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Ebonics Hearing S. HRG. 105±20 EBONICS HEARING BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION SPECIAL HEARING Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 39±641 cc WASHINGTON : 1997 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS TED STEVENS, Alaska, Chairman THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont SLADE GORTON, Washington DALE BUMPERS, Arkansas MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey CONRAD BURNS, Montana TOM HARKIN, Iowa RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire HARRY REID, Nevada ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah HERB KOHL, Wisconsin BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Colorado PATTY MURRAY, Washington LARRY CRAIG, Idaho BYRON DORGAN, North Dakota LAUCH FAIRCLOTH, North Carolina BARBARA BOXER, California KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas STEVEN J. CORTESE, Staff Director LISA SUTHERLAND, Deputy Staff Director JAMES H. ENGLISH, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi TOM HARKIN, Iowa SLADE GORTON, Washington ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire DALE BUMPERS, Arkansas LAUCH FAIRCLOTH, North Carolina HARRY REID, Nevada LARRY E. CRAIG, Idaho HERB KOHL, Wisconsin KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas PATTY MURRAY, Washington Majority Professional Staff CRAIG A. HIGGINS and BETTILOU TAYLOR Minority Professional Staff MARSHA SIMON (II) 2 CONTENTS Page Opening remarks of Senator Arlen Specter ........................................................... 1 Opening remarks of Senator Lauch Faircloth ....................................................... 3 Statement of Hon. Maxine Waters, U.S. Congresswoman, chairperson, Black Caucus ................................................................................................................... 4 Statement of Carolyn M. Getridge, superintendent, Oakland Unified School District .................................................................................................................. 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 9 Remarks of Senator Larry E. Craig ....................................................................... 52 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 53 Statement of Toni Cook, elected member, Oakland Board of Education ............ 52 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 54 Statement of Michael Lampkins, student director, Oakland Board of Edu- cation ..................................................................................................................... 54 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 55 Competitor in the 21st century .............................................................................. 56 Statement of Jean Quan, board president, Oakland Unified School District ..... 58 Statement of Nabeehah Shakir, teacher, coordinator for the Standard English Proficiency Program, Oakland Unified School District ..................................... 59 Statement of Rev. Amos C. Brown, doctor of ministry, chairman, Civil Rights Commission of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., and member, board of supervisors, San Francisco ................................................................... 60 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 62 Ebonics in Oakland ................................................................................................. 63 Statement of Armstrong Williams, Los Angeles Times syndicated columnist and TV talk show host ......................................................................................... 64 Statement of Orlando Taylor, Ph.D., dean, Howard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ................................................................................. 68 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 70 Statement of William Labov, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Linguistics, Laboratory ............................................................................................................ 73 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 75 Statement of Robert L. Williams, Ph.D., professor emeritus of psychology in African and African-American studies, Washington University, St. Louis, MO ......................................................................................................................... 77 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 79 BRIDGE language ................................................................................................... 80 Statement of Michael Casserly, Ph.D., executive director, Council of Great City Schools .......................................................................................................... 80 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 82 Nonstandard language ............................................................................................ 84 Prepared statement of Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, president, Rainbow/PUSH Coa- lition ...................................................................................................................... 87 Letter from Hon. Ronald V. Dellums, U.S. Congressman .................................... 89 Letter from J. Alfred Smith, Sr., Baptist Ministers' Union ................................. 89 Letter from Deborah Wright, Oakland Republican congressional nominee, 1994±96 ................................................................................................................. 90 Letter from Alan F. Clayton, Los Angeles County Chicano Employees Associa- tion ........................................................................................................................ 91 Prepared statement of Delaine Eastin, California State superintendent of public instruction ................................................................................................. 93 Prepared statement of John R. Rickford, professor, Stanford University, Standford, CA ....................................................................................................... 95 Letter from John Baugh, professor of linguistics and education, Swarthmore College ................................................................................................................... 97 (III) IV Page Prepared statement of Carlena M. Seymour, president, American Speech- Language-Hearing Association ........................................................................... 98 Prepared statement of the Center for Applied Linguistics .................................. 100 EBONICS THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 1997 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES, COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met at 9:35 a.m., in room SD±216, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Arlen Specter (chairman) presiding. Present: Senators Specter, Faircloth, and Craig. NONDEPARTMENTAL WITNESSES STATEMENTS OF: MAXINE WATERS, U.S. CONGRESSWOMAN, CHAIRPERSON, BLACK CAUCUS CAROLYN M. GETRIDGE, SUPERINTENDENT, OAKLAND UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT TONI COOK, ELECTED MEMBER, OAKLAND BOARD OF EDUCATION MICHAEL LAMPKINS, STUDENT DIRECTOR, OAKLAND BOARD OF EDUCATION ACCOMPANIED BY: JEAN QUAN, BOARD PRESIDENT, OAKLAND UNIFIED SCHOOL DIS- TRICT NABEEHAH SHAKIR, TEACHER, COORDINATOR FOR THE STAND- ARD ENGLISH PROFICIENCY PROGRAM, OAKLAND UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT OPENING REMARKS OF SENATOR ARLEN SPECTER Senator SPECTER. The hearing of the Appropriations Subcommit- tee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, will now proceed. This morning's hearing, in our capacity as appropriating sub- committee for the Department of Education, relates to the subject of ebonics, which is a term derived from ebony, black, and phonics, sound, coined in 1973 by Dr. Robert Williams who will be testifying at today's hearing and refers to an African-American speech pat- tern where linguistics experts have long debated whether ebonics constitutes a dialect, a language, or vernacular speech. There has been considerable discussion, really controversy and concern, as to whether ebonics is a separate language, and as such undesirable or whether it is a teaching skill and a bridge for some to perfect and learn language skills. There is a very considerable Federal appropriations involvement because of very substantial (1) 2 Federal funds which are available on education and related mat- ters. Illustratively, title I, education for the disadvantaged, provides funding of up to $7.7 billion, some of which could conceivably
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