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Home , Gutzon Borglum, Lincoln (novel), Lincoln Borglum, Peter Norbeck, Washington Monument

MOUNT RUSHMORE National Memorial THE SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY It is the greatness of the world's adventure that gives us the subject matter for our colossal carvings. It was ,the 'greatness of the awakened mind, the freed heart of the Italian , that surged over Europe, freeing the hearts and souls of men, shaking off the centuries-old slaver­ ies fled westward, and here founded free institutions.

Few races have contributed immortal service to civilization. America has; America has lived profoundly-and in that living made immortal contributions to civilization-her struggle out of the Puritan chrysalis to the Declaration of lndependence,-the war between the states over the interpretation of the Constitution,-America's return to save Europe and civilization. In the first she has written into the blue heavens that "man has a right to be free and to be happy." Unburdened by encumbering verbiage, these eleven words have changed the government of the world. These eleven words are the heart and soul of western civilization. These eleven words are the motive back of the National Memorial, which we are now carving in the of , commemorating America's political accomplishment dedicated by Presi­ dent Franklin D. Roosevelt as a shrine to Democracy. These eleven words and their potential meaning to civilization would justify their being carved in gold in the dimensions we are cutting them in . We are not creating a to , Jefferson, , or Roosevelt but to the meaning of these eleven words as developed into and main­ tained in a national government BY THESE FOUR GREAT NATIONAL LEADERS.

These eleven words "man has a right to be free and to be happy" alone will hold forever the great western experiment as a guiding star, that leaped from the womb of medieval Europe, more important to humanity's immortality than all other creeds of government. Jefferson appears on Mount Rushmore because he drew the Declara­ tion of Independence; Washington, because he was the great presiding officer in shaping the Constitution; Lincoln, because it was Lincoln and no other than Lincoln, whose mind, heart and finally life, determined that we should continue as a common family of states and in union forever. Roosevelt is joined with the others, because he completed the dream of Columbus, opened the way to the East, joined the waters of the great East and West seas. Roosevelt did more; alone he stayed the encroachment of organized privilege against the principles of a govern­ ment by, of, and for the people, declaring-"so far and no farther, can you go with safety to the principles of a people's government." �7���----...

2 MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL

Authorized by an Act of Congress

*

Directed by

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission With the co-operation of The Department of Interior

*

MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL COMMISSION

Fred W. Sargent Isabella Greenway

John A. Boland D. B. Gurney Ralph Budd L. B. Hanna

Edward Bruce Lorine J. Spoonts

W. J. Bulow Margaret S. Strawn Charles M. Day William Williamson

COMMITTEE ON DESIGN AND PUBLICITY , Sculptor and Engineer Lorine J. Spoonts, Secretary Charles M. Day Margaret S. Strawn

*

Edited by the Committee on Design and Publicity

and Published by

MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL SOCIETY RAPID CITY SOUTH DAKOTA APRIL-1938 © (NOT PRINTED AT GOVERNMENT EXPENSE)

3 Important Facts in the History son, , the only trained and experienced aid in mountain on this work. of the Memorial It is also interesting to note here that no trained sculptors' assistants The proposal to develop mountain sculpture in the Black Hills was in­ have had any part in this. This has been a serious handicap and a great spired by the national and world interest awakened by the colossal hindrance to the completion of the work. carvings on , a Memorial to the Confederacy. The world The workmen are local miners trained and closely instructed in every interest in that stimulated the imagination of , then state part of the work by either the Sculptor himself or his son. historian at Pierre, South Dakota, as publicly, expressed by him at Huron, South Dakota, January 22, 1924. His subsequent correspondence The work on Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln faces, because of resulted in Mr. Borglum's visit to the Hills, and, in the Sculptor's careful their colossal dimensions, appears highly finished. There remains from study of available granite, Mount Rushmore was selected. several inches to a foot of stone yet to be taken off by highly trained carvers under direction of the Sculptor himself. This cliff was rejected by Senator Norbeck at the time because of remoteness and absence of roads, but adopted later as the best avail­ There have been three unveilings. The Washington head under the able cliff in the Hills, and as Mr. Borglum answered, "If the Mountains auspices of Mr. Joseph S. Cullinan, the first President of the Commission; are carved as proposed, roads will be built and the world will visit the Jefferson head in 1936 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; and last the work." year, September 17, the Lincoln head, under the auspices of the Com­ mission-Honorable William Williamson, presiding. The plans at this The work was undertaken by the State, which however, failed to writing provide for the unveiling of the head, which provide funds. Rapid City undertook a small underwriting, private and corporate interests joining, with the result that enough money was is expected to be finished this summer, 1938. To close the celebration of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and the inaugur­ pledged or accumulated to prepare houses for workmen and studio for ation of as first President, a second unveiling of the models. Mr. Samuel lnsull of , in direct. negotiation with Mr. Borglum, presented to him an efficient power plant, complete wit� head of Washington and the acceptance of the sculptured portion of compressors. the memorial by the President will be made in 1939.

