga, Juv6nal Kajelijeli, Eliezer Bicamumpakaand JustinMugenzi exercised Niyitegeka,Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper authorityover the local authorities andthe Mugiraneza,J~r6me Bicarnumpaka et Justin militia,including the Interahamwe-M_RND Mugenziont exerc6une autorit6sur les militia.These local authoritiesand autorit6slocales et lesmilices, dont les . m’ l~damen,.a.., m complicity, with the mili:arv milicesInterahamwe-MRND. Cos autorit6s as trom6 Apni,committed massacres of ttae et cos miliciens,en comp!icit6avec des Tutsipopulation and of moderateHutu militaires,ont commis d~s le 6 avrildes which extendedthrou’ghout Rwandan massacrescontre la populationtutsi et des tort/tory,with the knowledge of membersof hutu mod6r6squi se sont 6tendussur the Interim Government,including, l’ensembledu territoirerwandais ~t la AugustinBizimana, ]~douard Karemera, cormaissance des membres du CalIixteNzabonimana, Andr~ Rwamak-uba, GouvernementInt6rimaJre dont Augustin EliezerNiyitegeka, Casimir Bizimungu, Bizimana,Edouard Karemera, Callixte ProsperMuNraneza, Y6rSme Bicamumpaka Nzabonimana,Andr6 Rwamakuba, Eliezer andJustin Mugenzi. Niyitegeka,Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper MuNraneza,J6r6me Bicamumpaka et Justin Mugenzi. 6.38 The massacresof membersof the Tutsipopulation and the murderof the 6.38 L~s massacresde membresde la moderateHutu extendedthrou~hout the populationTutsi et lesassassinats desHutu tort/toryof Rwanda.In everyprdfecture, mod6rdsse sont6tendus sur l’ensemble du localciviI and militaryauthorities and territoiredu Rwanda. Darts chaque militiamen,including Interahamwe-MRND, pr6fecture,desautorit6s locales, civiles et espousedthe plan of exterminationand militaireset des miliciens,dont les followedthe directives and orders in order [nterahamwe-MP,_ND,ont adh~r6 au plan to executeit. They called on thecivilian d’exterminationetont suivi les directives et populationto eliminatethe enemy and its lesordres afin de t’ex6cuter. Ilsont appel~ la accomplices.They distributed weapons to populationcivile/~ 6timiner l’ermemi et sos civiliansand militiamen. They gave orders complices.Ils ont distribu6 des armes ~ des tocommit, aided, abetted and participated in civilset desmiliciens. Ils ont ordorm6, encourag6,aid6 et particip6aux massacres. 47 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT HUMANITAIRE INTERaNA~ themassacres. 6.39From April to Juty1994, in aI1 the regionsof thecountry, members of theTutsi 6.39D’avril hjuillet 1994, dans toutes les populationwho were fleeingfrom the r6gionsdu pays, des membres de la massacreson theirhitls sought refuge in populationTutsi qui fuyaient les massacres Iocationsthey thought would be safe,often surleurs collines ont cherch6 refuge dans onthe recommendation of the local civil and desendroits qu’ils croyaient stirs, souvent miiitaryauthorities. In manyof these surrecommandation desautorit6s locales, civileset militaires.Dans piusieurs deces places,despite the promise that they would beprotected by the local civil and military endroits,mal~ la promessequ’ils seraient authorities,the refugees were attacked, prot6g~spar les aut0rit6s locales, civiles et abductedand massacred, often on theorders militaires,tes r6fugi6s ont ~t6 attaqu6s, i "<-. or with the complicityof those same enlev6set massacr6s,souvent sur les ordres authorities. ou avec la complicit6de ces m6mes autorit~s. BUT.ARE BUT_ARE 6.40Three important factors delayed the startof the massacres inButare prd/ecture. 6.40Trois facteurs importants ont retard6 le d6butdes massacres dans la prefecturede Historically,thisprdfecture hada largeTutsi populationliving in harmonywith the Hum Butare.Historiquement, cette pr6fecture majority.Since the inceptionof the comptaittree forte repr6sentation de la multipartysystem, the Parti Social population Tutsi qui y cohabitait D~mocrate(PSD) dominated the political paisiblementavec la majorit6Hum. Depuis scene in Butare and the Mouvement le multipartisme,le PartiSocial D~rnocrate rdpublicainnational pour la ddmocratieet (PSD)dominait la sc6nepolitique/t Butare, le d~veloppernent(MRND) played a lesser le Mouvementr@ublicain national pour la rolein thatarea than elsewhere in the ddmocratieet le d~veloppement(MRND) country. Hence, the Znterahamwe jouantun r61emoins important par rapport organizationaIstructure was less elaborate au restedu pays.Ainsi, la structure and its membership was smaller. organisatiormelledesZnterahamwe y 6tait Furthermore,the Prdfetof Butare,Jean moins61abor6e et ses adh6rentsmoins BaptisteHabyalirnana (PSD), the only nombreux.En outre,le Pr6fetde Butare, Prdfetof Tutsidescent in thecountry, had Jean BaptisteHabyalimana, (PSD), seal openly opposedthe massacresin his pr6fetd’origine Tutsi darts le pays,s6tait prdfecture,where he had succeededin ouvertementoppos6 aux massacresdans sa maintainingcairn, with a fewexceptions, pr6fectureet avait r6ussi 5. y maintenirle notablyNyakizu commune. Thus, thousands calme,5. quelquesexceptions pr6s, parmi of people,the majority of whomwere Tutsi, lesquetles,la commune de Nyakizu.Aussi, camefrom other prdfectures to seek refuge desmitliers depersonnes, en majorit6 Tarsi, venuesd’autres pr6fectures, avaient cherch6 48 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARI..~’V LAW in Butarein the dayswhich ~mmediately followedthe start of the massacres. refuge/~ Butared~s les premiers jours qui ontsuivi le dtbut des massacres. 6.41 The countrycivil and military ¯ . ..- leadersbecame aware of the exceptional 6.41Les dirigeantS civils et militairesdu situationin Butare.Thus, the Interim paysont prisconscience de la situation Government,of whichAugustin Bizimana, particuli~requir~gnait ~ Butare. Ainsi le EdouardKaremera, Callixte Nzabonimana, GouvemementInt~rimaire, dont Augustin Andr~ Rwamakuba,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Bizimana,£douard Karemera, Callixte CasimirBizimungu, Prosper Mugiraneza, Nzabonimana,Andr6 Rwamakuba, Eliezer J~rtmeBicamumpaka and JustinMugenzi Niyitegeka,Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper Mugiraneza,Jtr6me Bicamumpaka et Justin were members, removed Prefer Habyalimanafrom office and incitedthe Mugenzi6taient membres, a rtvoqu~le , > Pr&et Habyalimana et a peopleto getinvolved in the massacres. incit6les PreferHabyalimana was subsequently populations~ s’impliquer dans les arrestedand never seen again. Moreover, massacres.Par la suite, le Pr~fet elementsof the Army and Interaharnwe Habyalimanaa ~t~ arr~t6 et n’ajamais ~t6 militiamen were sent to Butare as revu depuis.En outre,des ~l~mentsde reinforcementstostart the massacres. l’arrnteet desmiliciens Interahamwe ont 6t6ehvoyts en renfortpour commencer les massacres. 6.42In orderto incitea~nd encourage the Butarepeople to massacrethe Tutsis, 6.42 Pour inciteret encouragerla CasimirBizimung-u and JosephNzirorera populationde Butare~ massacrerles Tutsi insistedthat the governnaentdelegation CasimirBizimungu et JosephNzirorera ont shouldinclude President Sindikubwabo insist6 pour que la dtl~gation himselfso thatthe speechescould have gouverriementaleinclut le President maximumimpact on the people. Sindibukwabolui-m~me afin que Ies discoursaient le-maximum d’impact surla /, population. 6.43 Thus,on 19" April 1994, the swearing-inceremony in Butarefor the new 6.43Dans cette perspective, le 19 avril, la Prdfet, SylvAn Nsabimana, was the c~rtmonfed’investiture du nouveau Pr&et, occasionof a largegathering which had SylvainNsabimana,/~ Butare, a donn~lieu been announcedand organizedby the un gandrassemblement armonc6 et organist /nterimGovernment. On that occasion, par le GouvernementInt~rimaire. X cette PresidentThtodore Sindikubwabo made an occasion, le Prtsident Theodore inflammatoryspeech, openly and explicitly Sindikubwaboa prononc~un discours callingon the people of Butare to follow the incendiaire,appelant ouvertement et exampleof theother prefectures and begin explicitementla population de Butare themassacres. He violentIydenounced the suivrel’exemple des autres prtfectures et banyirantibindeba, meaning those who did commencerles massacres. I1 a violemment not feelconcerned. He askedthem to get dtnonc6les Banyira Ntibindeba, autrement out of the way and let us work.Prime ditceux qui ne se sententpas concemts. II Ieura demand~qu’ils c~clent la placeet 49 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: EXPOSESUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT HU~IANITAIRE hNTERNATIONAL MinisterJean Kambanda, who subsequently tookthe floor,did not contradictthe qu ’ilsnous laissent travailler. Le Premier Presidentofthe Republic, nor did any of the MinistreJean Kambanda a ensuitepris la Ministerspresent, including Justin Mugenzi. paroleet n’a pas contredit lePresident dela Shortlythereafter, the massacres of Tutsis R~publique,non plus qu’aucun des beganin theprdfecture. Ministrespr6sents, dont Justin Mugenzi. Peu aprbs,les massacresde Tutsiont commenc6dans Ia prefecture 6.44Because the membersof the Interim Government,including Aug~stin Bizimana, 6.44En ne se dissociantpas, en aucun EdouardKaremera, Callixte Nzabonimana, moment,des proposainsi tenus par le Andr4Rwarnakuba, Eliezer Niyitegeka, Pr6sidentde la R6publique,les membres du CasimirBizimungn, Prosper Mu#raneza, GouvernementInt6rimaire dont Au~mastin J6r6meBicamumpaka and JustinMugenzi Bizimana,Edouard Karemera, Callixte did not dissociatethemselves from this Nzabonimana,Andr6 Rwamakuba, Eliezer statementof thePresident of theRepublic, Niyitegeka,Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper at anytime, they gave a cIearsignal to the Mugiraneza,J6r6me Bicamumpaka,et peoplethat the massacres were ordered and JustiflMugenzi ont clairement indiqu6 ita condonedby theGovernment. populationque les massacres&aient ordonn6s et cautiorm6s par le Gouvernement.. 6.45The nextday, two militaryplanes landedin Butarewith numerous Presidential 6.45Le lendemain,deux avions militaixes Guard and Para-CommandoBattalion ontatterri ~ Butare,avec ~ leurbord des soldierson board.These soldiers, intandem dizainesde militairesde ta Garde withthe Interakamwe of Butare, took part in Pr6sidentielleet du BataillonPara- murderingand massacring civilians, notably Commando.Ces militaires ont particip6 aux the former Queen of Rwanda,Rosalie c6t6s des Interahamwede Butare,aux Gicanda,a historical symbol for all Tutsi. meurtreset auxmassacres de civils,parmi lesquels,l’ancienne Reine du Rwanda, RosalieGicanda, symbole historique pour touslesTutsi. 6.46 In the days which followedthe unleashingof themassacres, [nterakamwe_ 6.46 Dans les jours qui ont suivite MRNDfrom outside the prdfecture, notably d6clenchement des massacres, des fromKigali, came in to reinforcetheir [nteraharnwe-MRxNDde l’ext&ieur de la fellowmilitiamen in Butare in perpetrating pr6fecture,notamment de Kigali,sont venus themassacres. This included a detachment pr&ermain forte aux miliciens de Butare of [nterakamwe-MRND which was pourl’ex6cution desmassacres. Cefat le cas accompanyingtheir Chairman,Robert entre autres, d’un d6tachement Kajuga. d’Interakamwe-MRNDaccompagnant leur pr6sident,Robert Kajuga. 50 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6.47From 20 Aprilthe massacresbecame 6.47A partirdu 20 avril,tes massacres se widespreadwithin the prdfecture. InButare, sontpropag6s dans la pr6fecture.A Butare, as in ali the regionsof the country, commedans routes les r6gionsdu pays, numerouspeople sought refuge in locations plusieurspersormes ont cherch6 refuge darts theythought wouId be safeor impregnable, desendroits qu’ils croyaient securitaires ou oftenlocations that had been indicated to inviolables,souvent sur indicationdes themby the authorities,such as Butare. autorit6s,tel que l’H6pital Universitaire universityhospital and the premises of the de Butareet I’enceintedu bureaude la prefectureoffices in thetown of Butare. In prefecturedans la villede Butare.Dans ces theseplaces, despite the promise made by endroits,malgr6 la promessefaite par les theauthorities that they would be protected, autorit6squ’ils seraient prot6g6s, les the refugeeswere attacked, abducted or r~fugi6sont 6t~ attaqu~s, enlev~s ou tu6s kiIledby soldiersand militiamen, often on pardes militaires et des miliciens souvent theorders or withthe complicity of those sur ordresou aveclacomplicit6 de ces sameauthorities. m~mesautorit6s. 6.48Between April and July1994, Prime 6.48Entre avril et juillet1994 Ie Premier Minister Jean Kambanda, often Ministre Jean Kambanda, souvent accompaniedby otherministers, visited accompag-n~d’autres ministres, a visit~ severalcommunes, including Ndora and plusieurscommunes dont Ndora et Muganza Muganza,in May and June 1994. These en maiet juin1994. Ces visites marquaient visitsdemonstrated hisgovernments support le soutien de son gouvemementaux forthe massacres of theTutsi and moderate massacresdes Tutsiet des Hutumod@r6s. Hum.The approvalof the massacreswas Cette approbationdes massacresse alsomade manifestby the dismissalof traduisait6galement sous forme de bourgmestreswho dared oppose the killings destitutionde bourgmestresqui osaient and by the appointmentof bourgmestres sopposeraux tueries et par la nominationde whowere more cooperative. bourgmestresplus coop~rantsdans ce domaine. 6.49On or about15 May,Prime Minister 6.49 Vers ou le 15 mai,le Premier Jean Kambandamade a speechat Butare Ministre-JeanKambanda a tenuun discours University.He urged the civilian population lors d’une r~unionqui a eu lieu to take up arms.Subsequently to this l’universit6de Butare.I1 a incit6la meetinghe adoptedthe slogan,"Wima populationcivile i prendreles armes. A la igihigu amaraso imbwa zikayan~vera suitede cette r6union, il a adopt~le slogan, ubusa,"(You refuse to spillyour blood for "Wima igihigu amaraso imbwa yourcountry and the dogsdrink it for zikayangweraubusa," (Tu refuses de verser nothing).The slogan then became a watch- ton sangpour ton payset les chiensle wordof his government,included in many boiventpour rien). Ce sloganest ainsi of his publicpronouncements. Ln the devenule leitmotivde son gouvemement, contextof thecivilian massacres that had souventrepris dans ses discours publics. overtakenRwanda during the period of early Dans le contextedes massacresqui se Aprilthrough late July, these incendiary d~roulaientdans tout le payspendant la 51 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ wordswere a clearsignal of supportand encouragementof the massacresby the p6rioded’avril ~ juillet,ce discours InterimGovernment. During this period no incendiaire~tait un soutien¯clair et un member of the Interim Government, encouragementaux massacresde la partdu includingAugustin Bizimana, I~douard gouvernementint4rimaire. Pendanttoute cette p~riode aucun Karemera,Callixte Nzabonimana, Andr~ membre du Rwamakuba,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Casimir gouvemementint4rimaire, dontAugustin Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, J~r6me Bizimana,#.douard Karemera, Callixte Bicamumpakaand ProsperMugiraneza, Nzabonimana,Andr~ Rwamakuba, Eliezer publicly expressed dissention or Niyitegeka,Casimir Bizimungu, Justin disageementor criticismof any of the Mugenzi,J4r6me Bicamumpaka et Prosper policiesthat were endorsedby Jean Mugiraneza,faisaient partie, n’a exprim4 ni Kambanda on behalf of the Interim dissensionni oppositionni critique 5. la Government. politiquequi a 4t4publiquement expos4e par Jean Kambandaau nom du gouvernement int4rimaire. GITARAaMA GITARAt’VIA 6.50As from12 Apt/11994, the Inter/m 6.50D4s le 12 avril1994, sous lapression Government,reacting to thepressure of the RPFattacks on thecapitEt and in orderto desattaques du FPRsur la capitale,pour continueto carryout its duties, moved to pouvoircontinuer/~ exercer ses fonctions, le Gitaramaprdfecture, west of Kigali.The OouvernementInt4rimaire s’est d6plac6 InterimGovernment was based in Gitarama Gitaramapr6fecmre qui se trouve~, l’ouest from12 Aprilthrough late May. Gitarama de Kigali.Le gouvernementint4rimaire was the home prefectureof Gr6goire si6gait/~ Gitarama~ partirdu 12 avril Kay/banda,Presictent of the First Republic, jusqu’~la findu mois de mai. Oitararna 4tait and an MDR stronghold.The MRND was la pr6fectured’oriNne de Gr4goire Kayibanda,Pr6sident de la premi6re k,.