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Bibliography Concerning the Mru, very little has been published; publi­ Bernot, L. I967. Les Cak, contribution a l'etude ethnolo­ cations containing interesting primary data are marked by gique d'une population de Iangue loi. Paris. an asteric. Due to the political situation, reports on the Bernot, L. I967. Les Paysans Arakanais du Pakistan Grien­ Chittagong Hill Tracts in general were multiplying during tal. L'histoire, le monde vegetal et l' organisation sociale the last years; here the bibliography is far from exhaustive; des refugies Marma (Mog). Paris/La Haye. but all important older sources (in European languages) on *Bessaignet, P. I95 8. Tribesmen of the Chittagong Hili the ethnography of the hill tribes have been listed. Tracts. (Asiatic Society ofPakistan Publications I). Dac­ ca. Abdus Sattar. I97L In the Sylvan Shadows. Dhaka. *Brauns, C.-D. I973· 'The Mrus, peaceful hillfolk of Bang­ Aggavamsa Mahathera. I98r. Stop Genocide in Chittagong ladesh'. National Geographie Magazine I43,2: 267-286. Hill Tracts (Bangladesh). Calcutta. *Brauns, C.-D. I977· 'Das glückliche Leben der Mru'. Ahmad, N. I958. An Economic Geography of East Paki­ GEO-Magazin 3: 58-76. stan. London. *Brauns, C.-D. 1983. 'Les stirpe dei uomini fiori'. Airone Ahmad, N./Rizvi, A.I.H. I95 r. 'Need for the Development 23: 86-Ior. of Chittagong Hill Tracts'. Pakistan Geographie Burger, J. and Whittacker, A. (ed. ). I 984. The Chittagong Review 6,2: I9-24. Hili Tracts - Militarization, Oppression, and the Hili Amano, Toshitake (ed.) s.a. The Hillmen ofthe Chittagong Tribes. (Indigenous Peoples and Development Series 2). Hili Tracts in East Pakistan. (Report of the Scientific London: Anti-Slavery Society. Mission of Osaka University to East Pakistan I964). Census of Pakistan, I96r. District Census Report Chitta­ Osaka. gong Hill Tracts. Amnesty International. I986. Bangladesh. Unlawful Kill­ FORESTAL. I966. Chittagong Hili Tracts Soil and Land ings and Torture in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. London Use Survey I964-I966. 9 vols. Vancouver. *Ba Myaing, U. I934· 'The Northern Hills of Ponnagyun Government of British IndiajPakistanjBangladesh. The Township'. Journal of the Burma Research Society 24: Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulations I9oo (I of I9oo). (Re­ I27-I48. issued several times with new amendments, but difficult *Ba Thin, U. I93 r. 'The Awa Kharnis, Ahraing Khamis, to locate and retrieve). and Mros in the Chin Hili Area (Saingdin) Buthidaung Grierson, G.A. (ed). I904. Linguistic Survey oflndia, III 3· Township'. Census oflndia I93I, vol.II,I: 248-256 Calcutta. Bangladesh Groep Nederland. I 98 r. Moord op Minderhe­ Henes, U. I 98 I. The Secret War in Bangladesh. (Interna­ den in Bangladesh. Chittagong Hill Tracts. Amsterdam tional Fellowship of Reconciliation, Report). Alkmaar. Bangladesh Groep Nederland. I988. 'Bangladesh: Refugees Hughes, W.G. I88r. The Hill Tracts of Arakan. Rangoon. from an unknown war. Bangladeshi tribals in India.' Hunter, W. W. I 876. A Statistical Account of Bengal, IWGIA Newsletter 53/54: 33-p Vol. 6. London. *Belitz, Harry. I987. 'Im Schatten des Waldes. Naturvölker Huq, M. M. I982. Government Institutionsand Underdeve­ in Bangladesh.' Delta I: p-43. München. lopment. A Study of the Tribai Peoples of Chittagong Bernot, D. I 9 58. 'Rapports phonetiques entre le dialecte Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Birmingham. marma et le birman'. Bulletin de la Societe *Hutchinson, R. H. S. I 906. An Account of the Chittagong Linguistique 53: 273-294. Hill Tracts. Calcutta. Bernot, D. I 960. 'Deux lettres du vice-roi d' Arakan au sujet *Hutchinson, R. H. S. I909. Chittagong Hill Tracts. (East­ du rebelle King-Bering'. T'oung Pao 47: 395-422. ern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers). Allahabad. Bernot, D. and L. I95 7· 'Chittagong Hill Tribes'. In: Jana Samhati Samiti. I987. Persecution of Human Rights in S. Maron (ed.), Pakistan Society and Culture, 46-6r. Chittagong Hill Tracts. s.l. (Chittagong Hili Tracts). New Haven. I<amaluddin, S. I98o. 'A tangled web of insurgency'. Far Bernot, D. et L. I958. Les Khyang des collines de Chitta­ Eastern Economic Review 2 3. 5. 8o: 34· gong (Pakistan oriemal). Materiaux pour l'etude I<auffmann, H.E. 1934. 