Through the further efforts of its promoters, President Coolidge was The carvings cover an area of over an acre and a half, and this carving, it will be noted, has been done with the same care for sculpture induced to spend a summer in the Hills. It was during this visit that the quality that one would exercise in a life-size bust. Spectators view the President dedicated the great cracked cliff as a Memorial, to be carved as designed by the Sculptor. It was also at this meeting that the Sculptor work at a distance of 1500 feet, or a quarter of a mile. explained to the President the history of the efforts of citizens of South Some interesting and compared dimensions show that if Washington Dakota to date, and asked the President to help in the work of creating were finished down to his shoe-heel he would stand between 470 and a great National Memorial. The President not only rose to· the occasion 480 feet in height. He would be as tall as the and promptly agreed, but arranged for a meeting of Mr. Borglum in in Washington, D. C. If he should attempt to walk across the Hudson Washington with Mr. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, with the result River, in 40 feet of water-the depth for liners, he would just that Congressional Acts were formulated and passed, a Commission wet his ankles. The could hardly reach to his pocket, created, and the work put definitely in hand. and he could lift her easily from her pedestal, and carry her away. If he wanted to pass under the Brooklyn Bridge, he would have to get The usual custom in pr�paring and producing a sculpture group is to design and create a complete model. This was undertaken for Mount down on his hands and knees and crawl. The length of Washington's Rushmore, but not until actual drilling could be carried to a depth nose is longer than the height of the face of the Egyptian Sphinx. The sufficient to know definitely the character of the stone was it discovered Egyptian Sphinx is 19 feet from the chin to the top of her head, and the that no fixed model could be used. No change in contract or other same in width-Washington's nose is 21 feet. The eyes are 8 feet across, arrangement was ever made, but the Sculptor has not only been com­ and the mouth is 18 feet, and yet these are in perfect scale with the pelled to change his models for each figure but to enlarge the entire Mountains on which they are carved, and which surround them. If grouping and spread to points where stone was available. Washington were to sit under the Niagara Falls, the water would break around his shoulders, and his head and neck would project above These changes are all made by the Sculptor himself assisted by his the Falls.

4 5 President Coolidge Handing the First Tools

to Gutzon Borglum

To Start the Work on Mt. Rushmore

On August 10, 1927, at the foot of the towering wall of granite upon which the work of sculpturing the features of four of our presidents was to be started, there assembled a group of prominent officials and citizens.

Seated on the platform, from left to ·right, are U. S. Senator , Chairman; The President, ; The Governor, Wm. J. Bulow; U. S. Senator Simeon D. Fess, Ohio; U. S. Senator W. H.

McMaster, South Dakota.

They came to consecrate the work upon this memorial. President

Coolidge in his speech during the ceremonies said: "This memorial will crown the height of land between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic seaboard, where coming generations may view it for all time. "

"We have come here," said Mr. Coolidge, "to dedicate a corner stone that was laid by the hand of the Almighty.

6 7 Profile of the great head of Washington, August 30, 1936. Flag covering the head of Jefferson, preceding the unveiling.