¯ notwell represented inthe prdfecture in the periodleading up to theevents of 1994.As R~publique,et un bastiondu MDR. Le from April 1994, the MRND sparedno MRNDy ~taittr4s minoritaire ~ la veille des effortto driveout the bourgmestreswho 4v6nementsde 1994.D6s avril1994 le wereopposed to itspolicy with regard to MRND va d4ployerle maximumd’efforts massacresand to replacethem with loyal poury chasserles bourgmestres opposes partymen. sa politiquede massacreset lesremplacer pardes hommes qui lui sont fid~les. 6.51 As in other regionsof Rwanda, severalmeetings were held in Gitarama, 6.51A l’instarde se quis’6tait d~roul~ withmembers of the Government,senior dansd’autres r~gions du Rwandaplusieurs MRNDofficials and representatives of the r~unions,auxquelles ont particip6des localauthorities in attendance. Thepurpose membres du Gouvernement,de hauts of the meetingswas to supervisethe responsablesdu MRND et desrepr~sentants ¯ progressof themassacres in the region and desautorit6s locales, ont 6t6 tenues Gitarama.Elles avaient pour objectif ~ la 52 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 21 ! 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTEP~NATION._.._.~HUIVIANITAXIAN LAW encouragethe population, themilitia and the armyto continuecommitting them¯ lois de superviserle ddroulementdes massacresdans la rdgionet d’encouragerla population,les milices et l’armde/t continuer/tlescommettre. 6.52 BetweenApril and July i994, in Gitarmama,bourgmestres who had refused 6.52 Entrea,,ril et juillet1994, /~ to carryout the Governments directives to Gitarama,les Bourgmestresqui avaient massacrethe Yutsi, or who hadnot shown refusdd’exdcuter . les . directivesdu sufficientzeal in carryingthem out, were Gouvernernent,"tendant & massacrerles reprimandedand even on occasionattacked Tutsi ou qui n’avaieritp as montrd infront of their citizens, then dismissed or, suffisammentde z~le dans. l’e.xdc(igion de worseyet, physically eliminated. During a ces directives,,c0mme dans beaucoup d’autresrdgions, seson t vusrdprimandds ou meetingl held at Murambiaround mid_Apri 1994,Minister Justin Mugenzi clearly m~me parfoismolest6s devant leurs supportedthe massacres committed by the administrdsavant d’etre lim6gds ou pire L’lterahamwein Gitaramaprdfecrure and encoreliquidds physiquement. Lots dune askedfor the sacking .of the Prdfet and the r6uniontenue & Murambivers mi-avril Bourgmestresopposed to themassacres. 1994,le MinistreJustin Mugenzi avait nettementpris position pour les massacres perpetrdspar les tnterahamwedans la Prdfecturede Gitaramaeta demanddla destitutiondu prdfet et desbourgmestres opposds& ces massacres. NursingSchool ffTcoled’"tnfirmleres "" 6.53 Between April and June 1994, severalpeople found refuge at the secondary 6.53Entre avril et juin1994, plusieurs nursingschool in KabgaIA,Gitarama personnesont trouvdrefuge i l~cole secondsdredes infn-mi~resde Kabgayi, I’"~, ;~’> prefecture,where students and staff were alreadylocated. On several occasions during prdfecturede Gitarama,off se trouvaient this period,soldiers and Interaharnwe d~j~des dtudiantset du personnel. militiamenabducted and raped female Tutsi plusieurs-reprisesdurantcette" pdriode, des studentsand refugees. Minister of Defense militaireset des miliciens Interahamwe ont AugustinBizimana and the General Staff of enlevdet violddes dtudianteset des the RwandanArmy were informed of this rdfugidesTutsi. Inform& de cettesituation situationbut did not take any effective steps Ie Ministrede la DdfenseAugustin to endthe crimes once and for all. Casimir Bizimanaet l’Etat-Majorde l’Arm6e Bizimungu,Minister of Health,did not take Rwandaisen’ont pris aucune mesure any steps to stop the crimes being efficacepour mettre un terme d6finitif ~ ces committedin theKabgayi School of Nursing crimes.Casimir Bizimungu, Ministre de la orpunish the perpetrators. Santd, n’a jamais pris les mesures ndcessairespour emp~cher la commission descrimes qui se perpdtraientdans Idcole d~.mfirmleres., de Kabgayiou pouren punir lesauteurs. 53 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRESVIOLA. TIONS DU DROITHU~’VIAuNITAIRE INTERNATION__Q_N.N.N.N.NAL"A.L KIBUYE KIBUYE 6.54 Kibuyeregion is Iocatedon the shoresof LakeKivu in westernRwanda. 6.54 La r6gionde Kibuyese trouvefi BetweenApril and July 1994, Iarge-scale l’ouestdu paysau borddu LacKivu. Entre massacresof Tutsi took place in this region, avriIet juilIet1994 des massacres de Tutsi de grandeenvergure se sontd6roul6s dans particularlyinBisesero. cetter6gion et notamment~.Bisesero. 6.55Bisesero is locatedin tnvocommunes in Kibuyepr6fecture. Because it washome 6.55Bisesero s’~tend sur deuxcommunes to a largeTutsi community, it attracteda de la pr6fecturede Kibuye.Parce qu’elle large mass of Tutsi refugeestrying abritaitddj& une communaut~Tutsi desparatelytoescape the killings under way nombreuseelle avaitattir6 une masse everywhereelse in theprdfecture. However, importantede rdfu~dsTutsi qui tenataient from9 Aprilto 30 June1994, the Tutsi ddsesp6rdmentd’dchapper aux tueriesen refugeesin Biseserowere the targetof progressionpartout ailleurs dans la repeatedattacks by soldiers,gendarmes, prefecture.Cependant, depuis le 9 avrilau policeand Interahamwe-MP, aND. 30 juin1994 les Tutsi r6fugids ~ Bisesero ont~t~ une cible d’attaques r6it6r6s de ta partdes militaires,des gendarmes,des policiersetdes Interahamwe-MP, aN-D. 6.56 From9 Aprilto 30 JuneI994, the Tutsirefugees in Biseserowere the target of 6.56Depuis le 9 avrilau 30 jnin1994 les repeatedattacks by soldiers,gendarmes, Tutsir6fugi6s ~t Bisesero ont 6t6 une cibte police and militia. Buses from d’attaquesr6it6r6es dela part des militaires, ONATRACOM,a statecompany, were used desgendarmes, des policiers etdes milices. tofacilitate transportation ofthe attackers. Les bus de I’ONATRACOM,soci6t~ de Prominentfigures such as theMinister of l’Etat,ont 6t~ utilis6s pour faciliter les Information,Eliezer Niyitegeka, were seen d6placementsdes assaillants.Des amongthe ¯attackers on severaloccasions. personnalit6simportantes telles que le By theirpresence and their speeches, they Ministre de l’InformationEliezer encouragedthe attackers to perpetratethe Niyitegekaont 6t6 was ~ plusieursreprises massacres. parmiIes assaillants. Ilsles encourageaient parleur pr6sence et parleurs discours perp6trerIes massacres. 6.57 In May 1994,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Ministerof Informationin the Interim 6.57 En mai 1994,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Government,personally participated in the Ministrede l’Inforrnationau sein du massacreswhich took place in Kibuye,by gouvernementInt6rimaire, a personnellemnt shootingatTutsis. particip6aux massacres qui se sont d6rouI6s Kibuyeen tirant sur des Tutsi. 6.58 At variouslocations and times throughoutApril, May and June 1994, 6.58En avril,mai, et juin1994, a divers endroitseta diversmoments, Eliezer 54 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: CONCISE STATEbIE,NT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW l~liezer Niyitegeka brought armed individualsto the areaof Biseseroand Niyitegekaa amene dans la tenon de directedthem to attackthe people seeking Biseserodes personnesarmees et leura refugethere. In addition,at various ordonned’attaquer les personnes armees et locationsand times, and often in concert leura ordonned’attaquer les personnes qui withothers, l~liezer Niyitegeka personally etainetvenues y chercherrefuge. En outre, attackedand killed persons seeking refuge in a diversendroits eta diversmoments, et Bisesero. souvbetnde concertavec d’autres personnes, EliezerNiyitegeka a persormellement attaqueet tuedes persormes venues chercher refugea Bisesero. SexualViolence Violencesexuelle 6.59During the events referred to in this indictment,rapes and other forms of sexual 6.59 Lors des $v~nementsauxqueIs se violencewere widelyand notoriously r6Ferele pr6sent acre d’accusation, desviols, committedin Rwandaagainst the Tutsi desagressions sexuelles et d’autrescrimes population,in particular Tutsi women and de naturesexuelle ont 6t6 commis,dune girlsor Hum womenmarried to Tutsimen. fa¢ong6n6ralis~e et notoiresur toutle These acts were often accomeaniedby territbiredu Rwanda.Ces crimes ont 6t~ killingor werethemselves used as a method perp&r6s,entre autres, par des miliciens of killing.They were perpetrated by, among don’t les Interahamwe-MRND, des others,miiitia men, including Interahamwe- militaireset des gendarmescontre la NIRND,soldiers and gendarmes. populationTutsi, en particulierdes femmes etdes jeunes filles Tutsi. Membersof the InterimGovernment ~nerallyinstigated, encouraged, facilitated, 6.60 Des membres du gouvemement or acquiescedto, among others, the militia, interimaireontsuscite, encourage, facilite ouacquiesce aux viols et violencessexuelles [nterahamwe-MRND, soldiers,and gendarmesraping and sexualviolating commiscontre des femmestutsi par la Tutsiwomen¯ Government ministers even miliceinterahamwe-MRND lesmilitaires et sometimescommitted these acts themselves, ies gendarmes. Des ministresdu therebyencouraging by theirown example gouvemdmentont eux-memesa l’occasion the commissionof such acts by, among commisces acres, encourageant ainsi par others,militia, ]nterahamwe-MRND, leurexemple la commissionde ces acres par soldiersand gendarmes over whom they had Iesmiliciens, les soldats et lesgendarmes de factoand/or de jure authority.For surquiils avaient une autorite de faitet/ou example,on or about20 May1994, political dejure.Ainsi leou vers le 20 mai1994 des partyaffiliates and militiamen working militantspolitiques et des miliciens directlyunder the supervision of /~liezer travaillantsous Ia supervisionde Eliezer Niyitegekaont force une fille a monterdans Niyitegekaforced a’~ o@~to get into his car, whereuponEliezer Niyitegeka le vehiculede ce demierou Eliezer rapedher, and whenshe got out of the Niyitegekal’aviolee; quand la victime sortit vehiclel~liezer Niyitegeka himself shot and du vehicule,Eliezer Niyitegeka lui-meme la tua d’uncoup de feu.Egalement leou 55 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOL__._ATIONS DU DROIT HUMANITAIRE INTERNATIONAL killedher. Similarly, on or about28 June 1994,t~Iiezer Niyitegeka used his vehicle to versle 28 juin1994 Eliezer Niyitegeka run an’othervehicle off the road.The s’estservi de sonvehicule pour poussser un occupantsof thatvehicle, a man and a autre vehiculehors la chaussee.Les occupantsdu vehicule,un hommeet une woman, were shot to death. Eliezer Niyitegekaapproached the vehicleand femme,ont ete tues a l’armea feu.Eliezer instructedthe militia men that had gathered Niyitegekas’est approche du vehiculeeta nearbyto undressthe woman, cut a pieceof ordonneaux miliciensqui s’etaient wood, and to insertthe wood in the reassemblesautour de deshabiIler lafi!le, de woman’sgenitalia. couperun morceaude boiset de l’intoduire danssa pattie genitale. 6.61 Rape and other forms of sexual violence,including sexual torture, degrading 6.61Le violet autresformes de violence sexualacts and indecentexposure were sexue1Ie,torture sexuelle, actes sexueIs integralto the genocidalpolicy of the degradants,outrage a la pudeuront fait conspiratorsthatseized political power from partiede la politiquegenocidaire de ceux thefirst moments of 7thApril, 1994 when quise sontentendus pour prendre le pouvoir politicalassassinations began. Not even the desle 7 avril1994 quand les assassinats Prime MinisterAgathe UwiliNmana was poIitiquesont commence.Meme le Premier spared.Her semi-nude, I.~feless body was MinistreAgathe Uwiligiyimana n’a pas ere discoveredon themorning of 7 Aprii"1994 epargnee.Son corps sans vie a ere withindicia of sexualtorture and sexual decouvertedans la matineedu 7 avril1994 degradation. avecdes indices de torturede de violence sexuelle. Responsibility Responsabilit~ 6.62 From Aprilto July 1994,several hundredthousand people were massacred 6.62D’avril /t juillet1994, plusieurs throughoutRwanda. The majorityof the centainesde milliersde persormesont 6t6 victimswere killed solely because they were massacr6essur tout le territoireduRwanda. Tutsior appearedto be Tutsi.The other La plupaftdes victimes ont 6t6tu6es pour la victims,nearly all Hutu, were killed because seuleraison qu’elles 6talent des Tutsi ou theywere considered Tutsi accomplices, ressemblaient/~ des Tutsi.Les autres werelinked to themthrough marriage or victimes,surtout des Hutu, ont 6t6 tu6es were opposed to the extremist Hum parcequ’elles 6talent qualifi6es decomplice ideology. desTutsi, li6es ices demiers par mariage ou oppos6es/~l’id6ologie Hutu extr6miste. 6.63 From 7 April 1994 around the country,most of the massacreswere 6.63 D6s le 7 avril 1994, partoutau Rwanda,la plupartdes massacresont 6t6 perpetratedwith the participation, aidand instigation commisavec la participation,l’aide et of 7nterahamwe-MRND I’ encouragement des miliciens militiamen,militarypersonnel and fnterahamwe-MRND,des militaireset des 56 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW gendarmes, gendarmes. 6.64The massacres thus perpetrated were 6.64Les massacresperp6tr~s furent Ie the resultof a strategyadopted and rSsultatd’une strat~gie adopt6e et 61abor6e elaboratedby political, civil and military pardes autorit6spolitiques, civiles et authoritiesin the country, such as Casimir militairesdu paysdont Casimir Bizimungu, Bizimungu,Prosper MuNraneza, J6rSme ProsperMugiraneza, J6r6me Bicamumpaka, Bicamumpaka,Justin Mugenzi, Edouard JustinMugenzi Edouard Karemera, Andr~ Karemera,Andr6 Rwamakuba,Mathieu Rwamakuba,Mathieu Ngirumpatse, Joseph Ngirumpatse,Joseph Nzirorera, Juvenal Nzirorera,, JuvenalKajeIijeli, Andr6 Kajelijeli,Andr6 Ntagerura,Pauline Ntagerura;Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et Nyiramasuhukoand l~,liezerNiyitegeka, l~liezerNiyitegeka, qui se sontentendues who conspiredto exterminatethe Tutsi pourexterminer tapopulation Tutsi. A. partir population.As from 7 April, other du 7 avril,d’autres autorit6s nationales et authoritiesat the national and local levels localesont adh6r6 ~ ce plan et se sont jointes espousedthis plan and joined the first group au premier groupe pour encourager, in encouraNng,organizing and participating inthe massacres of the Tutsi population and organiseret participeraux massacres de la itsaccomplices. populationTutsi et ses complices. 