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Ntakirutimana, ICTR-96-10-A & ICTR-96-17-A, JUDGEMENT International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor MERON, Presiding Judge Florence MUMBA Judge Mehmet GÜNEY Judge Wolfgang SCHOMBURG Judge Inés Mónica WEINBERG DE ROCA Registrar: Mr. Adama Dieng Date: 13 December 2004 THE PROSECUTOR v. ELIZAPHAN NTAKIRUTIMANA AND GÉRARD NTAKIRUTIMANA Cases Nos. ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A _______________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT _______________________________________________________________________ Counsel for the Prosecution Mr . James Stewart Ms. Linda Bianchi Ms. Michelle Jarvis Mr. Mathias Marcussen Counsel for the Defence Mr. David Jacobs Mr. David Paciocco Mr. Ramsey Clark PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/af07be/ I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2 A. THE APPELLANTS ......................................................................................................................... 2 B. THE JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE ................................................................................................. 2 C. THE APPEALS ............................................................................................................................... 3 D. STANDARDS FOR APPELLATE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 4 II. APPEAL OF GÉRARD NTAKIRUTIMANA ........................................................................... 6 A. LEGAL ERRORS ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. The Indictments ....................................................................................................................... 6 (a) Double Jeopardy ....................................................................................................................... 6 (b) Failure to Plead Material Facts ................................................................................................ 7 2. The Burden of Proof .............................................................................................................. 42 (a) Assessing the Detention of Witness OO ................................................................................ 42 (b) Assessing Uncorroborated Alibi Testimony .......................................................................... 44 (c) Declining to Make Findings of Fact in Favour of the Accused ............................................. 46 (d) Relying on Credible Testimony as Background Evidence .................................................... 47 (e) Reference to Prior Consistent Statements .............................................................................. 48 (f) Application of the Presumption of Innocence ........................................................................ 52 (g) Consideration of the Alibi ...................................................................................................... 56 (h) Consideration of Allegation of a “Political Campaign” ......................................................... 58 (i) Consideration of Testimony of Prosecution Witnesses .......................................................... 58 3. Other Errors of Law Asserted by Gérard Ntakirutimana ....................................................... 59 B. FACTUAL ERRORS ...................................................................................................................... 60 1. Mugonero Indictment............................................................................................................. 60 (a) Procurement of Ammunition and Gendarmes (Witness OO) ................................................ 60 (b) The Shooting of Charles Ukobizaba at Mugonero (Witnesses HH and GG)......................... 72 (c) Attack on Refugees at the Mugonero Complex (Witness SS) ............................................... 87 (d) Attacks on Refugees at the Mugonero Complex (Witnesses YY, GG, HH, SS) ................... 91 2. Bisesero Indictment ............................................................................................................... 95 (a) The Bisesero Findings Based Solely on Testimony of Witness FF ....................................... 95 (b) The Bisesero Findings Based Solely on Testimony of Witness HH ...................................... 96 (c) The Bisesero Findings Based Solely on Testimony of Witness YY ...................................... 97 (d) The Bisesero Findings Based Solely on Testimony of Witness GG ...................................... 97 (e) The Bisesero Findings Based Solely on Testimony of Witness SS ....................................... 97 (f) Attending Planning Meetings (Witness UU) .......................................................................... 97 III. APPEAL OF ELIZAPHAN NTAKIRUTIMANA ................................................................. 99 A. THE MUGONERO INDICTMENT .................................................................................................... 99 B. INSUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH THAT TUTSI REFUGEES AT MUGONERO COMPLEX WERE TARGETED SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ETHNICITY .............................................. 100 C. BISESERO INDICTMENT ............................................................................................................. 100 1. Nyarutovu Cellule and Gitwa Hill (Witness CC) ................................................................ 101 (a) Sufficiency of Notice ........................................................................................................... 102 (b) Discrepancies in the Evidence ............................................................................................. 102 2. Murambi Hill (Witness SS) ................................................................................................. 105 (a) Lack of Notice ...................................................................................................................... 106 (b) Insufficiency of Evidence .................................................................................................... 106 (c) Delivery of the Letter ........................................................................................................... 107 (d) Sighting of Gérard Ntakirutimana ........................................................................................ 107 (e) Witness Coaching ................................................................................................................. 108 3. Muyira Hill – Ku Cyapa (Witness SS) ................................................................................ 108 (a) Lack of Notice ...................................................................................................................... 108 2 Cases No s. ICTR -96 -10 -A and ICTR -96 -17 -A 13 December 2004 PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/af07be/ (b) Insufficiency of Evidence .................................................................................................... 109 4. Murambi Church (Witnesses YY, DD, GG and SS) ........................................................... 110 (a) Shooting of Refugees ........................................................................................................... 110 (b) Removal of the Roof ............................................................................................................ 112 D. LACK OF INTENT TO COMMIT GENOCIDE ................................................................................. 113 E. AIDING AND ABETTING GENOCIDE ........................................................................................... 115 F. LACK OF CREDIBILITY IN THE PROSECUTION CASE ................................................................... 117 G. FAILURE OF THE PROSECUTION TO PROVIDE NOTICE ............................................................... 119 H. DEFENCE TESTIMONY RAISED A REASONABLE DOUBT ............................................................ 119 1. Mugonero Complex: 16 April 1994 ..................................................................................... 119 2. Gishyita: From 16 April 1994 to End of April or Beginning May 1994 ............................. 120 3. Return to Mugonero: End of April to Mid-July 1994 .......................................................... 120 4. Error of Law by Drawing an Adverse Inference ................................................................. 121 5. Alibi of Gérard Ntakirutimana for the Morning of 16 April 1994 ...................................... 122 I. FAILURE TO CONSIDER THE APPELLANTS ’ MOTION TO DISMISS ................................................ 123 IV. COMMON GROUND OF APPEAL ON THE EXISTENCE OF A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE APPELLANTS .................................................................... 125 A. ASSESSMENT OF THE APPELLANTS ’ WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE .............................................. 125 1. Witness 9 .............................................................................................................................. 125 2. Witness 31 ............................................................................................................................ 127 3. Film 1D41A ........................................................................................................................
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