8 9 President Roosevelt's Remarks at the Unveiling of the Head of ,

August 30, 1936

Following a lengthy state.ment regarding the work of carving the Mountain Memorial and its history, at the unveiling of the head of

Thomas Jefferson, Gutzon Borglum, the Sculptor, asked President. Roosevelt to dedicate the Memorial as a shrine of democracy and to ask the people of this west world to offer up their prayers that it be maintained as a democracy for one hundred thousand years. President Roosevelt spoke as follows: "I think, my friends, that there are two people who told me about this in the early days-one of them was Mr. Borglum and the other was Senator Norbeck. "On many occasions, when a new project is presented to you on paper and then, later on, you see fhe accomplishment, you are disap­ pointed; but it is just the opposite of that in what we are looking at now. I had seen the photographs; I had seen the drawings and I had talked with those who are responsible for this great work, and yet I had had no conception until about ten minutes ago not only of its magnitude but of its permanent beauty and of its permanent importance. "Mr. Borglum has well said that this can be a monument and an in­ spiration for the continuance of the democratic-republican form of government, not only in our own beloved country, but, we hope, through­ out the world. "This is the second dedication. There will be others by other presidents in other years. When ·we get through, there will be something for the American people that will last through not just generations but for thousands and thousands of years, and I think that we can perhaps meditate a little on those Americans ten thousand years from now when the weathering on the face of Washington and Jefferson and Lincoln shall have proceeded to perhaps a depth of a tenth of an inch­ meditate and wonder what our descendants, and I think they will still be here, will think about us. Let us hope that at least they will give us the benefit of the doubt-that they will believe we have honestly striven every day and generation to preserve for our descendants a decent land to live in and a decent form of government to operate under. "I am very glad to have come here today informally. It is right and proper that I should have come informally because we do not want formalities where nature is concerned. "What we have done so far exemplifies what I have been talking about in the last few days-cooperation with nature and not fighting with nature. President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the unveiling of the great head of "I am very happy to congratulate all of you not only on what we see Thomas Jefferson, Mt. Rushmore, August 30, 1936. today but on what is going to happen in the future at Mount Rushmore."

10 11 .This head of Washington, from the chin to the top of the head, represents approximately 70. feet, and the page represents about 140 feet of The colossal head of Thomas Jefferson, unveiled and dedicated August stone carved. The nose of Washington is larger than the head of the 30, 1936, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a shrine to Democratic great Sphinx of , and the visible stone shown in the picture is and Republican forms of government, and to be so maintained forever. higher than Niagara Falls.

12 13 Constitution Day Celebration and Unveiling produced the Constitution might not be able to survive the terrific shock to which it was being subjected. The oath of office was administered to of Head of the new President, while the nation gave heed. If the pending conflict Mount Rushmore, South Dakota had not been irrepressible, the words of Lincoln that day would surely September 17, 1937 have averted the approaching strife-listen, my friends: 'I am loath to close-we are not enemies, but friends-we must not be enemies; Program carried over National hookup of NBC though passion may have strained, it must not break the bonds of our affection. The mystic chords of memory stretching from every battlefield and every patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over Address by Hon. William Williamson, Chairman this broad land will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again Fellow countrymen, at this moment the soul of America is hovering like a touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.' halo over the heads of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln on the top But it was too late for words-the die had been cast; there followed four of majestic Mount Rushmore. Twice before we have gathered on this years of bitter warfare; none could tell with certainty what the final spot in the beautiful Black Hills of South Dakota to venerate two of the outcome was to be. most distinguished of our founding fathers, men whose genius and The tide of battle surged one way now, the opposite tomorrow. unselfish patriotism helped lay the very foundation of our liberties as Lincoln's first term was drawing to a close; there was much of fault­ imbedded in our federal Constitution. On the first occasion we were finding and dissatisfaction. After a violent campaign Lincoln was re­ honored by the presence of Calvin Coolidge, then President of the elected. We are in Washington again, March 4th, 1865. Again the United States, who delivered an eloquent tribute to the father of our oath of office has been administered to defend and protect the Con­ common country. A year ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt stitution. To all the people of this.war-torn land the President addressed assisted in the unveiling of Thomas Jefferson, whose steady eyes gaze what may well be considered the noblest words ever spoken by man: out over the mountain-tops upon this splendid nation which he helped 'With malice toward none; with charity for all, with firmness in the right, to found. as God gives us to see the right, we must finish the work we are in, Today we are met to dedicate to the American _people the colossal bind up the nation's wounds, care for him who shall have borne the head of Abraham Lincoln, who made liberty a reality to every race, battle, for his widow and orphans, to do all which may achieve a fust color and creed within the borders of this mighty republic. To speak and lasting Peace among ourselves and with all nations.' _ fittingly of the great Emancipator we have chosen the Honorable America needs today more of the spirit of Lincoln. Let every citizen of Edward R. B.irke, a Senator from Nebraska, whose wisdom, courage, high estate or lowly put malice out of his heart and supplant it with and outspoken defense of that liberty which Lincoln died to save has charity for all. Then will this land of ours, blessed in so many ways, placed him in the front ranks of American citizens. Mr. Burke, I have the become a better place in which to live. It is our task once more to bind honor to present you to this audience and to the country. up the nation's wounds; not the scars of actual battle, but the even deeper ones of civil strife-the sickening wounds that necessarily follow Speech by U. S. Senator Edward R. Burke of Nebraska the turning of group against group, the stirring of class hatred, the