6.65Members of the InterimGovernment, 6.65 Des membres du Gouvemement poiiticalleaders, military officers and locai IntSrimaire,desdirigeants politiques, des authoritiesaided and abettedtheir officiersmititaires etdes autorit~s locales subordinatesandothers in carryingout the ontaid6 et encourag6leurs subordorm6s et massacresof theTutsi population and its destiers $ commettreles massacres de la accomplices.Without the complicity of the populationTutsi et de ses complices. Sans la local and nationalcivil and military compticit6des autorit6slocales et authorities,the principal massacres would nationales,civiles et militaires,les i5 ,:c 2’~ nothave occurred. N_.. principauxmassacres n’auraient pas eu lieu. 6.66t~liezer Niyitegeka exercised command 6,66 En sa qualit6de Ministrede responsibilityover the personneland l’information,Eliezer Niyitegeka a exerc6 affiliatedworkers of ORINFOR,including the programmersof Radio-Rwandaand uneautorit6 sur le personneletles employds de I’ORINFOR,ainsi que ceux qui faisaient RTLM,by virtue of hisauthority as Minister la programmationde Radio Rwanda et de la of Information. RTLM. 6.67Incitement to massacrethe civilian Tutsipopulation over the radio air-waves of 6.67 L’incitation$ cornmettre les massacresde la populationtutsie diffus6e RTLM and RadioRwanda can be directly imputedto l~liezer Niyitegeka forhis failure sur lesondes de RTLMet de RadioRwanda to controlthe programingof the radio est directementimputable ~ Eliezer broadcasts,or to curtailthe anti-Tutsi Niyitegekafaute pour lui d’avoir exer@ son contr61esur la programmationdes6missions 57 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ .... . ¯ .~~,*,..:..:~ ,~ ...... ~.--~_..,,~’-t’-~.~.~I~.’~.24:..~ ~ .... 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FA/TS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT HUMAtNITAIRE INTERNATIONAL programing,or to sanctionor punishthose thatused radio broadcasts in a campaignof ou d’avoirpris des mesures pour arr~ter la genocide. propagandeariti-tutsie ou pour emp~cher ou punirceux qua utilisaient lesm~dia aux fins dela perp6tration de g6nocide. 6.68The political administration forthe 6.68En vertude la loisur le multipartisme prefectureof Kibuye was apportioned to the envigneur avant les Accords d’A2msha et les MDR politicalparty pursuantto the legislationgoverning multiparty politics that accordsentre les diff~rents partis politiques, preceded the Amsha Accords and l’administrationpolitiquei delapr~fecture de agreementsamong the political parties. As Kibuyerevenait au patti M~DR. En sa qualit6de Ministredu M’DRoriNnaire de la theMIDR Interim Government minister from Kibuye,and by virtueof his leadership prefecturede Kibuye au sein du statusin the MDR and his statusas a Gouvernementint6rimaire eten.raison de governmentminister, Eliezer NiYitegeka son statutau sein du M_DR,Eliezer exercisedde factocommand responsibility Niyitegekaa exerc~ une autorit~ de facto overthe civilian militia in Kibuye. /~liezer surles miliciens de Ia prefecture de Kibuye. Niyitegekawas dispatched to Kibuyeby the EliezerNiyitegeka a ~t~ mandat6par le Gouvernementint~rimaire pour mettre en InterimGovernment to administerthe governmentdirectives on civil defense. The applicationla directivegouvernementale MDR and the elementso}’ its youthwing relative~ la d6fense civile. Les ~l~ments de that were incorporatedin the MRND- l’ailejeunesse du MDRqua ont 6t6 int6gr~s, Imerahamwefor purposesof civildefense apr~sle 6 avril1994, aux ~16mentsdu after6 April1994 were subjectto his MRND-Interahamwepour donner effet all control.The communalpolice and the programmede d~fensecivile, 6talent sous gendarmeriein K/buye were incorporated in sonautorit~ et sousson contrSle. Lapolice the programof civildefense that was communalet la gendarmerie~ Kibuye endorsedby the InterimGovernment, and faisaientparti de la defensecivile du similarlywere subject to hisauthority. gouvernementinterimaire. Eliezer EliezerNiyitegeka personally led civilian Niyitegekaa persolmellementdirig~ des militiain assaultsonthe Tutsi that had taken attaqueslanc6es contre les Tutsisqua refugein the hillsof Bisesero.By his s’6taientr~fugi~s sur la colline de Bisesero. leadershipand personal example, and in his Eu 6gardi l’autorit~qu’iI exer¢ait et acquiesensetothe violent campaigns against l’exemplequ’il a donn6par son implication theTutsi by civilianmilitia that took place persormelle,et par son acquiescement ~ la in his presence,and by his failureto campagnede violencelanc6e par les sanctionor punishthe perpetrators, l~liezer miliciens/tl’encontre dela population tutsie, Niyitegekais criminallyresponsible for et parle fairqu’ii n’ait pas sanctionn6 ou theiracts. puniles auteursde ces crimes,Eliezer Niyitegekaest p6nalement responsable de Ieursactes. 6.69 l~liezerNiyitegeka exercised commandresponsibility overcivilian militia 6.69 EliezerNiyitegeka a exerc~une autorit~et uncontr6[e sur des miliciens quA 58 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERaN’ATIONALHUIMAzNITARIA..N LA~V thatcommitted acts of sexualviolence and ontcommis des crimes de naturesexuelle et sexualtorture by orderingthem to assist him destortures sexuelles en leurordonnant de whenhe committedsuch acts upon Tutsi luiprater assistance alors que lui-m~me women,and by encoura#ngsuch acts by his own example,and in failingto forbidor commettaitces crimescontre des femmes tutsieset en les encourageant parson propre discouragesuch acts, or to sanctionor punishthe perpetrators ofthose acts. exempleet par le fair qu’iIn’ait ni sanctionn~nipuni les auteurs detels fairs. 6.70 Knowing that massacresof the 6.70Sachant que des massacres6talent civilianpopulation were being committed, commiscontre la populationcivile, les the politicaland militaryauthorities, autoritrspolitiques et militairesdont includingCasimir Bizimungu, Prosper CasimirBizimungu, Prosper Mugiraneza, MuNraneza,Jrrrme Bicamumpaka, Justin Mugenzi,Eliezer Niyitegeka, Edouard Jrr6meBicamumpaka, Justin Mugenzi, EliezerNiyitegeka, Edouard Karemera, Karemera,Andr6 Rwarnakuba,Mathieu Andr6 Rwamakuba,Mathieu Ngrumpatse, Ngirumpatse,Joseph Nzirorera and Juvrnal Kajelijelitook no measuresto stopthem. JosephNzirorera, etJuvrnal Kajelijeli n’ont prisaucune disposition pour les arr~ter. Au Onthe contrary, they refused to intervene to conn;aireils ont refus6 d’intervenir pour controland appeal to thepopulation as long as a cease-firehad not been declared. This contrrleretfaire appel ~t ta population tant categoricalrefusal was communicated to the qu’unaccord de cessez-te-feune serait pas SpecialRapporteur via the Chief of Staffof ordonn~.Ce refuscatrgorique a ~t6 transmis RwandanArmy, Major-GeneralAugustin au Rapporteursprcial par l’intermrdiaire du Bizimung-u. Chefde IEtat-Majorde l’Armre Rwandaise, le Major-GrnrralAugustin Bizimtmgu. 6.71 Casimir Bizimung~a, Prosper MuNraneza,Jrr6me Bicamumpaka, Justin 6.71 Casimir Bizimungu, Prosper Mugenzi, Edouard Karemera, Andr6 MuNraneza,Jrrrme Bicamumpaka, Justin Rwamakuba,Mathieu NNrumpatse, Joseph Mugenzi, Edouard Karemera, Andr6 Nziroreraand Juvrnal Kajelijeti, in their Rwamakuba,Mathieu N~-umpatse, Joseph positionofauthority, acting in concert with, Nziroreraet JuvenalKajelijeli, darts leur notably Andr6 ,Ntagerura,Pauline p0sition_dautoritr,en aNssant de concert avecnotamment Andr4 Ntagerura, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko,Eliezer Niyitegeka, TharcisseRenzaho, Felicien Kabuga, Nyiramasuhuko, ]~liezerNiyitegeka, AugustinBizimana, Callixte Nzabonimana TharcisseRenzaho, Felicien Kabuga, and ThronesteBagosora, participated in AugustinBizimana, Callixte Nzabonimana theplanning, preparation or execution of a et ThronesteBagosora ont particip6a la commonscheme, strategy or plan, to planifieation,la prrparation oul’exrcution committhe atrocities set forth above. The d’unplan, d’une strat4gie ou d’undessein crimeswere committed by thempersonally, commun,afin de perp4trerles atrocit4s by personsthey assistedor by their 6noncresci-dessus. Ces crimesont 6t4 perp4tr4spar eux-mrmesou par des subordinates,and with their knowledge or consent. personnesqu’il ont aid4esou par leurs subordonnrs,alors qu’ilsen avaient connaissanceou y consentalent. 59 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7~:!s.THE CHARGES(refiled :,- - ,.’.:,2 .in compliancewith the Trial Chamber [I orderof 20 November2000 7: . THE CHARGES 7bis: LES CHEFS D’ACCUSATION Count 1: GENOCIDE: Premierehefd’aceusation : GI~NOCIDE TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Le ProcureurduTribunal p6na[ international Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli&er pour le Rwanda accuse Eli6zer NIYITEGEKA with GENOCIDE, a crime NIYITEGEKA de GI~NOClDE, crime stipulatedinArticle 2(3)(a) ofthe Statute, in visdd l’Article2 (3) (a) du Srarur.pour thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 avoir,entre le 6 avril1994 et Ie 17juiIlet and 17 July 1994, notably,though not 1994,notamment, mais pus exclusivement, exclusively,in Kibuye prdfecture, Rwanda, dunsia prdfecturede Kibuyeau Rwanda, Eli6zerNIYITEGEKA did kill and cause tu~des membres de la populationtusie et seriousbodily or mentalharm to members port6gravement atteinte A leurint6grit6 of theTutsi population with the intent to physiqueou mentale,dans l’intention de destroy,in wholeor in part,a racialor d&ruire,en toutou en pattie,un groupe ethnicgroup, as follows: racialou ethnique, de la mani6re suivante : En applicationdel’Article 6 (1) du Statut Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by parses actes directement perp&r6s /~ l’effet virtueof hisaffirmative acts in ordering, d’ordormer,d’inciter A commettre,de instigating,commanding, participating in diriger,d’aider et d’encouragerA commettre andaiding and abetting the preparation and la pr6parationet l’ex&ution du crime imput6 executionof the crime charged, as setforth et de participerA la commissionde tels in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; actes,tel qued&rit aux paragraphes 5.1; 5.30;5.32 tO 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to 6.10; 5.2;5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 A 5.35;5.38; 6.14to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to 6.49;6.51; and 6.5;6.7 A 6.10;6.14 A 6.38;6.41; 6.43 6.56to 6.71 of thisindictment. 6.49;6.51; et 6.56A 6.7tdupr&ent Acte d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sanspr6judice de leurcaract&e g~n&al, les foregoing,these acts and omissions include, acteset omissionssusvis6s comprennent, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefait : (a) leading,ordering, participating or a) De dirigerou d’ordormerles massacres instigatingmassacres or attackson ou lesattaques perp&r~es contre tes Tutsicivilians in Kibuyein May1994 civilstutsis ~. Kibuyeen mait994 ou [¶6.57]; de participerou d’inciter/t leur commission[par. 6.57]; (b) facilitating,aiding or abetting b) De contribuer,d’aider et d’encourager massacresor attacks on Tutsicivilians perp&rertes massacresou les by transportingarmed individuals, attaquesdirig6es contre les civils tutsis includingcivilian militias, to the area en transportantdesindividus arm,s, y of Biseseroand directingthem to comprisdes milicesciviles, aux attackin April,May and June1994 environsde Biseseroet en leur [%58]; ordonnantdeles attaquer en avril,mai etjuin 1994 [par. 6.58]; (c) instigatingmassacres of Tutsi c) D’ inciter/t perp&rerdes massacres de civiliansthroughout Rwanda by civilstutsis partout au Rwandaen 6O PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7: 5. THE CHARGES(retiled ’...---L ,=s,..in compliance with the Trial Chamber[1 order of 20 November2000 officiallycongratulating theprdfets of Kigali,Kibuye and Cyangugufor adressantdes fdlicitations officielles attxpr&ets de Kigali,de Kibuveet de excellentwork done,knowing that such work includedmassacres of Cyangugupour leur excellent" travail, civilianTutsi in furtheranceof the sachantque ledit travail consistait Interim Government offensive massacrerdes civils tutsis pour dormer strategytodefeat the RPF [¶6.20]; effet~. la strategie d’attaque suivie par le Gouvemementintdrimaire pour (d) participatingin cabinet meetings of battrele FPR [par. 6.20]; the InterimGovernment to plan, d) De participeraux conseilsdes prepareor encouragemassacres of ministresdu Gouvemementint&imaire Tutsi civiliansas a policy of pourplanifier les massacres de civils tutsisou inciter/t leurperpdtration "pacification"and"restoring security" dans le cadre d’une po!itiquede and "civildefense" [¶¶6.23; 6.24; 6.25]; "pacification",de "restauration de la securitd"et d’"auto-d6fensecivile" (e) [par.6.23; 6.24; 6.25]; ordering,instigating, encouraging or e) participatingin rape and sexual D’ordonner ou d’encouragerla assaultsupon Tutsi women [¶6.60]; perpdtrationde violset d’actesde and violencessexuelles dirigds contre des femmestutsies ou de participer~. la commissiondetels acres [par. 6.60]; et Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by En applicationde l’Article 6 (3) du &atut virtueof his actualand constructive knowledgeof the actsand omissionsof d’Streinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’Stre localpublic officials, including for example instruitdes actes et omissions des agents de preferClement Kayishema, bourgmestre l’administrationlocale, notamment de ceux Charles Sikubwabo,conseilIer Mika perpdtr6spar le pr6fetC16ment Kayishema, Muhimana,and soldiers,gendarmes, le bourgmestreCharles Sikubwabo, le communalpolice, Interahamwe, civilian conseillerMika Muhimana et lesmilitaires, les gendarmes,les agentsde la police militiaand civiliansacting under his authority,and his failure to stopor prevent communale,les Interahamwe,les 61~ments dela milice civile et les civils agissant sous ¢ them,or to disciplineand punish them, for theiracts in thepreparation andexecution of sonautorit~, et de n’avoirrien fait pour y thecrime charged, as setforth in para~aphs mettre fin ou les emp~cher de les 5.1;5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35; commettre,oules punir d’avoir pris part ~ la 5.38;6.5; 6.7; to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; pr6parationet ~ l’exdcutiondu crime imput6, 6.43to 6.49;6.51; and 6.56 to 6.71of this telque vis6 aux paragaphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.13; indictment. 5.23;5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7 /t6.10; 6.14/t6.38; 6.41; 6.43 ~ 6.49;6.5I et 6.56~ 6.71du prdsent acte d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts and omissions include, Sanspr6judice de leur caract6re g6ndral, les butare not limited to: acreset omissionset omissionssusvis6s (f) leadinggroups of civilianmilitia and comprennent,sanss’y limiter le fait: f) De dirigerdes ~oupesappartenant aux localresidents in attacks against Tutsi civiliansin Kibuye,or beingpresent milicesciviles et la populationlocale dartsles attaques perpdtr6es contre des 61 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 2IZl 7bis. THE CHARGES (refiled a..’,...