'Landwirtschaft bei den Bergvöl• linguistique des Chins. (VHomme, n. s. 3). Paris. kern von Assam und Nord-Burma'. Zeitschrift für Eth­ Bernot, L. I95 3· 'In the Chittagong Hill Tracts'. Pakistan nologie 66: I 5-I I I Quarterly 3: q-6 I *I<auffmann, H. E. I 96o. 'Das Fadenkreuz, sein Zweck und *Bernot, L. I954· 'Les Mro et leurs orgues a bauche'. Sci­ seine Bedeutung'. Ethnologica N.F. 2: 36-69. ence et Nature: I3-I5· I<auffmann, H. E. I 962. 'Observation on the agriculture of Bernot, L. I96o. 'Ethnic groups ofChittagong Hili Tracts'. the Chittagong Hill Tribes'. In: J. E. Owen (ed. ), Sociol­ In: P. Bessaignet (ed.), Social Research in East Pakistan. ogy in East Pakistan.(Occasional Studies of the Asiatic (Asiatic Society of Pakistan Publications, 5: I q-I40). Society of Pakistan I). Dacca. 245 Dacca. Kauffmann, H.E. I969. 'Die Nouka auf dem Sangu, ein Bootstyp in Ostpakistan'. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 94: des Südasieninstituts der Universität 1-Ieidelberg r T I 5 -F· 8-28. Kauffmann, H.E. und L.G. Löffler. I959· 'Spiele der Mar­ Löffler, L.G. 1985. 'A preliminary report on Paangkhua ma'. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 84,2: 2 38-2 53. language'. In: G. Thurgood, J.A. Matisoff, D. Bradlcy Khan, R.K. and S.l. Choudhury. I965. 'Some tribal house (eds.), Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan Area. Canberra, types of the Chittagong Hili Tracts'. The Oriental Geo­ Pacific Linguistics C Sr 279-286. grapher 9,I: q-32. Löffler, L.G. (ed.) I988. Bedrohte Zukunft. Bergvölker in Khan, R.K. and A.L. Khisha. I97o. 'Shifting cultivation in Bangladesh. Zürich. East Pakistan'. TheOriental Geographer I4,2: 22-43. Löffler, L. G. I988. 'Bodenrechte in den Chinagong Hill Konietzko,J. I 929. 'Die Konietzkosche Indienexpedition Tracts'. Geographica Helvetica 43,4 : I n-I 8 3. I927'. Ethnologischer Anzeiger 2: 3I-33· Löffler, L.G. und S.L. PardcJ. I969. 'Shifting cultivation in Latter, T. I846. 'Note on some hili tribes on the Kuladyne the Chittagong Hill Tracts, East Pakistan'. Jahrbuch des river, Arracan'. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Südasien-Institutes der Universität Heidelberg 3: 49-66. Bengal I 5: 6o-7 8. MacCall, A. G. I 949· Lushai Chrysalis. London. Levi-Strauss, C. I 9 5I. 'Miscelianeous notes on the Kuki of MacKenzie, A. I884. History of the Relations of the Gov­ the Chinagong Hill Tracts, Pakistan'. Man 5I: I67-I69. ernment with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier (No. 284). of Bengal. Calcuna. Levi-Strauss, C. I 9 52. 'Le syncretisme religieux d'un village MacRae, J. I8or. 'Account of the Kookies, or Lunctas'. mog du territoire de Chinagong'. La Revue de l'Histoire Asiatick Researches 7: I83-198. des Religions I4I,2: 202-237. *Mey, A. I979· Untersuchung zur Wirtschaft in den Chitta­ Levi-Strauss, C. I95 2. 'Kinship systems of three Chittagong gong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh). Veröffentlichungen aus hill tribes'. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8: dem Übersee-Museum Bremen, D 6. 40-50. Mey, W. 1980. Politische Systeme in den Chinagong Hill Lew in, T. H. I 867. 'Diary of a hili-trip on the borders of Tracts, Bangladesh. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Über• Arracan'. Proceedings of the Royal Geographie So­ see-Museum Bremen, D 9· ciety I I, 52. Mey, W. (ed.) 1984. Genneide in the Chinagong Hill Tracts, *Lewin, T. H. I 869. The Hili Tracts of Chinagong and the Bangladesh. (International Work Group for Indigenous Dweliers Therein; with comparative vocabularies of the Affairs, Document 5I). Copenhagen. hill dialects. Calcutta. Mey, W. (ed.) 1988. 'Wir wollen nicht euch- Wir wollen *Lewin, T. H. I 87o. Wild Races of Southeastern India. Lon­ euer Land.' Macht und Menschenrechte in den Chitta­ don. gong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. (Pogrom Reihe bedrohte Lewin, T.H. I9I2. A Fly on the Wheel, or How I Helped to Völker wr6). Göttingen. Govern India. London. *Mills, J. P. r 9 3 r. 'Notes on a tour in the Chinagong Hill *Löffler, L. G. I95 8. 'Bambus, Lebensgrundlage eines hin­ Tracts in I926'. Census of lndia 1931, Vol. 5: 514-521. terindischen Bergvolkes'. Umschau in Wissenschaft und *Ohn Pe, U. 193 r. 'The Awa Khamis, Ahraing Khamis, and Technik 58:755-757. Mros in the Ponnagyun Chin Hills, Ponnagyun Town­ Löffler, L. G. I 9 59· 'Die Khyang der Chittagong Hill ship'. Census oflndia 1931, Vol. rr,r:257-264. Tracts'. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 84,2: 2 57-269. Op't Land, C. 1966. 'Chakma and Sak: a Rejoinder.' Inter­ Löffler, L.G. I96o. 'KhamifKhumi-Vokabulare. Vorstudie national Archives of Ethnography 50: 28I-301. zu einer sprachwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung'. An­ Organizing Committee Chinagong Hill Tracts Campaign. thropos 55:505-557. 1986. The Charge of Genocide, Human Rights in the Löffler, L. G. I96o. 'Carrying Capacity, Schwendbaupro­ Chinagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Amsterdam. bleme in Südostasien'. Actes du VIe Congres Interna­ Parry, N. E. I 9 32· The Lakhers. London. tional des Seiences Antropologiques et Ethnologiques, Phayre, A.P. I841. 'Account of Arakan'. Journal of the Paris, 2,I: 179-I82. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 10: 679-7I 2. Löffler, L. G. I 964. 'Chakma und Sak. Ethnolinguistische *Rajput, A.B. I964. 'Les Murung de la foret de Bandarban Beiträge zur Geschichte eines Kulturvolkes'. Internation­ (Pakistan Oriental)'. Objets et Mondes 4,2: I I9-I48. al Archives of Ethnography. 5o, I :7 2-I I 5 Rajput, A. B. I 96 5. The Tribes of the Chittagong Hill *Löffler, L.G.I966. 'L'aliiance asymetrique chez !es Mru'. Tracts. Karachi. L'Homme 6,3: 68-8o. Rashid, H. I 977· Geography of Bangladesh. Dacca.
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    Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 A’ou [aou] Iouo China 2 Abai Sungai [abf] Iouo Malaysia 3 Abaza [abq] Iouo Russia, Turkey 4 Abinomn [bsa] Iouo Indonesia 5 Abkhaz [abk] Iouo Georgia, Turkey 6 Abui [abz] Iouo Indonesia 7 Abun [kgr] Iouo Indonesia 8 Aceh [ace] Iouo Indonesia 9 Achang [acn] Iouo China, Myanmar 10 Ache [yif] Iouo China 11 Adabe [adb] Iouo East Timor 12 Adang [adn] Iouo Indonesia 13 Adasen [tiu] Iouo Philippines 14 Adi [adi] Iouo India 15 Adi, Galo [adl] Iouo India 16 Adonara [adr] Iouo Indonesia Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Syria, 17 Adyghe [ady] Iouo Turkey 18 Aer [aeq] Iouo Pakistan 19 Agariya [agi] Iouo India 20 Aghu [ahh] Iouo Indonesia 21 Aghul [agx] Iouo Russia 22 Agta, Alabat Island [dul] Iouo Philippines 23 Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] Iouo Philippines 24 Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] Iouo Philippines 25 Agta, Dupaninan [duo] Iouo Philippines 26 Agta, Isarog [agk] Iouo Philippines 27 Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] Iouo Philippines 28 Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] Iouo Philippines 29 Agta, Pahanan [apf] Iouo Philippines 30 Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] Iouo Philippines 31 Agutaynen [agn] Iouo Philippines 32 Aheu [thm] Iouo Laos, Thailand 33 Ahirani [ahr] Iouo India 34 Ahom [aho] Iouo India 35 Ai-Cham [aih] Iouo China 36 Aimaq [aiq] Iouo Afghanistan, Iran 37 Aimol [aim] Iouo India 38 Ainu [aib] Iouo China 39 Ainu [ain] Iouo Japan 40 Airoran [air] Iouo Indonesia 1 Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 41 Aiton [aio] Iouo India 42 Akeu [aeu] Iouo China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
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    Page 1 1 S Y N T a C T I C U N I V E R S a L S a N D

    1 SYNTACTIC UNIVERSALS AND SEMANTIC CONSTRAINTS Statistical and other Comparative Evidence from the Study of Verbs and A djectives by Martin Hugh Prior School of Oriental and African Studies Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London 1985 ProQuest Number: 10673219 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673219 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abs tr a c t This study is concerned with the examination of word-order universals and the attempt to explain the diverse statistical patterns by means of a variety of semantic structures. Central to my study is a critique (a) of Hawkins's approach, the Universal Consistency Hypothesis, and its concentration upon apparently exceptionless universals, and (b) the Bartsch-Vennemann approach which breaks down structures generally into OPerator-Operand pairs. In Part I, I introduce a geographically and genetically representative sample of 75 languages, and show that not only are violations to be found to Hawkins's principles of consistency, but that they are statistically predictable.