Fellow Americans, for a period longer than th� allotted span of human life, incitement of ill feeling between worker and employer, the fanning of the nobility of Lincoln has been the favorite theme of orators-volumes the flame of jealousy and envy on the part of the socially under­ have been written on the subject; great sermons have been preached, privileged against their more fortunate brothers; 'bind up the nation's world�inspiring poetry penned. It remained for a great American citizen wounds', pleads Lincoln today, as he looks down from the mountain, with inspired vision to conceive and execute this marvelous undertaking even as he spoke in the midst of the great war. Once more the mystic which brings us here at this time. Today it is fitting that the true grandeur chords of memory must swell the chorus of the Union, east and west, of Lincoln should be portrayed in conjunction with this masterful work north and south, must allay the spirit of sectionalism, recognize the of the artist-not by feeble words of mind, but by the exalted language common tie that blends the whole nation into one. Four years of fratri­ which flowed from Lincoln's own lips. May we, then, take our places in cidal war were required to establish the truth that the nation must Washington-it is March 4th, 1861; a vast inaugural throng has as­ remain one and inseparable. Without a sacrifice of blood, we can sembled at the east end of the capitol, in the heart of each listener the accomplish the great task that remains before us. It is for us to resolve fear that the Union born at in the deliberations which that Lincoln shall not have lived and died in vain, that the Constitution

14 15 shall be respected and obeyed by all, by the benevolent as well as the changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and senti­ evil-intentioned; that justice shall rule the mighty as well as the weak. ments is the only true sovereign of a free people. Not Congress, .nor Let all who come to this favored spot to gaze on the features of Lincoln, President, nor even the majority have the right to depart in any partic­ carved with majestic skill in the enduring granite before us, p_ledge their ular from the Constitution as it stands. It is the deliberate and co�sidered word, their sacred honor, and, if need be, their lives, that the Con­ judgment of the whole people; by the method provided within itself, stitution which Lincoln preserved for us shall forever remain inviolate. It and only thus, may the people remove the checks and limitations which is the covenant of the whole people with each individual citizen; this hold the majority of the moment in check. As interpreted by the high fond hope was expressed by Lincoln (I quote his wor9s): 'All the vital courts, the. provisions for which constitute the most unique and possibly rights of minorities and of individuals are so plairi.ly assured to them by the most essential of all its articles, the Constitution stands as the sacred affirmations and negations, guarantees and prohibitions in the Consti­ I law of the land. On this anniversary of its birth, with the immortal tution, that controversies should never arise concerning them.' A majority Lincoln looking down upon us, may we all pledge our unfaltering support held in restraint by Constitutional restraints and limitations, and always /, to· the Constitution of the United States. (Continued next page)

. The Afternoon Sun on Mt. Rushri1 ore-6,000 Feet Above Sea Level . The above panorama represents 300 feet of the 500 feet of the height siderable finishing required, and this will require trained carvers. This

· of the Mountain, and three of the heads, as carved, and in their present sculptural carving will be taken up in 1938, to be completed entirely by 'condition. The small black spots here .;ind there, if examined by a glass, 1939. The stone itself is granite of a very tough nature, and this par­ show men at work. The width of the carving is a little over 600 feet. ticular location fairly free from injurious cracks destructive to the work. That is the distance across the face of the Mountain, and is about the dimensions of three blocks. The work itself, as far as the The stone is sound, and, of course, will endure as long as the Mountain, carving is concerned, is about 85% completed. There is, however, con- which geologists tell us has been here for 40 million years.