~’L~,!ncompliance ~ith the Trial Chamber II order of 20 November 2000 duringmassacres in Kibuye,knowing civilstutsis ~. Kibuye, ou d’6trepr&ent thatcivilian militia and local residents lorsdes massacrescommis /t Kibuye, actingunder his authoritywere sachantque des attaques~taient attackingTutsi civilians [¶¶6.57; perp~tr~escontre Ies civils tutsis par les 6.58]; miticesciviles et la populationlocale agissantsous son autorit~ [par. 6.57; 6.58]; (g) acting in concert with local g) D’agirde concertavec des autorit~s de administrativeofficials in Kibuye l’administrationtocale de la pr&ecture prdfecture,including the prdfet, de Kibuye,y comprisle prefer,des bourgmestresand conseillersde bourgmestreset des conseitlersde secteur,to lead,command and order secteur,i l’effet d’encadrer etde diriger civilianmilitias and local residents to des61~ments des milices civiles et Ia killTutsi civilians, resulting in populationlocale et de leurordormer de thousandsof deaths,or knowingof tuerdes civils tutsis, entrainant ainsi la such attackson Tutsi civilians mortde milliersde personnes,ou de organizedby locatadministrative savoirque de tellesattaques dirig6es officialsormilitary officials subject to contredes civils tutsis ~taient organis6es his authority,failing to stop or par des responsableslocaux de disciplineor punish the perpetrators l’administrationterritoriale ou des [¶¶6.56;6.57; 6.58]; autorit&militaires plac6s sous son autorit~,etde ne rien faire pour y mettre finou d’enpunir les auteurs [par. 6.56; 6.57;6.58]; (h) knowing of media campaigns by h) D’avoirconnaissance des campa~esde Radio Rwanda or RTLM targeting presseorganis6es par RadioRwanda ou Tutsicivilians as enemyaccomplices la RTLM~ l’effetde fairepasser les or instigatingmassacres or killingof civilstutsis pour les complicesde Tutsicivilians, and failing to curtail l’ennemi,etd’inciter aumassacre ou/t la such progamming or stop or raise/tmort de civils tutsis et de ne rien disciplineor punishperpetrators faire pour mettrefin /~ de tels subjectto hisauthority as Minister of progammesou pour emp~cherleurs Information[¶¶4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 5.10; auteursagissant sous son autorit6 entant ( 5.13;]; que ministrede l’informationde les mettreen oeuvre ou pourles punir [par. 4.3;4.4; 4.5; 5.10; 5.13; ]; (i) ordering,commanding or participating i) D’ordonnerou de dirigerla perp6tration in generalizedattacks on Tutsi d’attaquesg~n6ralisSes visant tes civils civilians,particularly in Kibuye, tutsis,notamment ~ Kibuye, sachant que knowingthat rape and sexual violence des violset des actesde violence against Tutsi women were sexuelledirig6es contre des femmes systematicallyincorporated in such tutsies~taient systSmatiquement commis attacks,and failingto stop or dansce cadre et de n’avoir rien fait pour disciplineor punish the perpetrators, y mettrefin ou pour en punir les auteurs, includingsoldiers, communal police, y comprisdes militaires, desagents de la civilianmilitias and local residents, policecommunale, des ~16mentsdes subjectto hisauthority as a Minister miticesciviles et la populationlocale 62 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7i’.~s.THE CHARGES (refiled a, " ~. "~,~:in compliancewith the Trial Chamber II orderof 20 November2000 agissantsous son autori~6 en ~antque of the InterimGovernment [¶¶6.59; ministredu Gouvernementmtenmatre 6.60;6.61]; [par.6.59; 6.60; 6.6l]; withthe intent to destroythe Tutsi ethnic dansl’intention de ddtruire, en toutou en partie,le groupeethnique tutsi, dtant group,in wholeor in part,each of which entendttque chacunde ces actes ott acts or omissionsis punishablein omissionsest pttnissableen vertudes referenceto Articles22 and 23 of the Articles22et 23 du Statut. Statute. Or alternatively, Ou subsidiairement, Deuxibmechef d’aecusation : Count 2: COMPLICITY IN COMPLICITI~ DANS LE GI~NOCIDE GENOCIDE: TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Le ProcureurduTribunal prnal international Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli~zer pour le Rwanda accuse Eli~zer NIYITEGEKA de COMPLICITI~ DANS NIYITEGEKA with COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE,a crimestipulated in Article LE G~;NOCIDE,crime vis~ & l’Article2 (3)(e)du Statut,pour avoir, entre le 6 avril 2(3)(e)of theStatute, in thaton or between thedates of 6 April1994 and 17 July1994, 1994et le 17 juillet1994, notament, mais pas exclusivement,dans la prrfecmrede notably,though not exclusively, in Kibuye Kibuyeau Rwanda,tar des membresde la prefecture, Rwanda, Eli~zer NIYITEGEKAdid kill or cause serious populationtusie et port6gavement atteinte bodilyor mentalharm to membersof the leurintrgrit6 physique ou mentaledarts l’intentiondedrtruire, entout ou enpartie, Tutsipopulation with the intent to destroy, un grouperacial ou ethnique,de la manirre in wholeor in part,a racialor ethnic goup, suivante: asfollows: Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by Enapplication de l’Article 6 (1) du Statut parses actes directement perp&rrs i l’effet virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, instigating,ordering, committing, or de planifier,d’inciter h commettre, otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, d’ordonnerde commettreou de touteautre preparationor executionof the crime manirred’aider et d’encourager ~ planifier, ~tprrparer et~ exrcutionlecrime imputr, tel charged,as setforth in paragaphs5.1; 5.2; 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; quedrcrit aux paragraphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23;5.29; 5.30; 5.32 ~ 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 ~t 6.5;6.7; to 6.10; 6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 to 6.49; 6.51; and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 6.10;6.14 h 6.38;6.4t; 6.43/~ 6.49; 6.51; et indictment. 6.56b. 6.71du prrsent Acre d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sansprrjudice de leur caractrre grnrral, les foregoing,these acts and omissions include, actesou omissionssusvisrs comprennent, sanss’y limiter lefait : butare not limited to: De diriger ou d’ordonner la leading,ordering, participating or a) (a) commissionde massacresou d’attaques instigatingmassacres or attackson Tutsicivilians in Kibuyein May1994 dirigrscontre des civils tutsis ~t Kibuye en mai 1994, de participer~ la [¶6.57]; 63 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7b:. THE CHARGES(refiled:’si.. ),,,. , in compllancewith the Triai Chamber [I order of 20 November 2000 perprtrationdetels actes ou d’inciter 5. lescommettre [par. 6.57]; (b) facilitating,aiding or abetting b) De praterson concours 5. la commission massacresor attacks on Tutsi civilians de massacresou d’attaquesdirig~s by transportingarmed individuals, contredes civils tutsis et d’aideret includingcivilian militias, to the area d’encouragerfl Ies perp&rer,en of Biseseroand directingthem to assurantle transportd’individus arm,s, attackin April,May and June1994 y comprisdes milicesciviles, aux [¶6.58]; environsde Biseseroet en leur ordonnantde les attaquer en avfil,mai etjuin 1994 [par. 6.58]; (c) instigatingmassacres of Tutsi c) D’inciter~ massacrer des civiIs tutsis civiliansthroughout Rwanda by partoutau Rwandaen adressantdes officiallycongratulating theprdfets of f~licitationsofficielles auxpr~fets de Kigali,Kibuye and Cyangugufor Kigali,de Kibuyeet de Cyangugupour excellentwork done, knowing that l’excellenttravail accompli, sachant such work includedmassacres of queledit travail consistait ~.massacrer civilianTutsi in furtheranceof the descivils tutsis pour donner effet ~ la Interim Government offensive stratrgied’attaque choisie par Ie strategyto defeatthe RPF [¶6.20]; Gouvernementintrrimaire pour mettre end~route le FPR [par. 6.20]; (d) participatingin cabinet meetings of d) De participeraux conseils des ministres the InterimGoyernment to plan, du Gouvernementintrrimaire pour prepareor encouragemassacres of planifierdes massacres decivils tutsis Tutsi civiliansas a policy of ou inciter~ commettrede telsacres "pacifcation"and"restoring security" dans le cadre d’une politiquede and "civildefense" [7¶6.23; 6.24; "pacification",de "restauration de la 6.25]; securitr"et d’"auto-d~fensecivile" [par.6.23; 6.24; 6.25]; (e) ordering,instigating, encouraging or e) D’ordonnerla perprtration de viols et participatingin rape and sexual d’actesde violencesexuelle dirigrs assaultsupon Tutsi women [¶6.60]; contredes femmes tutsies ou d’inciter ou d’encourager~ les commettre, ou de participerb.leur commission[par. 6.60]; Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by En applicationdel’Article 6 (3) du Statut virtueof his actualand constructive &reinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’etre knowledgeof the acts and omissionsof instruitdes actes et omissions des autorit~s localpublic officials, including for example de l’administrationlocale, y comprisceux prdfetClement Kayishema, bourgmestre perprtrrspar le pr~fetC16ment Kayishema, CharlesS ikubwabo,conseiller Mika le bourgmestreCharles Sikubwabo, le Muhimana,and soldiers,gendarmes, conseillerMika Muhimana et lesmilitaires, communalpolice, Interahamwe, civilian gendarmes,agents de la policecommunale, militiaand civiliansacting under his [nterahamwe,616ments des milices civiles et authority,and his failure to stopor prevent civilsagissant sous son autorit6,et de them,or to disciplineand punish them, for n’avoirrien fait pour y mettrefin ou les 64 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71 " THE CHARGES(refiled ~. " -’ :-:,in e.~omplianeewith the Trial Chamber II orderof 20 >,o~e,.ber"000 theiracts in the preparation andexecution of thecrime charged, as setforth in paragraphs emp~cherde les commettre,ou les punir 5.1;5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35; d’avoirparticip5 /l la ptanification, 5.38;6.5; 6.7; to 6.10;6. I4 to6.38; 6.41; preparationet commission du crimeimpute, 6.43to 6.49;6.51; and 6.56 to 6.71of this telque d~crit attx paragraphes 5.I. "~ ~. 5 " indictment. a.2_~,5.29; a..~0; 5.32/t 5.35; 5"..~8; 6.5i .I.~;6.7 5. 6.10;6.14/~ 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 a 6.49:6.51et 6.56fi 6.71 du pr6sent Acte d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts and omissions include, Sanspr6judice deleur caractSre g~n~ral, les butare not limited to: acreset omissionssusvis~s comprennent, sanss’y limiter lefait : (0 leadinggroups of civilianmilitia and localresidents inattacks against Tutsi f) Dediriger des groupes de milices civiles civiliansin Kibuye,or beingpresent etla populationlocale dans Ies attaques duringmassacres in Kibuye,knowing Ianc6escontre des civils tutsis fi Kibuye, thatcivilian militia and local residents ou d’avoir6t6 pr6sentlots de la actingunder his authoritywere Perp6trationdes massacres qui onteu attackingTutsi civilians [¶¶6.57; lieu~ Kibuye,sachant que les milices 6.58]; civileset la populationlocale agissant sousson autorit6 se livraient/~ des attaquesvisant les civils tutsis [par. (g) acting in concert with local 6.57;6.58]; administrativeofficials in Kibuye g) D’agirde concertavec des autor/t~s de prdfecture,including the prdfet, l’administrationterritoriale en poste bourgmestresand conseillersde dartsla pr6fecture de Kibuye, y compris secteur,to lead,command and order le pr6fet,des bourgrnestreset des civitianmilitias and local residents to conseillersde secteur,~ l’effet killTutsi civilians, resulting in d’encadreret de dirigerdes 61~ments thousandsof deaths,or knowingof desmilices civiles et de la population such attackson Tutsi civilians localeet de leurordonner de tuerdes organizedby localadministrative civilstutsis, faisant ainsi des milliers de officialsormilitary officials subject to morts,ou desavoir que les responsables his authority,failing to stop or locauxde l’administration territoriale ou disciplineor punish the perpetrators lesautorit~s militaires locales soumis [¶¶6.56;6.57; 6.58]; son autorit6organisaient de telles attaquescontre des civils tutsis et de n’avoirrien fait pour y mettrefin ou en (h) knowing of media campaigns by punirles auteurs [par. 6.56; 6.57; 6.58]; Radio Rwanda or RTLM targeting h) D’avoireu connaissancedes campagnes Tutsicivilians as enemyaccomplices de presseorganis~es par RadioRwanda or instigatingmassacres or killingof oula RTLM/~l’effet de fairepasser les Tutsicivilians, and failing to curtail civilstutsis pour les compticesde such programming or stop or l’ennemi,et de n’avoirrien fair pour disciplineor punishperpetrators mettrefin/t de teIspro~ammes ou pour subjectto his authority asMinister of en emp~cherla diffusionou en punirles Information[¶¶4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 5.10; auteursagissant sous son autorit6 en tantque ministre de l’information[par. 65 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7[ ,, THE CHARGES(refiled -, in compliancewith the TrialChamber II orderof 20 November2000 _ 5.13]; (i) ordering,commanding or participating 4.3;4.4; 4.5; 5.10; 5.13; ]; in generalizedattacks on Tutsi i) D’ordotmerou de diriger,des attaques civilians,particularly in Kibuye, g~n6ralis6esdirig6es contre des civils "knowingthat rape and sexual violence tutsis,notamment ~ Kibuyeott de against Tutsi women were participer~ la commission detels acres. systematicallyincorporated in such sachantque desviols et des actesde attacks,and failingto stop or violencesexttelle visant des t’emmes disciplineor punish the perpetrators, tutsis 6taient syst~matiquement includingsoldiers, communal police, perp~tr~sdans le cadre de telles civilianmilitias and local residents, attaques,et de n’avoirrien fair pour y subjectto his authority as a Minister mettrefin, ou pour emp~cherleurs of the InterimGovernment [¶¶6.59; auteurs,au nombredesquels figuraient 6.60;6.61]; desmilitaires, des agents de Ia police communale,des ~l~mentsdes milices civileset la populationlocale agissant sousson autorit6 entant que ministre du Gouvemementint~rimaire de continuer /i lescornmettre oupour les punir [par. 6.59;6.60; 6.61]; each of which acts or omissionsis punishablein referenceto Articles22 and dtantentendu que chacun de ces acresott 23of the Statute. omissionsest punissableen vertudes Articles22 et23 du Statut. Count 3: CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT GENOCIDE: Troisi~mechef d’accusation: ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE LE GI~NOCIDE : TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli6zer Le Procureurdu Tribunal p6nal international NIYITEGEKA with CONSPIRACY TO pour le Rwanda, accuse Eli6zer COMMIT GENOCIDE,a crime stipulated NIYITEGEKA d’ENTENTE EN VUE DE inArticle 2(3)(t)) ofthe Statute, inthat on or COMMETTRE LE GI~NOCIDE, crime visd& l’Article2 (3) (b) du Statut,pour i~ . betweenthe dates of 1 January1994 and t7 July 1994, Eli6zer NIYITEGEKA did s’~treentendu, entre le 1~ janvieret le 17 conspirewith others, including, but not juillet1994, avec d’autres, et notamment, limitedto, local administrative officials, maissans s’y limiter, les autorit~s locales, such as the prdfetof KibuyeClement tellesque le pr6fetde KibuyeC16ment Kayishema,and variousconseillers de Kayishema,et divers conseiIlers de secteur, secteur,Interahamwe leaders, communal deschefs de 1Vnterahamwe,lesagents de la police,and the political leadership of the policecommunale et lesdirigeants du patti MRND or the MDR-Powerat the national MRND ou du MDR-Power au niveau levels,including, though not limited to, national,y compris,entre autres, les membersof the InterimGovernment of 8 membresdu Gouvernementint6rimaire du April1994, to kill or cause serious.bodily or 8 ax;ril1994, en vuede tuerdes membres de la populationtutsie ou de portergravement mentalharm to membersof the Tutsi populationwith the intent to destroy,in atteintei leur int6grit6 physique oumentale, dansl’intention de d6truire, en toutou en 66 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71. , THE CHARGES(retiled ~, in compliancewith the TrialChamber lI orderof 20 November2000 wholeor in part,a racialor ethnic group, as pattie,un grouperacial ou ethnique,ainsi follows: qu’ilsuit : Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by Envertu de l’applicationde l’Article 6 (1) virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, du Statut." par ses acresdirectement instigating,ordering, committing, or perp~tr6s~.l’effet de planifier,d’inciter /l otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, commettre,d’ordonner de commettre,de preparationor executionof the crime commettre,ou de toute autre mani~re charged,as setforth in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; d’aideret d’encourager/t planifier,~. 