107th Congress, 2d Session Document No. 13 Committee on Appropriations UNITED STATES SENATE 135th Anniversary 1867–2002 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 2002 ‘‘The legislative control of the purse is the central pil- lar—the central pillar—upon which the constitutional temple of checks and balances and separation of powers rests, and if that pillar is shaken, the temple will fall. It is...central to the fundamental liberty of the Amer- ican people.’’ Senator Robert C. Byrd, Chairman Senate Appropriations Committee United States Senate Committee on Appropriations ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia, TED STEVENS, Alaska, Ranking Chairman THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi ANIEL NOUYE Hawaii D K. I , ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania RNEST OLLINGS South Carolina E F. H , PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico ATRICK EAHY Vermont P J. L , CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri OM ARKIN Iowa T H , MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky ARBARA IKULSKI Maryland B A. M , CONRAD BURNS, Montana ARRY EID Nevada H R , RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama ERB OHL Wisconsin H K , JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire ATTY URRAY Washington P M , ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah YRON ORGAN North Dakota B L. D , BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Colorado IANNE EINSTEIN California D F , LARRY CRAIG, Idaho ICHARD URBIN Illinois R J. D , KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas IM OHNSON South Dakota T J , MIKE DEWINE, Ohio MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana JACK REED, Rhode Island TERRENCE E. SAUVAIN, Staff Director CHARLES KIEFFER, Deputy Staff Director STEVEN J. CORTESE, Minority Staff Director V Subcommittee Membership, One Hundred Seventh Congress Senator Byrd, as chairman of the Committee, and Senator Stevens, as ranking minority member of the Committee, are ex officio members of all subcommit- tees of which they are not regular members. AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVEL- ENERGY AND WATER OPMENT, AND RELATED DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Senators Reid,1 Byrd, Hollings, Senators Kohl,1 Harkin, Dorgan, Murray, Dorgan, Feinstein, Harkin, Feinstein, Durbin, Johnson, Murray, Domenici,2 Cochran, McConnell, Ben- Cochran,2 Specter, Bond, McConnell, nett, Burns, Craig. (7–6) Burns, Craig. (7–6) FOREIGN OPERATIONS COMMERCE, JUSTICE, STATE, Senators Leahy,1 Inouye, Harkin, AND THE JUDICIARY Mikulski, Durbin, Johnson, Landrieu, 2 1 Reed, McConnell, Specter, Gregg, Senators Hollings, Inouye, Mikul- Shelby, Bennett, Campbell, Bond. (8– ski, Leahy, Kohl, Murray, Reed, 7) Gregg,2 Stevens, Domenici, McCon- nell, Hutchison, Campbell. (7–6) INTERIOR 1 DEFENSE Senators Byrd, Leahy, Hollings, Reid, Dorgan, Feinstein, Murray, Senators Inouye,1 Hollings, Byrd, Inouye, Burns,2 Stevens, Cochran, Leahy, Harkin, Dorgan, Durbin, Reid, Domenici, Bennett, Gregg, Campbell. Feinstein, Kohl, Stevens,2 Cochran, (8–7) Specter, Domenici, Bond, McConnell, Shelby, Gregg, Hutchison. (10–9) LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, EDUCATION DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Senators Harkin,1 Hollings, Inouye, Reid, Kohl, Murray, Landrieu, Byrd, Senators Landrieu 1, Durbin, Reed, Specter,2 Cochran, Gregg, Craig, DeWine,2 Hutchison. (3–2) Hutchison, Stevens, DeWine. (8–7) 1 Subcommittee chairman. 2 Ranking minority member. VII LEGISLATIVE BRANCH TREASURY AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT Senators Durbin,1 Johnson, Reed, Bennett,2 Stevens. (3–2) Senators Dorgan,1 Mikulski, Landrieu, Reed, Campbell,2 Shelby, MILITARY CONSTRUCTION DeWine. (4–3) Senators Feinstein,1 Inouye, John- son, Landrieu, Reid, Hutchison,2 VA-HUD-INDEPENDENT Burns, Craig, DeWine. (5–4) AGENCIES Senators Mikulski,1 Leahy, Harkin, TRANSPORTATION Byrd, Kohl, Johnson, Hollings, Bond,2 1 Burns, Shelby, Craig, Domenici, Senators Murray, Byrd, Mikulski, DeWine. (7–6) Reid, Kohl, Durbin, Leahy, Shelby,2 Specter, Bond, Bennett, Campbell, Hutchison. (7–6) VIII Contents Page Committee membership, One hundred seventh Congress .................. V Subcommittee membership, One hundred seventh Congress ............. VII Introduction ....................................................................................... XI A History of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and the Ap- propriations Process in the Senate .................................................. 1 The Budget Cycle .............................................................................. 25 Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Appropriations ...................... 31 Biographies of Committee Chairmen ................................................. 35 Membership of the Committee: By Congress and Session ............................................................ 