16 17 Hon. William Williamson, Chairman, introduced the for us and our time as the subject merits, and our ability permits, de­ Sculptor, Gutzon Borglum termined, with just pride, that it shall rank with the great records of awakened Egypt, Greece and Rome. Fellow Citizens and Friends: It comes to few men to .be ranked among No excuse-lack of funds, the common lack of understandings, ever the immortals. Plato, Seneca, Washington, Lincoln, among philosophers present in unusual undertakings-will suffic�·to forgive or protect us and statesmen. But there are others of heroic mould and creative genius against the eternal censure civilization will bury us under, if we produce who have left their impress upon mankind in the world of art, whose simply a monstrously big thing! Where greatness is promised, history . fame will increase in luster to the end of historic time. Among these are and civilization never forgive its absence-or those responsible for its the great portrait painters and sculptors. failure. He who creates a living, breathing soul on canvas or in stone shall Further-I want to emphasize to you-Americans-no forms, me­ never die. It is important that the portrait shall picture and interpret the chanical, architectural or of builder-engineer craft, that dominates and very soul and spirit of the subject. destroys the very soul of most of our art efforts in America, are ever Such are the character and type of portraits now being carved upon applicable in a pure work of art or can put soul into this mass of granite. yonder mountain, and he who is carving them shall rest among the im­ There are no books, guides or mathematical formula that will recreate mortals. But the sculptor is yet with us in full possession of physical vigor the character of Lincoln, of Jefferson, of Washington or Roosevelt, or and creative power, and will now proceed to unveil Abraham Lincoln, model here into the facial forms the energy, the soul of all, or even one the most sublime character America has produced. of these men in this mass of stone. Address of Gutzon Borglum, the Sculptor The world at large assumes we are creating in this memorial an immortal work of fine art, that ranks with the best of Greece, Egypt or Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests and Fellow Americans: Rome. In my conception, in my purpose, the subject matter selected as I will call the roll of those whose understanding, svmpathy and instant related to our civilization, expressing the story of our human and aid made this great memorial possible: political accomplishments, this is true, but as a work of art, as a master­ CAL VIN COOLIDGE piece of great sculpture, we have been able to little more than indicate ANDREW MELLON its fine possibilities, not been aided or permitted such aids as to assure COLEMAN DUPONT its being a great work of art. EDWARD RUSHMORE What we have accomplished in this cracked cliff, as a purely me­ JULIUS ROSENWALO chanical feat, is little short of phenomenal. To even dare to do this work J. S. CULLINAN at all lifted it forever into the realm of great pioneer and cultural ad­ BRUCE YATES venture. In its execution-without proper tools, without adequate power, DR. O'HARRA without funds, without any trained assistants, it is an accomplishment PETER NORBECK without parallel in this or the old world. To date, ridiculous as it seems They are with the gods! We will keep their faith! We will carry on! to any intelligent informed mind, what has been created here has been (After a brief silence, taps were sounded by a trooper suspended to accomplished in spite of the absence of these aids and without the the side of Washington's head a quarter of a mile away, and Mr. presence of one single informed sculptor's assistant. We have literally Borglum continued :) driven a super-clipper into the stratosphere of noblest human aspira­ Today, September the 17th, 1937, in the unveiling of the head of tions, on a crust and a gallon of gas and that in spite .of a resisting Abraham Lincoln in the granite of these mountains, America celebrates unbelieving world.

the hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the signing of a Constitution The work you see has been possible only by the closest personal that gave the west world, and with it, all humanity a new philosophy supervision of untrained labor-local miners. Of this, in what we have and form of government. accomplished, in spite of cost and burden, we are proud.

It is my privilege and now my bounden duty as the creator of this This work, to be a credit to the men who founded our civilization memorial and as its sculptor to emphasize the cultural necessity to make must proceed much further; it must be carried on with a fresh and a new of this colossal undertaking something more than the "biggest" in the sense of its greatness and the need of perfecting this message from the world, that is, to make it a great work of art-a work of art as great soul of America to posterity. (Continued next poge)

18 19 To meet and as for as I con assure these needs I hove prepared complete plans for the finishing of the memorial as the "Shrine to Democracy" as will in future be its official name, as dedicated by President Roosevelt, and at the right time and in the right place I shall present this pion to the authorities in ttie notion-a pion that will, in all respects, refine, perfect and complete what we hove blocked out here and rival the of our great predecessors. I may tell you there are from one to twelve inches of stone on all of these faces left for the finishing. The entire memorial can be completed, with all its accessories, in three years. This memorial hos but a single purpose, to borrow a line from Lincoln's Gettysburg speech: "That these men shall not hove lived in vain; that this notion under God they built shall hove a new birth of freedom and that a government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth."