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; pr6parerou /1ex6cuter le crimeimput6, tel 6.5;6.7 to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to qued6crit aux paragraphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 6.49; 6.51; and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 5.23;5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7 indictment. to 6.t0;6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to 6.49; 6.51.et 6.56 ~. 6.71 du presentAcre d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sanspr6judice de leur caract6re g~n~ral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis~s comprennent, (a)participating in cabinet meetings of the sanss’y limiter lefait : Interim Government to plan and a) Departiciper aux conseils des ministres implement"pacification", "security" and du Gouverenmentint~rimaire pour ’civildefense" policies that targeted planifieret mettre en oeuvre la Tutsi civilians as enemies and politiquede "pacification","de encouragedmassacres and killingsof s6curitC’et "d’auto-d~fensecivile" Tutsicivilians [¶¶6.10; 6.23; 6.24; 6.25; faisantpasser les civils tutsis pour 6.64;6.68]; t’ennemiet encourageant~ massacrer et ~.tuer les civils tutsis [par. 6.10; 6.23; (b)transportingarmed individualsto 6.24;6.25; 6.64; 6.68]; Biseseroand directing them to attack b) D’assurerle transportd’individus arm6s Tutsicivilians [¶6.58]; ~.Bisesero etde leur ordonner d’attaquer (c)organizingor participatingin meetings descivils tutsis [par. 6.58]; to requisition,procure, or distribute c) D’organiserdes r~unionsdestinies weapons to communal police, r6quisitiormer,ou ~. se procurerdes Interahamwe,civilian militias or local armesou g lesdistribuer aux agents de la residents,intending that they be usedto policecommunale, aux Interahamwe, killTutsi civilians [¶¶6.10; 6.22]; aux616ments des milices civiles ou ~. la populationlocale, avec l’intention de les voirutilis6es pour tuer des civils tutsis, ou de participer~ de tellesr~unions (d) failingto maintainpublic order, [par.6.10; 6.22]; deliberatelyundermining the public d)Defaillir /~ son obligation d’assurer le order,in districtsover which he maintiende l’ordrepublic, ou de exercisedadministrative authority, in perturberd61ib~r6ment l’ordre punic agreementwith or in furtheranceof the dansles districts plac6s sous son autorit6 policiesof the MRND or the Interim administrative,conform6ment /t Ia Government, knowing that those politique du MRND ou du policiesintended the destruction, in Gouvernementint~rimaire ou en 67 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7[>z. THE CHARGES(refiled -: - .. ~,.~incompliance with the Trial Chamber II orderof 20 NOvember2000 wholeor in part,of theTutsi [¶¶6.56; 6.57;6.58; 6.60]; applicationdecelle-ci, sachant que cette politiquevisait/t d~truire, entout ou en (e)agreeing, directing or actingin concert partie,Ia populationtutsie [par. 6.56; withlocal administrative officials in 6.57;6.58; 6.60]; Kibuye, includingthe pr~fet, e) D’agirde concertavec les autorirs bourgmestresor conseiIlers de secteur, administrativeslocales & Kibuye, to denyprotection to Tutsicivilian notammentIe prrfet,des bourgmestres refugeesto facilitateattacks upon them ou desconseillers de secteur, ou pour by communalpolice, Interahamwe, priverIes r~fugirs civils tutsis de toute civilianmilitias or localresidents protection/tl’effet de garantir lesuccbs [¶6.58];and desattaques perprtrres par la police (f)agreeing or actingin concertwith local communale,l’[nterahamwe, les milices administrativeofficials in Kibuye civilesou la populationlocale[par. prdfecture,including the prdfet. 6.58];et Bourgmestresor conseillers de secteur, 0 De s’entendreou d’agirde concertavec and militaryofficials to organize lesautoritrs administratives locales de la soldiers,civilian militias and local prrfecturede Kibuye,y comprisle residentstokill Tutsi civilians, resulting pr~fet,les bourg-mestresou les in thousandsof deaths[¶¶6.56; 6.57; conseillersde secteur et lesautoritrs 6.58;6.60]; militaires,pour organiser laraise/t mort des civilstutsis sous les coupsdes militaires,des 616mentsdes milices civileset deIa population locale, faisant ainsides milliers de morts[par. 6.56; withthe intent to destroythe Tutsi ethnic 6.57;6.58; 6.60]; group,ht wholeor in part,each of which avecl’intention de ddtruire en toutou en acts or omissionsis punishablein partielegroupe ethnique tutsi, dtant referenceto Articles22 and 23 of the entendu que chacun de ces actes ou Statute. omissionsest passible des peinesprdvues attxArticles 22et 23du Statut. Count 4: DIRECT AND PUBLIC Quatrirme chef &accusation INCITEMENT TO : COMMIT INCITATION DIRECTE GENOCIDE: ET PUBLIQUE Jt COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE : TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli~zer Le Procureurdu Tribunal prnal international pour le Rwanda NIYITEGEKA with DIRECT AND accuse Eli~zer PUBLIC INCITE3,IENT TO COMMIT NIYITEGEKA d’INCITATION GENOCIDE,a crimestipulated in Article DIRECTE ET PUBLIQUE .A. 2(3)(c)of theStatute, in thaton orbetween COMMETTRE LE GI~NOCIDE, crime the datesof 1 January1994 and 17 July visdh l’Article2 (3) (c) du Statut,pour 1994throughout Rwanda, particularly in avoir,entre le W janvieret le 17 juillet Kibuyeprdfecture, Eli4zer NIYITEGEKA 1994,partout au Rwanda,notamment dans diddirectly and publicly incite persons, la prrfecturede Kibuye,directement et including,butnot limited to, soldiers, local publiquementincit6 des personnes,y comprismais sans s’y limiter, tes militaires, 68 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7[" . THE CHARGES (refiled as !:.;}~ance with the Trial Chamber II order of 20 No,ember 200~ admimstrativeofficials, communal police, civilianmilitias and local residents, tokilI losautorit~s administratives locates, les or causeserious bodily or mentalharm to agentsde la policecommunale, les 61~ments membersof theTutsi population with the desmilices civiles et lapopulation locale. ‘4 intentto destroy, inwhole or in part, a raciaI tuerdes membres de la populationtutsie ou orethnic group, as follows: /tporter gravement atteinte fl leur integrit~ physiqueou mentaledans l’intention de d6truire,en toutou en paTtie,un groupe racialouetl-mique, ainsi qu’il suit : Pursuantto Article6(i) of theStatute: by virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, En applicationde ’Article lr ¯ 6 (1} du Stan~t: instigating,ordering, committing, or parsos actes directement perp6tr~s ‘4l’effet otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, de planifier,d’inciter ~i commettre, preparationor executionof the crime d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreou charged,as setforth in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; de toute autre mani+re d’aider et 5.13;5.23; 5.37; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7 to 6.10; 6.14 d’encourager~ planifier, /~ pr6parer ou /~ to 6.38;6.41; 6.48, 6.49; 6.56; 6.60 to 6.71 ex6cuterle crimeimput6, tel que d6crit aux ofthis indictment. para~aphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.37; 5.38; 6.5;6.7/~6.10; 6.14 ~ 6.38;6.41; 6.48; 6.49; 6.56 et 6.60 /t 6.71 du pr6sentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sanspr6judice de leur caractbre g6n6ral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis6s comprerment, (a)serving as officialSpokesperson forthe sanss ry hmlter- ¯ le falt : Interim Governmentand publicly a) De servirde porte-paroleofficiel au promotingits policies,for example, Gouvernementint6rimaire et de officiallycongratulating theprgfets of promouvoirpubliquement sa politique Kigali, Kibuye and Cyangugu for parexemple en f61icitantofficiellement excellentwork done, knowing that such lespr6fets de Kigali,de Kibuyeet de work consistedin massacringTutsi Cyangugupour l’excellenttravail civilians,and further knowing that local accompli,sachant que ledittravail residentswould understandsuch consistait/tmassacrer des civils tutsis, etque la population locale interpr6terait congratulatory remarks as encouragementto join in attacksupon cesf6iicitations comme une invitation/t Tutsicivilians [¶6.20J; participeraux attaquesperp6tr6es contreles civils tutsis [par. 6.20]; (b)addressing public gatherings, notably the bureaucommunal in Kibuye,and b) D’intervenirdans des r6unions instigatinglocal residents and local publiques, notamment au bureau publicofficials to kill Tutsi civilians communalde Kibuyeet d’inciterla [¶5.10]; populationetles autorit6s Iocales/~ tuer (c) makingradio broadcastsor public lescivils tutsis [par. 5.10]; speechesthat were re-broadcast on the c) De diffuser des 4missions radio to instigateor encourage radiophoniquesou de prononceren massacres of Tutsi civilians, publicdes discours rediffus6s ~ la radio characterizedas the enemy [¶5.10]; /~ l’effetd’inciter ou d’encourager.4 massacrerlos civils tutsis qualifi4s 69 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71 THE CHARGES(refileda~.-~ ¯ .incompliancewlththeTrialChamberllorderof20November2000 d’ennemis[par. 5. I 0]. Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by En applicationde l’Article 6 (3) du Statut: virtueof his actualor constructive d’6treinstruit ou d’avoireu desraisons knowledgeof theacts or omissionsof his d’&reinstruit des actes ou omissionsde ses subordinates,including local punic subordonn6s,y compris les autorit& iocales officials,such as, for exampleprdfet tellesque le pr~fetC16ment Kayishema, le ClementKayishema, bourgmestre Charles bourgmestre Charles Sikubwabo, le Sikubwabo,conseiller Mika Muhimana, and conseillerMika Muhimana et lesmititaires, soldiers,gendarmes, communal police, gendarmes,agents de la policecommunale, Interahamwe,civilian militia or civilians [nterahamwe,616ments des milices civiles actingunder his authority, andhis failure to ou civilsagissant sous son autorit6, et de stopor preventthem, or to disciplineor n’avoirrien fait pour y mettrefin et pour les punishthem, for their acts in theplanning, emp&herde les commettre,ou les punir preparationor executionof the crime d’avoirparticip6 /i la planification,~ la charged,as setforth in paragraphs 5.1; 5.2; preparationou ~ la commissiondu crime 5.13;5.23; 5.37; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to 6.10; 6.14 imput6,tel que d6crit aux paragraphes 5.1; to6.38; 6.41; 6.48, 6.49; 6.56; 6.60 to 6.71 5.2;5.13; 5.23; 5.37; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7 ~. 6.10; ofthis indictment. 6.14~ 6.38;6.41; 6.49; 6.56 et 6.60~ 6.71 du presentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sanspr6judice deleur caract~re g~n6ral, les foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, actesou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefait : (a)knowingof mediacampaigns by Radio a) D’etreinstruit de l’existencede Rwanda or RTLM targeting Tutsi campagnesde presseorganis&s par civiliansas enemy accomplicesor RadioRwanda ou la RTLM/~l’effet de instigatingmassacres orkilling of Tutsi fairepasser les civilstutsis pour civilians,and failing to curtailsuch l’ennemiou d’inciter~ massacrer ou progammingor stop or disciplineor tuerles civils tutsis etde n’avoir rien fait punishperpetrators subject to his pourmettre fin /i un telprogramme ou authorityas Ministerof Information pouremp~cher ses auteurs agissant sous [¶¶4.3;4.4; 4.5; 5.10; 5.13; ]; son autorit6en tantque ministrede l’informationd’encontinuer ladiffusion oupour les punir de leurs actes [par. 4.3; 4.4;4.5; 5.10; 5.13; ]; (b)knowing of public speeches to b) De savoirque des discoursvisant encourage communal police, encouragerles 616mentsde la police Interahamwe,civilian militias or local communale,de t’fnterahamwe,des residentsto kill Tutsi civilians by local milicesciviles ou lapopulation locale, /i publicofficials in Kibuye,such as tuerles civils tutsis &aient tenus en ClementKayishema, and failing to halt publicpar des autorit6s administratives or preventsuch public calls to attack Iocalestelles que Clement Kayishema et civilians,orto disciplineorpunish the den’avoir rien fait pour mettre fin ~ ces perpetrators[¶5.10]; and acresd’incitation publique ~ attaquer des civils ou pour emp~cher leur 70 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71 ’. rilE CHARGES (refiIed:. " : 7 ,’s:~in compliancewith the Trial ChamberII order of 20 November2000 commissionpar leurs auteurs ou pourles punirde les avoir commis [par. 5. I0]; et withthe intent to destroy,In wholeor ht part,the Tutsi ethnic group, each of which dansl’intention de ddtruire, en toutou en acts or omissionsis punishablein partie,le groupeethniqtte tutsi &ant referenceto Articles22 and 23 of the entendu que chaeun de ces actes ou Statute. ontission$ est punissableen vertudes Articles22 et 23 duStatut Count 5: CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY (Murder): Cinqui~mechef &accusation: CRIME CONTREL’HUMANITI~ (Assassinat) TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli~zer LeProcureur duTribunal pdnal international NIYITEGEKA with MURDER as a pour le Rwanda accuse Eli4zer CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY, as NIYITEGEKA de CRI3IE CONTRE stipulatedin Article 3(a) of the Statute, in L ’HU3,IANITE- ASSASSINA T, crimevisd thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 d l’Article3(a) du Statut, pour avoir tud des and 17 July 1994,notably, though not personnesou provoqu6 leur raise ~ mort,le, exclusively,in Kibuye prdfecture, Rwanda, ou entrele 6avrilet le 17 juillet1994, Eli~zerNIYITEGEKA did killpersons, or notamment,mais pas exclusivement, dans la causepersons to be killed,as partof a prrfecturede Kibuye,au Rwanda,dans le widespreador systematicattack against a cadre d’une attaque g6ndralisreet civilianpopulation on political,ethnic or syst6matiquedirigde contre la population racialgrounds, asfollows: tutsieen raisonde son appartenance politique,ethnique ou raciale,ainsi qu’il suit: Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute,. by virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, En applicationde l’Article 6 (l) du Statut instigating,ordering, committing, or Parses actes directement perpdtrrs ~ l’effet otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, de planifier,d’inciter ~ commettre, preparationor executionof the crime d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettre,ou charged,as setforth in para~aphs5.1; 5.2; de toute autre mani~re d’aider et 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; d’encourager~t planifier, ~ prdparer ou 6.5;6.7; to 6.I0; 6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to exrcuterle crimeimputr, tel que ddcrit aux 6.49; 6.51 and 6.56 to 6.71 of this para~aphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; indictment. 