85 By Subcommittee Memberships ................................................. 129 By State and Term of Service ..................................................... 197 Alphabetical Listing of Members of the Committee .................. 207 The Committee Rooms ...................................................................... 215 Staff Directors to the Committee ....................................................... 219 Standing Rules of the Senate Relating to Appropriations .................. 221 IX S. Res. 337 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, October 9, 2002. Resolved, That there be printed with illustrations as a Senate document a compilation of materials entitled ‘‘Committee on Ap- propriations, United States Senate, 135th Anniversary, 1867– 2002’’, and that there be printed two thousand additional copies of such document for the use of the Committee on Appropriations. Attest: JERI THOMSON, Secretary. X Introduction March 9, 2002, marked the 135th anniversary of the creation of the Committee on Appropriations of the United States Senate. During that period, the 285 members led by 24 different chair- men have helped guide the financial operations of the Federal Government through wars, depressions, constitutional crises, res- ignation of a President, impeachments of Presidents, and the assas- sinations of Presidents. The work of the Senate Appropriations Committee is demonstrative of how the Government goes on, dur- ing the worst of times as well as the best of times. The Appropria- tions Committee continues to provide the funds for the workings of the American Government, to enhance our domestic welfare, and to ensure our national security. The Committee’s work has af- fected the lives and the well-being of every American and the wel- fare of countless millions spread over the surface of the globe. It is believed that the material assembled herein will be of value to the members of the Committee, the Congress generally, and students of Government interested in the development of the con- gressional appropriations process. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF HON. ROBERT C. BYRD, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE 107TH CONGRESS XI A History of the Senate Committee on Appropria- tions and the Appropriations Process in the Senate I. THE FIRST CENTURY AND A HALF: 1789–1946 ‘‘THE POWER OVER THE PURSE’’ The appropriating power of Congress rests upon the authority conferred by Article I, section 9, of the U.S. Constitution: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appro- priations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. The experiences of the Continental Congress left no doubt in the minds of the Founding Fathers about the importance of plac- ing the ultimate control over funds in the hands of those who were directly responsible to the people. James Madison Federalist Paper No. 58 cited this point succinctly: This power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate rep- resentatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure. Since adoption of the Constitution, no one has seriously ques- tioned the exclusive right of Congress to appropriate funds or the corollary authority to specify the objects of appropriations and the amounts of specific appropriations. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, less agreement existed regarding the de- gree of control that Congress should exercise over appropriations and over expenditures once appropriations had been made. In 1789 the First Congress made the Secretary of the Treasury responsible for compiling and reporting estimates of the public revenues and expenditures, but failed to give him the authority to review ex- penditure estimates and to oversee the use of appropriations. Dur- ing the Presidency of George Washington, Secretary of the Treas- ury Alexander Hamilton favored wide executive discretion, based on lump-sum congressional appropriations, with the Treasury Sec- retary having broad authority in his role as a minister of finance and an agent of and adviser to Congress. The administration of Thomas Jefferson, however, took a different approach. Jefferson named Albert Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury, who as a 1 Member of the House of Representatives had advocated legislative control over spending through use of specific appropriations. Jef- ferson’s first message to Congress in 1801 spelled out this philos- ophy: In our care, too, of the public contributions intrusted to our direction it would be prudent to multiply barriers against their dissipation by appropriating specific sums to every specific purpose susceptible of definition; by disallowing all applications of money varying from the appropriation in object or tran- scending it in amount; by reducing the undefined field of contingencies and thereby circumscribing discretionary