The President hos graciously sent me the following for this occasion: "My dear Mr. Borglum:-My heartiest greetings to all who participate in the unveiling of the head of Lincoln at Mount Rushmore. Eternal as the rock from whence his likeness hos been hewn, Lincoln stands out decade by decode as a more massive exemplar of all that is best in our American life. Very sincerely yours, Franklin D. Roosevelt."

Mory-Ellis, will you coll to your brother to fire the blast and unveil the portrait of Abraham Lincoln?

Concluding Program

William Williamson, Presiding

9:30 to 10:00 ...... Music by Homestake Bond

10:00 Sharp. "Turn Over". Lynn Brandt NBC Announcer "America"...... Chorus Conducted by Rev. Raymond C. Reinholtzen

Prayer...... Bishop W. Blair Roberts

Address...... Hon.

Speech on Constitution ...... Hon. Edward R. Burke

Vocal Solo, "Weeping Water". . .. Mrs. George Philip

"Star Spangled Banner" ...... Homestake Bond and Bond of Fourth Cavalry

(Appreciation to Robert Deon, KOSH-Block Hills Broad­ The head of Abraham Lincoln was unveiled, in its present condition, on casting Company-for the splendid aid given in perfecting the 17th of September, 1937, celebrating the signing of the Constitution and making the program a success. ) of the United States of America on September 17th, 1787.

21 20 This photograph-to my thinking -is the most extraordinary of all the pictures of the colossal carv­ ing on Mount Rushmore because it has been taken at a point where the head of Washing ton rises to its fullest height in the grouping, and also because of the early afternoon light; perfect as showing also the head of Lincoln. There are two drawbacks to this picture in respect to my purpose and final plan. They are the lowering of the dark cliff to the left of Washington about seventy to eighty feet, anq the proper trimming or removal of the rock in front, both extremely delicate operations. The great architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, when visiting the carving, told me that he had been afraid to see the work; that he had not be­ lieved so great a task could be so successfully handled on so great a mountain mass. He had not believed it possible. He thought that it was wonderful. GUTZON BORGLUM

22 Air View of Mt. Rushmore from Elevation of 1,000 Feet Above Carving

The carvings here are shown as they appear to aviators flying North­ to the right side of Jefferson, is covered by canvas, and not presentable. west ·towards and . These heads, it will be noticed The head of Theodore Roosevelt is located between Jefferson and by the sunlight on their faces, are facing Southeast. The head of Lincoln, Lincoln, and will be completed in 1939.

24 25 we BLACK HILLS Detour

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26 27 This is one of the last photographs taken of the colossal as they are today. The photograph was taken about 4:00 o'clock and shows the arrangement of light­ ing with the heads of Washing­ ton and Jeffersonpartly in eclipse and the head of Lincoln in full light. The heads of Washington and Jefferson are in the best light in the morning and until about 1 :30 o'clock, when the afternoon sun shifts to the west, leaving these two heads in half light, and the head of Lincoln in full light. This particular photograph shows a height of about 500 feet from the bottom of the page to the top of the head, the photo­ graph having been taken at a distance of a quarter of a mile.

29 NORTHWESTERNRY. &zdl&�ana

hen the Black Hills of South Dakota were ected as the site of Gutzon Borglum's immortal masterpiece, America received the announcement with enthusiasm. For this region, tinged with the romance of pioneer days and imbued with the spirit of adventure, reflects the America of heroic yesterdays. From the granite face of Mt.Rushmore, the gigantic figures of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt will for an eternity of time gaze down upon the America of tomorrows-an to all who visit this amazing region. "North Western's" swift, air-conditioned trains go directly to the Black Hills. "North Western" also operates escorted, all-expense tours in season. Any C. & N. W. Ry. representative will give you full particulars, or write R. THOMSON Passenger Traffic Manager C. & N. W. Ry. 400 W. Madison St., Chicago, Ill.

A photograph of Mount Rushmore in the moonlight, taken at midnight with one hour exposure.

30 31 The sculptor, with Mrs. Gutzon Borglum and his son, first assistant and superintendent of all construction, in the car that travels by cable from the hoist house below to the top of the mountain.