5.32h 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 ~ 6.10;6.14 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~t 6.49;6.5I et 6.56/~6.71 Withoutlimiting the generalityof the du prdsentActe d’accusation. foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sansprdjudice de leur caractrre gdndral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvisrs comprerment, (a)ordering or participatingin attacks upon sanss’y limiter lefait : civilianTutsi refugees in Bisesero a) D’ordonnertes attaquesperpdtrdes throughoutApril, May and June 1994 contreles rdfugirscivils tutsis de causingthousands of deaths[¶¶6.58; Biseseropendant les moisd’avril, de 6.68]; maiet dejuin 1994, lesquelles ont coOtd la vie/tdes miltiers de personnesou de participer~ de telles attaques [par. 6.58; 71 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ %) ’;. THE CHARGES(refiled , ’ . in compllancewith the TrialChamber |! orderof 20 November2000 6.68]; (b)ordering or participatingin attacks upon b) D’ordonnerles attaquesperpdtrdes en Tutsi civiliansor upon civilians avril,mai et juin1994 contre les civils perceivedto be politicallyopposed to tutsisou les civflsconsiddrds comme the MRND or the InterimGovernment, ~tantpolitiquement opposds au MRN’D particularly in KibuyepHfecmre. ou au Gouvernementintdrimaire en throughoutApril, May and June1994, particulierdans la prefecturedeKibuye, causingthousands of deaths [¶6.57]; lesquellesattaques ont cofit~ la vie ~t des milliersde persormes, ou de participer detelles attaques [par. 6.57]; (c)shooting and killing a younggirI on c)De tirersur une jeune fille et dela tuer about 20 May 1994, after having le,ou versle 20 mai1994 apres s’&tre sexuallyassaulted her [¶6.60]; livrdsur sa persormei des actesde violencesexuelle [par. 6.60]; (d)forcing a vehicle off the road on or about d) Deforcer un v6hicule~t quitterla route, 28 June1994 and ordering or instigating le 28 juin1994 ou verscette date, et civilianmilitia to shoot its occupants, a d’ordonner~ des ~l~mentsdes milices man anda woman,causing their deaths dvilesde tirersur ses passagers,un [¶6.60]; hommeet une femme,provoquant de ce faitleur mort, ou de les inciter commettredetels actes [par. 6.60]. Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by En applicationde l’Article 6 (3)du Statut virtueof his actualor constructive d’etreinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’etre knowledgeof the actsor omissionsof his instruitdes actesou omissionsde ses subordinates,including local public subordonn6s,y comprisles membresde officials,such as for example pr~fet Clement l’administrationterritoriale locale, tels que, Kayishema, bourgmestre Charles le pr6fet C16ment Kayishema, le Sikubwabo,conseiller Mika Muhimana, and bourgmestre Charles Sikubwabo, le soldiers,gendarmes, communal police, conseillerMika Muhimana, et les militaires, [nterahamwe,civilian militia or civilians les gendarmes,les 616mentsde la police actingunder his authority, andhis failure to communale,de l’Interahamweet des milices stopor preventthem, or to disciplineor civilesou les civilsagissant sous son punishthem, for their acts in the planning, autorit6,et n’avoir rien fait pour y mettre preparationor executionof the crime fin,ou lesempecher de les commettre,ou charged,as setforth in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; lespunir d’avoir particip6 & la planification, 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; ~t la pr6parationou /1 Ia commissiondu 6.5;6.7; to 6.10; 6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 to crimeimput6, tel que d6crit aux paragraphes 6.49; 6.51 and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 5.1;5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32/~ 5.35; indictment. 5.38;6.5; 6.7 ~ 6.10;6.14 ~ 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~.6.49; 6.51 et 6.56~ 6.71du prdsentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sansprdjudice deleur caract6re g6n6ral, les foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, acresou omissionssusvis6s comprerment, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefait : (e)ordering or participatinginattacks upon e) D’ordonnerles attaquesperp6tr6es en civilianTutsi refugees in Bisesero avril,mai et juin 1994 contre Ies civils throughoutApril, May and June 1994 by tutsisr6fugi~s ~ Biseseropar les 72 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7i . THE CHARGES (refiled ,~, "~nce with the Trial Chamber II order o,f20 NOVember 200~ soldiersor civilianmilitia or local residentssubject to hisauthority, militairesou les61~ments des milices beingpresent during such attacks or civilesou de Ia populationlocale havingknowledge of suchattacks and agissantsous son autorit6ou d’6tre failingtostop the attacks orto discipline and pr&entdurant cos attaqueset d’avoir or punishthe perpetrators[¶¶6.58; counaissancede Ia perp6trationderelies 6.68]; attaqueset de n’avoirrien fair pour v mettrefin ou pouren punirles auteurs, ou de participer/t la Perp6trationde tellesattaques [par. 6.58; 6.682; (t)ordering or participatingin attacks upon f) D’ordonnerles attaquesperp6tr6es en Tutsi civiliansor upon civilians avril,mai et juin1994 contre Ies civils perceivedto be politicallyopposed to tutsisou los civilsconsid6r& comme the MRND or the InterimGovernment, 6tantpolitiquement oppos6s au MP,~ND particularlyin Kibuyeprdfecture, ou au Gouvernementint6rimaire, en throughoutApril, May and June 1994, or particulierdans la pr6fecturede Kibuye, havingknowledge of suchattacks and ou d’avoir connaissance de la failingtostop the attacks orto discipline perp6trationde telles attaques qui ont or punishthe perpetrators,causing cotat6Ia vie~ desmilliers de personnes thousandsof deaths [¶6.57]; etde n’avoirrien fait pour y mettrefin ou pouren punirles auteurs,ou de participer~ la Perp6trationd’e telles attaques[par. 6.57]; (g)forcing a vehicle offthe road on or about g) De forcerun v6hicule ~ quitter la route, 28 June1994 and ordering or instigating le ou versIe 28 juin1994 et d’ordonner civilianmilitia to shoot its occupants, a des616ments des milicesciviles de manand a woman,causing their deaths tirersur ses passagers, un homme et une [¶6.60]; femme,provoquant ainsi leur mort, ou de lesinciter h commettre de tetsactes each of which acts or omissionsis [par.6.60]; punishablein referenceto Articles22 and Etantentendu que chacunde ces acresou 23of the Statute. omissionsest punissableen vertu des Articles22et 23 duStatut. Count 6: CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY (Extermination): Sixi6mechef d’aeeusation: CRIME CONTRE L’HUMANIT/~ (extermination) TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli6zer Le ProcureurduTribunal p6nal international NIYITEGEKA with EXTERMINATION pour le Rwanda accuse Eli~zer as a CRIME AGAINST HUAIANITY, as NIYITEGEKA de CRIAIE CONTRE stipulatedinArticle 3(b) of the Statute, in L ’HUIIIANITE _ EXTERMINA TION, thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 crimevisd d l’Article3 (b) du Statut,pour and 17 July 1994,notably, though not avoir,le, ou entre le 6 avrilet le 17 juillet exclusively,in Kibuye prdfecture, Rwanda, 1994,notamment, mais pas exclusivement Eli6zerNIYITEGEKA did killpersons, or dartsIa pr6fecturede Kibuye,au Rwanda, causepersons to be killed,during mass tu6des personnes ou provoqu6lear raise /t mort,au coursde massacresperp6tr~s dans 73 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ¯- 21o3 7L,, THE CHARGESfrefited,. ~,, in compliancewith the Trial Chambern order of 20 November2000 killingevents as partof a widespreador le cadred’une attaque grndralisde ou systematicattack against a civilian systrmafiquedirigre contre une population populationon political,ethnic or racial civileen raisonde son appartenance grounds,as follows: politique,ethnique oureligieuse, ainsi qu’il suit: Pursuantto Article6(I) of theStatute: by En applicationde l’Article 6 (1) du &amr virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, parses actes directement perprtr& 5. I’effet instigating,ordering, committing, or de planifier,d’inciter 5. commettre, otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreou preparationor executionof the crime de route autre mani~re d’aider et charged,as setforth in paragraphs 5.1; 5.2; d’encourager5. ptanifier, 5. prrparer ou 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; exrcuterle crimeimputr, tel que d~crit aux 6.5;6.7; to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 to paragaphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 6.49; 6.51 and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 5.325. 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 5. 6.10; 6.14 indictment. 6.38;6.41; 6.43 5. 6.49;6.51 et 6.56 ~ 6.71 du prrsentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sansprrjudice deleur caract6re grnrral, les foregoing,these acts and omissions include, actesou omissionssusvisrs comprennent, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefait : (a) Leading,ordering, participating or a) De dirigeret d’ordormerles massacres instigatingmassacres or attackson ou lesattaques perprtrrs contre les Tutsicivilians in Kibuyein May1994 civilstutsis 5. Kibuye en mai 1994 ou de [¶6.57]; participerou d’inciter5. leur (b) facilitating,aiding or abetting commission[par. 6.57]; massacresor attacks on Tutsi civilians b) De contribuer,d’aider 5. perprtrerles by transportingarmed individuals, massacresde civilstutsis ou les includingcivilian militias, tothe area attaquesdirigres contre eux, ou of Bisseseroand directingthem to d’encouragerleur commission,en attackin April,May and June1994 assurantle transportd’individus armrs, [¶6.58]; y comprisdes 616mentsdes milices civilesvers la rrgionde Biseseroet en leurdormant l’ordre d’attaquer enavril, maiet juin1994 [par. 6,58]; (c)instigatingmassacres of Tutsi c) D’inciter5. massacrerles civils tutsis civiliansthroughout Rwanda by partoutau Rwanda,en adressantdes officiallycongratulating theprdfets of frlicitationsofficielles auxprrfets de Kigali,Kibuye and Cyangugufor Kigali,de Kibuyeet de Cyangugupour excellentwork done,knowing that l’excellenttravail accompli, sachant such work includedmassacres of queledit travail consistait notamment 5. civilianTutsi in furtheranceof the massacrerles Tutsis pour dormer effet 5. Interim Government offensive la stratrgied’attaque mise en placepar strategyto defeatthe RPF [¶6.20]; le Gouvernementintrrimaire pour drfairele FPR [par. 6.20]; (d) participatingin cabinet meetings of d) De participer5. des rrunions du ConseiI the InterimGovernment to plan, des ministres du Gouvernement 74 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71""THE CHARGES(refiled, " """ in compliancewith the Trial Chamber[I order of 20 November2000 prepareor encouragemassacres of int~rimaire/t l’effet de planifier,de Tutsi civiliansas a policy of prdparerou d’encouragerles massacres "pacification"and"restoring security" de civilstutsis perp6tr4s dans le cadre and "civildefense" [¶¶6.23; 6.24; de sa politiquede "pacification",de 6.25J; restaurationde la "s6curit6"et de "d~fensecivile" [par. 6.23; 6.24; 6.25]; e) D’ordolmerou d’encouragerte viol de (e) ordering,instigating, encouraging or femmestutsies et leursoumission ~ des participatingin rape and sexual acresde violence sexuelle ou d’inciter assaultsupon Tutsi women [¶6.60]; commettredetels actes ou departiciper and /tleur commission [par. 6.60]; et En applicationdel’Article 6 (3) du Statut Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by d’etreinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’etre virtueof his actualand constructive instruitdes actes ou omissions des autorit6s knowledgeof the acts and omissionsof localesdel’administration territoriaIe, telles localpublic officials, including for example que le pr6fet C16mentKayishema, le pr~fetClement Kayishema, bourgmestre bourgznestreCharles Sikubwabo, conseiller Charles Sikubwabo,conseiller Mika Mika Muhimana,les militaires,les Muhimana,and soldiers,gendarmes, gendarmes,les poticierscommunaux, les communalpolice, Interahamwe, civilian Interahamwe,les 616mentsdes milices militiaand civiliansacting under his civilesou les civilsagissant sous son authority,and his failure to stop or prevent autorit6,etde n’avoir rien fair pour y mettre them,or to disciplineand punish them, for finou tesemp~cher de lescommettre, ou les theiracts in thepreparation andexecution of punird’avoir particip6/t laptanification, ~ la thecrime charged, as setforth in paragraphs pr6parationou ~k la commissiondu crime 5.1;5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35; imput6,tel que d6crit aux paragaphes 5.1; 5.38;6.5; 6.7; to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 5.2;5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 h 5.35;5.38; 6.43to 6.49;6.51; and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 6.5;6.7 /~ 6.10;6.14 /~ 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 /~ indictment. 6.49;6.51; et 6.56~. 