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Munyagishari International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REFERRAL CHAMBER DESIGNATED UNDER RULE 11 BIS Before: Judge Lee Gacuiga Muthoga, presiding Judge Seon Ki Park Judge Gberdao Gustave Kam Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 6 June 2012 THE PROSECUTOR v. BERNARD MUNYAGISHARI Case No. ICTR-2005-89-R11bis DECISION ON THE PROSECUTOR’S REQUEST FOR REFERRAL OF THE CASE TO THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA Rule 11 bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Hassan Bubacar Jallow Philippe Moriceau James J. Arguin Natache Fauveau-Ivanović George Mugwanya Majda Dautović Inneke Onsea Abdoulaye Seye Franćois Nsanzuwera Erica Bussey The Prosecutor v. Bernard Munyagishari, Case No. ICTR-2005-89-R11bis TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY ...................................................................................... 1 2. APPLICABLE LAW ................................................................................................. 2 3. JURISDICTION ........................................................................................................ 2 4. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ........... 5 4.1 Security Council Resolutions ..................................................................................... 5 4.2 General Principles of International Law .................................................................... 7 4.3 The Possibility of Referral to the Democratic Republic of the Congo ...................... 9 4.4 Undue Delay .............................................................................................................. 9 5. THE APPLICABILITY OF PREVIOUS REFERRAL DECISIONS ..................... 11 5.1 The Uwinkindi Referral Decision ............................................................................ 11 5.2 Other Transfer Decisions ......................................................................................... 12 6. FAIR TRIAL ........................................................................................................... 14 6.1 Presumption of Innocence ........................................................................................ 14 6.1.1 Applicable Law ................................................................................................ 14 6.1.2 Submissions ...................................................................................................... 14 6.1.3 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 15 6.2 Non Bis In Idem ....................................................................................................... 16 6.3 Article 59 of the Rwandan Code of Criminal Procedure ......................................... 17 6.4 Language .................................................................................................................. 17 7. PENALTY STRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 18 8. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION ........................................................................... 18 8.1 Applicable Law ........................................................................................................ 18 8.2 Submissions ............................................................................................................. 19 8.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 20 9. THE AVAILABILITY AND PROTECTION OF WITNESSES ........................... 22 9.1 Applicable Law ........................................................................................................ 22 9.2 Protections Contained within the Legal Framework ............................................... 22 9.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 22 9.2.2 Transfer Law .................................................................................................... 23 9.2.3 Genocide Ideology ........................................................................................... 24 9.2.4 Protective Orders .............................................................................................. 25 9.3 Witness Protection Programmes .............................................................................. 26 9.4 Ability to Call Witnesses ......................................................................................... 28 9.4.1 Factual Evidence of Actual Appearance of Defence Witnesses ...................... 28 i 6 June 2012 The Prosecutor v. Bernard Munyagishari, Case No. ICTR-2005-89-R11bis 9.4.2 Witnesses Inside Rwanda ................................................................................. 30 9.4.3 Witnesses Outside Rwanda .............................................................................. 32 9.4.4 Alternative Modes of Testimony ..................................................................... 33 9.4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 35 10. RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE DEFENCE ............................................................... 36 10.1 Applicable Law ........................................................................................................ 36 10.2 Submissions ............................................................................................................. 36 10.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 36 10.2.2 Legal Aid: Choice of Counsel .......................................................................... 36 10.2.3 Legal Aid: Funding .......................................................................................... 39 10.2.4 Legal Aid: Other .............................................................................................. 40 10.2.5 Interference ...................................................................................................... 41 10.2.6 Internal Order Modifying the Rules and Regulations of the Supreme Court ................................................................................................................. 42 10.2.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 43 11. JUDICIAL COMPETENCE, INDEPENDENCE AND IMPARTIALITY ............ 44 11.1 Applicable Law ........................................................................................................ 44 11.1.1 International Law ............................................................................................. 44 11.1.2 Rwandan Law ................................................................................................... 44 11.2 Submissions ............................................................................................................. 44 11.2.1 Rwanda’s Acceptance Letter ............................................................................ 45 11.2.2 Allegations of Corruption and External Influence ........................................... 46 11.2.3 The Tenure of Judges ....................................................................................... 47 11.2.4 The Appointment of International Judges ........................................................ 48 11.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 49 12. MONITORING AND REVOCATION ................................................................... 50 12.1 Applicable Law ........................................................................................................ 50 12.2 Submissions ............................................................................................................. 50 12.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 51 12.4 Revocation ............................................................................................................... 53 12.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 53 13. DISPOSITION ......................................................................................................... 54 ii 6 June 2012 The Prosecutor v. Bernard Munyagishari, Case No. ICTR-2005-89-R11bis THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA SITTING as a Chamber designated under Rule 11 bis, composed of Judges Lee Gacuiga Muthoga, Presiding, Seon Ki Park, and Gberdao Gustave Kam (“Referral Chamber”); BEING SEISED OF the Prosecutor’s “Request for the Referral of the case of Bernard Munyagishari to Rwanda Pursuant to Rule 11 bis of the Tribunal’s Rules of Procedure and Evidence” and the subsequent filings of parties; HEREBY DECIDES the Request. 1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 1. On 9 June 2005, the Prosecution filed the original Indictment charging Bernard Munyagishari (“Accused”) with Conspiracy to Commit Genocide, Genocide, Complicity in Genocide, Murder and Rape as Crimes against Humanity pursuant to Article 6(1) and 6(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal (“ICTR Statute”).1 2. On 25 May 2011, the Accused was arrested in the Democratic Republic of Congo (“DRC”). He was transferred to the United Nations Detention Facility in Arusha on 14
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