6.71du pr6sentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sanspr6judice de leur caract~re g6n6ral, les foregoing,these acts and omissions include, actesou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefait : (0 leadinggroups of civilianmilitia and f) De dirigerdes groupesappartenant aux localresidents inattacks against Tutsi milicesciviles et la populationlocale civiliansin Kibuye,or beingpresent lorsdes attaques perp6tr6es contre les duringmassacres in Kibuye,knowing civilstutsis, ou d’etrepr6sent pendant thatcivilian militia and local residents la commissiondes massacres qui ont eu actingunder his authoritywere lieu~ Kibuye,sachant que les milices attackingTutsi civilians [¶¶6.57; civileset la populationlocale agissant 6.58]; sousson autorit~ attaquaient lescivils tutsis[par. 6.57; 6.58]; (g) acting in concert with local g) D’agirde concertavec les autorit6s administrativeofficials in Kibuye administrativeslocales de la prefecture 75 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 21o? 71"’s.THE CHARGES(refiled a5 ~n compliancewith the TrialChamber I! orderof 20 November2000 prdfecture,including the prdfet, de Kibuye,y comprisle prdfet,Ies bourgmestresand conseillersde bourgmestreset les conseillersde secteur,to lead,command and order secteurdans le butd’encadrer, et de civilianmilitias and local residents to dirigerles milicesciviles et la killTutsi civilians, resulting in populationlocale et de leurordonner de thousandsof deaths,or "knowingof tuerles civils tutsis, causant dece fait la such attackson Tutsi civilians mort des milliersde personnes organizedby localadministrative Kibuye, ou d’6tre insmtit de officialsormilitary officials subject to his authority,failing to stop or l’organisationdetelles attaques dirigdes disciplineor punishthe perpetrators contreles civils tutsis par les autorit6s administrativesou militaires locales [¶¶6.56;6.57; 6.58]; agissantsous son autorit6 et n’avoir rienfait pour y mettrefin ou pouren punirles auteurs [par. 6.56; 6.57; 6.58] (h) knowing of media campaigns by h) Radio Rwanda or RTLM targeting D’etreinstruit de l’existencede Tutsicivilians as enemyaccomplices campagnesde presseorganisdes par or instigatingmassacres or killingof RadioRwanda ou la RTLMaux finsde fairepasser les civils tutsis pour les Tutsicivilians, and failing to curtail complicesde l’ennemiou d’inciter such pro~amming or stop or disciplineor punishperpetrators massacrerou& tuerles civils tutsis et de ne rienfaire pour mettre fin & un tel subjectto his authority as Minister of pro~ammeou pour en emp~cherla Information[¶¶4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 5.10; 5.13]; diffusionou en punirles auteurs, agissantsous son autorit6 en tantque ministrede l’information [par. 4.3; 4.4; (i)ordering,commanding or participating 4.5;5.10; 5.13; ]; in generalizedattacks on Tutsi i) D’0rdonneret de dirigerdes attaques g6n6ralis6esvisant les civils tutsis, civilians,particularly in Kibuye, knowingthat rape and sexual violence notamment~. Kibuye,sachant que dans against Tutsi women were lecadre de telles attaques, des viols et desactes de violencesexuelle 6taient systematicallyincorporated in such ? attacks,and failingto stop or syst6matiquementperp6tr6s contre les femmestutsies et de ne rienfaire pour disciplineor punish the perpetrators, includingsoldiers, communa! police, emp&cherla commissionde telsactes ou pouren punirles auteurs notamment civilianmilitias and local residents, lesmilitaires, les agents de la police subjectto hisauthority as a Minister of the InterimGovernment [¶¶6.59; communale,les 616mentsdes milices civileset lapopulation locale agissant 6.60;6.61]; sousson autorit6 en tantque ministre du Gouvemementint6rimaire [par. 6.59;6.60; 6.61]; each of which acts or omissionsis punishablein referenceto Articles22 and dtantentendu que chacunde ces actesou 23of the Statute. omissionsest punissableen vertudes Articles22et 23du Statut. Count 7: CRIMES AGAINST Septi6mechef d’accusation: CRIMES 76 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 71 ,z. THECHARGES (refiled ~,.. ’;,in compliancewith the Trial Chamber [I orderof 20 November2000 HUMANITY (Rape): CONTRE L’HUMANITI~(viol) TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Le Procureurdu Tribunal penal international Tribunal of Rwanda charges Eli~zer pour le Rwanda accuse Eli~zer NIYITEGEKA with RAPE as a CRIME AGAINSTHU3/IANITY, as stipulatedin NIYITEGEKA de CRIME CONTRE Article3(g) of theStatute, in thaton or L ’HU3’IANITE,~ savoir LE VIOL,crime betweenthe datesof 6 April1994 and 17 prdvugz l’Article3 @ du &atut,pour avoir July1994, notably, though not exclusively, provoqu6,le ou entre le 6 avril1994 et le 17 in Kibuyeprdfecture, Rwanda, Eli6zer juillet 1994, notamment mais non NIYITEGEKA did cause women to be exclusivementdans la prefecturede Kibuye, rapedas partof a widespreador systematic au Rwanda,le violde femmescommis duns attackagainst a civilianpopulation on le cadred’une attaque g6n6ralis~e ou political,ethnic or racialgrounds, as systEmatiquedirigEe contre une population follows: civile,en raisonde son appurtenance ethniqueou racialecomme suit : Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by En applicationdel’Article 6 (1) &~ Statut virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, parses acres directement perpEtrEs ~ l’effet instigating,ordering, committing, or de planifier,d’inciter a commettre, otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, preparationor executionof the crime d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreet charged,as set forthin paragaphs5.38; de route autre mani6re d’aider et 6.59to 6.71 of this indictment. d’encourager~ planifier, ~ preparer ou ex6cuterle crimeimput6, tel que dEcrit aux paragaphes5.38; et 6.59/t 6.71du present Acted’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sansprejudice de leur caract~re gEnEral, les foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvisEs comprennent, sanss’y limiter lefait : (a)raping a younggirl on or about20 May a) De violetune jeune fille le, ou versle 1994[¶6.60]; 20mai 1994 [par. 6.60]; f,~-. Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by virtueof his actualor constructive En applicationde PArticle 6 (3) du Statut d’etreinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’6tre knowledgeof theacts or omissionsof his subordinates,including local public instruitdes actesou omissionsde ses officials,including for exampleprdfet subordonnEs,y compris les autoritEs locales ClementKayishema, bourgmestre Charles del’administration territoriale, telles que le prEfetC16ment Kayishema, le bourgmestre Sikubwabo,conseiller Mika Muhimana, and soldiers,gendarmes, communal police, CharlesSikubwabo, le conseillerMika Interahamwe,civilian militia or civilians Muhimana,les militaires, gendarmes, agents actingunder his authority, and his failure to de la policecommunale, Interahamwe, stopor preventthem, or to disciplineor 61Ementsdes milicesciviles et civils agissantsous son autoritE et den’avoir lien punishthem, for their acts in theplanning, preparationor executionof the crime fairpour y rnettrefin ou lesemp6cher deles charged,as setforth in paragraphs5.38; commettreou pour les punir de 1cur 6.59to 6.71 of this indictment. participation~ la planification,~ Ia preparationet /t la commissiondu crime 77 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7+ :’ THECHARGES (refiled ~ ...... +:. ¯ ’S~ancewith the TrialChamber II orderof 20 NOvember2000 imputd,tel que ddcrit aux paragraphes 5.38; 6.59~ 6.7ldu prdsentActe d ’ accusanon.- Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sansprdjudice deleur caract6re grnrral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvisds comprennent. (b)ordering or leadinggeneralized attacks sanss’y limiter lefait : upon Tutsi civilians,~owing that b) D’ordonnerou de dirigerdes attaques sexualviolence against Tutsi women, gdndralisdesperpdtrdes contre les civ/ls particularlyrape, was, or wouldbe, tutsis,sachant que des actes de violence systematicallyincorporated in such sexuelle,enparticulier Ieviol, dtaient ou generalizedattacks [¶¶5.38; 6.59; 6.60; seraientsystrmatiquement perpdtrds 6.611; contreles femmes tutsies darts le cadre detelles attaques [par. 5..~8; " 6.59; 6.60; each of which acts or omissionsis 6.61]; punishablein referenceto Articles22 and dtantentendu que chacunde ces acresou 23of the Statute. omissionsest punissableen vertu des Articles22et 23 du statut. Count 8: CRIMES AGAINST Huiti~mechef d’accusation : HUMANITY (Inhumane Acts): CRIMES CONTRE L’HUMANIT]~ inhumains) (actes TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda charges Elidzer Le Procureurdu Tribunal prnal international NIYITEGEKA with INHUMANE ACTS pour le Rwanda accuse Elidzer as a CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY, as NIYITEGEKA de CRIME CONTRE stipulatedin Article 3(0 of theStatute, in Z ’HUAIANITff,_ ACTES INHU~WAINS, thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 crimevisd gz l’Article 3 (i) du Statut,pour and 17 July 1994,notably, though not avoir,entre le 6 et ie 30 avrii1994, exclusively,in Kibuye prdfecture, Rwanda, notammentdarts la prrfecturede Kibuye,au Elidzer NIYITEGEKA did commit Rwanda,commis sur des personnesdes inhumaneacts upon persons as partof a actesinhumains perp&rds dans le cadre i widespreador systematicattack against a d’uneattaque gdndralisde et systdmatique civilianpopulation on political,ethnic or dirigdecontre une population civile era racialgrounds, asfollows: raisonde son appartenancepolitique, ethniqueouraciale, ainsi qu’il suit : Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, En appRcationde l’Article 6 (I) &~ Starer: instigating,ordering, committing, or parces actes directement perprtrds /~ l’effet otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, de pIanifier,d’inciter ~t commettre, preparationor executionof the crime d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreou charged,as setforth in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; de toute autre mani6re d’aider et 5.13;5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; &encourager/t planifier, ~ prrparer ou /~ 6.5;6.7; to 6.10; 6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 to exrcuterle crimeimputr, tel que ddcrit aux 6.49; 6.51 and 6.56 to 6.71 of this paragraphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; indictment. 5..~_"9 /t 5.35; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7 /~ 6.10; 6.14 ~i 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~ 6.49;6.51 et 6.56~ 6.71 du prdsentActe d’accusation. 78 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7’~: ’ ... THE CHARGES (reliled " - ~ ::~;n c...~ompliancewiththe Tria| Chamber II orderof 20 November?000._~.._ Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sanspr6judice de leur caract6re gdn&al, Ies butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis& conlprennent, (a) orderingcivilian militias to shoot sanss’y timiter tefait : womanand then ordering them to cut a pieceof wood and insert it inher vagina a) D’ordonneraux ~I6mentsdes milices [¶6.60]; civilesde faire feu sur une fernme et de luiplanter un morceaude boisdans le vagin[par. 6.60]; Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute.. by virtueof his actualor constructive Enapplication de l’Article 6 (3) du Statue knowledgeof the actsor omissionsof his d’etreinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’6tre subordinates,including soldiers, gendarmes, instruitdes acteset omissionsde ses communalpolice, Interahamwe, civilian subordonn&,y compris les militaires, les militiaor civiliansacting under his gendarmes,les agents de la police authority,and his failure to stop or prevent communale,les 616ments de l’Znt.erahamwe, them,or to disciplineor punishthem, for ou desmiiices civiles ou lescivits agissant theiracts in theplanning, preparation or sousson autorit6, etde n’avoir rien fait pour executionof thecrime charged, as setforth y mettre fin ou les emp6cherde les in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; commettreou pour les punir d’avoir 5.30;5.32 to 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to 6.10; particip6/tla planification, /tla pr6paration 6.14to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to 6.49;6.51 and et/tla commissiondu crime impute, tel que 6.56to 6.71 of this indictment. d~critaux Paragraphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.1.~; " ". 5.29;5.30; 5.32 ~ 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 "~ ~.2~,6.10; 6.I4~ 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~t 6.49; 6.51 et 6.56 6.71du pr6sentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sansp%judice de leurcaract6re g6n6ral les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis& comprennent, sanss’y limiter lefait : re~"% (a)ordering, instigating orparticipating attackson Tutsicivilians, oron persons a) D’ordonneraux 616mentsde Ia police perceivedto be politicallyopposed to communale,de I’Interahamwe,des the MRNDor the InterimGovernment, milicesou de la populationlocale des by communalpolice, Interahamwe, pr6fecturesde Byumbaou de Kibungo, civilianmilitias or localresidents in d’attaquerdes civilstutsis ou des Byumba or Kibungo prdfectures, personnesconsid~r6es comme ~tant resultingin injury,rape and death of politiquementoppos6es au MRKDou au thousandsof persons[¶5.38; 6.55 to Gouvernementint6rimaire, ou de les 6.71]; inciter~ perp~trer ou~ participer/t de tellesattaques darts lesquelIes des milliersde personnesont trouv6 la mort ou ont~t~ victimes de blessureset de viol[par. 5.38; 6.55 ~ 6.71]; (b)orderingor leadinggeneralized attacks upon Tutsicivilians, knowing that b) D’ordonnerou de dirigerdes attaques g6n6ralis6esperp6tr6es contre les civils 79¸ PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7Lid THE CHARGES(refiled~.... r: "., in compllancewiththe Trial Chamber II orderof 20 November2000 sexualviolence against Tutsi women, tutsis,sachant que des actes de violence particularlyrape, was, or wouldbe, sexuellevisant les femmes tutsies, en systematicallyincorporated in such particulierle viol, 6talent, ou seraient generalizedattacks [¶¶5.38; 6.59; 6.60; systrmatiquementcommis dans le cadre 6.61]; de cesattaques g~nrralisres [par. 5.38; 6.59;6.60; 6.61] each of which acts or omissionsis dtantentendu que chacun de ces actesou punishablehz referenceto Articles22 and omissionsest punissableen vertu des 23 ofthe Statute. Articles22 et23 du Statut. Count 9: SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF Neuvi~me chef ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE d’accusation: VIOLATIONS GRAVES GENEVA CONVENTION AND OF DE L’ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II: CONVENTIONS DE GENI~VE ET DU PROTOCOLE ADDITIONEL 11 : TheProsecutor of the International Criminal Le Procureurdu Tribunal prnaI international Tribunal of Rwanda charges Elirzer pour le Rwanda accuse Elirzer NIYITEGEKA with VIOLENCE TO NIYITEGEKAd ’A TTEINTEPOR TEE ,2t LIFE, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL OR LA VIE, A LA SANTE ET A U BIEN- MENTAL WELL-BEING as a SERIOUS ETRE PHYSIQUE ET MENTAL DE VIOLA TION OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON PERSONNES considdrde comme ttne TO THE GENEVA CONVENTION AND VIOLATION GRAVE DE L’ARTICLE 3 OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, as COMMUN AUX CONVENTIONS DE stipulatedinArticle 4(a) of the Statute,. in GENEVE ET DU PROTOCOLE thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 ADDITIONNELII, crimeprdvu h l’Article and 17 July 1994,notably, though not 4 a) du.Statut, pour avoir, entre le 6 avril exclusively,in Kibuye prefecture, Rwanda, 1994et le 17 juillet1994,notamrnent, mais Eli~zerNIYITEGEKA did cause violence pas exclusivementdans la prrfecturede to thelife, health and physical or mental Kibuye,au Rwanda,port6 atteinte ~ la vie, well-being,in particularmurders and la sant6et au bien-~trephysique et mental killings,ofcivilian non-combatants during a de personnes,du faitdes meurtreset des non-internationalarmedconflict, as follows: mises~ mortqu’il a en particuliercommis dansle cadred’un conflit arm6 ~t caract~re noninternational, ainsiqu’il suit : Pursuantto Article6(1) of theStatute: by Enapplication de l’Article 6 (1) du Statut virtueof hisaffirmative acts in planning, parses actes directement perprtrrs ~tl’effet instigating,ordering, committing, or de planifier,d’inciter /t commettre, otherwiseaiding and abetting the planning, d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreou preparationor executionof the crime de toute autre manirre d’aider et charged,as setforth in paragraphs 5.1; 5.2; d’encourager~ planifier, /t pr6parer ou /~ 5.13;5.23; 5.29;5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; exrcuterle crimeimputr, tel que drcrit aux 6.5;6.7; to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to paragraphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; 6.49;6.5l and 6.56 to 6.71 of this 5.32/~ 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 /t 6.10;6.14 ~t indictment. 6.38;6.41; 6.43 h 6.49;6.5I et 6.56 5, 6.71 80¸ PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 717:~THE CHARGES (refi ed ~ " ...... :. f . cin "=.~ncewith the Trial _ChamberII order of 20 NOVember2000__...~._. du presentAcre d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts and omissions include, Sanspr6judice deleur caract~re general, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, (a) leading,ordering, participating or sanss’y l/miter lefair : instigatingmassacres or attackson a) De dirigerou d’ordonnerdes massacres Tutsicivilians in Kibuyein MayI994 ou des attaquesperp&res contre des [~6.57]; civilstutsis en mai1994 ~ Kibuveou de participer& de telsacres ou d’inciter (b) facilitating,aiding or abetting lescommettre [par. 6.57J; massacresor attacks on Tutsicivilians b) De contribuerfi la perp&rationdes by transportingarmed individuals, massacresou desattaques diriges contre includingcivilian militias, tothe area les civiIs tutsis,ou d’aideret of Bisseseroand directingthem to d’enc0urager~ leur commissionen attackin April,May and June1994 assurantle transportd’individus armds, [{6.58]; Y comprisdes 61dmentsdes milices civilesvers la r6gionde Biseseroet de leurordonner de lesattaquer en avril, (c) instigatingmassacres of Tutsi maietjuin 1994 [par. 6.581; civiliansthroughout Rwanda by c) D’inciter~ massacrer les civils tutsis officiallycon~atulating theprdfets of partoutau Rwandaen adressantdes Kigali,Kibuye and Cyangugufor felicitationsofficielles aux prdfets de excellentwork done, knowing that Kigali,de Kibuyeet de Cyangugupour such work includedmassacres of l’excellenttravail accompli, sachant que civilianTutsi in furtheranceof the ledittravail consistait notamment Interim Government offensive massacreries civils tutsis dans le cadre strategyto defeatthe RPF [{6.20]; de la strategied’attaque raise en place par le Gouvernementintdrimaire pour (d) participatingin cabinet meetings of venir/tbout du FPR[par. 6.20] the InterimGovernment to plan, d) De participer& des reunions du Conseil prepareor encouragemassacres of des ministres du Gouvemement Tutsi civiliansas a policy of interimaireaux finsde planifier,de "pacification"and"restoring security" prdparerou d’encouragerle massacre de and "civildefense" [¶{6.23; 6.24; civilstutsis dans Ie cadre d’une politique 6.25]; de "pacification"de "restauration de la sdcurite"et de "d&ensecivile"[par. 6.23;6:24; 6.251; (e) ordering,instigating, encouraging or e) D’ordonnerou d’encourager le viol et la participatingin rape and sexual soumissiondes femmestutsies /t des assaultsupon Tutsi women [{6.601; acresde violence sexuelle, oud’inciter and perp&rerde telsactes ou departic/per/t leurcommission [par. 6.60]; et Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute.. by Enapplication de l’Article 6 (3) du Statut virtueof his actualand constructive d’&reinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’etre knowledgeof the acts and omissionsof instruitdes actes et omissions des militaires, des gendarmes,des agentsde la police 81 f PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ ~t 1ol 71 " THE CHARGES(refiled ..... _z_i n compliancewith the Trial Chamber II orderof 20 November2000 soldiers,gendarmes, communal police, Interahamwe,civilian militia and civilians communale,des [nterahamwe,des 616ments actingunder his authority, andhis failure to desmilices civiles et descivils agissant sous stopor preventthem, or to disciplineand sonautorit6, et de n’avoirrien fair pour y punishthem, for their acts in the preparation mettre fin ou les emp6cher de les andexecution of thecrime charged, as set commettre,ou pour les punir de leur forthin paragraphs5.1; 5.2; 5. l.~;5.23; participationfi la pr6parationet 5. la 5.29;5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to commissiondu crimeimput6, tel que d6crit 6.10;6.14 to 6.38; 6.41; 6.43 to 6.49; 6.51; auxparagraphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; and6.56 to 6.71of this indictment. 5.30;5.32 ~ 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7 ~ 6.10;6.14 6.38;6.41; 6.43 fl 6.49; 6.51 et 6.56 ~ 6.71 du pr6sentActe d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the Sanspr6judice deleur caract~re g6n6ral, les foregoing,these acts and omissions include, acresou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, butare not limited to: sanss’y limiter lefair : (f) teadinggroups of civilianmilitia and f) De dirigerdes groupes appartenant aux localresidents in attacks against Tutsi milicesciviles et des 616mentsde la civiliansin Kibuye,or beingpresent populationcivile lors des attaques duringmassacres in Kibuye,knowing perp6tr6escontre les civils tutsis ~i thatcivilian militia and local residents Kibuyeou d’etrepr6sent sur tes lieux au actingunder his authoritywere moment oh se sont commis les attackingTutsi civilians [¶¶6.57; massacresqui ont eu lieu ~ Kibuye 6.58]; sachantque lescivils tutsis 6taient l’objetd’attaques perp6tr6es par les milicesciviles et la populationlocale agissantsous son autorit6 [par. 6.57; (g) 6.58] acting in concert with locaI g) administrativeofficials in Kibuye D’agirde concertavec les autoritrs prdfecture,including the prdfet, administrativeslocales de la prrfecture bourgmestresand conseillersde de Kibuye,y comprisle prrfet,Ies secteur,to lead,command and order bourgmestreset les conseillersde civilianmilitias and local residents to secteur/~l’effet d’encadrer etde diriger killTutsi civilians, resuiting in lesmilices civiles et lapopulation locale thousandsof deaths,or knowingof et de leurordormer de tuerles civils such attackson Tutsi civilians tutsis,faisant ainsi des milliers demorts, organizedby Iocatadministrative ou de savoirque de tellesattaques officialsormilitary officials subject to 6taientorganisres contre les civils tutsis his authority,failing to stop or parles autoritrs administratives locales disciplineor punishthe perpetrators oupar les chefs militaires agissant sous [¶¶6.56;6.57; 6.58]; sonautorit6 et de ne rienfaire pour y mettrefin ou en punirles auteurs [par. (h) knowing of media campaigns by 6.56;6.57; 6.58]; Radio Rwanda or RTLM targeting h) D’rtreinstruit des campagnes de presse Tutsicivilians as enemyaccomplices lancrespar RadioRwanda ou Ia RTLM or instigatingmassacres or killingof contreles civils tutsis drsignrs comme Tutsicivilians, and failing to curtail 6tant Ies complicesde l’ennemiou d’inciter/~massacrer ou/t tuer les civils 82 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7k,!2,THE CHARGES(refiled, ¯ " t ~i£:~iancewith the TrialChamber [I orderof 20 Nove~’~I,er2000 such pro~amming or stop or disciplineor punishperpetrators tutsiset dene rienfaire pour mettre un subjectto hisauthority asMinister of terme/i de telsprogrammes ou pour Information[¶¶4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 5.10; emp~cherleurs auteurs, agissant sous 5.t.,;]; " son autorit~en tantque ministrede l’information,deles diffuser, oupour les punirde leursacres [par 4.3; 4.4; 4.5; fi) ordering,commanding or participating 5.10;5.13]; in generalizedattacks on Tutsi i) D’ordonnerla perpdtrationd’attaques civilians,particularly in Kibuye, gdndralisdesvisant les civils mtsis, en knowingthat rape and sexual violence particulier/tKibuye, d’en donner l’ordre against Tutsi women were ou d’yparticiper, sachant que des actes systematicallyincorporated in such "’ de violet de violencesexuelle dirigds attacks,and failingto stop or contreles femmestutsies dtaient disciplineor punish the perpetrators, systdmatiquementperpdtrds dans le includingsoldiers, communal police, cadrede tellesattaques, et de ne rien civilianmilitias and local residents, fairepour y mettrefin ou pouren punir subjectto hisauthority asa Minister lesauteurs, y compris les militaires, les of the InterimGovernment [¶¶6.59; agentsde la policecommunale, les 6.60;6.61]; dl6mentsdes milicesciviles et la populationlocale agissant sous son autoritden rant que ministredu Gouvernementintdrimaire [6.59; 6.60; as an offensiveor defensivestrategy to 6.61]; combatthe RPF, each of whichacts or dartsle cadred’une stratdgie d’attaque ou omissionsis punishablein referenceto de ddfensevisant ?t combattrele FPR, Articles22 and23 ofthe Statute. chacunde ces acresou omissionsdtant punissableen vertu des Articles 22 et 23 du Statut. Count 10: SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF Dixi6rne chef ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE &accusation : GENEVA CONVENTION AND OF VIOLATIONS GRAVES ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II: L’ARTICLE 3 DE COMMUN AUX CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II. TheProsecutor ofthe International Criminal Tribunalof Rwanda charges Elidzer Le Procureurdu Tribunalp6naI international NIYITEGEKA with OUTRAGES ON pour le Rwanda accuse Elidzer PERSONSAL DIGNITY as SERIOUS NIYITEGEKA D ’.4 TTEINTE ,2t LA VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON DIGNITE DE LA PERSONNE,et partant de TO THE GENEVA CONVENTION AND VIOLATION GRAVE DE OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II,, as L’ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX stipulatedin Article 4(e) of the Statute, in CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU thaton or betweenthe dates of 6 April1994 PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, crime and 17 July 1994,notably, though not prdvua I’Article4 e) du Statut,pour avoir exclusively,in Kibuye prgfecture, Rwanda, le, ou entrele 6 et le 30 avril1994, ElidzerNIYITEGEKA did cause outrages notammentdans les Prdfecturesde Byumba et de Kibungo,au Rwanda,attentd /t la 83 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7t ~. THE CHARGES(refiled !~t!-s’~in coml2liancewith the Trial Chamber it orderof 20 N’OVember2000 uponthe personaldignity, in particular humiliatingand degradingtreatment, rape dignit6 de civils non combattants, and indecentassault, upon civilian non- notammenten les soumettant~i des combatantsduring a non-international traitementshumiliants et ddgradants, auviol armedconflict, asfollows: et~i l’attentat ~tla pudeur dans le cadre d’un conflitarmd /t caract~renon international, ainsiqu’il suit : Pursuantto Article6(i) of theStatute: by virtueof hisaffirmative acts in plarming, En applicationde l’Article 6 (I) du &amt instigating,ordering, committing, or parses acres directement perpdtrds /tl’effet otherwiseaiding and abetting the plarming, de planifier,&inciter /t commettre, preparationor executionof the crime d’ordonnerde commettre,de commettreou charged,as setforth in paragraphs 5.1; 5.2; de toute autre mani~re d’aider et 5.13;5.23; 5.29;5.30; 5.32 to 5.35;5.38; d’encourager/t planifier, /t prdparer ou /t 6.5;6.7; to 6.10;6.14 to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to ex6cuterle crimeimputd, tel que ddcrit aux paragaphes5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; 5.30; [ ’ 6.49;6.51 and 6.56 to 6.71 of this indictment. 5.32/t 5.35; 5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to 6.10; 6.14 /~ 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~ 6.49;6.51 et 6.56 ~ 6.71 du pr6sentActe d’accusation et, Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sanspr6judice de leur caract~re g6n6ral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, (c)raping a younggirl on or about20 May sanss y hmlterlefret : 1994[¶6.60]; c) Devioler unejeune fille le, ou vers le 20 mai1994 [6.60]; Pursuantto Article6(3) of theStatute: by virtueof his actualor constructive Enapplication del’Article 6 (3) du Statut knowledgeof theacts or omissionsof his d’etreinstruit ou d’avoirdes raisons d’etre subordinates,including soldiers, gendarmes, instruitdes acteset omissionsde ses communalpolice, Interahamwe, civilian subordonn~s,y compris les militaires, les militiaor civiliansacting under his gendarmes,les agents de la police authority,and his failure to stop or prevent communale,les Interahamwe,les dl6ments them,or to disciplineor punishthem, for desmilices eiviles et Iescivils agissant sous theiracts in theplanning, preparation or sonautoritd et de n’avoirrien fait pour y executionof the crime charged, as setforth mettre fin ou les emp~cher de les in paragraphs5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23; 5.29; commettre,ou pour les punir de leur 5.30;5.32 to 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7; to 6.10; participation~ la planification,& la 6.14to 6.38;6.41; 6.43 to 6.49;6.51 and pr6parationet~t l’exdcution du crime imput6, 6.56to 6.71 of this indictment. telque d6crit aux para~aphes 5.1; 5.2; 5.13; 5.23;5.29; 5.30; 5.32 & 5.35;5.38; 6.5; 6.7/~ 6.10;6.14 & 6.38;6.41; 6.43 ~ 6.49;6.51 et 6.56/~6.71 du prdsentAcre d’accusation. Withoutlimiting the generalityof the foregoing,these acts or omissionsinclude, Sanspr6judice deleur caract6re gdn~ral, les butare not limited to: actesou omissionssusvis6s comprennent, (d)ordering or leadinggeneralized attacks sanss’y limiter lefair : d) D’ordonnerou de dirigerdes attaques upon Tutsicivilians, knowing that gdn6ralis6esvisant les civils tutsis, 84 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ 7.THE CHARGES (refiled incompliance with the Trial Chamber II order of 20 November 2000 sexualviolence against Tutsi women, sachantque dans le cadrede telles particularlyrape, was, or wouldbe, attaques,des actes de violence systematicallyincorporated in such sexuelle,notament le viol,etaient ou generalizedattacks[¶¶5.38; 6.59; 6.60; seraientsystematiquement commis 6.61]; contreles femmes tutsies [par.5.38; 6.59;6.60 ; 6.61]; as an offensiveor defensivestrategy to dansle cadred’une strategie d’attaque ou de combatthe RPF,each of whichacts or defensevisant a combattrele FPR,chacun de omissionsis punishablein referenceto cesactes ou omissionsetant punissable en Articles22 and23 of theStatute. vertudes Articles 22 et 23 du Statut TheHagl , "s2t~day of February 2001 A laHay ,’, le~oV Fevfier 21 Carle’d,onte/ Prosecutor Procureur / N 85 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/ InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda TribunalPdnal International pour le Rwanda UNITEDNATIONS ArushaInternational Conference Centre NATIONSUNIES P.O.Box8016, Arusha, Tanzania - B.P. 6016, Arusha, Tanzanie Tel:255 57 504207-11504367-72 or 1 212983 2850 Fax: 255 57 504000/504373or 1 212 963 2848/49 PROOF OF SERVICE - ARUSHA PREUVE DE NOT/F/CA T/ON AUX CHAMBRES DE PREMIERE INSTANCE- ARUSHA Date: 14/3/200] The Prosecutor V.ELIEZER NIYITEGEKA ICTR -96-14.T CaseNo/no. de I’affaire: / CaseName/affaire: To: TC1 receivedby / regupar: A: []JudgeN. Pillay,President ALO receivedby / re9u pan ~3JudgeMese, Vice President [] []Judge A. Gunawardana []E. Nahamya,Co-ordinator [] TC2 Juge L. Kama ~,~udge W. H. Sekule ~"~udgeM. GLiney ~,"C.Aptel, Co-ordinator TC3 [] JudgeL.G. Williams [3 JudgeP. Dolenc [3 (5 JudgeY. Ostrovsky [] [] M. Niang,Co-ordinator [] OTP I BUREAU DU PROCUREUR ~ , 0~i-rialAttorney in chargeof caseKEN FLEMING , received b [~.AFcENSeEc: [’(~ _~.,-t IEI~I:~I~I~EGEKA co-replete/rebm~ .~aj~~ilPrincipal SYLVIA GERAGHTY FI In Arusha/a Arusha YJ..~’L&/lr/__.go-/)/~/ i~’.3- ~. (~ig~t, re) ~3 byfax ~or~pl~te/~ji~ "CMS3bi~ FORM" [] [~ *FU s h. ~ ,~ h-a ..... (s,gnature)[] bY fax 0omp,et~, ,~p,,,,. CMS3~,, FORM.. All Decisions:~ AppealsChamber Unit, The Hague~.,[] SuzanneChenault Jurist Lingu st All Decisions & Im~nt Public Documents: 13 ~& Public Affairs From: r~Jp.Fomete []A.N’gum De: ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ (TC3) CC: El A. DiengE] A. Miller,OLA, NY Op.Nyambe E; K. MoghatuDWVSS-P Subject (3 WVSS- D []LDFMS[] GLSS Objet: Kindlyfind attached the following documents / Veuillez trouver en annexles documentssuivants: Documentsname / titredu document DateFiled Pages MODIFIED AMENDED INDICTMENT FILED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE I Dateenregistrd TRIAL CHAMBER U ORDERS OF 20 NOVEMBER 2000 & 27FEBRUARY 14/3/2001 85 2001 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/23e1a9/